team now & later presentation

The Language of Emergent Leadership

Kyle Barron, Jennifer Lien, Gretchen Schroeder, Victoria Schwanda, Ashley Vernon

Motivation• Importance of online collaboration

– Today’s organizations are more complex, dynamic, and global

– Online education is becoming popular– Emphasis on virtual teams (Bell & Kozlowski, 2002)

• F2F to CMC transition– Makes leadership challenging (Bell & Kozlowski, 2002; Cascio & Shurygailo, 2003)

Motivation Method Measures Preliminary Results Next Steps

Leadership Back in the Day• Leadership improves performance (Guzzo &

Salas,1995)

• Traditionally, what makes a leader?– How to establish leadership online (Misiolek & Heckman,

2005)


Research Questions• How do emergent leaders use language to

establish themselves as leaders in CMC?- How does this use differ from assigned leaders?

• How can we design CMC tools to support emergent leaders?


• 92 Cornell students- 61 female, 31 male- Ages 17-26 (median age: 20)- Received Susan credit -OR- $10

• 23 Groups- 11 Assigned, 12 Emerging

Participants


• Murder Mystery Task (Balakrishnan et al., 2008)

• Groups of 4 collaborate via online chat– Makes leadership challenging

• Two randomly assigned conditions- Assigned leader group- Emergent leader group

The study


• Assigned vs. Emergent leader groups

• Leaders vs. Non-leaders within groups

Independent variables


Recognizing Leaders• For leaders to be effective, team members

must recognize them as such (Tyran et al., 2003)

• We looked at the leadership ratings of all participants


Success of emergent leaders• There are many contexts where leaders are

not predetermined

• Looking at Group Consensus and Success rates among Assigned and Emergent conditions can help inform designs


Language of leadership• LIWC (Pennebaker & Booth, 2001)

• Word Count

• Showing status through language – Use of pronouns (Pennebaker et al., Unpublished Manuscript)


• H1a: Assigned and emerging leaders will be rated higher than non-leaders

• H1b: Assigned leaders will be rated higher than emerging leaders

• Average Leadership ratings (on a 5 point Likert scale)

Leadership Ratings of Individuals

• H1a: Assigned & emerging leaders will be rated higher than non-leaders

• H1b: Assigned leaders will be rated higher than emerging leaders

Leader Non-LeaderAssigned 4.00 (SD=0.85) 3.53 (SD=0.71)Emerging 3.44 (SD=1.01) 3.51 (SD=0.67)


p=0.08

p=0.17

• H2a: Assigned leader groups will have a higher group consensus rate

• H2b: Assigned leader groups will have a higher success rate

• Group Consensus and Success rates (success rates among groups that reached consensus)

Group Consensus & Success Rates

• H2a: Assigned leader groups will have a higher group consensus rate

• H2b: Assigned leader groups will have a higher success rate

Group Consensus

Success

Assigned 63.64% 71.43%Emerging 91.67% 63.64%


p=0.11

• Average word count• H3a: Participants in leader roles will use more words on average than non-leaders

• H3b: Leaders in the emerging condition will use more words on average than leaders in the assigned condition

Word Count

• H3a: Participants in leader roles will use more words on average than non-leaders

• H3b: Leaders in the emerging condition will use more words on average than leaders in the assigned condition

Leader Non-leader TotalAssigned

448.91 (SD=276.96)

407.12 (SD=266.49)

417.57 (SD=269.76)

Emerging

399.75 (SD=142.44)

476.17 (SD=251.30)

456.66 (SD=230.91)

Total 423.26 (SD=218.01)

442.66 (SD=261.08)

437.76 (SD=251.21)


• H3c: There will be a positive correlation between average individual leader rating and average word count

Word Count vs. Avg Leadership Rating

• H3c: There will be a positive correlation between average individual leader rating and average word count


• H4a: Leaders will use fewer first-person singular pronouns (“I”) than non-leaders

• Average percentage of words that are first-person singular pronouns

Status: First-person singular pronouns

• H4a: Leaders will use fewer first-person singular pronouns (“I”) than non-leaders


2.96% (SD=1.93)

1.90% (SD=0.97)

2.16% (SD=1.36)

Emerging

2.63% (SD=1.37)

2.03% (SD=1.11)

2.18% (SD=1.21)

Total 2.79% (SD=1.67)

1.97% (SD=1.05)

2.17% (SD=1.28)


p=0.007

ChiefSkylar104: I think he went in right after ezequiel broke up the fight

ChiefSkylar104: I definitely don't think it's cedric

DetWhitney834: is there any description of cedric's body type?

DetWhitney834: to see if he's physically capable?

DetMorgan246: I think its Lynwood

ChiefSkylar104: same

• H4b: Leaders will use more first-person plural pronouns (“we”) than non-leaders

• Average percentage of words that are first-person plural pronouns

Status: First-person plural pronouns

• H4a: Leaders will use more first-person plural pronouns (“we”) than non-leaders


1.11% (SD=0.51)

0.84% (SD=0.76)

0.91% (SD=0.71)

Emerging

0.99% (SD=0.77)

0.83% (SD=0.66)

0.87% (SD=0.69)

Total 1.05% (SD=0.66)

0.83% (SD=0.71)

0.89% (SD=0.70)


ChiefJoe234: i don't think we can assume that

ChiefJoe234: and he has an alibi as wll

ChiefJoe234: he was with laurence

DetAshley846: also he should have a lot of cuts on his hands if it was him

DetAndy123: I don't either

DetAndy123: okay so maybe to the opportunity

DetAndy123: who's laurence?

DetCasey678: i doubt that he could just kill a man then come back to the bar

• H4c: Leaders will use more second-person pronouns (“you”) than non-leaders

• Average percentage of words that are second-person pronouns

Status: Second-person pronouns

• H4c: Leaders will use more second-person pronouns (“you”) than non-leaders


0.32% (SD=0.73)

0.13% (SD=0.23)

0.18% (SD=0.42)

Emerging

0.13% (SD=0.19)

0.18% (SD=0.21)

0.17% (SD=0.21)

Total 0.22% (SD=0.53)

0.16% (SD=0.22)

0.17% (SD=0.33)


ChiefSkylar158: you have to do a little section at a time so they wont reject it

DetWhitney834: yes plz

DetMorgan246: coroners report

DetMorgan246: o my bad i didnt read that we are doing one at a time

ChiefSkylar158: okay, do you want to copy paste it?

DetLee671: pat, you know this from parking camera footage?

DetChris982: didnt you say that the vic died at 1054

DetChris982: then it says the fight happened after that

DetChris982: yes

DetChris982: from 1030 to 11 cedric was walking ariana to her car

DetAlex123: thats all consistent with my informatino too

Next Steps

• Deeper quantitative analysis of data

• Qualitative coding of transcripts

• Design implications

• Testing designs


Questions?

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