teaching and learning. the word “assess” comes from the latin verb ‘assidere’ meaning ‘to...

Teaching and Teaching and LearningLearning

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The word “assess”The word “assess”

Comes from the Latin verb ‘Comes from the Latin verb ‘assidereassidere’ ’ meaning ‘meaning ‘to sit withto sit with’. In assessment ’. In assessment

one is supposed to sit with the one is supposed to sit with the learner. This implies it is something learner. This implies it is something

we do we do withwith andand forfor students and not students and not toto students (Green, 1998)students (Green, 1998)


ReferencesReferences

Paul Black, Christine Harrison, Dylan Paul Black, Christine Harrison, Dylan Williams- Williams- Kings College LondonKings College London

Rosalind Driver – Rosalind Driver – Leeds UniversityLeeds University

Ruth Butler – Ruth Butler – USAUSA. . Harris Cooper – Harris Cooper – NC, USANC, USA. . Berliner & Cassanova - Berliner & Cassanova - USAUSA. .


AssessmentAssessment

Summative FormativeSummative Formative


What are summative and What are summative and formative assessment?formative assessment?

The garden analogy

Think of the pupils as plantsThink of the pupils as plants


Summative assessmentSummative assessment of the of the plants is the process of simply plants is the process of simply measuring them. It might be measuring them. It might be interesting to compare and interesting to compare and analyse measurements but, in analyse measurements but, in themselves, these do not affect themselves, these do not affect the growth of the plants.the growth of the plants.


Formative assessmentFormative assessment, on other , on other hand, is the garden equivalent hand, is the garden equivalent of feeding and watering the of feeding and watering the plants - directly affecting their plants - directly affecting their growth.growth.


Comparison Comparison

FormativeFormative SummativeSummativelearner drivenlearner drivenconstant feedbackconstant feedbackteacher, peer and self teacher, peer and self assessmentassessmenthelps with pupil learning…helps with pupil learning…

content drivencontent drivenend point testend point testexam paper assessmentexam paper assessmentchecks what has/not been checks what has/not been

learned…learned…

……assessment assessment FORFOR learning learning ……assessment assessment OFOF learning learning


QuestioningQuestioning

HomeworkHomework



Increasing the ‘wait time’Increasing the ‘wait time’

Answers are longerAnswers are longer Failure to respond decreasesFailure to respond decreases Responses are more confidentResponses are more confident Students improve and challenge answersStudents improve and challenge answers More alternative answers are offeredMore alternative answers are offered


Questions are not for……Questions are not for……

Controlling misbehaviourControlling misbehaviour Helping ‘needy’ studentsHelping ‘needy’ students Putting down studentsPutting down students Saying “yes, but…..”Saying “yes, but…..” Showing students what they don’t knowShowing students what they don’t know


Improving Classroom QuestioningImproving Classroom Questioning

Ask fewer questionsAsk fewer questions Ask ‘higher order’/ ‘open’ questionsAsk ‘higher order’/ ‘open’ questions Question for depthQuestion for depth Question to promote thinkingQuestion to promote thinking Use ‘wait time’Use ‘wait time’ Acknowledge and give feedback.Acknowledge and give feedback. Look for the positive in the response.Look for the positive in the response.


Lower Order / Closed Questions Lower Order / Closed Questions

What?What? Who?Who? StateState When?When? How many?How many?

One word answersOne word answers


Higher Order / Open Questions Higher Order / Open Questions

How can you be sure that…….?How can you be sure that…….? What is the same/different about……?What is the same/different about……? Is it always/ever true/false that…….?Is it always/ever true/false that…….? What would happen if…….?What would happen if…….? How would you explain…….?How would you explain…….? What does that tell you about…….?What does that tell you about…….? What is wrong with saying…….?What is wrong with saying…….? You could argue that…...You could argue that…...


Concept CartoonsConcept Cartoons

GlaxoGlaxo Smith Kline Smith Kline

HomeworkHomework


Old AdageOld Adage

You don’t make You don’t make the pig heavier the pig heavier by weighing itby weighing it


What should homework do?What should homework do? Review material taught in class, not introduce Review material taught in class, not introduce

new materialnew material Should be an extension of what students Should be an extension of what students

learned in classlearned in class Give students opportunities to practice skillsGive students opportunities to practice skills Lead to better retention of factual knowledge Lead to better retention of factual knowledge Lead to better critical thinking and concept Lead to better critical thinking and concept

formationformation Help students relate new information to their Help students relate new information to their

prior knowledge and experiencesprior knowledge and experiences


Homework Homework

Requires feedbackRequires feedback Should not be used as or perceived Should not be used as or perceived

as punishmentas punishment Should not be used to learn new Should not be used to learn new

conceptsconcepts


Type of homeworkType of homework

Memory/ recall/practiceMemory/ recall/practice

Students correct their own or other Students correct their own or other student’s copiesstudent’s copies

Do not gradeDo not gradeDo not require a Do not require a

comment/feedbackcomment/feedback


Comprehension, application,Comprehension, application,

analysis, synthesis or evaluationanalysis, synthesis or evaluation Need oral discussion if corrected in Need oral discussion if corrected in

classclass Require students to think - allow timeRequire students to think - allow time Encourage other students to delete or Encourage other students to delete or

add to their answersadd to their answers Comment/feedback very importantComment/feedback very important


FeedbackFeedback

MarksMarks

CommentsComments

Marks and CommentsMarks and Comments


Feedback Feedback (Butler,1988)(Butler,1988)

Type of Feedback GivenType of Feedback Given Achievement GainAchievement Gain

Marks onlyMarks only NoneNone

Comments onlyComments only Scores increased by one-Scores increased by one-thirdthird

Marks and commentsMarks and comments NoneNone


A B


CommentsComments Identify Identify

• what has been done wellwhat has been done well• what needs improvementwhat needs improvement• how improvement might be madehow improvement might be made

Praise the work, not the pupil, when Praise the work, not the pupil, when appropriateappropriate


“If a school sends out students with a desire for knowledge and some idea of how to acquire and use it, it will have done its work. Too many students leave school with the appetite killed and the mind loaded with undigested lumps of information.” (Abbott, 1999)


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teaching and learning. the word “assess” comes from the latin verb ‘assidere’ meaning ‘to...

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classrequire students

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plants summative assessment

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prior knowledge

new information