TEKNOLOGI OG FREDAGSKAKE

Nordic Automobile Association (NAF) MAY 2014 BY LENE PETTERSEN @LeneJBP

= TECHNOLOGY AND FRIDAY’S CAKE

• 27 in-depth interviews in six entities in four

countries (with Marika Lüders)

• social network analysis of off-line collaboration tendencies

• pilot study in Norway 2010

• participatory observations UK and

Denmark

• analysis of E2.o functionality, overall strategy, user patterns, engagement within E2.0, selected content (blog post, comments), statistics (traffic, page views, user profiles )

• self-perceived ICT-competence

• field studies in Norway and Morocco in 2011

and repeated in 2012

• close analysis of participators E2.0 use, in particular the ‘Following’ and ‘Group’ functionality in the software

• key informant methodology

• close analysis of participators social capital (numbers of connections) in SNS (Facebook, LinkedIn) and numbers of close colleagues at work

A BRIEF INTRO OF ME AND MY STUDY

“internet and its interfaces have

the potential to revolutionize society for the better (…) bringing together disparate people from around the worlds, allowing relationships to flourish in an environment of equality and respect” (Boase and Wellman 2006, 3).

TECHNOLOGY & INTERNET

Devices will get more attention than we give

“real” people. Technology

will replace actual meetings, fearing that we

no longer need to go to the office or to family gatherings. However,

many of the same arguments were set forth

when the radio and the television were introduced.

OPTIMISTS PESSIMISTSVS

THE HYPE[FILL IN HERE] connects employees, customers and partners to increase productivity within companies. [FILL IN HERE] transforms the way work gets done and improves productivity, creativity and innovation for millions of people.

Employees

IN BRIEF

knowledge

knowledge exchange

knowledge

THE LOGIC

+ productivity+ productivity

main

+$-

Knowledge specialization

KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

Increasing tendency

Time

SOME BACKGROUND FACTS:

KNOWLEDGE WORK

Work specialization

Increasing tendency

Time

SOME MORE BACKGROUND FACTS:

MODERN WORK HAS BECOME INVISIBLE

(Suchman 1995, Orr 1996)

…Are specialized and have different work, and thus different information needs during their working day. Davenport, Thomas H. 2011. "Rethinking knowledge work: A strategic approach." McKinsey Quarterly 1 (11).

MODERN WORKERS...

A LITTLE QUIZ...

WHAT IS MISSING IN THESE PICTURES?

PEOPLE! SOCIALIZING!

http:

//w

ww

.blu

epod

.com

.au/

asse

ts/

imag

es/U

ntitle

d-1%

281%

29.jp

g

http:

//4.

bp.b

logs

pot.c

om/-

t1oV

yj4q

-Ek/

Uex

XGI4

m5_

I/AAA

AAAA

AIN

o/N

GlY

F90v

7E4/

s160

0/IM

G_0

803.

JPG

SOCIAL RITUALS WE ALL HAVE THEM

FIKA, TJEKA

http:

//w

ww

.uni

form

ofm

an.c

om/w

p-co

nten

t/up

load

s/20

13/1

2/sw

eden

-map

card

.jpg

Fika is an social institution in Sweden. It means that one takes a break from an activity to drink coffee or other drinks with friends, family or acquaintances. This tradition - a coffee break with a snack – is central in the Swedish culture http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika

Many memories center around food--the taste, sight, feel, touch, and sound of it, and when and where we ate it! You may have vivid childhood memories that are triggered when eating certain foods. How many childhood memories of food do you have? What about the smell of a turkey cooking? Does the sound of popcorn popping bring back thoughts of your favorite movie? Remember your joy at seeing gelatin jiggle and wiggle and the thrill of kneading bread dough or mixing meatloaf? And what about the delight of the first lick of an ice cream cone? Snack time provides memories and social opportunities with a time to relax and sharehttp://www.healthychild.net/NutritionAction.php?article_id=293

http://inglemoorcooperativepreschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/snack-time.jpg

http://thesmithtrip.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/steven-fez-090.jpg

Mint tea is a sign of hospitality, friendship, and tradition. Since this drink is so popular, it is served all day long, after every meal, and with every conversation. Moroccans take great pride in their tea and will often ask a visitor who among their group of friends makes the best cup of mint tea. And a minimum of two to three cups needs to be drunk so as not to offend the hosthttp://www.wikihow.com/Make-Moroccan-Tea

DRINKING MINT TEA TOGETHER= Building friendships and

growing trust

KAFFESLABERAS«According to the master at the elderly center a kaffeslaberas is an event that happens all of the sudden, right in the middle of it. Yet one main thing have to be at place, namely the homemade pastries». http://radionova.no/artikkel/jakten-p%C3%A5-kaffeslabberaset

= Norwegian informal coffee-and-cake get togetherDrinking coffee together means more than just the act of drinking coffee

By just wanting

a glass of

water you turn

down my

invitation to

socialize and

nurture our

social

relationship

WHAT DO THESE MACHINES HAVE IN COMMON?

PEOPLE HAVE A (GOOD) REASON FOR APPROACHING THEM

= parts of an object, or an environment, which allows an individual to perform an action (Gibson, 1979)

AFFORDANCES

Enables a firm grip for drinking warm content

http:

//gf

x.da

gbla

det.n

o/la

brad

or/2

50/2

5094

6/25

0946

37/j

pg/a

ctive

/978

x.jp

g

Things, devices, computer systems, architectural spaces, social interaction spaces needs to be modelled according to what we want them to do.

AFFORDANCES

http:

//cu

pcak

eped

ia.c

om/2

014/

03/1

2/11

-hor

ribly

-des

igne

d-ev

eryd

ay-it

ems/

Fayard and Weeks (2007) show how different architectural spaces provides a space that nurtures informal interactions by which often lead to work related discussions useful for the organization. Spaces in the organization, such as the water cooler, the copier, or the coffee machine, provide spontaneity (it must be a space that people naturally pass by), privacy (people must control the boundaries of their conversations), and legitimacy (the space must offer a reason for people to approach it) for employees.

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

WHAT IS THIS?

http:

//4.

bp.b

logs

pot.c

om/-

RC7o

OBy

27CY

/Tty

LG1G

jSVI

/AAA

AAAA

AAVE

/kAl

wU

rq4-

xE/s

1600

/sca

ndip

hone

.jpg

HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF CATCHING THIS BALL?

http:

//im

g4.w

ikia

.noc

ooki

e.ne

t/__

cb20

1205

0407

5543

/nin

tend

o/en

/im

ages

/3/3

e/M

TO_T

enni

s_Ba

ll.pn

g

Picture from: Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. (2001). Small places, large issues. London, UK.: Pluto.

HOW CAN WE WORK WITH AND LEARN FROM OTHERS THAT HAVE DIFFERENT PRACTICES THAN OURSELF?

BY GETTING TO KNOW THEM

FRIDAYCAKE!

http:

//w

ww

.blu

epod

.com

.au/

asse

ts/

imag

es/U

ntitle

d-1%

281%

29.jp

g

http:

//w

ww

.alle

rs.n

o/si

tes/

alle

rs.n

o/fil

es/

imag

es/a

rticl

e/to

p/gj

erba

kst4

.jpg

IT IS LEGITIMATE: (MANAGEMENT ENCOURAGES THE RITUALE)

ONE GETS TO KNOW EACH OTHER – AND THUS BUILTS TRUST, SOMETHING THAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SHARING KNOWLEDGE

A SOCIAL RITUAL THAT STRENGTHEN GROUP BELONGING

ONE LEARN WHAT OTHERS WORK WITH – COULD REPRESENT POSSIBLE FUTURE COLLABORATION

SATISFIED EMPLOYEES ARE MORE PRODUCTIVE

PEOPLE HAVE AN OVERVIEW OF WHO IS TAKING PART IN THE CONVERSATION IN THE SOCIAL EVENT FRIDAYCAKE, THAT TYPICALLY TAKES PLACE AT FRIDAYS, IN MANY ORGANIZATIONSIN NORWAY

INFORMAL CONVERSATIONS EASILY CONCERNS WORK RELATED ISSUES -> KNOWLEDGE SHARING

AND WHAT HAS FRIDAYCAKE TO DO WITH TECHNOLOGY?

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS OFFLINE IS EXPANDED ONLINE

IN MY RESEARCH CASE I FIND, AS RESEARCH INTO SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES (BOYD 2008; CHATORA 2010; ELLISON 2007; STEINFIELD, DIMOCCO & LAMPE 2009) FIND, THAT

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

‘I go to people I know because I know who they are. Well, I imagine they can solve my problem, or we can have brainstorm to solve it together’ (Woman, 30+, Morocco).

IN MY RESEARCH CASE PEOPLE ADRESS INDIVIDUALS WHO THEY ALREADY KNOW WHEN THEY NEED ASSISTANCE FOR WORKING;

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

When the participants were asked why they did not direct their questions to the social enterprise platform rather than asking people they already knew, where 5000 potential colleagues could assist, many explained that asking questions out in the open, on a transparent social enterprise platform, and where they had no specific receiver or reader, was unpleasant:

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

What creates interest in the platform is when people ask questions. But we often experience it as unnatural to ask questions in the open. It's no problem if you talk with someone face-to-face, or if you're just a small group (Male, 40+, Norway).

TECHNOLOGY EXPANDS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, RATHER THAN REPLACING THEM

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

IN MY RESEARCH CASE I FIND, AS RESEARCH INTO SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES (BOYD 2008; CHATORA 2010; ELLISON 2007; STEINFIELD, DIMOCCO & LAMPE 2009) FIND, THAT

Photo: Dear colleagues. Thank you for all the congratulations and ‘likes’ I received in the social enterprise platform. Thanks for the flowers I got when little Ann was born. I am enjoying my time at home and I’ll be back at work in March. Hugs from [woman, 40+, Norway].

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

Research into social capital and social network stress the importance of bridging different individuals and perspectives. However, others (Kijkuit & van den Ende, 2010) find that network density with strong ties in combination with high range spark innovation. They recommend that communication with goods friends in other units should be promoted in the beginning phase of idea generation.

FROM MY PHD-THESIS

EVERYWORKINGDAY MEANING CONTEXT PRACTICES

Difficult to upload and share

SUMMARIZED

OFFLINEONLINE

•ONLINE EXPANDS OFFLINE INTERACTIONS, BUT NEEDS TO BE NURTURED REGULARILY IN ORDER TO STAY CLOSE• IT IS NOT EITHER TECHNOLOGY OR FACE-TO-FACE – IT IS BOTH• I LABEL THIS PROCESS ‘THE DUALITY OF ONLINE AND OFFLINE STRUCTURES’ FROM MY PHD-THESIS

SUMMARIZED

TECHNOLOGY DO NOT REPLACE US OR WHAT WE DO – RATHER, SMART TECHNOLOGY ENABLES US TO DO WHAT EVER WE ARE DOING BETTER

Erling Dokk Holm i Aftenposten 3/5-2014

= In regard to architectural spaces: Trust is strengthen when people live close to each other shows research from USA.

http:

//ga

wke

r.com

/598

6462

/yah

oo-c

eo-m

aris

sa-m

ayer

-no-

mor

e-w

orki

ng-fr

om-h

ome

Marissa Mayer, CEO, Yahoo!

“To become the absolute best place to work, communication and collaboration will be important, so we need to be working side-by-side. That is why it is critical that we are all present in our offices. Some of the best decisions and insights come from hallway and cafeteria discussions, meeting new people, and impromptu team meetings. Speed and quality are often sacrificed when we work from home. We need to be one Yahoo!, and that starts with physically being together”

[tak] [tack] [thanks] [merci] [shokram] [salamat] [gracias] [kiitos] [ευχαριστίες] [teşekkürler] [takk] [grazie] [gràcies] [dank] [shukrani] [nhờ] [köszönöm] [buíochas] [dankie] [terima kasih] [ขอบคุ�ณ]

LENE.PETTERSEN@BI.NO

REFERENCESBoase, Jeffrey, & Barry Wellman. (2006). Personal relationships: On and off the Internet. The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships:709-723.

Boyd, D. (2008). Why youth social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In Youth, Identity, and Digital Media, edited by D. Buckingham. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning.

Chatora, A.T. (2010). Social relationships and identity online and offline: A study of the interplay between offline social relationships and Facebook usage by Rhodes University students from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, Rhodes University.

Davenport, Thomas H. (2011). Rethinking knowledge work: A strategic approach. McKinsey Quarterly 1 (11).

Ellison, N.B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication‐ no. 13 (1):210-230.

Fayard, A-L., & Weeks, J. (2007). Photocopiers and water-coolers: The affordances of informal interaction. Organization studies no 28 (5): 605-634.

Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception, Boston, Houghton Mifflin.

Janowicz-Panjaitan, M., & Noorderhaven, N.G. (2009). Trust, calculation, and interorganizational learning of tacit knowledge: An organizational roles perspective. Organization Studies no. 30 (10):1021-1044.

Kijkuit, B., & van den Ende, J. (2010). With a little help from our colleagues: A longitudinal study of social networks for innovation. Organization Studies no. 31 (4):451-479.

Orr, Julian Edgerton. (1996). Talking about machines: An ethnography of a modern job: Cornell University Press.

Steinfield, Charles, Joan M DiMicco, Nicole B Ellison, and Cliff Lampe. (2009). "Bowling online: social networking and social capital within the organization." Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Communities and technologies.

Suchman, Lucy. (1995). Making work visible. Communications of the ACM 38 (9):56-ff.