teaching language skills
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Teaching Language Skills. Integrating the “Four Skills”. Introduction. For more than six decades teaching of English has identified the “four skills” to focus on. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
Teaching Language Skills
Integrating the “Four Skills”
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
IntroductionO For more than six decades teaching of English
has identified the “four skills” to focus on.O ESL curricula and textbooks around the world
tend to focus on one or two of the four skills, sometimes to the exclusion of the others.
O By treating the four skills in separate segments of the curriculum, there is a recent trend toward skill integration.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How to integrate ?OThere is a recent trend toward skill
integration.OLet say, by teaching reading we may
take more of a “whole language approach” whereby reading is treated as one of two or more interrelated skills.
OA course that deals with reading skills will also deal with related listening, speaking, and writing skills. 4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
New paradigm of reading class
SpeakingListeningReadingWriting
• A pre-reading discussion of the topic to activate schemata
• to a series of informative statements about the topic of a passage being read
• A focus on a certain reading strategy, say, scanning.
• A paraphrase of a section of the reading passage.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
This paradigm of teaching brings students to the real life integration of
language skills.By doing as such reading class, it provides the teacher with a great deal of flexibility in creating interesting, motiva-ting lessons.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How to maintain the integrated skills
O There are five models in common use to maintain an integrated-skills focus in your teaching.
Content-based
instruction
Theme-based
instructionExperiental
learning
The episode
hypothesisTask-based teaching
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
1. Content-based instruction
O CBI is the integration of content learning with language teaching aims (Briton, Snow and Wesche, 1989).
O Language becomes the medium to convey informational content of interest and relevance to the learner, then learners are pointed toward matters concern.
O Language takes on its appropriate role as a vehicle for accomplishing a set of content goals.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How to do with CBI
CBI
• You teach, let say, Geography, or Math, or Culture by using English as your instruction
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
Example of content-based curricula
• Immersion programs for elementary school children
• Sheltered English programs (mostly in elementary & secondary school levels
• Writing across curriculum within subject-matter areas like biology, history etc.
• ESP e.g., for engineering, agriculture, or medicine.
CBI targe
ts
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
2. Theme-based instruction
Theme-based instruction is a form of language teaching by structuring a course around themes or topics.
Theme-based instruction can serve the multiple interests of students in a classroom.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How to do with TBI
TBI
• When you make a language teaching to the pre-university students (intermediate level), it might deal with topics of curent interest, such as: public health, environmental awareness, world economics, etc.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
In the classroom, students read articles
Then, view video programs
Discuss issues and propose solutions
Carry out writing assignments on a given theme
This TBI for intermediate students;
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
For beginning studentsO Use imperatives (Don’t bring any food to the classroom)O Practice verb tenses (The ozone layer is vanishing)O Develope new vocabulary O Learn cardinal and ordinal number
O Work with simple conversation;A: Why do you smoke?B: Because I like itA: You shouldn’t smokeB: Well, it makes me less nervousA: But it’s not good for your healthB: I don’t careA: Wel, you will die young
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
3. Experiental learningO This is an overlapping of CBI and TBI concept
of language learning.O EL allows students to find “concrete
experiences” through which they discover language principles by trial and error, by processing feedback, by building hypothesis, and by revising the assumptions in order to become fluent.
O Teachers give students opportunities to use language as they handle with the problem solving complexities.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How to deal with EL
Learner-centered
• Hands-on projects (nature or environmental projects)
• Field trips and on-site visits
Teacher-controlled
• Show-and-tell sessions• Playing games• Utilizing media (TV, movies,
internet)
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
The advantage of ELThe learner is directly in touch with the realities being studied. It is contrasted with learning in which the learner only reads about, hears about, talks about, or write about these realities but never comes in contact with them as part of the learning process.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
4. The episode hypothesis
• The EH is a form of language teaching where learners are motivated to continue reading and to become more involved in the content than in the language, therefore increasing its episodic flavor.
What episode
hypothesis?
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
Teaching with EHO Look at this dialogue
Jack: Hi, Tony. What do you usually do on weekends?
Tony:Oh, I usually study, but sometimes I go to a movie.
Jack: Uh huh. Well, I often go to movies, but I seldom study.
Tony:Well, I don’t study as much as Greg. He always studies on the weekends. He never goes out.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How the EH relates to the integrated skills teaching
Episodes can be presented in either written or spoken form, thus requiring reading or/ and writing skills on the students’ part.Episodes can provide the stimulus for spoken or written questions that students respond to, in turn, by speaking or writing.Students can be encouraged to write their own episodes, or to complete an episode.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
5. Task-based teaching
Target tasks
• Students must accomplish beyond the classroom.
Pedagogi-cal tasks
• Form of the nucleus of the classroom activity.
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
How to do with TB teachingFor example to teach students to give personal
information in a job interview;1. Exercises in comprehension of wh- questions
with do- insertion (When do you work at Macy’s?)
2. Drills in the use of frequency adverbs (I usually work until 5 o’clock)
3. Listening to extracts of job interview4. Analyzing the grammar of the interview5. Modeling an interview; teacher & one student
or students in pairs.4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
Input for tasksO It may come from a variety of authentic
sources:In
put-1
- Speeches- Conversation- Narratives- Public announce-ments
- Cartoon strips
Inpu
t-2
- Interviews- Oral description
- Media extracts- Games & puzzles
- Photos4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
ConclusionO Teaching English may be done by doing
integrated language skills.O We may to do so through five models of
teaching;1. Content-based instruction2. Theme-based instruction3. Experiental learning4. The episode hypothesis5. Task-based teaching
4/10/2013
By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.
Thank you
4/10/2013