technical reference - industrial bearing s€¦ · estimating pressure drops through fluidline...

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Technical ReferenceTable of Contents

Technical Reference

Spray Performance considerations

Basic Nozzle Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2

Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4

Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4

Spray Angle and Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A5

Spray Drop Size (Atomization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6

Drop Size Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6

Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7

Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7

Nozzle Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8

Nozzle Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8

Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9

Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9

Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9

Summary of Spray Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A9

Estimating Pressure Drops Through Fluidline Accessories . . . . . A10

Weights, Measurements, formulas

Volumetric Unit Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12

Liquid Pressure Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12

Linear Unit Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12

Miscellaneous Equivalents and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12

Phone 1-800-95-spray, FAX 1-888-95-sprayVisit Our Web Site: www.spray.com, Email: [email protected]

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Spray Performance Considerations

Basic Nozzle CharacteristicsSpray nozzles are precision components designed to yield very specific performance under specific conditions. To help you determine the best nozzle type for your application, the following reference chart summarizes the performance that each nozzle type is designed to deliver.Contact your local Spraying Systems Co. sales engineer for more detailed technical bulletins or a no-obligation consultation.

Full Cone Spray pattern:

General Spray Characteristics

Utilizes an internal vane to provide a uniform, round, full spray pattern with medium-to-large sized drops.

Comments

Provides full spray pattern coverage with medium-to-large flow rates. Some vaneless models and oval spray models are also available.

Spray angles: 15° to 125°

Comments

Larger capacities can be used to flush or clean tube and pipe interiors and small tanks.

Spray pattern:



Utilizes a deflector cap to form an “umbrella” shaped hollow cone pattern.

Hollow Cone (Deflected-Type)

Comments

The extensive range of capacities and drop sizes makes the hollow cone nozzle useful for a variety of applications where a combination of small drop size and capacity is required.


Spray pattern:


Available in a wide range of capacities and drop sizes. Provides a good interface between air and drop surfaces.

Hollow Cone (Whirlchamber-Type)

Comments

Provides high flow rate in a compact nozzle size. The one-piece design features maximum throughput for a given pipe size.

Hollow Cone (Spiral-Type)


Provides a hollow cone pattern with drops that are slightly coarser than those in other hollow cone sprays.

Spray pattern:


Comments

Spray coverage is not as uniform as that from conventional internal vane-type nozzles. Provides high flow rates in a compact nozzle size.

Full Cone (Spiral-Type)


Provides relatively coarse drops in a full cone pattern with minimal flow obstruction. Spray angles:

50° to 170°

Spray pattern:


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comments

Used to produce finely atomized sprays when compressed air is not desirable.

Spray pattern:

General Spray characteristics

A hydraulic, finely atomized, low capacity spray in a hollow cone pattern. Spray angles:

35° to 165°

Atomizing (Hydraulic, Fine Mist)

comments

The thin rectangular pattern of this nozzle provides uniform coverage. In manifold set-ups, the nozzles are carefully positioned for edge-to-edge pattern contact. Designed primarily for high-impact applications.

Spray pattern:Flat (Even)


Provides even distribution throughout the entire flat spray pattern. Produces medium-sized drops. Ideal where high and uniform spray impact is required.


comments

Large free passage design through the round orifice reduces clogging. Narrow spray angles provide higher impact, while the wide-angle versions produce a lower impact.

Spray pattern:



Produces a relatively even flat spray pattern of medium-sized drops. The spray pattern is formed by liquid flowing over the deflector surface from a round orifice.

Flat Spray (Deflected-Type)

comments

Designed to be used on a spray manifold or header for uniform, overall coverage across the impact area.

Spray pattern:Flat Spray (Tapered)


A tapered-edge flat spray pattern nozzle is usually installed on a header to provide uniform coverage over the entire swath as a result of overlapping distributions.


Spray pattern:

comments

Ideal wherever a very high spray impact is required.

Spray angles: 0°


Solid stream nozzles provide the highest impact per unit area.

Solid Stream

Cone and flat spray patterns

comments

The most widely used nozzle group for producing finely atomized sprays in a wide range of capacities.

Spray pattern:Air Atomizing and Air Assisted


Atomization produced by a combination of air and liquid pressures. Air assisted nozzles feature internal impingement atomization to assist fine drop formation.


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Q1 =

(P1)n

Q2

(P2)n

Capacity Factorsfor Specific Nozzle Types

Nozzle Type Exponent “n”

Hollow Cone Nozzles (All)Full Cone Nozzles (Vaneless)Full Cone Nozzles (15° and 30° Series)Flat Spray Nozzles (All)Solid Stream Nozzles (All)Spiral Nozzles (All)

.50

Full Cone Nozzles (Standard)Full Cone Nozzles (Square Spray)Full Cone Nozzles (Oval Spray)Full Cone Nozzles (Large Capacity)

.46

Full Cone Nozzles (Wide Spray)Full Cone Nozzles (Wide Square Spray) .44

All capacity tabulations in this catalog are based on water. Since the specific gravity of a liquid affects its flow rate, tabulated catalog capacities must be multiplied by the conversion factor that applies to the specific gravity of the liquid being sprayed as explained in the Specific Gravity section below.

CapacityNozzle Capacity Varies with Spraying Pressure.In general, the relationship between flow rate and pressure is as follows:

Q: Flow rate (in gpm or l/min)

P: Liquid pressure (in psi or bar)

n: Exponent applying to the specific nozzle type


KEY: Conversion factor multiplied by the capacity of the nozzle when spraying water gives the capacity of the nozzle when spraying a liquid with a specific gravity corresponding to the conversion factor. This conversion factor accounts only for the effect of specific gravity on capacity and does not account for other factors affecting capacity.

Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of liquid to the mass of the same volume of water. In spraying, the main effect of the specific gravity of a liquid (other than water) is on the capacity of the spray nozzle. Since the values in this catalog are based on spraying water, a conversion factor or formula can be applied to determine the nozzle capacity when using a liquid other than water.

Capacity of Liquid Being Sprayed

=Capacity of Water

x1

Specific Gravity√

Conv

ersi

on F

acto

r

Specific gravity versus conversion factor

Specific Gravity of Liquid

WATER


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Spray Angle and CoverageTabulated spray angles indicate approximate spray coverages based on spray of or

distribution of water. In actual spraying, the effective spray angle varies with spray distance. Liquids more viscous than water form relatively smaller spray angles (or

even a solid stream), depending upon viscosity, nozzle capacity and spraying pressure. Liquids with surface tensions lower than water will produce relatively

wider spray angles than those listed for water. This table lists the theoretical coverage of spray patterns as calculated from the included spray angle of

the spray and the distance from the nozzle orifice. Values are based on the assumption that the spray angle remains the same throughout the entire

spray distance. In actual practice, the tabulated spray angle does not hold for long spray distances. If the spray coverage requirement is

critical, request data sheets for specific spray coverage data.


at Various Distances in Inches (cm) from Nozzle Orifice

Spray angle 2" 5cm 4" 10

cm 6" 15cm 8" 20

cm 10" 25cm 12" 30

cm 15" 40cm 18" 50

cm 24" 60cm 30" 70

cm 36" 80cm 48" 100

cm

5°10°15°20°25°

.2

.4

.5

.7

.9

.4

.91.31.82.2

.4

.71.11.41.8

.91.82.63.54.4

.51.11.62.12.7

1.32.64.05.36.7

.71.42.12.83.5

1.83.55.37.18.9

.91.82.63.54.4

2.24.46.68.8

11.1

1.12.13.24.25.3

2.65.37.9

10.613.3

1.32.63.95.36.6

3.57.0

10.514.117.7

1.63.14.76.48.0

4.48.8

13.217.622.2

2.14.26.38.5

10.6

5.210.515.821.226.6

2.65.27.9

10.613.3

6.112.318.424.731.0

3.16.39.5

12.715.9

7.014.021.128.235.5

4.28.412.616.921.2

8.717.526.335.344.3

30°35°40°45°50°

1.11.31.51.71.9

2.73.23.64.14.7

2.12.52.93.33.7

5.46.37.38.39.3

3.23.84.45.05.6

8.09.5

10.912.414.0

4.35.05.86.67.5

10.712.614.616.618.7

5.46.37.38.39.3

13.415.818.220.723.3

6.47.68.79.9

11.2

16.118.921.824.928.0

8.19.5

10.912.414.0

21.425.229.133.137.3

9.711.313.114.916.8

26.831.536.441.446.6

12.815.517.519.922.4

32.237.843.749.756.0

16.118.921.824.828.0

37.544.151.058.065.3

19.322.726.229.833.6

42.950.558.266.374.6

25.730.334.939.744.8

53.663.172.882.893.3

55°60°65°70°75°

2.12.32.52.83.1

5.25.86.47.07.7

4.24.65.15.66.1

10.411.612.714.015.4

6.36.97.68.49.2

15.617.319.121.023.0

8.39.2

10.211.212.3

20.823.125.528.030.7

10.311.512.714.015.3

26.028.931.935.038.4

12.513.815.316.818.4

31.234.638.242.046.0

15.617.319.221.023.0

41.746.251.056.061.4

18.720.622.925.227.6

52.157.763.770.076.7

25.027.730.533.636.8

62.569.376.584.092.1

31.234.638.242.046.0

72.980.889.298.0107

37.541.645.850.455.2

83.392.4102112123

50.055.461.267.273.6

104115127140153

80°85°90°95°100°

3.43.74.04.44.8

8.49.2

10.010.911.9

6.77.38.08.79.5

16.818.320.021.823.8

10.111.012.013.114.3

25.227.530.032.735.8

13.414.716.017.519.1

33.636.740.043.747.7

16.818.320.021.823.8

42.045.850.054.659.6

20.222.024.026.228.6

50.455.060.065.571.5

25.227.530.032.835.8

67.173.380.087.395.3

30.333.036.039.343.0

83.991.6100109119

40.344.048.052.457.2

101110120131143

50.455.060.065.571.6

118128140153167

60.466.072.078.685.9

134147160175191

80.688.096.0105114

168183200218238

110°120°130°140°150°

5.76.98.6

10.914.9

14.317.321.527.537.3

11.413.917.221.929.8

28.634.642.955.074.6

17.120.825.732.944.7

42.952.064.382.4112

22.827.734.343.859.6

57.169.385.8110149

28.534.642.954.874.5

71.486.6107137187

34.341.651.565.789.5

85.7104129165224

42.852.064.482.2112

114139172220299

51.462.477.398.6

–

143173215275–

68.583.2103––

171208257––

85.6104–––

200243–––

103––––

229––––

–––––

286––––

160°170°

22.745.8

56.7114

45.491.6

113229

68.0–

170–

90.6–

227–

113–

284–

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

––

Theoretical Spray Coverage

Spray Angle

Theoretical Coverage

Spray Distance


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Spray Drop Size (Atomization)Accurate drop size information is an important factor in the overall effectiveness of spray nozzle operation particularly in industrial applications such as gas cooling, gas conditioning, fire suppression and spray drying.Drop size refers to the size of the individual spray drops that comprise a nozzle’s spray pattern. Each spray provides a range of drop sizes; this range is referred to as drop size distribution. Drop size distribution is dependent on the spray pattern type and varies significantly from one type to another. The smallest drop sizes are achieved by air atomizing nozzles while the largest drops are produced by full cone hydraulic spray nozzles.

by Spray Pattern Type at Various Pressures and Capacities

Spray Pattern Type10 psi (0.7 bar) 40 psi (2.8 bar) 100 psi (7 bar)

Capacity gpm Capacity l/min VMD microns Capacity gpm Capacity l/min VMD microns Capacity gpm Capacity l/min VMD microns

Air Atomizing .005.02

.02

.0820100

.0088

.0330

15200 12 45 400

Fine Spray .22 .83 375 .03.43

.11.6

110330

.05

.69.22.6

110290

Hollow Cone .0512

.1945

3603400

.1024

.3891

3001900

.1638

.61144

2001260

Flat Fan .055

.1918.9

2604300

.1010

.3838

2202500

.1615.8

.6160

1901400

Full Cone .1012

.3845

11404300

.1923

.7287

8502800

.3035

1.1132

5001720

Based on a sampling of nozzles selected to show the wide range of possible drop sizes available.

Drop Size

Liquid properties, nozzle capacity, spraying pressure and spray angle also affect drop size. Lower spraying pressures provide larger drop sizes. Conversely, higher spraying pressures yield smaller drop sizes. Within each type of spray pattern the smallest capacities produce the smallest spray drops, and the largest capacities produce the largest spray drops.

Actual Drop Sizes 500 µm 1,200 µm 5,500 µm

One inch = 25,400 µmOne millimeter = 1,000 µmµm = micrometers

Drop Size TerminologyTerminology is often a major source of discrepancy and confusion in understanding drop size. To accurately compare drop sizes from one nozzle to another, the same diameters have to be used. Drop size is usually expressed in microns (micrometers). Following are the most popular mean and characteristic diameters and their definitions.

Volume Median Diameter (VMD)also expressed as Dv0.5 and Mass Median Diameter (MMD):A means of expressing drop size in terms of the volume of liquid sprayed. The Volume Median Diameter drop size when measured in terms of volume (or mass) is a value where 50% of the total volume of liquid sprayed is made up of drops with diameters larger than the median value and 50% with smaller diameters.

Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD)also expressed as D32:A means of expressing the fineness of a spray in terms of the surface area produced by the spray. The Sauter Mean Diameter is the diameter of a drop having the same volume-to-surface area ratio as the total volume of all the drops to the total surface area of all the drops.

Number Median Diameter (NMD)also expressed as DN0.5:A means of expressing drop size in terms of the number of drops in the spray. This means that 50% of the drops by count or number are smaller than the median diameter and 50% of the drops are larger than the median diameter.

More complete drop size data is available on all types of spray nozzles.For more information, request “An Engineer’s Practical Guide to Drop Size” or contact your local Spraying Systems Co. sales engineer.


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Unit Impact per Sq. Inch (cm)*

SprayPattern

Sprayangle

Percent ofTheoreticalTotal impact

Flat Fan

15°25°35°40°50°65°80°

30%18%13%12%10%7.0%5.0%

Full Cone

15°30°50°65°80°100°

11%2.5%1.0%0.4%0.2%0.1%

Hollow Cone 60°, 80° 1.0 to 2.0%

*At 12" (30 cm) distance from the nozzle.

Impact, or the impingement of a spray onto the target surface, can be expressed in several different ways. The most useful impact value with regard to spray nozzle performance is the impact per square inch (cm). Basically, this value depends on the spray pattern distribution and spray angle. To obtain the impact per square inch (cm) [pounds (kg)-force per square inch (cm)] of a given nozzle, first determine the theoretical total impact using the following formula.

Impact

Then, from the chart on the right, obtain the impact per square inch (cm) as a percent of the theoretical total impact and multiply by the theoretical total. The result is the unit impact in lbs.-f/sq. inch (kg/cm2) at 12" (30 cm) distance from the nozzle.

The highest unit impact in lbs.-f/sq. inch (kg/cm2) is provided by solid stream nozzles and can be closely approximated by the formula: 1.9 x [spraying pressure, psi (bar)]. As with all spray patterns, the unit impact decreases as the distance from the nozzle increases, thereby increasing the impact area size.

The values given in the tabulation sections of this catalog indicate the most commonly used pressure ranges for the associated spray nozzle or accessory. Some spray nozzles and accessories can perform below or above the pressures shown, while others can be modified at our factory or redesigned to accommodate the requirements of specific new applications.

Operating Pressure

contact your local Spraying Systems co. sales engineer if your application requires pressure ranges beyond those stated in this catalog.

I pounds kilograms

K .0526 .024

Q gpm l/min

P psi kg/cm2

I: Total theoretical spray impact

√I = K x Q x P

K: Constant

Q: Flow rate

P: Liquid pressure


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Approximate AbrasionResistance Ratios

Spray NozzleMaterial

ResistanceRatio

Aluminum 1

Brass 1

Polypropylene 1 – 2

Steel 1.5 – 2

MONEL 2 – 3

Stainless Steel 4 – 6

HASTELLOY 4 – 6

HardenedStainless Steel 10 – 15

Stellite 10 – 15

Silicon Carbide(Nitride Bonded) 90 – 130

Ceramics 90 – 200

Carbides 180 – 250

Synthetic Rubyor Sapphire 600 – 2000

New

Nozzle Materials

• AMPCO® 8

• CARPENTER® 20 (Alloy 20)

• Ceramics

• CUPRO® NICKEL

• Graphite

For each nozzle there is a selection of “standard” materials that have been determined to meet the usual requirements of the applications most commonly associated with that type of nozzle. Standard materials include brass, steel, cast iron, various stainless steels, hardened stainless steels, many plastics and various carbides.

Spray nozzles can also be supplied in other materials upon special request including:

• HASTELLOY®

• INCONEL®

• MONEL®

• Nylon

• Polypropylene, PVC and CPVC

• REFRAX®

• Silicon carbide

• Stellite®

• PTFE

• Titanium

• Zirconium

Corroded

New

Excessive wear

Nozzle WearNozzle wear is typically characterized by an increase in nozzle capacity, followed by a general deterioration of the spray pattern. Flat fan spray nozzles with elliptical orifices experience a narrowing of the spray pattern. In other spray pattern types, the distribution within the spray pattern deteriorates without substantially changing the coverage area. The increase in nozzle capacity can sometimes be recognized by a decrease in system operating pressure, particularly when using positive displacement pumps.Materials having harder surfaces generally provide longer wear life. The chart to the right provides standard abrasion resistance ratios for different materials to help you determine if you should consider a different material for your nozzles, orifice inserts and/or spray tips.Materials that offer better corrosion resistance are also available. However, the rate of chemical corrosion on specific nozzle materials is dependent on the solution being sprayed. The corrosive properties of the liquid being sprayed, its percent concentration and temperature, as well as the corrosion resistance of the nozzle material to the chemical must all be considered. We can supply you with this information upon request.


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nozzlecharacteristics

increase inOperating Pressure

increase inSpecific Gravity

increase inViscosity

increase influid Temperature

increase inSurface Tension

Pattern Quality Improves Negligible Deteriorates Improves Negligible

Drop Size Decreases Negligible Increases Decreases Increases

Spray Angle Increases thendecreases Negligible Decreases Increases Decreases

Capacity Increases DecreasesFull/hollow cone –

increasesFlat – decreases

Depends onfluid sprayed

and nozzle usedNo effect

Impact Increases Negligible Decreases Increases Negligible

Velocity Increases Decreases Decreases Increases Negligible

Wear Increases Negligible DecreasesDepends onfluid sprayed

and nozzle usedNo effect

Surface TensionThe surface of a liquid tends to assume the smallest possible size; acting, in this respect, like a membrane under tension. Any portion of the liquid surface exerts a tension upon adjacent portions or upon other objects with which it is in contact. This force is in the plane of the surface and its amount per unit of length is surface tension. Its value for water is about 73 dynes per cm at 70°F (21°C). The main effects of surface tension are on minimum operating pressure, spray angle and drop size.

The property of surface tension is more apparent at low operating pressures. A higher surface tension reduces the spray angle, particularly on hollow cone and flat fan spray nozzles. Low surface tensions can allow a nozzle to be operated at a lower pressure. See the chart below for the general effects of surface tension on spray nozzle performance.

TemperatureThe values given in this catalog are based on spraying water at 70°F (21°C). Although liquid temperature changes do not affect the spray performance of a nozzle, they often affect viscosity, surface tension and specific gravity which do influence spray nozzle performance. See the chart below for the effects of temperature changes on spray nozzle performance.

Absolute (dynamic) viscosity is the property of a liquid which resists change in the shape or arrangement of its elements during flow. Liquid viscosity is a primary factor affecting spray pattern formation and, to a lesser degree, capacity. High viscosity liquids require a higher minimum pressure to begin formation of a spray pattern and provide narrower spray angles as compared to those of water. See the chart below for the general effects of viscosity other than water.

Viscosity

Summary of Spray Performance ConsiderationsThe chart below summarizes the various factors that affect a spray nozzle’s performance. However, because there are so many different types and sizes of spray nozzles, the effects may vary for your specific application. In some applications, there are interrelated factors which may counteract certain effects. For instance, in the case of a hollow cone spray nozzle, increasing the

temperature of the liquid decreases the specific gravity, thereby producing a greater flow rate while at the same time decreasing the viscosity which reduces the flow.

for assistance with your specific application, please contact your local Spraying Systems co. sales engineer.



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Air Flow (scfm and nl/min) Through Schedule 40 Steel PipeAppliedPressure

psig

Nominal Standard Pipe Size (scfm) AppliedPressure

bar

Nominal Standard Pipe Size (Nl/min)

1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3"

5 .5 1.2 2.7 4.9 6.6 13.0 27 40 80 135 240 0.3 14.2 34.0 76.5 139 187 370 765 1130 2265 3820 6796

10 .8 1.7 3.9 7.7 11.0 21 44 64 125 200 370 0.7 22.7 48.1 110 218 310 595 1245 1810 3540 5665 10480

20 1.3 3.0 6.6 13.0 18.5 35 75 110 215 350 600 1.4 36.8 85.0 187 370 525 990 2125 3115 6090 9910 16990

40 2.5 5.5 12.0 23 34 62 135 200 385 640 1100 2.8 70.8 155 340 650 960 1755 3820 5665 10900 18120 31150

60 3.5 8.0 18.0 34 50 93 195 290 560 900 1600 4.1 99.1 227 510 965 1415 2630 5520 8210 15860 25485 45305

80 4.7 10.5 23 44 65 120 255 380 720 1200 2100 5.5 133 297 650 1245 1840 3400 7220 10760 20390 33980 59465

100 5.8 13.0 29 54 80 150 315 470 900 1450 2600 6.9 164 370 820 1530 2265 4250 8920 13310 25485 41060 73625

Approximate Friction Loss in Pipe Fittingsin Equivalent Feet (meters) of Straight Pipe

Pipe Size Std.Wt.(in.)

Actual Inside Dia.in. (mm)

Gate ValveFULL OPEN

ft. (m)

Globe ValveFULL OPEN

ft. (m)45° Elbow

ft. (m)Run of Std. Tee

ft. (m)

Std. Elbow or Runof Tee Reduced 1/2

ft. (m)

Std. Tee ThroughSide Outlet

ft. (m)

1/8 .269 (6.8) .15 (.05) 8.0 (2.4) .35 (.11) .40 (.12) .75 (.23) 1.4 (.43)

1/4 .364 (9.2) .20 (.06) 11.0 (3.4) .50 (.15) .65 (.20) 1.1 (.34) 2.2 (.67)

1/2 .622 (15.8) .35 (.11) 18.6 (5.7) .78 (.24) 1.1 (.34) 1.7 (.52) 3.3 (1.0)

3/4 .824 (21) .44 (.13) 23.1 (7.0) .97 (.30) 1.4 (.43) 2.1 (.64) 4.2 (1.3)

1 1.049 (27) .56 (.17) 29.4 (9.0) 1.2 (.37) 1.8 (.55) 2.6 (.79) 5.3 (1.6)

1-1/4 1.380 (35) .74 (.23) 38.6 (11.8) 1.6 (.49) 2.3 (.70) 3.5 (1.1) 7.0 (2.1)

1-1/2 1.610 (41) .86 (.26) 45.2 (13.8) 1.9 (.58) 2.7 (.82) 4.1 (1.2) 8.1 (2.5)

2 2.067 (53) 1.1 (.34) 58 (17.7) 2.4 (.73) 3.5 (1.1) 5.2 (1.6) 10.4 (3.2)

2-1/2 2.469 (63) 1.3 (.40) 69 (21) 2.9 (.88) 4.2 (1.3) 6.2 (1.9) 12.4 (3.8)

3 3.068 (78) 1.6 (.49) 86 (26) 3.6 (1.1) 5.2 (1.6) 7.7 (2.3) 15.5 (4.7)

4 4.026 (102) 2.1 (.64) 113 (34) 4.7 (1.4) 6.8 (2.1) 10.2 (3.1) 20.3 (6.2)

5 5.047 (128) 2.7 (.82) 142 (43) 5.9 (1.8) 8.5 (2.6) 12.7 (3.9) 25.4 (7.7)

6 6.065 (154) 3.2 (.98) 170 (52) 7.1 (2.2) 10.2 (3.1) 15.3 (4.7) 31 (9.4)

Q1 =

(P1).5

Q2

(P2).5

Example:

3 gpm=

(P1).5

P1

= 9 psi5 gpm (25 psi).5

11 l/min=

(P1).5

P1

= 0.6 bar19 l/min (1.8 bar).5

Accessory rated capacity 5 gpm (19 l/min)

Maximum recommendedoperating pressure

500 psi (35 bar)

Estimated pressure drop at5 gpm (19 l/min) = 5% x 500 psi (35 bar) = 25 psi (1.8 bar)

Estimating Pressure Drops Through Fluidline Accessories

For pressure drop information on a specific product, contact your local sales engineer for data sheets listing pressure drops at various flow rates.

Q: Flow rate (in gpm or l/min)

The rated capacities listed in this catalog for valves, strainers and fittings typically correspond to pressure drops of approximately 5% of their maximum operating pressure. Use the following formula to estimate the pressure drop of other flow rates.

P: Liquid pressure (in psi or bar)


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Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

flow Pressure Drop in psi for Various Pipe Diameters10 ft. Length Pipe flow Pressure Drop in bar for Various Pipe Diameters

10 m Length Pipe

gpm 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/2" 4" 5" 6" 8" l/min 1/8" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/2" 4" 5" 6" 8"

.3 .42 1 .07

.4 .70 .16 1.5 .16 .04

.5 1.1 .24 2 .26 .06

.6 1.5 .33 2.5 .40 .08

.8 2.5 .54 .13 3 .56 .12 .03

1.0 3.7 .83 .19 .06 4 .96 .21 .05 .02

1.5 8.0 1.8 .40 .12 6 2.0 .45 .10 .03

2.0 13.4 3.0 .66 .21 .05 8 3.5 .74 .17 .05 .01

2.5 4.5 1.0 .32 .08 10 1.2 .25 .08 .02

3.0 6.4 1.4 .43 .11 12 1.7 .35 .11 .03

4.0 11.1 2.4 .74 .18 .06 15 2.6 .54 .17 .04 .01

5.0 3.7 1.1 .28 .08 20 .92 .28 .07 .02

6.0 5.2 1.6 .38 .12 25 1.2 .45 .11 .03

8.0 9.1 2.8 .66 .20 .05 30 2.1 .62 .15 .04 .01

10 4.2 1.0 .30 .08 40 1.1 .25 .08 .02

15 2.2 .64 .16 .08 60 .54 .16 .04 .02 .006

20 3.8 1.1 .28 .13 .04 80 .93 .28 .07 .03 .009

25 1.7 .42 .19 .06 100 .43 .12 .05 .01

30 2.4 .59 .27 .08 115 .58 .14 .06 .015

35 3.2 .79 .36 .11 .04 130 .72 .18 .08 .02 .01

40 1.0 .47 .14 .06 150 .23 .10 .03 .012

45 1.3 .59 .17 .07 170 .29 .13 .04 .016

50 1.6 .72 .20 .08 190 .36 .16 .05 .02

60 2.2 1.0 .29 .12 .04 230 .50 .23 .07 .03 .009

70 1.4 .38 .16 .05 260 .32 .09 .04 .01

80 1.8 .50 .20 .07 300 .38 .11 .04 .02 .007

90 2.2 .62 .25 .09 .04 340 .50 .14 .06 .02 .009

100 2.7 .76 .31 .11 .05 380 .61 .18 .07 .03 .01

125 1.2 .47 .16 .08 .04 470 .28 .11 .04 .02 .009

150 1.7 .67 .22 .11 .06 570 .39 .15 .05 .03 .01

200 2.9 1.2 .39 .19 .10 750 .64 .26 .09 .04 .02 .007

250 .59 .28 .15 .05 950 .14 .06 .03 .01

300 .84 .40 .21 .07 1150 .19 .09 .05 .02

400 .70 .37 .12 .05 1500 .16 .08 .03 .01

500 .57 .18 .07 1900 .13 .04 .02

750 .39 .16 .04 2800 .09 .03 .009

1000 .68 .27 .07 3800 .16 .06 .02

2000 1.0 .26 7500 .23 .06

Recommended capacity range for each size is shown in outlined areas.



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e Table of Equivalents

Miscellaneous Equivalents and FormulasUnit Equivalent Unit Equivalent

Ounce 28.35 Gr. Acre 43,560 ft2

Pound .4536 Kg. Fahrenheit (°F) = 9/5 (°C) + 32

Horse-Power .746 Kw. Celsius (°C) = 5/9 (°F – 32)

British Thermal Unit .2520 Kg. Cal. Circumference of a Circle = 3.1416 x D

Square Inch 6.452 cm2 Area of a Circle = .7854 x D2

Square Foot .09290 m2 Volume of a Sphere = .5236 x D3

Acre .4047 Hectare Area of a Sphere = 3.1416 x D2

Volumetric Unit EquivalentsCubic

CentimeterFluid

OuncePound

of Water Liter US Gallon Cubic Foot Cubic Meter

Cubic Centimeter l .034 2.2 x 10–3 .001 2.64 x 10–4 3.53 x 10–5 1.0 x 10–6

Fluid Ounce 29.4 l .065 .030 7.81 x 10–3 1.04 x 10–3 2.96 x 10–5

Pound of Water 454 15.4 l .454 .12 .016 4.54 x 10–4

Liter 1000 33.8 2.2 l .264 .035 .001

US Gallon 3785 128 8.34 3.785 l .134 3.78 x 10–3

Cubic Foot 28320 958 62.4 28.3 7.48 l .028

Cubic Meter 1.0 x 106 3.38 x 104 2202 1000 264 35.3 l

Liquid Pressure EquivalentsLb/In2 (psi) Ft Water Kg/Cm2 Atmosphere Bar Inch Mercury kPa (kilopascal)

Lb/In2 (psi) l 2.31 .070 .068 .069 2.04 6.895

Ft Water .433 l .030 .029 .030 .882 2.99

Kg/Cm2 14.2 32.8 l .968 .981 29.0 98

Atmosphere 14.7 33.9 1.03 l 1.01 29.9 101

Bar 14.5 33.5 1.02 .987 l 29.5 100

Inch Mercury .491 1.13 .035 .033 .034 l 3.4

kPa (kilopascal) .145 .335 .01 .009 .01 .296 l

Linear Unit EquivalentsMicron Mil Millimeter Centimeter Inch Foot Meter

Micron l .039 .001 1.0 x 10–4 3.94 x 10–5 – –

Mil 25.4 l 2.54 x 10–2 2.54 x 10–3 .001 8.33 x 10–5 –

Millimeter 1000 39.4 l .10 .0394 3.28 x 10–3 .001

Centimeter 10000 394 10 l .394 .033 .01

Inch 2.54 x 104 1000 25.4 2.54 l .083 .0254

Foot 3.05 x 105 1.2 x 104 305 30.5 12 l .305

Meter 1.0 x 106 3.94 x 104 1000 100 39.4 3.28 l

Weights, Measurements, Formulas

The catalog tabulations show orifice dimensions as “Nom.” (nominal). Specific dimensions are available on request.

Dimensions


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