TECHNOLOGIES OF SEEING

Photography, Cinematography and Television

Brian Winston

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Contents

Preface

INTRODUCTION: NECESSITIES AND CONSTRAINTS A Pattern of Technological Change

On Technological Determinism Modelling Technological Change

CHAPTER 1:THE CASE OF THE CINEMA The 'Invention' of the Cinema: Accelerators and Brakes:

Great Men Invent the Cinema Errors and Omissions The Edison Patent Battles The Context for Cinema: Realism and Illusionism The Context for Cinema: Narrative The Context for Cinema: The Mass Audience Towards a Structural Account of the Making of Cinema

CHAPTER 2: T H E CASE OF COLOUR FILM White Skin and Colour Film: The Ideology of the Apparatus

On Ideological Innocence 'Natural' Colour 'Inventing' Colour Film Reproducing Colour Colour in Motion The Meaning of Colour 'Pleasing Flesh Tones'

CHAPTER 3:THE CASE OF 16MM FILM From Home Movies to Cinema Verite: Looking for a Need:

The Standard of the Art: Edison's Strategy The Emergence of 16mm: Kodak's Strategy Avoiding the Amateur ( l) :The Newsreels Avoiding the Amateur (2): The Documentary Movement Avoiding the Amateur (3): The Radicals and The Ethnograph Suppressing 16mm's Potential Supervening Necessity: Stage 1 -WorldWar II

Supervening Necessity: Stage 2 - T V News Supervening Necessity:

Stage 3 - 'A Breath of Fresh Air for Documentary' The Rise and Fall of 16mm

CHAPTER 4: THE CASE OF HDTV Lights, Camera, Inaction: Hollywood and Technology

One from the Heart: Coppola's Strategy Social Demands of Post-Industrial Societies: NHK's Strategy Broadcasters Must Maintain Faith: The Engineers' Strategy We're Behind Japan - Again: The Media's Strategy 35mm Quality at 16mm Production Prices: Sony's Strategy Give Me One Good Reason to Change: Hollywood's Strategies They Could Not See the Sound: Hollywood's Strategies (1) Technicolor: Hollywood's Strategies (2) Too Grainy for Projection: Hollywood's Strategies (3) A Man and His Dream: Coppola's Strategy Revisited The Five-Year Syndrome: The Technophiles' Strategy

CHAPTER 5: THE CASE OF THE THIRD DIMENSION Where Is Holography?: Necessities and Constraints

From the Stereoptican to Bwana Devil From the Interference Hypothesis to the Interferometer Holography as a 'Time-Based Medium'

Notes