Tell the difference between old

immigrants and new immigrants

     Before 1880s:   Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia; skilled workers; spoke English

After 1880’s: Ireland, Southern and eastern Europe Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, poles, Russians and Slovaks (native language);

Eastern orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism

What role did railroad and steamship companies play in attracting immigrants?

What was steerage and what was the journey to America like for immigrants traveling in steerage?

Area on ship’s lower levels near steering mechanisms

Cramped Poor ventilation No privacy Seasickness Disease

How did immigrants adapt to the differences between the United States and their homelands?

Lived in neighborhoods with others who shared their nationality

Newspapers in own languages Founded schools, churches Local shops Store credit

What were tenements? Poorly built , overcrowded

apartments

““Dumbbell” Dumbbell” TenementTenement

““Dumbbell” Dumbbell” Tenement, NYCTenement, NYC

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

18831883

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

19131913

Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

““Dumbbell” Dumbbell” TenementTenement

““Dumbbell “ Dumbbell “ Tenement, NYCTenement, NYC

Jacob Jacob Riis: Riis:

How the How the

Other Half Other Half LivedLived(1890)(1890)

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Struggling Immigrant Struggling Immigrant FamiliesFamilies

Mulberry Street – “Little Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”Italy”

St. St. Patrick’s Patrick’s

CathedralCathedral

Hester Street – Jewish Hester Street – Jewish SectionSection

Pell St. - Chinatown, Pell St. - Chinatown, NYCNYC

Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900

Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900

Pittsburgh: 86,332 321,572 273%

Urban Growth: 1860 - Urban Growth: 1860 - 19201920