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Technology in Action
Alan Evans • Kendall Martin
Mary Anne Poatsy
Tenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Technology in Action
Chapter 3
Using the Internet:
Making the Most of the Web’s Resources
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter Topics
• The Internet and How It Works
• Communicating and Collaborating on the
Web
• Web Entertainment
• Conducting Business over the Internet:
E-Commerce
• Accessing and Moving around the Web
• Searching the Web Effectively
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The Internet and How it Works
• Internet is a network of networks
connecting billions of computers globally
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The Internet and How it Works
The Origin of the Internet
• Developed while U.S. was in midst of Cold
War with Soviet Union
• Created to respond to two concerns
– Establishing a secure form of military
communications
– Creating a means by which all computers
could communicate
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The Internet and How it Works
The Origin of the Internet
• Evolved from Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET)
– Vinton Cerf
– Robert Kahn
• First communication occurred in 1969
• World Wide Web is subset of the Internet
– Common protocols enable computers to talk
to each other
– Special links enable navigation Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5
The Internet and How it Works
How the Internet Works
• Web browser – software that lets you
display and interact with text and other
media on the web
• Computer connected to the Internet acts in
one of two ways
– Client is computer that asks for data
– Server receives the request and returns data
to the client
– Client/server network
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The Internet and How it Works
How the Internet Works
• Requests travel along transmission lines
– Similar to highway system of roads
– Some are faster then others
– Internet backbones: Transmission lines with
faster speeds
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The Internet and How it Works
How the Internet Works (cont.)
• Internet Protocol (IP) address
– How computers connected to the Internet
identify each other
– Websites are assigned unique IP addresses
– Text versions of IP addresses are used
because IP addresses are hard to remember
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Communicating and Collaborating
on the Web
• Web 2.0
– Social web
– Allows users to collaborate
• Social media
– Google Docs, Facebook, Yelp,
YouTube, Pinterest
– Blogs, wikis, podcasts, and
webcasts
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking
• Means by which people use the Internet to
communicate and share information
• Networking in business community
– Finding and filling job positions
– LinkedIn is business-oriented network
– Marketing and communicating with customers
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Privacy concerns
– When social networking first became popular
there was concern over privacy
– Most sites have improved privacy protections,
reducing concern but not eliminating it
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Privacy concerns (cont.)
– Precautions to consider
• Keep personal information personal
• Know who your friends are
• Do not post information like favorite teacher often
used as security question to verify identity
• Use caution when posting images
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Employers and colleges use social
networks to check out potential applicants
• People have been fired or expelled for
using social media in a questionable way
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Questionable content includes
– Negative comments about poster’s job,
employer, or colleagues
– Inappropriate content about the poster
• Responsibility for your content rests with
you
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
• E-mail is still primary the means of
communication on the Internet
• E-mail: Written message sent or received
over the Internet
• Asynchronous
• Convenient
• E-mails really are not private
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
E-mail (cont.)
• E-mail etiquette
– Be concise and to the point
– Use spell-check
– Avoid texting abbreviations
– Include meaningful subject line
– Include signature line with basic contact or
corporate information
– Include only people who need to receive it
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
E-mail (cont.)
• Two different types of e-mail systems
– Web-based e-mail client
• Accessible from any device that can access the
Internet
• Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, or Gmail
– E-mail client
• Accessible only from computer on which e-mail
client software is installed
• Microsoft Outlook
– Both systems can be used together
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Instant Messaging (IM)
• Programs to communicate in real time
over the Internet
– Casual conversations between friends
– Businesses use for quick and instant
communication
– Some provide video chat with webcam
• Proprietary IM services: AIM, Google Chat,
Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo!
Messenger
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Instant Messaging (IM)
• Facebook chat with “friends”
• Universal chat services: Trillian, Digsby
• Web-based universal chat service: Meebo
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Wikis
• A Wiki is a website that allows users to
change content
• Wikipedia uses wiki technology so content
can be updated continually
• Google Docs has wiki-like features
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Wikis (cont.)
• Wikipedia is not a
good source for
research papers
– Users might add
erroneous content
– Tighter controls are
being implemented
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Blogs
• A blog (short for weblog) is a personal log
or journal posted on the Web
– Single author
– Arranged as entries on single page
– Most recent entry on top
• A video log (vlog) is a personal journal that
uses video as primary content
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Blogs (cont.)
• Sites offering free blog hosting
– Blogger
– Wordpress
• Blog popularity has created a problem
– Splogs
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Podcasts and Webcasts
• A podcast is a series of audio or video files
distributed over the Internet
– Files that come to you through syndication
– Podcasts are available on a wide variety of
topics and content
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Podcasts and Webcasts (cont.)
• Really Simple Syndication (RSS) –
podcasts use RSS to deliver content
• Aggregator – locates all the subscribed
RSS series and downloads new content
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Podcasts and Webcasts (cont.)
• A webcast is the broadcast of audio or
video content over the Internet
– Live or one-time events
– Continuously feeds audio and video content
– Facilitates viewing and downloading of large
audio and video files.
– Can be interactive, inviting audience response
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Web Entertainment
• Web entertainment
includes
– Streaming audio and
video
– Internet radio
– MP3s
– Interactive gaming
– Smart TV
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Multimedia is anything that involves one or
more forms of media in addition to text
– Graphics
– Audio files
– Video files
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Streaming audio: Continuously feeds an
audio file to your browser
• Streaming video: Continuously feeds a
video file to your browser
• Do not have to wait to download entire file
• Netflix and video on demand from your
cable provider
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Plug-in (or player): Special program often
needed to view or hear some multimedia
files
• Many plug-ins are preinstalled
• Can download the plug-in free of charge
• Update your plug-ins frequently
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Cache: Temporary storage place
• To keep system running efficiently
– Delete temporary Internet cache regularly
– Click Refresh or F5 key to ensure most recent
website content is displayed
– Clear your Internet cache manually
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Conducting Business over the
Internet: E-Commerce
• E-commerce or electronic commerce is
the process of conducting business online
– Business-to-consumer (B2C)
• Purchases consumers make at online stores
– Business-to-business (B2B)
• Businesses buying and selling to other businesses
– Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
• Consumers selling to each other
• eBay, Freecycle, Craigslist
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Conducting Business over the
Internet: E-Commerce
• Social commerce - e-commerce subset
using social networks to assist in
marketing and purchasing products.
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Conducting Business over the Internet: E-Commerce
E-Commerce Safeguards
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• Businesses must have some form of
security certification to give customers a
level of comfort
• Look for visual indicators a website is
secure: URL changes from “http://” to
“https://” – with the “s” standing for secure
socket layer
• Shop at well-known, reputable sites
Conducting Business over the Internet: E-Commerce
E-Commerce Safeguards
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• Pay by credit card
• Check the return
policy
• Avoid public
computers for
online transactions
Accessing and Moving around the Web
Web Browsers
• Web browser is software installed on your
computer that allows you to locate, view,
and navigate the web
• Graphical browsers display
– Text
– Pictures
– Sound
– Video
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Accessing and Moving around the Web
Web Browsers (cont.)
• Web browser features
– Tabbed browsing
– Pinned tabs
– Tear-off tabs
– Thumbnail previews
– Tab isolation
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Accessing and Moving around the Web
Web Browsers (cont.)
• Web browser features (cont.)
– Combined search and address bar
– SmartScreen filter
– Privacy browsing
– Add-ons
– Session restore
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Accessing and Moving around the Web
URLs, Protocols, and Domain Names
• Every web site has a unique address
– Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• URLs have several parts that help identify
the web document
– The protocol
– The domain name
– The path or subdirectory
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Accessing and Moving around the Web URLs, Protocols, and Domain Names (cont.)
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
– Web server – computer that hosts the website
– The most common protocol
– Part of Internet protocol suite
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Part of Internet
Protocol suite
• BitTorrent – protocol used to transfer files
using a peer-to-peer networking system
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Accessing and Moving around the Web URLs, Protocols, and Domain Names (cont.)
• Domain name identifies the site’s host
• Top-level domain: The suffix after the dot
• Each country has own top-level domain
– Further divisions can be made for regions or
states
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Accessing and Moving around the Web URLs, Protocols, and Domain Names (cont.)
• When URL is domain name: Requesting
site’s home page
• File or path: Information after forward
slash following domain name
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Accessing and Moving around the Web
Hyperlinks and Beyond
• Hyperlink is specially coded element
• Clicking on hyperlink lets you jump to
another location
– Breadcrumb trail
– Back and Forward buttons
– Recently visited sites
– History list
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Accessing and Moving around the Web
Hyperlinks and Beyond (cont.)
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Accessing and Moving around the Web
Favorites, Live Bookmarks, and Tagging
• Favorites feature place marker of site’s
URL on list on browser’s toolbar
– Favorites (Internet Explorer and Safari)
– Bookmarks (Firefox and Google Chrome)
• Live bookmark feature (Firefox)
– Provides up-to-date information using RSS
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Accessing and Moving around the Web Favorites, Live Bookmarks, and Tagging (cont.)
• Social bookmarking or tagging
– Store, organize, and manage bookmarks
– Keyword or term assigned to web page, digital image, or video
– Delicious, Digg, and Reddit
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Dig Deeper
Discovering the Semantic Web
• Semantic web (Web 3.0): Evolving
extension of the web
– Data is defined to be easily processed by
computers
• Beginning to emerge in technologies such
as Siri
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Searching the Web Effectively
• Narrow down the vast quantity of web
information by using
– Search engine: A set of programs that
searches the web for keywords (specific
works you wish to look for or query)
– Subject directory: A structured outline of
websites organized by topics
– Metasearch engine: Searches other search
engines rather than individual websites
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Searching the Web Effectively
Using Search Engines Effectively
• Search engines have three components
– Spider constantly collects data on the web
– Indexer program organizes the data into large
database
– Search engine software searches indexed
data, pulling out relevant information
• Resulting list appears in your web browser
as list of hits
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Searching the Web Effectively Using Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Search engines use unique formulas to
formulate searches and create results
• Search engines also differ in which sites
they search
• Search engines also let you search for
images and audio and video files
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Searching the Web Effectively Using Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Boolean operators - words such as AND,
NOT, and OR that describe the
relationships between the keywords in a
search
• Initially were used to refine searches
• Today advanced search pages are
available
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Searching the Web Effectively Using Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Additional strategies for refining searches
with key phrases
– Place quotation marks around keywords to
search for exact phrase
– Search within a specific site
– Use a wild card
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Searching the Web Effectively Using Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Other specialty search strategies and
services
– “More” hyperlink in Google
– “Even More” option in Google
• Scholar
• Custom Search
• Product Search
• Alerts
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Searching the Web Effectively
Evaluating Websites
• Before using an Internet resource,
consider – Authority
– Bias
– Relevance
– Audience
– Links
• These factors will help decide if a website
is a good source of information
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Chapter 3 Summary Questions
1. What is the origin of the Internet?
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2. How does data travel on the Internet?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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3. How can I communicate and collaborate
with others using Web 2.0 technologies?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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4. How can I communicate with others using
e-mail and instant messaging?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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5. What multimedia files are found on the
web, and what software is needed to
access those files?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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6. What is e-commerce, and what online
safeguards are available?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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7. What is a web browser, and what are a
URL and its parts?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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8. How can I use hyperlinks and other tools
to get around the web?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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9. How do I search the Internet effectively,
and how can I evaluate websites?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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