technology perspectives for the london congestion charge · 2019. 6. 5. · technology perspectives...
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Technology Perspectives for the London Congestion Charge
Technology Perspectives for the London Congestion Charge
Steve KearnsTransport for London
Steve KearnsTransport for London
© Copyright Transport for London 2007
London’s transport problems
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Camera enforcement
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Camera enforcement
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Why is TfL carrying out Technology Trials?
• Making CC more sophisticated and equitable- Future charges could be differentiated on
factors such as ;i) Type of Vehicleii) Direction of traveliii) Number of entries into the zoneiv) Distance travelled within zonev) Emission Level of Vehicle
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Technology Trials
New Camera / ANPR Operation
• GNSS / GPS (satellite positioning) – current problems with shadowing
• GSM (mobile phone) – limited potential as a core technology but potential for Value Added Services
• DSRC (tag and beacon) – promising results
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DSRC Trials
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Trials summary – DSRC tag & beacon
• Stage 2 testing system of Urban Charge Points (UCPs) integrating cameras/ANPR with DSRC
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DSRC Tags
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Location of DSRC Mini-Zone Trial
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Technology Trials Mini-Zone Area
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DSRC Volunteer Programme
• About 530 vehicles fitted with DSRC tagsincluding: - Buses- Council vehicles- Taxis- Delivery vehicles- Ambulances- TfL’s own cars (12)
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Mobile Phone Technology
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Mobile Phone Technologies -Value Added Services
• Useful information that can be passed to drivers
- Notification of entry into zone- Account balance and top-up facilities- Paypoint locations- Traffic alerts- Local news and community events
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Information Relayed to Mobile Phones
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Mobile Phone Technologies
• How is information passed to the driver
- Speech using interactive voice and text to voice transmission
- SMS texting
- Multi-media message – maps with Congestion Charging information relayed directly to mobilephones
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Mobile Positioning Trials
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GPS Signals
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Galileo & GPS Signals
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Billing and total distance errors
AVERAGE JOURNEY CHARGE ERROR %Vendor Average Positives Negatives RMSBest -0.56% 0.67% -0.91% 1.42%Worst 20.33% 23.57% -28.30% 31.76%Average -6.83% 14.76% -14.18% 20.85%
AVERAGE JOURNEY LENGTH ERROR %Vendor Average Positives Negatives RMSBest -0.52% 0.85% -1.07% 1.70%Worst 25.93% 28.04% -75.42% 33.27%Average -7.63% 5.50% -18.73% 16.44%
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Total Systems PerformanceBest 1
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Length Difference %
Ch
arg
e D
iffer
ence
%
Vendor
Standard
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Total Systems PerformanceWorst 1
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Length Difference %
Ch
arg
e D
iffer
ence
%
Vendor
Standard
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Leveraging the Market PlaceDBC in CC Zone
Mixed FleetM a n a g e m e n t
Vans and serv ice t rucks
F lee t ManagementTrucks and Lorr iesF l e e t M a n a g e m e n t
Pay-as-y o u g oInsurance
Navigat ion , traffic a n d
Secur i ty serv ices
Suppl ier Speci f ic data sets
TfL Bi l l ing & Enforcement Da ta
Propr ie tary Data Sets
Convers ion to T fL Common Data Se t D is tance t rave l led in CLoCCS
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Phase 1: Certification of 3rd Party Service Suppliers. (December 2006-May 2007)
• Using vendor equipment in TfL vehicles, this stage allowed TfL to evaluate the total performance of 3rd Party Supplier systems based upon the distance calculations using the vendors’ equipment and back office.
• This was compared with the truth and the results from TfL’s own equipment and systems.
• Approximately one month of testing per supplier was carried out with up to three vendors being tested together.
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Overall Accuracy Results Phase 1
The average (absolute) percentage error of the measuredjourney distances against the truth
ranged from 1.4% to 33.2%.
The best six results were:•1.4%•1.7%•2.5%•3.3%•3.8%•4.6%
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Issues for GNSS in London Charging Scenarios
• Cost effectiveness of a GNSS solution for London alone;
• Fat, thin or chubby OBU solutions and associated telecommunications costs;
• Business case for a stand-alone charging application;
• Accuracy, integrity and availability of GNSS in London.
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Streetscape Impact
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DSRC Infrastructure -Singapore
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DSRC Infrastructure -Stockholm
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DSRC Infrastructure from Stockholm superimposed on a London street
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Tooley Street - Current Design
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Southwark Bridge – Original DSRC Infrastructure
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Southwark Bridge – Replacement Infrastructure
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Borough High Street – Original DSRC Infrastructure
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Borough High Street –Replacement Infrastructure
Old Pole
New PoleNew Pole
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DSRC Infrastructure, London Mini-Zone Area
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Infrastructure Design Options
• Standard Cabinet
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Infrastructure Design Options
• ‘Horizontal Sink Cabinet’
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Infrastructure Design Options
• ‘Seat Cabinet’
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Results and Conclusions To Date
• Very high DSRC capture rate – 99.95%• Mobile phone technology useful for Value Added
Services• GPS coverage with GALILEO will significantly
enhance coverage of Central London• GPS satellite system feasible in medium term future
- (possibly 2015 onwards)• DSRC favoured form of technology for short term
migration - (possibly 2009/2010)• Urban streetscape issues associated with DSRC
need to be addressed
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Emissions related congestion charging proposals
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Proposed Congestion Charges - CO2 Grammes / Kilometre
– 120 grammes or less : No charge
– 121 to 225 grammes : £8
– 225 grammes or more : £25
Vehicle Excise Duty (VED)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Up to 100 g/km
101-120 g/km
121-150 g/km
151-165 g/km
166-185 g/km
186-224 g/km
Over 225 g/km
- < 3000 cc
- > 3000 cc 3%
36%
12%
14%
10%
11%
12%
2% - of which half meet Euro IV Air Quality standard
0%
Greater London Low Emission Zone
What is LEZ?
• A specified area in Greater London in which the most polluting diesel-engine vehicles are required to meet specific emissions standards in order to improve air quality
• Will affect older diesel-engined lorries, buses, coaches, large vans and minibuses and specialist vehicles derived from lorries or vans, such as horseboxes or motor caravans
• Emissions standards based on Euro standards
• Will operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year from 4 February 2008
• Daily charge £100 for LGVs and £200 for HGVs
• Fines £500 for LGVS and £1000 for HGVS !
Air Quality in London
• Air pollution is a serious problem in London- 1,000 premature deaths per year- 1,000 hospital admissions per year
• Affects most vulnerable parts of society• Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air quality and
want to see it improved• Particular problems with emissions of particulate matter (PM)
and nitrogen oxides (NOx)• Worse in central London, main roads, Heathrow • Road traffic major source of emissions• Trucks, buses, and coaches largest individual emitters
LEZ boundary
Comparison of sizes of Low Emission Zone and Congestion Charging Zone
Vehicles Affected by the LEZ
cont…
Heavy diesel-engined vehicles >12 tonnes
Feb 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV
for particulates
Includes:- Goods Vehicles- Motor Caravans- Motorised Horseboxes
Includes:- Goods Vehicles- Motor Caravans- Motorised Horseboxes
July 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IVfor particulates
July 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IVfor particulates
Includes:- Vehicles with more
than eight seats, plus the driver’s seat
Heavy diesel-engined vehicles between 3.5 and 12 tonnes
HGVs >12t
HGVs 3.5t > 12t
Heavy diesel-engined passenger vehicles > 5 tonne
Buses & Coaches
Vehicles Affected by the LEZDiesel-engined vehicles between 1.205 tonnes unladen and 3.5 tonnes
Oct 2010 Euro IIIfor particulates
Large Vans
Minibuses
Oct 2010 Euro IIIfor particulates
Includes:- Ambulances (over 2.5
tonnes)- Motor Caravans (over
2.5 tonnes
Diesel-engined passenger vehicles below 5 tonnes
Includes:- Vehicles with less
than eight seats, plus the driver’s seat
How will LEZ operate• There will be signs at entry points and in the zone• Most will avoid paying the charge by driving a compliant
vehicle• Vehicles subject to the LEZ detected using fixed and mobile
cameras• TfL checks vehicle registration against a register of compliant
vehicles• Non compliant vehicles have to pay a daily charge
– £200 per day for HGV, buses and coaches– £100 per day for vans and minibuses
• Charging day midnight to midnight, 365 days a year• Payment can be made by phone or internet, up to midnight on
the next working day after entering the zone
Enforcement of the LEZ• Vehicles which are non compliant, or which are not on the
register will be sent a Penalty Charge Notice:– £1,000 (reduced to £500 if paid within 14 days) for HGVs,
buses & coaches (subject to LEZ in 2008)– £500 (reduced to £250 if paid within 14 days) for heavier
LGVs & minibuses (subject to LEZ in 2010)
• Our agent, EPC, has agreements with vehicle registration authorities in a number of European countries to obtain vehicle and keeper information
• The first time vehicles are observed in the zone they will be sent a warning letter, giving them the opportunity to register
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www.tfl.gov.uk/congestioncharging