Teaching ESL\ EFL, Art, Science, and Mathematics

Carrie CablePages, 345-356

Objectives: Students should be able to:

• Demonstrate understanding of the meaning of ESL\ EFL, and TESOL.

• Recognize different methods of teaching ESL\ EFL.

• Understand the main concepts of teaching art, science and mathematics.

• Recognize the value of teaching those courses.• Identify the effective strategies to teach art,

science and mathematics.

1. Teaching ESL/EFL

ESL is an acronym that stands for (English as a Second Language). It refers to the use or study of English by speakers with different native languages. It is also known as English as a foreign language (EFL).

What is TESOL ? It stands for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

Language Learning Skills

There are four skills in language learning:

Active skills (Productive): speaking writing Passive skills (Receptive): listening reading

Methods of Teaching ESL \ EFL

Grammar-translation method

Direct method

Audiolingual method

Communicative language teaching

1 2 3 4

1. Grammar-translation method

A. It involves translating words and sentences from a text into the mother tongue (the native language).

B. Classes are taught in the students' mother tongue, with a little active use of the target language.

C. Grammar rules are taught deductively.

2. Direct method:

A. It involves associating objects or visual presentations with the word or phrase in the language being learned.

B. The mother tongue is NEVER used.C. Grammar rules learned inductively.D. Teacher must speak the target

language.

3. Audio-lingual method:

A. It is based on the principle that language learning is habit formation. It involves the repeated practice of words and phrases through drills and dialogues.

B. The method fosters dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases and over-learning.

C. There is a focus on correct sentence forms and correct pronunciation.

4. Communicative approach:

A. It emphasizes speaking and listening, but with the teacher providing authentic language and authentic situations.

B. Learners practice the language through role-play, games and pair work.

C. Grammar is taught inductively.

2. Teaching Art, Science and Mathematics

Art in the Primary School

What is Art?

Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. (Oxford dictionary)

What art experiences do children need to

have?

Children need extensive and intensive experiences of doing art and thinking about art to develop different life skills such as communication, problem solving, social & emotional, motor, self expression and creativity.

Planning Suitable Art Activities in the Primary school:

Teachers should ensure that children are provided with a variety of interested and useful tasks. Here are some important tips for planning activities:

– Art activities should be suitable for students’ ages and abilities.

– Differentiate your activities to improve different skills.– Divide the students into effective groups (small number with

different abilities).– Know when to teach some aspects of art as a discreet subject.– Give the students a chance to choose the task and the

martials.

Teaching Primary student

What is Science?

The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. (Oxford Dictionary)

The importance of science in the primary school:

• The importance of including science was under debate for many years. Science did not become accepted at school until the late 19th century.

• Modern developed countries need their education systems to produce well-qualified scientist and technologists who will be the researchers of tomorrow.

• Science is a very interesting and important subject to learn as it arouses children’s curiosity about the nature and whatever happens in our every day life.

• Science helps the children to understand better about their own sense organs, living and non-living things, energy, electricity and so on.

As Primary Science Teachers you need to Watch for:* descriptions of scientific phenomena; * use of scientific vocabulary;* use observation and experimentation to understand the natural world.

Children should• Know that objects can be perceived by different senses • Ask questions about observable phenomena. (Why are trees so big?)• Know general properties of physical environment (seasons, weather, rock,

mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.). • Use everyday language to explain scientific phenomena.• Begin to use scientific words to explain phenomena.• Know that physical properties of things can change (ice melts, etc.).• Use simple scientific concepts to explain natural phenomena.• Can classify objects and things based on scientific categories (mammals vs.

reptiles, objects that sink and objects that float, etc.).• Know that the life cycle for different living things is different.

Teaching Mathematics

What is Mathematics?

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines mathematics as "the science of numbers

and their operations, interrelations, combinations, generalizations, and

abstractions and of space configurations and their structure, measurement,

transformations, and generalizations."

Did you know that:

Mathematics as a formal area of teaching and learning was developed about 5,000 years ago by the Sumerians. They did this at the same time as they developed reading and writing. However, the roots of mathematics go back much more than 5,000 years.

Some Tips forMathematics Teachers:

• Build on the knowledge that learners bring to the class.

• Develop effective questioning.• Use cooperative small groups. • Emphasize methods rather than answers.• Use rich mathematical tasks.• Create connections between mathematical

topics.• Use technology in appropriate ways.

Next Week: Teaching Assessment

References

Learning to Teach in the Primary School. Arthur & Cremin,2010. 2nd edition. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, London.Lancaster, J. (1990). Art in the primary schools. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com.sa/books?id=irhFzAoWRJsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lancaster+Art+in+the+Primary+Schools&hl=ar&sa=X&ei=t1hgUbDcC4T2sgbRloGwAg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA

Turne, S. (2013). Teaching primary mathematics. London: SAGE. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.sa/books?id=3JK73_3iBBMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Teaching+Primary+Mathematics&hl=ar&sa=X&ei=TFtgUa3mHIqWswbSwIHwAQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Teaching%20Primary%20Mathematics&f=false

Ward, H., Roden, J., Hewlett, C. and Foreman, J. (2008) Teaching science in the primary classroom. 2nd ed. London: Sage. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.sa/books?id=Acod4-qGO4QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ward+Roden+teaching+science+in+the+primary+classroom&hl=ar&sa=X&ei=1F1gUbaoCY3TsQaRr4DIAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA