teacher guide for science grades 3-5

8/10/2019 Teacher Guide for Science Grades 3-5

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JutdirOimmkl J. Alsaly, Lf. F. , tdl jutdir, diafs j ojndlair‛s flgrll km Lmgaksd eric tdl \mkvlrskty ie Mirtd Vlxjs, j cjstlr‛s flgrll km Lmgaksd eric Wlst Vlxjs J&C, jfckmkstrjtir nlrtkeknjtkim jmf

itdlr niursl nrlfkts eric tdl \mkvlrskty ie Vlxjs jt La Pjsi, jmf j fintirjtl km lfunjtkimjfckmkstrjtkim eric Ojyair \mkvlrskty. ^dl tjugdt jt tdl lalclmtjry, ckffal, jmf dkgd sndiiaalvlas eir :7 yljrs, jmf sdl djs jasi tjugdt js jm jfhumnt prielssir jt tdl umflrgrjfujtl jmfgrjfujtl alvlas km eiur umkvlrsktkls. ^dl wjs tdl ndkle kmstruntkimja ieeknlr km ekvl urojm sndiiafkstrknts jmf j stjtl flpjrtclmt ie lfunjtkim ainjtlf km Vlxjs, Flajwjrl, Bjmsjs, jmf Jrbjmsjs.

Ajyiut jmf flskgm8 Cjrgjrlt Plmnl

750N Njmmkmg Pbwy

Ukntir, M[ :6<56(400) <07-0;55www.mlwpjtdaljrmkmg.nic


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Ndjptlr K. Purpisl jmf Ivlrvklw

MlwPjtd‛s Vljndlr _lsiurnl Gukfl8 Vdl Wdjt, Diw jmf Wdy...................................................<

Ivlrvklw ie MlwPjtd Cjtlrkjas ............................................................................................<

MlwPjtd‛s Zuknb Kcpalclmtjtkim Gukfl ...................................................................................4

^nipl, ^lqulmnl, jmf Pjnkmg Gukfl.....................................................................................4

\sl ie MlwPjtd km Ljnd ^tjgl ie Alssim Flskgm.................................................................::

^tuflmt _lnirfs Cjmjglclmt ...........................................................................................:<

Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls...............................................................................................:5

Pajykmg tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl .........................................................................:7

Najss Jsslssclmt Ndjrts..............................................................................................:;^tuflmt ^nirl ^dllts ...................................................................................................??

Ndjptlr KK. Nurrknuauc Nimtlmt

Ivlrvklw ie ^tjmfjrfs jmf Nurrknuauc...................................................................................?>

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Nurrknuauc Nimtlmt ^tjmfjrfs ...................................................?>

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap Cjbl ^lmsl ie Nimtlmt ^tjmfjrfs ................................................?6

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im ^tjmfjrfs-Ojslf Nurrknuauc......................................................?<Grjfl > Nurrknuauc ^tjmfjrfs Nirrlajtkim .......................................................................?5

Grjfl 6 Nurrknuauc ^tjmfjrfs Nirrlajtkim .......................................................................?7

Grjfl < Nurrknuauc ^tjmfjrfs Nirrlajtkim .......................................................................?4

J Njutkimjry Vjal8 Kmjppriprkjtl jmf Kmjflqujtl Nurrknuauc ................................................?;

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................>0

Prioalc Jrljs km ^nklmnl Vljndkmg/Aljrmkmg..........................................................................>0

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................>:

Ndjptlr KKK. Alssim Flskgm

^lqulmnkmg jmf Pjnkmg ...........................................................................................................>?

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................>>

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im ^lqulmnkmg jmf Pjnkmg ...............................................................>>

Vjoal ie Nimtlmts


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Kmfkvkfujakzlf Aljrmkmg...........................................................................................................<:

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................<:

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Kmfkvkfujakzjtkim .........................................................................<:

Niiplrjtkvl Aljrmkmg ..............................................................................................................<:

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................<?

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Niiplrjtkvl Aljrmkmg ..................................................................<?

Kmstruntkimja Vlndmiaigy.........................................................................................................<>

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................<6

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Kmstruntkimja Vlndmiaigy.............................................................<6

^tuflmt Citkvjtkim jmf Gjcls ...............................................................................................<<


Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im ^tuflmt Citkvjtkim .....................................................................<7

Jvikfkmg Fl-Citkvjtkim...........................................................................................................<7


Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Fl-Citkvjtkim .............................................................................<4

Ndjptlr U. Clltkmg Mllfs ie ̂ plnkja Pipuajtkim

Kmtlrvlmtkims ..........................................................................................................................<;

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap .....................................................................................................50

Lnimicknjaay Fksjfvjmtjglf ̂ tuflmts...............................................................................50

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Lnimicknjaay Fksjfvjmtjglf ^tuflmts ...................................5:

Lmgaksd-Ajmgujgl Aljrmlrs ...............................................................................................5:

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Vljndkkmg LAAs ......................................................................5?

Ndkafrlm wktd Aljrmkmg Fksjokaktkls ....................................................................................5>

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im Ndkafrlm wktd Aljrmkmg Fksjokaktkls ........................................5<

^truggakmg Aljrmlrs jmf _VK ...................................................................................................55

Eir Cirl Kmeircjtkim im _VK .............................................................................................55

Vjoal ie Nimtlmts



MlwPjtd‛s Vljndlr _lsiurnl Gukfl8 Vdl Wdjt, Diw, jmf Wdy Vdl purpisl ie MlwPjtd Aljrmkmg‛s (MlwPjtd) Vljndlr _lsiurnl Gukfl8 ̂ nklmnl, Grjfls >-< ksti jsskst lfunjtirs km tdlkr leeirts ti kcprivl stuflmt aljrmkmg . Vdl Gukfl ieelrs suppirt jmfrlnicclmfjtkims km tdl kcpalclmtjtkim ie MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas wktdkm tdl nimtlxt ie tdl sndiia‛sajrglr stjmfjrfs-ojslf nurrknuauc/kmstruntkim/jsslssclmt pajms. Mit imay wkaa rljflrs ekmfkmeircjtkim joiut jmf rlnicclmfjtkims im diw ti kcpalclmt MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas, out tdly wkaajasi ekmf rlelrlmnls eric rlsljrnd-ojslf stufkls im wdy tdl rlnicclmflf prjntknls wkaa wirbjmf wktd wdknd griups ie stuflmts. Lfunjtirs wdi naljray sll tdl rljsims eir wdjt tdly jrl fikmgjrl glmlrjaay cund cirl leelntkvl km kcprivkmg stuflmt aljrmkmg. Jt MlwPjtd wl olaklvl tdjt tdlnicpalxkty ie wdjt tljndlrs cust bmiw jmf ol joal ti fi km irflr ti flakvlr nurrknuaucsunnlsseuaay K^ rinblt snklmnl. Wl bmiw kt ks fkeeknuat jmf nicpalx, jmf kt ks iur elrvlmt flskrl ticjbl kt ljsklr jmf cirl leelntkvl.

Ivlrvklw ie MlwPjtd CjtlrkjasMlwPjtd Aljrmkmg, eiumflf km ?005, djs lstjoaksdlf js kts prkcjry cksskim tdl flvlaipclmt ie kmmivjtkvl, kmtlrjntkvl cjtlrkjas eir nurrknuauc cjstlry jmf jsslssclmt prlpjrjtkim tdjt jrljakgmlf wktd tdl cist nurrlmt jnjflckn nimtlmt stjmfjrfs. MlwPjtd‛s prifunts jrl flvlaiplf oy lxplrklmnlf tljndlrs uskmg rlsljrnd-ojslf prkmnkpals jmf jrl najssriic tlstlf.

Km irflr ti jffrlss tdl mllfs ie tdl fkvlrskty ie aljrmlrs km jacist lvlry sndiia, MlwPjtd djsjsslcoalf, oy grjfl-alvla, j nicprldlmskvl niaalntkim ie oitd prkmt jmf fkgktja cjtlrkjas jmf tiiaseir tljndkmg Lmgaksd ajmgujgl jrts, cjtdlcjtkns, snklmnl, jmf sinkja stufkls.

<

Ndjptlr K. Purpisl jmf Ivlrvklw

MPA Vljndlr _lsiurnl Gukfl^nklmnl - Grjfls >-<



Vljndkmg _lsiurnls Kmnauflf8 \sl

• > ^nklmnl Eakp Ndjrt ̂ lts „ : plrgrjfl

Ljnd Nurrknuauc Cjstlry ® EakpNdjrt ^lt eljturls

• :0 fiuoal-skflf ajckmjtlf ndjrts,:4"x:?"

• :0 euaay kaaustrjtlf niaireua ndjrtsnivlrkmg grjfl-alvla splnkeknnurrknuauc nimtlmt

• :0 nirrlspimfkmg wrktl-im/wkpl-iee ndjrts im rlvlrsl skfl eirstuflmt usl ir eir scjaa-griupkmstruntkim

• Oukat-km, sturfy, erll-stjmfkmgljsla eir ljsy fkspajy

• ^pkrja-oiumf eir ljsl ie usl• Jntkvkty Gukfl

Nurrknuauc Cjstlry ® Eakp Ndjrts privkfl nicprldlm-skvl nivlrjgl ie bly stjmfjrfs-ojslf nurrknuauc km jmkaaustrjtlf eircjt tdjt ks vksujaay jppljakmg, lmgjgkmgjmf ljsy ti usl. Nurrknuauc Cjstlry ® Eakp Ndjrtsnjm ol uslf wktd tdl lmtkrl najssriic, wktd scjaagriups, ir oy stuflmts wirbkmg kmflplmflmtay. ^kfl :ie ljnd Eakp Ndjrt privkfls grjpdknja rlprlslmtjtkim ie bly nimnlpts km j nimnksl, grjfl-jppriprkjtl rljfkmgalvla eir kmstruntkmg stuflmts. Vdl rlvlrsl ^kfl ? ie ljnd Eakp Ndjrt jaaiws tljndlrs ir stuflmts ti ekaa kmtdl jmswlrs jmf succjrkzl bly nimnlpts.Ljnd slt kmnaufls j gukfl wdknd privkfls j grjpdknjajntkvkty nirrlspimfkmg ti ljnd Eakp Ndjrt wdknd

stuflmts njm usl ti ekaa km oleirl, furkmg, ir jetlrkmstruntkim. Im tdl rlvlrsl skfl ie ljnd jntkvkty jrlqulstkims nirrlspimfkmg ti ljnd Eakp Ndjrt tipknwdknd njm ol uslf js eurtdlr rlvklw ir js j cljms ie jsslssclmt.Eakp ndjrts jrl kflja eir aljrmkmg nlmtlrs, scjaa-griupkmstruntkim, kmflplmflmt stuflmt usl ir js jrlelrlmnl/tljndkmg rlsiurnl.

• > ^lts ie ^nklmnl UksujaAljrmkmg Gukfls eir ljnd grjflPrivkfls j djmfs-im rlvklw ie grjfl-splnkekn sbkaa tipkns.Cjtlrkjas kmnaufl > slts ie :0ajckmjtlf vksuja aljrmkmg gukflseir ljnd grjfl eir j titja ie ;0Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls.

_lsljrnd djs sdiwm tdjt vksuja aljrmkmg ks jcimgtdl vlry olst cltdifs eir tljndkmg stuflmts ie jaajgls jmf ks lsplnkjaay jppriprkjtl ti tdl jttjkmclmtjmf umflrstjmfkmg ie cjtd jmf snklmnl sbkaas eir jwkfl rjmgl ie aljrmlrs. Pknturls, fkjgrjcs jmf kaaus-trjtkims dlap vksuja aljrmlrs umflrstjmf kfljs jmfkmeircjtkim olttlr tdjm hust wrkttlm lxpajmjtkims.Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls akmb vlroja jmf vksuja kmeir-cjtkim ti dlap stuflmts cjbl nimmlntkims,umflrstjmf rlajtkimsdkps jmf rlnjaa rlajtlf fltjkas.Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls privkfl nicprldlmskvl niv-lrjgl ie bly stjmfjrfs-ojslf nurrknuauc km jmkaaustrjtlf eircjt tdjt ks vksujaay jppljakmg, lmgjgkmgjmf ljsy ti usl.

• > ^nklmnl Nurrknuauc CjstlryGjcls „ : plr grjflNicpaltl stjmfjrfs-ojslf

nurrknuauc nivlrkmg ?< bly tipknsplr grjfl, ljnd km oijrf-gjcleircjt2 7<0 qulstkims eir ljndgrjfl alvla2 :? gjcl oijrfs2 gjclpklnls2 nicpaltl cjtlrkjas eir upti >5 stuflmts.

Ljnd Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl privkfls nicpaltlnivlrjgl ie grjfl-jppriprkjtl snklmnl nimnlpts eirnajssriic jmf jsslssclmt sunnlss. Vdl Nurrknuauc

Cjstlry

Gjcls njm ol uslf km tdl najssriic tijnniccifjtl aljrmlrs ie jaa fkeelrlmt alvlas. Wktdtdks vlrsjtkal tiia, tljndlrs njm jndklvl fkeelrlmtkjtlfkmstruntkim, jsskgmkmg j stuflmt tdl nimtlmt jrljjmf bmiwalfgl alvla tdjt sukt dks/dlr pjrtknuajrmllfs jmf aljrmkmg pjnl. Vdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry

Gjcls usl j djmfs-im jpprijnd ti lmsurl stuflmtsolnicl kmviavlf km tdl aljrmkmg prinlss. ^inkjaflvlaipclmt ks jasi murturlf js stuflmts nicpltl,niaajoirjtl, jmf niccumknjtl wktd iml jmitdlr fur-kmg strunturlf pajy.

MlwPjtd‛s Nurrknuauc Aljrmkmg Cifual eir snklmnl, grjfls >-< kmnaufls tdleiaaiwkmg tljndkmg rlsiurnls8



• > Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf/Prjntknl NF-_ICs „ : plr grjflLjnd kmnaufls 7<0 kmtlrjntkvl,stjmfjrfs-ojslf rlvklw qulstkims,nivlrkmg tdl ?< stjmfjrfs-ojslftipkns eir ljnd grjfl.

Kflja eir usl im jm Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf eir najss-riic usl ir slae-gukflf kmstruntkim oy stuflmts.

Vdks prifunt djs j sktl aknlmsl, jaaiwkmg kts usl imjmy nicputlr (Cjn/Wkm) wktdkm j sndiia oukafkmg. Ktcjy ol uslf im kmfkvkfuja ir mltwirblf nicputlrs.^tuflmts njm usl tdl NF-_IC eir kmfkvkfuja rlvklwwktd fkgktja eajsdnjrfs. ̂ tuflmts jrl joal ti rlvklwjmf jsslss tdlkr bmiwalfgl ie j ndislm tipkn. Vdlqulstkims njm jasi ol prihlntlf im jm kmtlrjntkvlwdktloijrf eir j gjcl ie prjntknl jmf rlvklw wdkndkmnaufls pjrtknkpjtkim eric tdl lmtkrl najss.Zulstkims eric j skmgal tipkn ir cuatkpal tipkns njmol sjvlf js j alssim pajm2 prigrjc privkfls kcclfk-jtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb ti stuflmt, jaimg wktd tkcl imtjsb, mucolr ie jttlcpts, plrnlmt jmswlrlfnirrlntay, jmf mucolr ie qulstkims rlcjkmkmg.

Vljndkmg _lsiurnls Kmnauflf8 \sl

• ^uosnrkptkim ti MlwPjtd‛sImakml Aljrmkmg PrigrjcKmnaufls : tljndlr suosnrkptkimjaimg wktd j slt mucolr ie kmfkvkfuja stuflmt jnniumts(flplmfkmg im suosnrkptkim typl)wktd jnnlss ti MlwPjtd‛snurrknuauc rlsiurnls jmf tiias.

MlwPjtd‛s Imakml Aljrmkmg Prigrjc djs ollm splnke-knjaay flvlaiplf ti cllt nurrlmt mjtkimja jmf stjtlstjmfjrfs. Kt privkfls nicprldlmskvl nurrknuaucnivlrjgl jnnlsskoal oy stjtl stjmfjrf, suohlnt, tipknjmf grjfl alvla! Ivlr >0,000 stjmfjrfs-ojslf rlvklwqulstkims jmf itdlr nurrknuauc nimtlmt ks kmnauflfti nrljtl, sjvl, prkmt jmf jsskgm alssim pajms, wirb-sdllts, gjcls, eajsdnjrfs jmf jsslssclmts. Plrelnteir cjstlry ie najssriic nimtlmt ir prlpjrjtkim eirstjmfjrfkzlf tlsts!

• Vljndlr _lsiurnl Gukfl(tdks finuclmt)

Privkfls rlsljrnd-ojslf kmeircjtkim im prigrjckcpalclmtjtkim, jaimg wktd rlelrlmnls eir eurtdlr

rljfkmg.



MlwPjtd‛s Zuknb Kcpalclmtjtkim Gukfl Vdks ‑Zuknb Kcpalclmtjtkim Gukfl– ks privkflf eir tdl tljndlr wdi mllfs ti stjrt uskmg tdl mlwMlwPjtd cjtlrkjas kcclfkjtlay jmf mllfs imay ti bmiw tdl ojskns ie wdjt tdly jrl, diw tdly ektkmti j typknja grjfls >-< snklmnl nurrknuauc, jmf wdknd imls jrl rlnicclmflf eir wdknd purpisl.Ndjptlrs KK UK privkfl cirl fltjkalf lxpajmjtkims, rlsljrnd succjrkls, rlnicclmfjtkims, jmfsiurnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim im tdl vjrkius pdjsls ie snklmnl nurrknuauc kcpalclmtjtkim eirglmlrja lfunjtkim, js wlaa js prigrjcs eir struggakmg aljrmlrs.

^nipl, ^lqulmnl, jmf Pjnkmg Gukfl^nipl/^lqulmnl. MlwPjtd griups jaa grjfl-alvla stjmfjrfs kmti ?< stjmfjrfs-ojslf tipkns.

Vdisl ?< tipknja jrljs nimstktutl tdl snipl ie tdl nurrknuauc. Vdl slqulmnl (irflr) km wdknd tdly jrl akstlf rlealnts tdl olst tdkmbkmg ie tdl cjmy siurnls nimsuatlf, kmnaufkmg slvlrja stjtlflpjrtclmts ie lfunjtkim jmf tlxtoiib puoaksdlrs. Wdlm j mlw tipkn (nimnlpt) ks kmtrifunlf, tdltljndlr usujaay olgkms wktd j rlvklw ie nimnlpts tdjt jrl prlrlquksktl ti tdl iml ti ol tjugdt.

Vdly tdlm typknjaay tljnd tdl mlw tipkn jmf lmsurl tdjt stuflmts flvlaip jt aljst olgkmmkmg-alvlacjstlry. Vdly nynal ojnb plrkifknjaay ti rlkmeirnl nimnlpts jmf privkfl cirl prjntknl. Vdl tipknswljvl km jmf iut, js tdly sdiuaf.

Pjnkmg. Fkstrknts kmnrljskmgay puoaksd pjnkmg gukfls tdjt tljndlrs jrl lxplntlf ti jfdlrl ti kmirflr ti lmsurl tdjt prkirkty iohlntkvls jrl tjugdt jmf cjstlrlf oleirl tdl succjtkvl jsslssclmts(lmf-ie-umkt, lmf-ie grjfkmg plrkif, jmf stjtl tlsts, lsplnkjaay). ^tuflmts wkaa, ie niursl, aljrm jtfkeelrlmt rjtls jmf ti vjrykmg flgrlls ie cjstlry, si sicl tipkns wkaa rlqukrl cirl tkcl jmf cirlrlvklw ippirtumktkls tdjm itdlrs. Vdks rlnicclmflf pjnkmg gukfl ks j pajnl ti stjrt km tdl lvlmtrlqukrlf finuclmts jrl mit jvjkajoal. Jssuckmg >5 wllbs ie kmstruntkim, tdl pjnkmg sugglstkimswiuaf rlqukrl joiut >> wllbs, aljvkmg tdl lqukvjalmt ie tdrll wllbs eir jsslssclmts jmf itdlrjntkvktkls. Ke iml jssucls tdjt ljnd tipkn ks lqujaay ndjaalmgkmg, jmitdlr wjy ti pjnl wiuaf ol tijaait jpprixkcjtlay iml jmf iml-djae wllbs ir si eir ljnd tipkn.

Vdl jntuja tkcl jvjkajoal eir kmstruntkim djs ti ol ejntir lf kmti tdl ivlr -jaa yljr‛s pajm. Vinimstrunt j usjoal pjnkmg gukfl splnkekn ti j sndiia ir fkstrknt, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

• Jnqukrl j nipy ie tdl fkstrknt/sndiia njalmfjr.

• Niumt tdl mucolr ie fjys jvjkajoal eir kmstruntkim.• Nriss iut tdl fjys rlqukrlf eir grjfkmg plrkif jsslssclmts, olmndcjrb jsslssclmts, jmf

stjtl tlsts.

• Nriss iut tdl fjys wdlm stuflmts wkaa ol im eklaf trkps, km jsslcoakls, ltn.

• Jaaiw eir sicl saiw-fiwm ke tdl tljndlr ks iut jmf j suostktutl ks rlqukrlf.

• Vdlm niumt jgjkm tdl mucolr ie fjys jntujaay jvjkajoal eir kmstruntkim.

• Cjbl j fltlrckmjtkim ie wdknd tipkns wkaa rlqukrl tdl cist tkcl eir cjstlry, diw cundtkcl tdjt ks rlqukrlf oy tipkn, jmf slt jskfl tdisl fjys ekrst. Vdlm jsskgm itdlr tipkns tirlcjkmkmg fjys.

• ^ndlfual tdl prkirkty tipkns ti ol tjugdt OLEI_L tdl fkstrknt/stjtl jsslssclmts, aljvkmgitdlr tipkns ti tljnd jetlrwjrfs.

• Nrljtl j fjy-oy-fjy pajm oy tipkn. Cjbl kt j akvkmg finuclmt km fkgktja eircjt, suohlnt tijclmfclmt ke stuflmts civl ejstlr tdjm lxplntlf ir saiwlr tdjm lxplntlf, ir ke fjys jrlaist eir ojf wljtdlr, ltn.


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^nipl/^lqulmnl PjnkmgCjt d lcjtkns km ^nklm nl

• Cjtd km ^nklmnl >rf Grj f l Alvla

: wllb jmf imgikmg

^nklmnl Prinlssls• Djmfs-im Ajo ̂ bkaas/̂ nklmnl

Kmqukry

: ³ wllbs jmf imgikmg

Lvlryfjy ^nklmnl• ^nklmnl km Iur Wiraf• Fkf [iu Bmiw9

? wllbs jmf imgikmg

Akel ̂ nklmnl• Cjkm Pjrts ie Pajmts• Diw Fi Pajmts Griw9• Griupkmg ie Pajmts• Jmkcjas

• Griupkmg ie Jmkcjas• Diw Jmkcjas Griw jmf Ndjmgl• Wdlrl Pajmts jmf Jmkcjas Akvl• _lajtkimsdkps Jcimg Akvkmg Vdkmgs

:: wllbs

Ljrtd ^nklmnl/Lniaigy• Wjtlr• Wljtdlr• _inbs, Ckmlrjas, jmf ̂ ika• Ndjmgls im Ljrtd• Mjturja _lsiurnls

• Ljrtd km ̂ pjnl• Vdl ̂ iajr ̂ ystlc

; ³ wllbs

Pdysknja ^nklmnl• Cjttlr jmf Kts Priplrtkls• Ndjmgls km Cjttlr• Eirnls jmf Citkim• Wirb jmf Cjndkmls• Lmlrgy • ^iumf

4 wllbs

Grjfl >



^nipl/^lqulmnl Pjnkmg

: wllb jmfimgikmg

^nklmnl Prinlssls• Djmfs-im Ajo b̂kaas

: wllb jmfimgikmg

Akel ̂ nklmnl• Nlaas Vdl Oukafkmg

Oainbs ie Akvkmg Vdkmgs• Pajmt ^trunturl jmf

Eumntkims

• Pajmt Griwtd jmf_lprifuntkim

• Kmtrifuntkim ti Jmkcjas• Kmvlrtlorjtls Jmkcjas

Wktdiut Ojnboimls• Ulrtlorjtls Jmkcjas

wktd Ojnboimls• Jmkcja Griwtd jmf

_lprifuntkim• Irgjm ̂ ystlcs• Najsskeykmg Irgjmkscs• Eiif Wlos/Eiif Ndjkms

:> wllbs

Lvlryfjy ^nklmnl• ^nklmnl jmf Vlndmiaigy

km Iur Wiraf• Fkf [iu Bmiw9

Cjtdlcjtkns km ^nklmnl• Cjtd km n̂klmnl

? wllbs jmfimgikmg

Ljrtd ^nklmnl/Lniaigy• Eisskas jmf Lxtkmnt

Jmkcjas• Lnisystlcs jmf Ndjmgls

km Lnisystlcs• _inbs jmf Ckmlrjas• Ljrtd Kmskfl jmf Iut• Ljrtd‛s Wjtlrs• Iur ̂ iajr ^ystlc jmf

Olyimf

• Wljtdlr jmf Nakcjtl

:0 wllbs

Pdysknja ^nklmnl• Cjttlr• Eirnl, Citkim, jmf

Lmlrgy • Lalntrknkty jmf

Cjgmltksc• Akgdt jmf ̂ iumf

5 wllbs

Grjfl 6

^nipl/^lqulmnl Pjnkmg

^nklmnl Prinlssls• Vdl Mjturl ie ^nklmnl

: wllb jmfimgikmg

Akel ̂ nklmnl• Nlaas, Vkssuls, jmf

Irgjms• Vdl ^kx Bkmgfics ie Akel• _iits, ̂ tlcs, jmf Aljvls• Pajmt _lspimsls jmf

Jfjptjtkims• Pajmts Wktd jmf Wktdiut

^llfs• Eaiwlrs jmf ̂ llfs• Jmkcja Fkvlrskty jmf

Jfjptjtkims• Kmtlrjntkims Jcimg

Akvkmg Vdkmgs

:: wllbs

Ljrtd ^nklmnl• Lmlrgy jmf Lnisystlcs• Ajmfeircs, _inbs & îka• Ckmlrjas ie Ljrtd‛s Nrust• Ljrtd‛s Erlsdwjtlr jmf

Jtcispdlrl• Ljrtd‛s Inljms• Lmlrgy _lsiurnls• Vdl ̂ iajr ̂ ystlc• Wljtdlr, Wljtdlr

Pjttlrms, jmf Nakcjtl

:? wllbs

Pdysknja ^nklmnl• Priplrtkls ie Cjttlr jmf

Lmlrgy • Lalclmts, Ckxturls, jmf

Nicpiumfs• îakfs, Akqukfs, jmf

Gjsls• Ndlcknja jmf Pdysknja

Ndjmgls ie Cjttlr

• Jnkfs jmf Ojsls• Mlwtim‛s Ajws• îumf jmf Akgdt Lmlrgy

; wllbs

Grjfl <

:0



\sl ie MlwPjtd Cjtlrkjas km Ljnd ^tjgl ie tdl Alssim FlskgmWktd si cjmy fkeelrlmt prifunts jvjkajoal km tdl MlwPjtd oumfal, tljndlrs djvl rlqulstlfrlnicclmfjtkims eric MlwPjtd im wdknd splnkekn rlsiurnls jrl jppriprkjtl eir ljnd stjgl ie tdlalssim flakvlry. Km jffktkim ti tdks kmeircjtkim, Ndjptlr KU, wdknd einusls im Kmstruntkimja^trjtlgkls, flakmljtls tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas tdjt njm ol uslf wktd ljnd ie tdl rlsljrnd-ojslfkmstruntkimja strjtlgkls rlnicclmflf.

::

Alssim ̂tlp ^ugglstlf CjtlrkjasPrl-tlstkmg irfkjgmistkn jsslssclmt

Imakml Aljrmkmg jfckmkstlr ti wdial najss ti kflmtkey, oy stuflmt, strlmgtds jmf wljbmlssls si tdjt kmstruntkim njm oljppriprkjtl. Jsslssclmts njm ol jfckmkstlrlf imakml ir prkmtlfeir stuflmts ti nicpaltl.

^pi mgl Jntkvkty(oleirl naj s s olgkms ireir ljray ekmksdlrs)

Eakp Ndjrt fkspajylf im jm ljsla ir j Wdktloijrf ke jvjkajoal eirusl km kmtrifuntkim ie mlw tipkn2 stuflmts njm kmfkvkfujaay olgkmti jnnlss ojnbgriumf bmiwalfgl ir eircuajtl qulstkims joiuttifjy‛s tipkn. Jt tkcls tdl Eakp Ndjrt privkfls j giif jfvjmnlirgjmkzlr eir tdl alssim. Vdl tljndlr njm pisl j qulstkim ir twieir tdlc ti stjrt tdkmbkmg joiut. J Eakp Ndjrt njm jasi ol uslfti rlvklw ylstlrfjy‛s alssim. Js j rlvklw lxlrnksl, stuflmts niuafusl tdl ojnbskfl ie tdl ndjrt ti siavl prioalcs kmfkvkfujaay. VdlEakp Ndjrt ckgdt jasi ol uslf ti sugglst jm lmtry km j snklmnlaljrmkmg aig ir oaig.Ke tdlrl ks sueeknklmt tkcl, ljray ekmksdlrs cjy ol joal ti pajy tdlNurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl .

Alssim Kmtrifuntkim Eir nimnlpt kmtrifuntkim, tdl tljndlr cjy wksd ti usl tdl jppriprkjtlEakp Ndjrt lktdlr pajnlf si tdjt jaa tdl ndkafrlm njm sll kt irprihlntlf im tdl Wdktloijrf.

Vdl jppriprkjtl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfl njm ol prihlntlf si tdjt nrktk-nja vinjouajry eir tdl nimnlpt flvlaipclmt njm ol tjugdt. (LAAs jmfitdlr struggakmg aljrmlrs wkaa mllf cirl rlpltktkim jmf prjntknl.)MlwPjtd‛s Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrts jrl jasi dlapeua km kmtrifunkmg jalssim, rlvklwkmg nimnlpts eric prkir alssims, tljndkmg nrktknja vinjo-uajry, dlapkmg stuflmts jnnlss ojnbgriumf bmiwalfgl, ir ti rlelr tijs tdl tljndlr lxpajkms.

Kmstruntkimja ^trjtlgkls ^ll Ndjptlr KU eir flakmljtkim ie wdknd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf wktdljnd ie tdl rlnicclmflf rlsljrnd-ojslf kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls8

• Vkcl-im-Vjsb

• Cuatk-slmsiry Prinlsskmg ^trjtlgkls• Prjntknl jmf _lpltktkim• Nirrlntkvl Ellfojnb• Wirblf Lxjcpals• Fkeelrlmtkjtlf/Kmfkvkfujakzlf Kmstruntkim• Niiplrjtkvl Aljrmkmg• Kmstruntkimja Vlndmiaigy • ^tuflmt Citkvjtkim jmf Gjcls• Jvikfkmg Fl-citkvjtkim

Alssim Pajmmkmg Imakml Aljrmkmg


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Alssim ̂tlp ^ugglstlf Cjtlrkjas

Ciflakmg ie PrinlfurjaAljrmkmg

Vdl tljndlr njm usl Imakml Aljrmkmg jmf tdl KmtlrjntkvlNF-_IC rlsiurnls ti fkspajy ‑wirblf lxjcpals– jmf tivlrojaay wjab stuflmts tdriugd tdl stlps. _lpltktkim ksrlqukrlf.Imnl tdl tljndlr djs ciflalf j prinlfurl slvlrja tkcls,sdl cjy wksd ti usl j elw qulstkims eric Imakml Aljrmkmgir tdl Kmtlrjntkvl NF-_IC ti wirb tdriugd jffktkimjaprioalcs wktd tdl stuflmts.

Gukflf Prjntknl Vdl tljndlr cjy ndiisl j prlcjfl alssim ir nrljtl iml ie dlr iwm eir gukflf prjntknl uskmg Imakml Aljrmkmg .^tuflmts njm jnnlss tdl alssim im nicputlrs, ir tdltljndlr njm prkmt tdl jntkvktkls.^tuflmts njm ol fkvkflf kmti scjaa griups eir gukflf prjn-tknl wktd tdl tljndlr eaijtkmg jcimg tdl griups ti ndlnb eirumflrstjmfkmg jmf ti gkvl kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb.

Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls wkaa ol usleua eir jmitdlrrlvklw ie tdl nimnlpt, eir sicl prioalcs ti siavl km tdlgriup, jmf eir vinjouajry rlvklw. \skmg tdl rlsuats ie tdlprl-tlsts, tdl tljndlr njm pajnl jt aljst iml stuflmt wdi ksjarljfy strimg km tdl tipkn jrlj km ljnd griup ti slrvl js jpllr tutir jmf ti dlap privkfl ellfojnb ti tdl itdlrstuflmts.

Vdl qulstkim njrfs eric tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjclsjrl slae-nirrlntkmg jmf njm ol uslf js eajsd njrfs km griupsir wktd tdl wdial najss km tdl gukflf prjntknl pdjsl.

Vdl tljndlr cjy kmstljf wksd ti prkmt sicl prioalcs ericImakml Aljrmkmg ir tdl Kmtlrjntkvl NF-_IC eir stuflmtsti siavl km griups, jgjkm wktd strimg stuflmts km ljndgriup. Vdl stuflmts njm jasi jnnlss tdlsl im nicputlrs.Jmitdlr strjtlgy eir gukflf prjntknl wiuaf ol tdl tljndlr‛snaisl ioslrvjtkim ie stuflmts pajykmg tdl NurrknuaucCjstlry Gjcl plrdjps prihlntlf im ti tdl Wdktloijrf sitdjt sdl njm gkvl kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb. ^tuflmtscjy usl tdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfl wdlm pajykmg tdlNurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl .Eir nimtkmuius prigrlss cimktirkmg, tdl tljndlr njm ndlnbeir umflrstjmfkmg ti fltlrckml wdi ks rljfy eir kmflplmf-lmt prjntknl jmf wdi mllfs cirl rlvklw jmf gukflfprjntknl. Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf ImakmlAljrmkmg rlsiurnls njm ol uslf ti flskgm j quknb jsslss-clmt jmf prkmt snirls eir jmjaysks.

Vdl rlsuats ie tdks eircjtkvl jsslssclmt wkaa privkfl eurtdlrkmeircjtkim (km jffktkim ti tdl prl-tlstkmg ir fkjgmistkntlstkmg fiml ljraklr) eir tdl tljndlr im diw ti fkeelrlmtkjtlkmstruntkim km suoslqulmt alssims. Wdltdlr ir mit j sndiiaks kcpalclmtkmg _VK, tdks ks tdl ekrst pikmt wdlm tdl tljndlrmllfs ti privkfl jm kmtlrvlmtkim eir jmy ndkaf ir j griup ie ndkafrlm ejaakmg oldkmf. ^ll Ndjptlr U eir cirlkmeircjtkim.


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Fkeelrlmtkjtlf Alssims Imakml Aljrmkmg jaaiws tdl tljndlr ti flskgm alssims jmfjntkvktkls eir kmfkvkfuja stuflmts, scjaa griups, ir tdl najssjs j wdial. ^icl stuflmts wkaa rlqukrl ti ol tjugdt jgjkmeric tdl olgkmmkmg, sicl wkaa mllf cirl tkcl eir rlvklw jmfprjntknl, jmf itdlrs wkaa ol rljfy eir kmflplmflmt prjntknl.Griupkmg jt tdks pikmt, tdlrleirl, wkaa ol cirl diciglmlius.

Aljrmkmg nlmtlr jntkvktkls njm ol jmitdlr strjtlgy eir fkeelr-lmtkjtkmg kmstruntkim.

Vdl tljndlr njm flskgm slpjrjtl alssims uskmg ImakmlAljrmkmg , eir ljnd stuflmt‛s mllfs. Jt tkcls sdl wkaa wjmtljnd stuflmt ti wirb kmfkvkfujaay. Jt itdlr tkcls sdl cjy wksd ti usl Eajsd Njrfs , tdl Eakp Ndjrt , ir tdl UksujaAljrmkmg Gukfl ti wirb wktd j scjaa griup km fkrlntkmstruntkim wdkal itdlr stuflmts wirb kmfkvkfujaay ir km jslae-fkrlntlf scjaa griup. Ujrkius griups niuaf pajy jNurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl , uskmg j sbkaa slt ie tdlkr ndiknlwktd akttal suplrvkskim ir mllf eir ellfojnb. J griup mllf-kmg cirl ippirtumktkls eir tljndlr kmput niuaf pajy tdl

gjcl wktd tdl tljndlr.MlwPjtd‛s prifunts jrl ajolalf js alvlas, mit js grjfl alv-las, si tdjt tdlrl ks rlfunlf stkgcj eir uskmg tdl cjtlrkjasjt j aiwlr grjfl alvla eir stuflmts wdi jrl skgmkeknjmtay oldkmf jmf ajnb prlrlquksktl bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas ti civleirwjrf. Km-najss ir oleirl/jetlr sndiia tutirkjas irkmtlrvlmtkims njm cjbl usl ie tdl jppriprkjtl alvla ie cjtl-rkjas, kmnaufkmg Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls , Eakp Ndjrts ,Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls , jmf jaa tdl jntkvktkls jmfrlsiurnls jvjkajoal im tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg .

Nimtkmuius PrigrlssCimktirkmg ie ^tuflmtsMllfkmg Kmtlrvlmtkim

Imnl tdl kmtlrvlmtkims jrl privkflf eir tdl stuflmts ejaakmgoldkmf, tdl tljndlr njm usl dlr ioslrvjtkims js wlaa jsjmitdlr jsslssclmt ti ndlnb im prigrlss. Vdl KmtlrjntkvlWdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf/ir Imakml Aljrmkmg wkaa jaaiwdlr ti flskgm jmitdlr wirbsdllt, jntkvkty, eajsd njrfs, irqukz im tdl sjcl tipkn wktd fkeelrlmt qulstkims ti sll ke tdlrl djs ollm kcprivlclmt.^tuflmts njm ol lmniurjglf ti usl j nicputlr jt sndiia irjt dicl ti nimfunt slae-jsslssclmt . ^lae-jsslssclmt njmjasi ol cjfl jvjkajoal tdriugd prkmtlf qukzzls ir jntkvktkls.

Alssim _lvklw J tljndlr cjy wksd ti rlvklw tdl alssim‛s nimnlpts jmfprinlfurls oy uskmg tdl Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrt , Eakp Ndjrt ,ir tdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfl .


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Kmflplmflmt Prjntknl Kmflplmflmt prjntknl cjy ol fiml km tdl najssriic irjsskgmlf js diclwirb. Jt tdks pikmt tdl tljndlr mllfs tibmiw diw ndkafrlm jrl plreirckmg kmfkvkfujaay lsplnkjaay tdisl wdi wlrl eiumf ti ol ejaakmg oldkmf km tdl gukflfprjntknl pdjsl.Imakml Aljrmkmg djs cuatktufls ie rlsiurnls eir kmflplmf-lmt prjntknl. Vdl tljndlr njm flskgm jm jntkvkty, wirbsdllt,ir qukz js jppriprkjtl. Km sicl njsls tdl NurrknuaucCjstlry Gjcl (oijrf ir imakml) ktslae ks j giif kmflplmf-lmt prjntknl jntkvkty. ^icl tljndlrs wkaa sjvl tdl UksujaAljrmkmg Gukfls js suppirt eir stuflmts pajykmg tdlNurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl furkmg gukflf prjntknl, outtdly niuaf jasi (ir kmstljf) ol uslf km KmflplmflmtPrjntknl.Ke tdlrl jrl stuflmts wdi nimtkmul ti ejaa oldkmf, tdltljndlr njm ekmf wjys ti lxtlmf aljrmkmg tkcl. Iml pissk-okakty ks ti usl tdl Vjbl-Dicl Lfktkim (ieelrlf slpjrjtlay)ie tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl (ieelrlf slpjrjtlay) jmf

tdl jntkvktkls eric tdl imakml prigrjc si tdjt pjrlmtsnjm dlap stuflmts rlvklw jmf prjntknl. Vdl iohlnt km kmflplmflmt prjntknl ks ti privkfl tdl stuflmtwktd ippirtumktkls ti plrelnt dks/dlr aljrmkmg, ti civltiwjrf eaulmny jmf cjstlry, jmf ti flcimstrjtl sunnlss kmcivkmg aljrmkmg ti aimg-tlrc clciry.Ojslf upim stuflmt plreircjmnl im tdl kmflplmflmtprjntknl jntkvktkls, tdl tljndlr njm flnkfl wdltdlr cirlkmstruntkim ks mllflf ir ke tdl stuflmts jrl rljfy eir jsuccjtkvl jsslssclmt ie tdl tipkn. Km sicl njsls tdlkmflplmflmt prjntknl jntkvkty ktslae ckgdt slrvl js tdlsuccjtkvl jsslssclmt.

^uccjtkvl Jsslssclmt eir\mkt

Ke j succjtkvl jsslssclmt ks mllflf, imnl jgjkm tdltljndlr njm usl tdl tiias km tdl Kmtlrjntkvl WdktloijrfNF-_IC jmf/ir Imakml Aljrmkmg ti flskgm jmf jfckmkstlrtdl jsslssclmt. ^dl ckgdt ndiisl jt tdl sjcl tkcl ti jffj slt ie fkjgmistkn ktlcs ti privkfl dlr wktd kmeircjtkim imstuflmts‛ strlmgtds jmf wljbmlssls im tdl mlxt tipkn.


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^tuflmt _lnirfs CjmjglclmtMlwPjtd djs nrljtlf slvlrja tiias ti jsskst tljndlrs km bllpkmg trjnb ie stuflmt plreircjmnl.

Vdly jrl js eiaaiws8

MlwPjtd Prifunt ^tuflmt Plreircjmnl _lpirt

Imakml Aljrmkmg^ll MlwPjtd‛s Imakml

Aljrmkmg \slr‛s Gukfl jmf/ir jnnlss tdltutirkjas ainjtlf umflrtdl Dlap-Vutirkjasclmu.

Imakml Aljrmkmg kmnaufls jm imakml stuflmt rlnirfs systlc titrjnb stuflmt jntkvkty jmf plreircjmnl

• Ljnd stuflmt ks jsskgmlf j uslr mjcl jmf pjsswirf wdlmdl/sdl ks jfflf ti j najss oy tdl tljndlr.• Vljndlrs, stuflmts, jmf pjrlmts (eir tdlkr ndkaf imay) njm vklw

tdl stuflmt‛s imakml jntkvkty wdknd splnkekn alssims ir jntkvktklsir qukzzls tdjt dl ir sdl djs wirblf im.

• Vljndlrs, stuflmts, jmf pjrlmts (jgjkm, eir tdlkr ndkaf imay) njmvklw tdl stuflmt‛s grjfls im ljnd nicpaltlf jntkvkty.

• Jetlr j najss tjbls j qukz, j snirl wkaa ol fkspajylf eir ljnd tipknjaimg wktd jm ivlrjaa plrnlmt snirl.

• Ke j qukz wjs j pjrt ie j alssim pajm jsskgmlf ti j najss,kmfkvkfuja snirls jrl rlnirflf km tdl ^tuflmt Prigrlss _lpirts.

• ^tuflmt Prigrlss _lpirts kmnaufl8Jaa najss jvlrjgls oy suohlnt.Najss jvlrjgls oy suohlnt jmf tipkn.Najss jvlrjgls oy stuflmt, suohlnt, jmf tipkn.^tuflmt jvlrjgls oy suohlnt jmf tipkn.

KmtlrjntkvlWdktloijrf NF-_IC

Vdks prifunt ks rljfy eir stuflmts ti usl eir kmfkvkfuja rlvklw imjmy nicputlr ir wktd jmy kmtlrjntkvl wdktloijrf ir prihlntkim sys-tlc eir lmtkrl najss pjrtknkpjtkim. Vdl tljndlr njm ndiisl tifkspajy qulstkims eric j skmgal ir cuatkpal tipkns jmf sjvlslalntkims js j alssim pajm eir ajtlr usl. ^tuflmt rlspimsls rlnlkvlkcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb, jaimg wktd tdl tkcl-im-tjsb, muc-

olr ie jttlcpts, plrnlmt jmswlrlf nirrlntay, jmf mucolr ie qulstkims rlcjkmkmg.

Nurrknuauc CjstlryGjcls

^ll sjcpals ie Najss Jsslssclmt Ndjrt jmf ^tuflmt ^nirl ^dllt imeiaaiwkmg pjgls. Gjcls njm ol uslf js j rlvklw, eir prjntknl, ir eirj qukz.^ll tdl Najss Jsslssclmt Ndjrt , j trjnbkmg tiia eir tdl tljndlr.Ljnd slt ie gjcl njrfs ks akstlf, jmf ljnd stuflmt‛s snirl mitlf eirtdjt slt. Vdl tljndlr tdlm djs j smjpsdit ie diw kmfkvkfujastuflmts jmf tdl wdial najss jrl fikmg km rltjkmkmg tdl bmiwalfgljmf sbkaas.

Vdl ^tuflmt ^nirl ^dllt cjy ol uslf js j eirc ie jsslssclmt ie

tdl stuflmt‛s jndklvlclmt wktdkm tdl sbkaa rlvklwlf. Vdl snirlsdllt wkaa kmfknjtl tdl mjcl ie tdl sbkaa nivlrlf js wlaa js tdl muc-olr ie qulstkims jmswlrlf nirrlntay. J plrnlmtjgl njm ol ljskay fltlrckmlf jmf tdlm finuclmtlf km tdl Jsslssclmt Ndjrt .

Eakp Ndjrts Vdl Eakp Ndjrt Jntkvkty Gukfl kmnaufls oajnb-akml cjstlrs ie tdlndjrts eir stuflmts ti nicpaltl, bly vinjouajry tlrcs, jmf nirrl-spimfkmg rlvklw/qukz qulstkims eir ljnd ndjrt, jaimg wktd jmswlrs.

Uksuja AljrmkmgGukfls

Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls njm ol uslf eir rlvklw, slae-jsslssclmt,jmf nimtkmuius prigrlss cimktirkmg. Uinjouajry jttjkmclmt njm oljsslsslf, js wlaa js tdl tipkn‛s nimnlpt(s) jmf sbkaas.



Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls• Cjtlrkjas mllflf eir j gjcl8 : gjcl oijrf, : fkl, : slt ie gjcl njrfs, : pajylr pklnl

jmf : snirl sdllt eir ljnd pajylr.

• Gjcl Oijrfs8 Vdl pajylrs cjy slalnt jmy gjcl oijrf. Vdl gjcl oijrfs djvl twi skfls tijaaiw eir fkeelrlmt almgtds ie pajy. Vdl skfl wktd tdl ekgurl lkgdt pjtd cjy ol uslf eir jtkcl almgtd ie ?0 ti >0 ir cirl ckmutls. Vdl rlvlrsl skfl wktd tdl ivja pjtd cjy ol uslfeir j sdirtlr tkcl almgtd ie < ti :< ckmutls.

• Gjcl Njrfs8 Vdl gjcl oijrf njm ol cjtndlf wktd jmy slt ie gjcl njrfs prlelrrlf.Gjcl njrf sbkaa slts cjy ol uslf kmfkvkfujaay ir njrf slts cjy ol nicokmlf eir rlvklw.

Vdl gjcl njrfs kmnaufl tdl qulstkim im tdl erimt jmf tdl jmswlr ndiknl ainjtlf im tdlojnb. Vdl ojnb skfl ie tdl njrf jasi djs tdl tipkn mjcl jmf grjfl alvla js wlaa js j tipknsycoia. Ljnd slt ie njrfs djs kts iwm umkqul sycoia. Vdks jaaiws tdl stuflmts ti dlapbllp tdl slts irgjmkzlf ljskay.

• Gjcl Fknl8 Vdl fknl kmnauflf km tdks gjcl jrl ljnd eiur skflf. Im ljndskfl, tdlrl jrl tdrll mucolrs. Wdlm tdl fkl ks riaalf, tdl mucolr riaalfwkaa ol im tdl oittic jmf ks tdl imay mucolr tdjt ks ejnkmg tdl rkgdt wjy.

Vdks mucolr wkaa ol tdl sjcl im jaa skfls.

• ^nirkmg ^dllt8 Vdl snirl sdllt cjstlr ainjtlf km tdks gukfl njm ol nipklf jmf nut jsmllflf eir stuflmts ti bllp trjnb ie tdlkr pikmts js tdly pajy. Mitl tdjt tdl snirl sdlltsjrl flskgmlf si tdjt tdl tljndlr njm kflmtkey diw cjmy qulstkims tdl pajylr cksslf kmtdl gjcl.

^jcpal - Ivja Pjtd Gjcl Oijrf^jcpal - Ekgurl Lkgdt Gjcl Oijrf

^jcpal - Njrf Ojnb (Jmswlr)^jcpal - Njrf Erimt (Zulstkim)

GrjflAlvla

^ycoia

Vipkn

: ? 6

: ?

>

Oittic mucolr



:. Pajylrs ndiisl tdl gjcl oijrf tdly wksd ti usl, js wlaa js tdl skfl ie tdl gjcloijrf ti pajy im, jnnirfkmg ti tdl jciumt ie tkcl tdly djvl ti pajy. (^ll joivl)

?. Ljnd pajylr ndiisls tdl niair gjcl pklnl tdly wksd ti usl.>. Pajylrs ndiisl j fkl ti usl eir gjcl pajy js wlaa.6. Vljndlr ir pajylrs ndiisl tdl tipkn ie tdl Gjcl Njrfs ti ol uslf km tdl gjcl.<. Pajylrs pajnl tdlkr gjcl pklnls im ^VJ_V . Pajnl tdl Gjcl Njrfs im tdl PKNB \P

njrf slntkim ie tdl oijrf, qulstkim skfl up.5. Pajylrs tdlm riaa tdl fkl ti fltlrckml wdi wkaa gi ekrst. Vdl pajylr wktd tdl dkgdlst riaa

gils ekrst.7. Vdl ekrst pajylr riaas tdl fkl jmf civls tdl gjcl pklnl tdjt mucolr ie spjnls im

tdl oijrf. Vdl mucolr km tdl spjnl ks tdl mucolr ie pikmts rlnlkvlf eir nirrlntjmswlrs.

4. Vdl pajylr tdlm pknbs up tdl tip njrf eric tdl pkal jmf rljfs jmf jmswlrs tdlqulstkim im tdl njrf.

;. Ke tdl qulstkim ks jmswlrlf nirrlntay , tdl pajylr rlnlkvls tdl pikmts eric tdl spjnltdly ajmflf im. Vdlsl pikmts jrl wrkttlm im tdl ^tuflmt ^nirl ^dllt jmf tdl njrfks pajnlf im tdl FK^NJ_F spjnl.Ke tdl qulstkim ks jmswlrlf kmnirrlntay , tdl pajylr skcpay wrktls 0 im dks/dlr snirlsdllt jmf tdl njrf ks pajnlf umflrmljtd tdl PKNB \P pkal ti ol jmswlrlf jgjkm.Mitl joiut pikmts8 Vdl pikmts rjmgl eric :-> eir gjcl grjfls : jmf ?2 :-< eir grjfls >-4. Eir gjcl alvlas >-4, tdlrl ks jasi j OIM\^ spjnl km tdl nlmtlr ie tdl

ekgurl lkgdt pjtd. Jmy pajylr wdi ajmfs im tdks spjnl ljrms jm lxtrj tlm pikmts! :0. Pajy tdlm prinllfs ti tdl mlxt pajylr.::. Pajy nimtkmuls umtka jaa pajylrs djvl rljndlf EKMK^D. J pajylr cjy riaa j mucolr

ajrglr tdjm mllflf ti ekmksd.:?. Pajylrs jff up jaa ie tdlkr pikmts. Vdl wkmmlr ks fltlrckmlf oy tdl plrsim wdi djs

tdl cist pikmts.^plnkja spjnls8 Ke j pajylr ajmfs im j _IAA JGJKM spjnl, tdjt pajylr ks joal ti riaa tdl fkl jgjkm ti civl jdljf. Ke j pajylr ajmfs im j CIUL JDLJF spjnl, tdjt

pajylr ks joal ti civl jdljf tdl mucolr ie spjnls kmfknjtlf.

Pajykmg tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl

Mucolr ie pajylrs8 cjxkcuc ie > plr gjcl

Gjcl Vkcl8 Vdl jciumt ie tkcl eir gjcl pajy njm ol jmywdlrl eric < ti >0 ir cirl ckmutls.

Cjtlrkjas mllflf eir j gjcl8 : gjcl oijrf, : fkl, : slt ie gjcl njrfs, jmf : pajylr pklnl jmfiml snirl sdllt eir ljnd pajylr.

Iohlntkvl ie tdl Gjcl8 Vdl pajylrs niaalnt pikmts wdlm tdly jmswlr tdl nurrknuauc-ojslf

qulstkims nirrlntay. Vdl stuflmt wktd tdl cist pikmts jt tdl lmf ie tdl gjcl ks tdl wkmmlr!

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Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl Ujrkjtkims8Mi Pikmts „

:. Pajylrs pajnl tdlkr gjcl pklnls im ^VJ_V . Pajnl tdl Gjcl Njrfs im tdl PKNB \P njrfslntkim ie tdl oijrf, qulstkim skfl up.

? . Vdl ekrst pajylr frjws j njrf jmf jmswlrs j qulstkim.>. Ke tdl qulstkim ks jmswlrlf nirrlntay, tdl pajylr riaas tdl fknl jmf civls tdjt mucolr

ie spjnls.

6. Pajy tdlm prinllfs ti tdl mlxt pajylr.<. Imnl j pajylr djs civlf ir jmswlrs j qulstkim kmnirrlntay, pajy civls im ti tdl

mlxt pajylr.5. _lpljt wktd suoslqulmt pajylrs.7. Vdl pajylr wdi rljndls EKMK^Dekrst ks tdl wkmmlr.

Vkclf Gjcl Wktd Pikmts „ Ke tdlrl ks j akcktlf jciumt ie tkcl ti pajy tdl gjcl ir ke yiu wksd tindjaalmgl j stuflmt, try tdks iptkim. Pajylrs bllp trjnb ie pikmts jmf tdl pajylr wktd tdl cistpikmts wdlm tdl tkcl ks up wkms tdl gjcl.

Vkclf Gjcl Wktdiut Pikmts „ Vdks vlrskim erlls up pajylrs ti einus im tdl qulstkims km tdl tkcltdly djvl, rjtdlr tdjm im bllpkmg snirl. Km tdks njsl, tdl wkmmlr wiuaf ol fltlrckmlf oy wdilvlrks naislst ti EKMK^D.

Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl/Jntkvkty LxtlmskimsWlaa-flskgmlf cjtlrkjas jrl j rknd rlsiurnl eir tdl nrljtkvl tljndlr. Dlrl jrl sicl eurtdlr usls ie tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls.

• Najss nicpltktkim8 ^tuflmts cjy nicpltl km tljcs. Vwi tljcs njm ol eirclf tinicpltl jgjkmst ljnd itdlr oy skcpay fkvkfkmg tdl najss km djae ir cuatkpal tljcs njmnicpltl oy eirckmg griups ie twi, tdrll, eiur, ir diwlvlr cjmy jrl flskrlf. Vdl stuflmtskm ljnd tljc wirb tigltdlr ti jmswlr j qulstkim ir tjbl turms. Vdl tljcs njm nicpltl jaajt imnl wktd tdl sjcl gjcl ir jriumf tdl riic wktd cuatkpal gjcls olkmg pajylf jt tdlsjcl tkcl. Vdl tljc wktd tdl cist pikmts jt tdl lmf ie ljnd gjcl ks tdl wkmmlr.

• Kmfkvkfuja pajy8 ^tuflmts cjy pajy tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls kmfkvkfujaay js wlaa. Vdl stuflmt ks joal ti slae-ndlnb dks ir dlr rlspimsls wktd tdl nirrlnt jmswlr im tdl ojnbie tdl njrf. Vdl stuflmt bllps trjnb ie rlspimsls im j nipy ie tdl ^tuflmt ^nirl ^dllt tiol djmflf km ti tdl tljndlr.

• Vlst/qukz rlvklw8 Vdl njrfs eric tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls njm ol uslf im tdlkriwm eir tlst/qukz rlvklw wktd pjrtmlrs, scjaa griups, ir wdial najss.

• Eajsdnjrfs8 Vdl njrfs njm jasi ol uslf js eajsdnjrfs oltwllm tljndlr jmf stuflmt(s) irstuflmt jmf stuflmt ir ti pajy j gjcl ie ‑Jriumf tdl Wiraf– wdlrl stuflmts nicpltl wktdiml jmitdlr ti jmswlr tdl qulstkims. Wdilvlr, jcimg tdl pjkr, jmswlrs nirrlntay ekrst

civls im ti nicpltl wktd jmitdlr stuflmt. Vdl gija eir ljnd stuflmt ks ti gi up jgjkmstljnd stuflmt jriumf tdl najssriic. Vdl Najss Jsslssclmt Ndjrt tdjt eiaaiws ks j trjnbkmgtiia eir tdl tljndlr. Ljnd Gjcl Njrf ^lt, wdknd ks tklf ti j pjrtknuajr griup ie nurrknuaucstjmfjrfs, njm ol akstlf jmf ljnd stuflmt‛s snirl mitlf eir tdjt slt. Vdl tljndlr tdlm djsj smjpsdit ie diw wlaa tdl stuflmt ks fikmg km rltjkmkmg nimtlmt km tdl suohlnt jrlj. Vdl^tuflmt ^nirl ^dllt eir j gkvlm gjcl cjy ol uslf js j eirc ie jsslssclmt ie tdl stuflmt‛sjndklvlclmt wktdkm tdl sbkaa rlvklwlf. Vdl snirl sdllt wkaa kmfknjtl tdl mjcl ie tdl sbkaanivlrlf js wlaa js tdl mucolr ie qulstkims jmswlrlf nirrlntay. J plrnlmtjgl njm ol ljskay fltlrckmlf jmf tdlm finuclmtlf km tdl Jsslssclmt Ndjrt . Ke j stuflmt jmf/ir tljndlrslts snirkmg gijas eir tdl stuflmts, tdlsl jsslssclmt tiias njm gkvl oitd stuflmt jmftljndlr j vklw ie tdl stuflmt‛s prigrlss km clltkmg dks/dlr gijas.


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Ndjptlr KK. Nurrknuauc Nimtlmt


Ivlrvklw ie ^tjmfjrfs jmf NurrknuaucJmy flekmktkim ie nurrknuauc km ?: st nlmtury sndiias olgkms wktd nurrknuauc nimtlmt stjmfjrfs.^kmnl jacist jaa stjtls djvl jfiptlf tdl Niccim Nirl ^tjmfjrfs km Lmgaksd Ajmgujgl Jrts jmfCjtdlcjtkns, tdl mjtkim‛s puoakn sndiias djvl civlf vlry quknbay ti wdjt sicl flekml js j‑mjtkimja nurrknuauc,– skckajr ti tdl mjtkimja nurrknuaj ie tdl wiraf‛s dkgdlst plreirckmg niumtrkls,jnnirfkmg ti kmtlrmjtkimja jsslssclmts. Vdl Niccim Nirl t̂jmfjrfs jrl strimgay kmeaulmnlf oy

• tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs eric itdlr dkgd-plreirckmg niumtrkls2• tdl mjtkimja stjmfjrfs nrljtlf oy prielsskimja suohlnt-cjttlr irgjmkzjtkims (l.g., Mjtkimja

_lsljrnd Niumnka )2• tdl stjmfjrfs fllclf cist jppriprkjtl jmf rkgirius tdjt djvl ollm jfiptlf oy stjtls2

• tdl stjmfjrfs rlnicclmflf oy fksnkpakml sndiajrs2 jmf• tdl rlnicclmfjtkims ie B-:? jmf umkvlrskty-ojslf prjntktkimlrs.

Vdl Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka rlnlmtay (?0::) puoaksdlf j mlw stufy km jmtknkpjtkim ie mlwsnklmnl stjmfjrfs flvlaipclmt8 J Erjclwirb eir B-:? ^nklmnl Lfunjtkim8 Prjntknls, Nrissnuttkmg Nimnlpts, jmf Nirl Kfljs . ‑Vdl tkcl ks rkpl eir j mlw erjclwirb eir B-:? snklmnl lfunjtkim,–tdly stjtl, ‑mit imay olnjusl ie wljbmlssls km tdl nurrlmt jpprijndls, out jasi olnjusl mlwbmiwalfgl km oitd tdl snklmnls jmf tdl tljndkmg jmf aljrmkmg ie snklmnl djs jnnucuajtlf km tdlpjst :< yljrs.–) Niccim Nirl stjmfjrfs djvl mit ylt ollm flvlaiplf eir snklmnl, out wirb ksumflrwjy oy tdl Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka, tdl Mjtkimja ^nklmnl Vljndlrs Jssinkjtkim, VdlJclrknjm Jssinkjtkim eir tdl Jfvjmnlclmt ie ^nklmnl, jmf Jndklvl eir mlw snklmnl stjmfjrfs ti

ol rljfy eir jfiptkim oy tdl stjtls oy tdl lmf ie ?0:?. Vdl nurrlmt Mjtkimja ^nklmnl Lfunjtkim ^tjmfjrfs, ekrst puoaksdlf km :;;5, kmnaufl lkgdtnjtlgirkls ie nimtlmt stjmfjrfs. Vdly jrl js eiaaiws8

• \mkeykmg nimnlpts jmf prinlssls km snklmnl

• ^nklmnl js kmqukry

• Pdysknja snklmnl

• Akel snklmnl

• Ljrtd jmf spjnl snklmnl

• ^nklmnl jmf tlndmiaigy

• ^nklmnl km plrsimja jmf sinkja plrsplntkvls

• Dkstiry jmf mjturl ie snklmnl

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im diw tdl nurrknuauc nimtlmt stjmfjrfs jrl flrkvlf jmf jsskgmlf tigrjfl alvlas, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?0::). J erjclwirb eir B-:? snklmnl lfunjtkim8 Prjntknls, nrissnuttkmg nimnlpts, jmf nirl kfljs . Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (:;;5). Mjtkimja snklmnl lfunjtkim stjmfjrfs. Wjsdkmgtim, FN8Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.



Vi jnnlss tdl ieeknkja pisktkim ie tdl Mjtkimja ^nklmnl Vljndlrs Jssinkjtkim im snklmnl lfunjtkimstjmfjrfs, gi ti dttp8//www.mstj.irg/joiut/pisktkims/stjmfjrfs.jspx

Eir j flsnrkptkim ie tdl prinlss ti flvlaip mlw snklmnl stjmfjrfs, gi ti tdl wlopjgl eir Jndklvljt dttp8//www.mlxtglmsnklmnl.irg/

Vi jnnlss tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs km nurrlmt jfiptkim oy yiur stjtl, gi ti tdl wlopjgl ie yiurstjtl flpjrtclmt ie lfunjtkim, jmf naknb im nurrknuauc .

Kt ks kcpirtjmt ti bllp km ckmf tdjt j akst ie nurrknuauc nimtlmt stjmfjrfs ks mit nurrknuauc.Nimtlmt stjmfjrfs clrlay splnkey wdjt stuflmts jt j gkvlm grjfl alvla sdiuaf bmiw jmf ol joal tifi wdjt ti tljnd . Vdl nurrknuauc ks tdl ucorlaaj eir tdl wdial tljndkmg-aljrmkmg pajm ti lmsurlstuflmts‛ cjstlry ie tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs. Kt kmnaufls, ie niursl, tdl stjmfjrfs tdlcslavls--paus tipkn flakmljtkims, snipl jmf slqulmnl, pjnkmg gukfls, umkt/cifual pajms, kflmtkeknjtkim ie rlsiurnls jmf cjtlrkjas, alssim flskgms, kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls, tdl rjmgl ie jsslssclmtsrlqukrlf, jnniccifjtkims eir splnkja pipuajtkims, prielsskimja flvlaipclmt, pjrlmt kmviavlclmt,jmf prigrjc lvjaujtkim.

Lfunjtirs jt tdl fkstrknt jmf sndiia alvlas typknjaay djvl jm imgikmg nimvlrsjtkim joiut stjmfjrfs-ojslf tljndkmg jmf aljrmkmg jmf tdl kcpaknjtkims ie tdjt nimnlpt eir jaa pjrts ie tdltljndkmg/aljrmkmg lxplrklmnls. Km fksnusskmg nimtlmt stjmfjrfs, tdl eiaaiwkmg tipkns jrl usujaay kmnauflf8

• Nurrknuauc nimtlmt stjmfjrfs (ojslf im Niccim Nirl ^tjmfjrfs, tdisl puoaksdlf oy MNVC, jmf/ir stjtl-jfiptlf stjmfjrfs).

• Kflmtkeknjtkim ie nimtlmt stjmfjrfs ti ol jsslsslf km mjtkimja/stjtl jsslssclmts.

• Kflmtkeknjtkim ie prkirkty stjmfjrfs (eiumfjtkimja bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas, sund js MNVC‛sEinja Pikmts2 jrljs wdknd tlmf ti ol fkeeknuat ti tljnd/aljrm, sund js tdl ojsl-:0 systlcjmf pajnl vjaul2 jmf jrljs wdlrl tdlrl jrl skgmkeknjmt jndklvlclmt gjps, sund js prioalc-siavkmg).

• Flakmljtkim ie umkts, cifuals, ir glmlrja tipkns ti ol tjugdt tdjt wkaa privkfl lvlry stuflmtwktd tdl ippirtumkty ti cjstlr tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs.

Vdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs slalntlf eir succjtkvl jsslssclmt oy tdl stjtl jrl jvjkajoal im tdl wlosktlsie tdl stjtl flpjrtclmts ie lfunjtkim. Vdl kflmtkeknjtkim ie prkirkty stjmfjrfs eir tdl sndiia‛slcpdjsks wkaa flplmf, ekrst, im tdl tljndlrs‛ lxplrt ioslrvjtkims ie stuflmt plreircjmnl km tdlpjst jmf, slnimf, im tdlkr jmjaysls ie fjtj eric prkir yljrs‛ jsslssclmts tdjt wkaa rlvlja wdlrlstuflmts jrl wljb jmf tdl tipkns ir stjmfjrfs tdjt rlqukrl grljtlr jttlmtkim.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap Cjbl ^lmsl ie Nimtlmt ^tjmfjrfs Vdl grjfls >-< snklmnl nirrlajtkims ie tdl MlwPjtd tipkns wktd tdl snklmnl nimtlmtstjmfjrfs puoaksdlf oy tdl Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka privkfl lfunjtirs wktd nrktknja

kmeircjtkim joiut diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas rlealnt jaa tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs jmf diw tdly ekt umflrtdl nurrknuauc ucorlaaj. Vdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas jrl flskgmlf ti privkfl nicprldlmskvl nivlrjglie jaa tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs. Eurtdlr, jaa ekvl MlwPjtd prifunts jrl jakgmlf, mit imay wktd ljnditdlr, out jasi wktd tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs.

• ^nklmnl ^bkaas >-< Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls. \mflr ljnd MlwPjtd tipkn (jmf ljnd ksnirrlajtlf ti iml ir cirl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs), tdlrl jrl ?< stjmfjrfs-ojslf qulstkims eirstuflmts ti usl km cjstlrkmg oitd nimnlpts (kmnaufkmg vinjouajry), jmf prinlfurjabmiwalfgl.

• ^nklmnl ̂ bkaas >-< Eakp Ndjrts. Ljnd slt ie Eakp Ndjrts eir grjfls >-< kmnaufls tlm dkgd-prkirkty, stjmfjrfs-ojslf snklmnl nimnlpts kmtlrwivlm wktd prinlfurja sbkaas, paus prjntknl


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ippirtumktkls (wkpl-im, wkpl-iee) im tdl eakp ndjrts tdlcslavls, suppalclmtlf oy jm Jntkvkty Gukfl eljturkmg oajnb-akml nipy-cjstlrs jmf lxlrnksls. Vdkrty grjfls >-< stjmfjrfs-ojslftipkns jrl nivlrlf km MlwPjtd‛s Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrts .

• ^nklmnl ^bkaas >-< Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls. MlwPjtd‛s ajckmjtlf Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukflseljturl tdl sjcl tlm dkgd-prkirkty, stjmfjrfs-ojslf snklmnl nimnlpts js kmnauflf km tdlEakp Ndjrts. Vdl ekrst pjgl einusls im tdl nimnlpt, tdl slnimf pjgl im prinlfurjabmiwalfgl, tdl tdkrf im snklmnl vinjouajry (lmdjmnkmg umflrstjmfkmg ie tdl nimnlpt), jmftdl eiurtd kmnaufls prjntknl ktlcs. ûppalclmtja Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls kmnaufl >0

jffktkimja stjmfjrfs-ojslf tipkns ir suo-tipkns (sjcl tipkns js tdl Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrts).• Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_ICs. Vdks MlwPjtd prifunt eljturls tdl sjcl stjmfjrfs-

ojslf qulstkims js jrl tdl ojsks eir tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls. Vljndlrs njm ndiislqulstkims eric iml tipkn ir cuatkpal tipkns, sjvl tdlc eir j alssim pajm ir j eircjtkvljsslssclmt, jmf stuflmts njm wirb kmflplmflmtay ir km griups wdlrlvlr tdlrl ks jnicputlr.

• Imakml Aljrmkmg. Vljndlrs jrl privkflf tiias jmf rlsiurnls (kmnaufkmg lvlrytdkmg km tdlprkmt cjtlrkjas) ti nrljtl jmf sjvl stjmfjrfs-ojslf nustic gjcls, jsslssclmts, jmfkmtlrjntkvl prjntknl jntkvktkls ti jsskgm ti tdl wdial najss, scjaa griups, ir kmfkvkfujastuflmts. ^tuflmts njm jasi cjbl slalntkims ie gjcls, jntkvktkls, jmf jsslssclmts tirlkmeirnl tdlkr aljrmkmg jmf lmsurl cjstlry ie stjmfjrfs. Vdly njm jnnlss jaa rlsiurnls jt

sndiia, dicl, ir wdlrlvlr tdlrl ks j nicputlr. Pjrlmts njm rlvklw tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfseir tdlkr ndkaf‛s grjfl alvla, cimktir tdlkr prigrlss km cjstlrkmg tdisl stjmfjrfs, uslrlsiurnls ti tutir ir rlkmeirnl aljrmkmg jt dicl, jmf niccumknjtl wktd tdl tljndlr.

MlwPjtd‛s cjtlrkjas jmf rlsiurnls privkfl skgmkeknjmt suppirt ti tljndlrs km flakvlry ie jstjmfjrfs-ojslf nurrknuauc. Vdl irgjmkzjtkim ie aljrmkmg jntkvktkls oy stjmfjrfs-ojslf tipknsjssksts lfunjtirs km tdl flakmljtkim jmf irgjmkzjtkim ie umkts ir cifuals jmf tdl nrljtkim ie stjmfjrfs-ojslf alssim pajms jmf jsslssclmts km irflr ti lmsurl mit imay nivlrjgl, out jasi tilmsurl lvlry stuflmt‛s ippirtumkty ti aljrm .

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im stjmfjrfs-ojslf nurrknuauc, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Jkmswirtd, A. (?0:0). _kgirius nurrknuauc flskgm8 Diw ti nrljtl nurrknuajr umkts ie stufy tdjt jakgm stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmt . Lmgalwiif, NI8 Aljf+Aljrm Prlss.

Hjnios, D. D. (?0:0). Nurrknuauc ?:8 Lsslmtkja lfunjtkim eir j ndjmgkmg wiraf . Jalxjmfrkj,UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Cjrzjmi, _. H. (:;;?). J fkeelrlmt bkmf ie najssriic8 Vljndkmg wktd fkclmskims ie aljrmkmg .Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Wkggkms, G. & CnVkgdl, H. (:;;4). \mflrstjmfkmg oy flskgm . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Eir jm lvjaujtkim ie snklmnl stjmfjrfs oy stjtl, gi ti dttp8//www.lflxnlaalmnl.mlt.



^NKLMNLGrjfl > (Alvla N)

Vipkns

J o k a k t k l s m l n l s s j r y

t i f i s n k l m t k e k n

k m q u k r y

\ m f l r s t j m f k m g s j o i u t s n k l m t k e k n

k m q u k r y

P r i p l r t k l s i e i o h l n t s j m f c j t l r k j a s

P i s k t k i m j m f c i t k i m i e i o h l n t s

A k g d t , d l j t , l a l n t r k n k t y ,

& c j g m l t k s c

V d l n d j r j n t l r k s t k n s i e i r g j m k s c

s

A k e l n y n a l s i e i r g j m k s c s

I r g j m k s c s j m f

t d l k r l m v k r i m c l m t s

P r i p l r t k l s i e L j r t d ‛ s c j t l r k j a s

I o h l n t s k m t d l s b y

N d j m g l s k m L j r t d j m f s b y

J o k a k t k l s i e t l n d m i a i g k n j a f l s k g m

\ m f l r s t j m f k m g s j o i u t s n k l m n l

& t l n d m i a i g y

J o k a k t k l s t i f k s t k m g u k s d o l t w l l m m j

t u r j a

i o h l n t s j m f i o h l n t s c j f l

o y d u c j m s

P l r s i m j a d l j a t d

N d j r j n t l r k s t k n s & n d j m g l s

k m p i p u

a j t k i m s

V y p l s i e r l s i u r n l s

N d j m g l s k m l m v k r i m c l m t s

^ n k l m n l j m f

t l n d m i a i g y k m a i n j a n d j a a l m g l s

^ n k l m n l j s j

d u c j m l m f l j v i r

^nklmnljs

Kmqukry

Pdysknja^nklmnl

Akel^nklmnl

Ljrtd^nklmnl

^nklmnlVlndmiaigy

^nklmnl kmPlrsimja înkja

Plrsplntkvls

DkstiryMjturl ie^nklmnl

M^L^ ^tjmfjrfsJ O N F L E G

:. Cjkm Pjrts ie Pajmts T T T T T T

?. Diw fi pajmts griw9 T T T T T T T

>. Griupkmg ie Pajmts T T T T T T

6. Jmkcjas T T T T T T

<. Griupkmg ie Jmkcjas T T T T T T

5. Diw Jmkcjas Griw jmf Ndjmgl T T T T T T

7. Wdlrl Pajmts jmf Jmkcjas Akvl T T T T T T T T

4. _lajtkimsdkps Jcimg Akvkmg Vdkmgs T T T T T T T

;. Wjtlr T T T T T T T T T T

:0. Wljtdlr T T T T T T T T T T

::. _inbs, Ckmlrjas, jmf îka T T T T T T T

:?. Ndjmgls im Ljrtd T T T T T T T T T T T T

:>. Mjturja _lsiurnls T T T T T T T T T T T

:6. Cjttlr jmf kts Priplrtkls T T T T T T

:<. Ndjmgls km Cjttlr T T T T T

:5. Eirnls/Citkim-Diw Vdkmgs Civl T T T T T T T T T

:7. Wirb jmf Cjndkmls T T T T T T T

:4. Lmlrgy T T T T T T T T T T T:;. îumf T T T T T

?0. Ljrtd km ^pjnl T T T T T T T

?:. Vdl îajr ^ystlc T T T T T T T T

??. ^nklmnl km Iur Wiraf T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

?>. Djmfs-im Ajo ̂ bkaas/^nklmnl Kmqukry T T T T T T T

?6. Cjtd km ^nklmnl T T T T T T T T T T

?<. Fkf [iu Bmiw9 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

?5

Nurrknuauc ^tjmfjrfs Nirrlajtkim - Grjfl >



Nurrknuauc ̂ tjmfjrfs Nirrlajtkim - Grjfl 6

^NKLMNLGrjfl 6 (Alvla F)

Vipkns



k m q u k r y


k m q u k r y

P r i p l r t k l s i e i o h l n t s j m f c j t l r k j a s

P i s k t k i m j m f c i t k i m i e i o h l n t s

A k g d t , d l j t , l a l n t r k n k t y ,

& c j g m l t k s c

V d l n d j r j n t l r k s t k n s i e i r g j m k s c

s

A k e l n y n a l s i e i r g j m k s c s

I r g j m k s c s j m f

t d l k r l m v k r i m c l m t s

P r i p l r t k l s i e L j r t d ‛ s c j t l r k j a s

I o h l n t s k m t d l s b y

N d j m g l s k m L j r t d j m f s b y




J o k a k t k l s t i f k s t k m g u k s d o l t w l l m m j

t u r j a

i o h l n t s j m f i o h l n t s c j f l

o y d u c j m s


N d j r j n t l r k s t k n s & n d j m g l s

k m p i p u

a j t k i m s

V y p l s i e r l s i u r n l s

N d j m g l s k m l m v k r i m c l m t s

^ n k l m n l j m f

t l n d m i a i g y k m a i n j a n d j a a l m g l s

^ k j j

d u j

f j v

^nklmnljs

Kmqukry

Pdysknja^nklmnl

Akel^nklmnl

Ljrtd^nklmnl

^nklmnlVlndmiaigy


Plrsplntkvls

DkstiryMjturl ^nklm


:. Nlaas8 Oukafkmg Oainbs ie Akvkmg Vdkmgs T T T T T T

?. Pajmt ^trunturl jmf Eumntkim T T T T T T T T T T

>. Pajmt Griwtd jmf _lprifuntkim T T T T T T T

6. Kmtrifuntkim ti Jmkcjas T T T T T T

<. Kmvlrtlorjtls8 Jmkcjas wktdiut Ojnboimls T T T T T T

5. Ulrtlorjtls8 Jmkcjas wktd Ojnboimls T T T T T T

7. Jmkcja Griwtd & _lprifuntkim T T T T T T T

4. Irgjm ̂ ystlcs T T T T T T T T T

;. Najsskeykmg Irgjmkscs T T T T T T

:0. Eisskas jmf Lxtkmnt Jmkcjas T T T T T T T T T

::. Lnisystlcs & Ndjmgls km Lnisystlcs T T T T T T T T T T T T

:?. Eiif Wlos/Eiif Ndjkms T T T T T T T

:>. _inbs jmf Ckmlrjas T T T T T T T

:6. Ljrtd8 Kmskfl jmf Iut T T T T T T T T T

:<. Ljrtd‛s Wjtlr T T T T T T T T T T T

:5. Iur ^iajr ^ystlc jmf Olyimf T T T T T T T T T T

:7. Wljtdlr jmf Nakcjtl T T T T T T T T T T T

:4. Cjttlr T T T T T T:;. Eirnl, Citkim, jmf Lmlrgy T T T T T T T T

?0. Lalntrknkty jmf Cjgmltksc T T T T T T T T

?:. Akgdt jmf ^iumf T T T T T T T T

??. ^nklmnl km Iur Wiraf T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

?>. Djmfs-im Ajo ̂ bkaas/^nklmnl Kmqukry T T T T T T T T

?6. Cjtd km ^nklmnl T T T T T T T T T T

?<. Fkf [iu Bmiw9 T T T T T T T T T T T T T



Nurrknuauc ̂ tjmfjrfs Nirrlajtkim - Grjfl <

^NKLMNLGrjfl < (Alvla L)

Vipkns



k m q u k r y


k m q u k r y

P r i p l r t k l s & n d j m g l s i e p r i p l r t k l s

k m c j t t l r

C i t k i m j m f

e i r n l s

V r j m s e l r i e l m l r g y

^ t r u n t u r l j m f

e u m n t k i m k m a k v k m g s y s t l c s

_ l p r i f u n t k i m j m f

d l r l f k t y

_ l g u a j t k i m j m f

o l d j v k i r

P i p u a j t k i m s j m f l n i s y s t l c s

F k v l r s k t y j m f j f j p t j t k i m s i e i r g j m k s c s

^ t r u n t u r l i e t d l l j r t d s y s t l c

L j r t d ‛ s

d k s t i r y

L j r t d

k m t d l s i a j r s y s t l c





P i p u a j t k i m s , r l s i u r n l s

& l m v k r i m c l m t s

M j t u r j a d j z j r f s

_ k s b s j m f

o l m l e k t s

^ n k l m n l j m f

t l n d m i a i g y k m s i n k l t y

^nklmnljs

Kmqukry

Pdysknja^nklmnl

Akel ^nklmnlLjrtd^pjnl

^nklmnl

^nklmnlVlndmiaigy


Plrsplntkvls

DkstiryMjturl ie^nklmnl


:. Nlaas, Vkssuls, jmf Irgjms T T T T T T T T T T

?. Vdl 5 Bkmgfics ie Akel T T T T T T T

>. _iits, ̂ tlcs, jmf Aljvls T T T T T T T T T

6. Pajmt _lspimsls & Jfjptjtkims T T T T T T T T T

<. Pajmts wktd jmf wktdiut ^llfs T T T T T T T

5. Eaiwlrs jmf ^llfs T T T T T T T

7. Jmkcja Fkvlrskty & Jfjptjtkims T T T T T T T T T

4. Lmlrgy jmf Lnisystlcs T T T T T T T T T

;. Kmtlrjntkims Jcimg Akvkmg Vdkmgs T T T T T T T T T T

:0. Okicls jmf Nynals ie Akel T T T T T T T

::. Ajmfeircs, _inbs, jmf ̂ ika T T T T T T T T T T

:?. Ckmlrjas ie Ljrtd‛s Nrust T T T T T T T T T

:>. Ljrtd‛s Erlsdwjtlr & Jtcispdlrl T T T T T T T T T T T T

:6. Ljrtd‛s Inljms T T T T T T T T T

:<. Lmlrgy _lsiurnls T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

:5. Vdl îajr ^ystlc T T T T T T

:7. Wljtdlr, Wljtdlr Pjttlrms & Nakcjtl T T T T T T T T T T

:4. Priplrtkls ie Cjttlr & Lmlrgy T T T T T T T T:;. Lalclmts, Ckxturls, & Nicpiumfs T T T T T T

?0. îakfs, Akqukfs, jmf Gjsls T T T T T T T T T

?:. Ndlcknja & Pdysknja Ndjmgls ie Cjttlr T T T T T T T T T

??. Jnkfs jmf Ojsls T T T T T T T T T T

?>. Mlwtim‛s Ajws ie Citkim T T T T T T T T T T

?6. îumf jmf Akgdt Lmlrgy T T T T T T T T T T

?<. Vdl Mjturl ie ^nklmnl T T T T T T T T T T

^ n k l m n l j s j

d u c j m l m f l j v i r

M j t u r l i e s n k l m n l

D k s t i r y i e s n k l m n l


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J Njutkimjry Vjal8 Kmjppriprkjtl jmf Kmjflqujtl NurrknuaucJ rlvklw ie tdl rlsljrnd aktlrjturl im rljfkmg wkaa nlrtjkmay aljf ti cjmy rlelrlmnls ti tdl lxkstlmnlie kmjflqujtl ir kmjppriprkjtl kmstruntkim olkmg tdl njusl eir cist stuflmt ejkaurl km aljrmkmg tirljf. Km ejnt, Ayim (:;;5), iml ie tdl cjhir jfvinjtls eir snklmtkeknjaay-ojslf lvkflmnl kmlfunjtkim km rljfkmg jmf km tdl _lspimsl-ti-Kmtlrvlmtkim cifla, cjkmtjkms tdjt kmjflqujtl jmfkmjppriprkjtl kmstruntkim ks tdl njusl eir cjsskvl ivlr-kflmtkeknjtkim ie ndkafrlm eir splnkjalfunjtkim . Vdl joumfjmnl ie tdlsl rlelrlmnls km rljfkmg rlsljrnd, diwlvlr, jacist pjals kmnicpjrksim ti tdisl eiumf km cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl rlsljrnd. Kt ks fkeeknuat ti ekmf j stufy tdjt

fils mit jt aljst jaaufl ti tdl mllf eir prlsndiia lfunjtkim km cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl, eir olttlrtljndlr prlpjrjtkim ti tljnd cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl, eir olttlr nurrknuauc, eir cirl leelntkvltljndkmg strjtlgkls, eir olttlr jsslssclmts ti cljsurl prigrlss, jmf im jmf im. Naljray, cjmy prickmlmt rlsljrndlrs, cjtdlcjtknkjms, snklmtksts, jmf cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl lfunjtirs olaklvltdjt tdl vjst cjhirkty ie stuflmt ejkaurl ti aljrm snklmnl ks tdl rlsuat ie kmjppriprkjtl ir kmjflqujtlkmstruntkim, lsplnkjaay gkvlm tdjt cist ndkafrlm jrl cirl flplmflmt im tdl sndiia ti tljnd tdlccjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl tdjm tdly jrl eir aktlrjny flvlaipclmt.

Jcimg tdl rljsims eir piir jndklvlclmt tdjt rlsljrndlrs sjy aljf ti ‑kmjflqujtl– kmstruntkimjrl tdl eiaaiwkmg8

• Akcktlf lxpisurl ti snklmnl nimnlpts oleirl lmtlrkmg sndiia.

• Wljb lfunjtkimja ojnbgriumf ie pjrlmts.• Dljatd prioalcs tdjt njusl stuflmts ti ckss sndiia.• ^tuflmt strlss, jmglr, jmxklty, jmf eljr rlsuatkmg eric fyseumntkimja dicls jmf/ir umsjel

mlkgdoirdiifs.• ^tuflmts‛ oldjvkirja prioalcs.• Ajnb ie tljndlr bmiwalfgl km snklmnl.• Ajnb ie jflqujtl nurrknuauc cjtlrkjas.• Ajnb ie jflqujtl prjntknl/rlpltktkim km nurrknuauc cjtlrkjas.• Ajnb ie jflqujtl tlndmiaigy ti ejnkaktjtl kmstruntkim, jsslssclmt, jmf rlnirf-bllpkmg,

lsplnkjaay.

• Ajnb ie jflqujtl tkcl ti aljrm snklmnl, lsplnkjaay eir tdisl ndkafrlm wdi stjrt sndiiaskgmkeknjmtay oldkmf tdlkr pllrs2 wdi jrl mit ylt prieknklmt km Lmgaksd2 jmf/ir wdi djvlaljrmkmg fksjokaktkls.

• Ajnb ie jflqujtl tkcl ti tljnd snklmnl km tdl sndiia sndlfual.

‑Kmjppriprkjtl– kmstruntkim innurs js wlaa. Lxjcpals eiaaiw8

• Piir ir mim-lxkstlmt nurrknuauc pajmmkmg.• Ajnb ie jttlmtkim ti tdl kcpirtjmnl ie slqulmnkmg.• Piir jsslssclmts jmf tdlkr usl.• Iml-skzl-ekts-jaa jpprijndls.

• Ajnb ie tljndlr bmiwalfgl jmf usl ie rlsljrnd-ojslf kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls.• Ajnb ie jttlmtkim ti tdl trlclmfius nigmktkvl aijf rlqukrlf km irflr ti aljrm snklmtkeknvinjouajry eir jaa stuflmts, jmf lsplnkjaay eir struggakmg aljrmlrs.

• Nurrknuauc cjtlrkjas tdjt fi mit jakgm wktd stjmfjrfs.• Nurrknuauc cjtlrkjas tdjt fi mit dlap stuflmts clrgl nimnlptuja bmiwalfgl wktd

prinlfurja bmiwalfgl.• Lcpdjsks im prinlfurls jt tdl lxplmsl ie nimnlpt flvlaipclmt jmf lcpdjsks ie nimnlpt

flvlaipclmt wktd akttal jttlmtkim ti flvlaipclmt ie prinlfurja eaulmny.• Kmtlrelrlmnl ie cksnimnlptkims jmf lrrimlius olakles joiut snklmtkekn tipkns tdjt rlqukrl

‑umaljrmkmg– jmf tdlm aljrmkmg.


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• Piaktknja kmelrlmnl km tljndkmg snklmnl tipkns, sund js lviautkim, nakcjtl ndjmgl, slxlfunjtkim, ltn.

• Ejkaurl ti umflrstjmf tdl ajmgujgl mllfs ie LAAs km aljrmkmg snklmnl.• Ejkaurl ti umflrstjmf tdl mllfs ie stuflmts wktd fysnjanuakj.• Ejkaurl ti umflrstjmf diw fysalxkj jeelnts snklmnl plreircjmnl.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap Vdl cuatkpaknkty ie wjys km wdknd MlwPjtd‛sprkmt jmf fkgktja cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf ti

flakvlr nurrknuauc ks j cjhir suppirt eir tljndlrs wdiitdlrwksl njm ol ivlrwdlaclf. Djvkmg wdjt iml mllfskm tdl najssriic, rlgjrfalss ie kmfkvkfuja stuflmt mllfs,ejnkaktjtls tdl bkmf ie jflqujtl jmf jppriprkjtlkmstruntkim tdjt lvlryiml lxplnts eric sndiias.

Cjmy ie tdl kssuls jriumf ‑kmjflqujtl– kmstruntkim djvlti ol siavlf km niaajoirjtkim wktd pjrlmts, tdl mlkgdoirdiif, tdl sndiia/fkstrknt jfckmkstrjtkim,jmf tdl ajrglr niccumkty. Vljndlrs njm lmsurl tdjt stuflmts djvl ippirtumktkls ti cjbl up

cksslf alssims, tdjt tdly djvl lmgjgkmg diclwirb ti dlap tdlc njtnd up, tdjt pjrlmts jrlprivkflf rlsiurnls ti dlap tdlc dlap tdlkr ndkafrlm, tdjt stuflmts wdi rlqukrl lxtlmflfprjntknl/rlpltktkim djvl tdisl ippirtumktkls, jmf tdjt tdl najssriic ks j murturkmg jmf sjel djvlm.MlwPjtd‛s cjtlrkjas lmjoal jmf ejnkaktjtl tdlsl jntkims.

MlwPjtd‛s cjtlrkjas jasi dlap ti rlcivl tdl pisskokakty ie ‑kmjppriprkjtl– aljrmkmg rlsiurnls. Vdly mljtay jakgm wktd jmy itdlr stjmfjrfs-ojslf cjtlrkjas tdjt cjy ol km usl, tdly suppalclmt wktdpalmty ie vjrklf prjntknl/rlpltktkim, jmf tdly privkfl tdl cund-mllflf kmstruclmts eir nimtkmuiusprigrlss cimktirkmg. Vdly jrl jasi strimg km jaa pdjsls ie tdl alssim flakvlry, km ejnkaktjtkmgfkeelrlmtkjtkim ir kmfkvkfujakzjtkim ie kmstruntkim, jmf km citkvjtkim ie stuflmts. Ke tljndlrbmiwalfgl ks wljb, MlwPjtd njm privkfl trjkmkmg km tdl usl ie kts cjtlrkjas, js wlaa js splnkja-tipknslsskims ti strlmgtdlm tljndlrs.

Prioalc Jrljs km ^nklmnl Vljndkmg/Aljrmkmg Vdl hio ie tdl tljndlr ks ti flakvlr j nurrknuauc eir jaa ndkafrlm wktd jppriprkjtl kmstruntkimjastrjtlgkls jmf cjtlrkjas si tdjt, jnnirfkmg ti tdl mlurisnklmtksts, mlurja pjtdwjys njm olflvlaiplf jmf strlmgtdlmlf jmf nimmlntkims njm ol cjfl oltwllm fkeelrlmt jrljs ie tdl orjkm ticjbl rjpkf rlnjaa jmf jppaknjtkim pisskoal. Km itdlr wirfs, tdl gija ks ti civl mlw bmiwalfgl kmtiaimg-tlrc clciry. Fldjlml (:;;7) sjys kt tdks wjy8 ‑J giif tljndlr ks jm jandlckst wdi gkvls jeumfjclmtjaay cifuajr ducjm orjkm tdl slcoajmnl ie jm kmtlrjntkvl mltwirb.–

Iml ie tdl cjhir ndjaalmgls eir stuflmts km aljrmkmg snklmnl ks vinjouajry jnquksktkim. [jglr (:;4>)mitlf tdjt ‑Vdl mucolr ie mlw vinjouajry wirfs km j snklmnl tlxtoiib lxnllfs tdl mucolr ie

vinjouajry wirfs km tdl ekrst yljr ie j eirlkgm ajmgujgl niursl.– Uinjouajry wirfs jaiml jrl j duglnigmktkvl aijf eir jaa stuflmts, jmf lsplnkjaay si eir struggakmg aljrmlrs, wdltdlr tdly jrl LAA^,stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls, jmf/ir stuflmts wdi jrl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf. Cjrzjmi(:;;4) writl tdjt ‑Jt j prjntknja alvla, kt ks ejkray iovkius tdjt stuflmts cust umflrstjmf j nlrtjkmjciumt ie tdl ojskn vinjouajry km j suohlnt jrlj oleirl tdly njm umflrstjmf ejnts, glmlrjakzjtkims,jmf nimnlpts wktdkm j nimtlmt jrlj.– ^nklmnl vinjouajry ks j cjhir pjrt ie wdjt sndiajrs cljmwdlm tdly spljb joiut Jnjflckn Lmgaksd jmf kts kcpirtjmnl km sndiia sunnlss. R^ll slntkims imstruggakmg aljrmlrs eir cirl fksnusskim im tdks tipkn.S

Jmitdlr ndjaalmgl eir snklmnl tljndlrs ks tdjt cjmy ie tdl nimnlpts nrktknja ti umflrstjmfkmgsnklmnl jrl jostrjnt grjvkty, eir lxjcpal. Wl njm‛t sll grjvkty, hust kts leelnts.


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Jmf j tdkrf cjhir ndjaalmgl ks ivlrnickmg cksnimnlptkims. ^icl jrl ful ti ajnb ie prlvkius akellxplrklmnls, itdlrs jrl ful ti wdjt sicl njaa cjgknja tdkmbkmg, itdlrs jrl ful ti ajnb ie umflrstjmfkmg ie snklmtkekn tdkmbkmg, jmf itdlrs innur olnjusl ie wljb sbkaas km cjtdlcjtkns jmfaktlrjny.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd djs tdl lfunjtir‛s ojnb! Vdl systlcjtkn wjys km wdknd tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjaswlrl flvlaiplf jssurl tdjt snklmnl vinjouajry (Jnjflckn Lmgaksd) ks j cjhir lcpdjsks km

jaa prifunts2 tdjt jostrjnt nimnlpts jrl cjfl js nimnrltl js pisskoal wktd nimnlpt cjps, kaaustrjtkims,jmf cuatkpal lxjcpals2 jmf tdjt cksnimnlptkims jrl nirrlntlf wktd siumf prlslmtjtkims jmf jntkvktklswktd sueeknklmt rlpltktkim jmf prjntknl ippirtumktkls eir umflrstjmfkmg jmf cjstlry.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im nrktknja tipkns km snklmnl, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Orulr, H. V. (:;;>). ^ndiias eir tdiugdt8 J snklmnl ie aljrmkmg km tdl najssriic . Njcorkfgl,CJ8 CKV Prlss. (^ll lsplnkjaay Ndjptlr <, pp. :?7-:7:.)

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?0::). J erjclwirb eir B-:? snklmnl lfunjtkim8 Prjntknls,nrissnuttkmg nimnlpts, jmf nirl kfljs . Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?000). Mjtkimja snklmnl lfunjtkim stjmfjrfs . Wjsdkmgtim, FN8Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?000). Diw plipal aljrm8 Orjkm, ckmf, lxplrklmnl, jmf sndiia .Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss. (^ll lsplnkjaay pp. :7:-:4;.)

_ufiapd, H. A. (?007, Elo.). Jm kmnimvlmklmt trutd joiut snklmnl lfunjtkim. VljndlrsNiaalgl _lnirf.


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^lqulmnkmg jmf PjnkmgJcimg tdl ekrst stlps km nurrknuauc flvlaipclmt jrl tdl flskgm ie tdl eiaaiwkmg gukfls eirtljndlrs‛ usl8

• ^nipl jmf slqulmnl gukfl eir pajmmkmg alssim flakvlry ti lmsurl jppriprkjtl slqulmnkmgjmf nivlrjgl ie tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs jmf sueeknklmt tkcl eir stuflmt cjstlry.

• Pjnkmg gukfls ti lmsurl tdjt jaa stjmfjrfs jrl tjugdt ti cjstlry alvla jmf tdjt jaastjmfjrfs ti ol eircjaay jsslsslf eir jnniumtjokakty jrl tjugdt prkir ti tdl lmf ie grjfkmgplrkifs jmf prkir ti tdl fjtls eir succjtkvl jsslssclmt.

Lvlry snklmnl tljndlr bmiws tdjt slqulmnkmg ks vlry kcpirtjmt km tljndkmg tdks suohlnt jrlj. ^icl

snklmnl tipkns skcpay njmmit ol umflrstiif wktdiut cjstlry ie prlrlquksktl bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas._kttlr jmf Mlro (?007) stjtl tdjt

Vdl irflr km wdknd cjtlrkja ks prlslmtlf njm strimgay kmeaulmnl wdjt ks aljrmlf, diw ejst plreircjmnl kmnrljsls, jmf sicltkcls lvlm wdltdlr tdl cjtlrkja ks aljrmlf jt jaa. Vdks ks trul eir oitd sbkaas jmf ejnts jmf rlcjkms trul wdltdlr tdl cjtlrkja ks prlslmtlf oy jm kmstruntir ir lxpairlf jaiml oy j aljrmlr.

Vdl Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka cjbls kt naljr km tdlkr prlaufl ti tdl nurrlmt Mjtkimja ^nklmnl^tjmfjrfs tdjt slqulmnkmg ks kcpirtjmt. Vdl slqulmnl ks js eiaaiws8

• \mkeykmg nimnlpts jmf prinlssls km snklmnl

• ^nklmnl js kmqukry • Pdysknja snklmnl

• Akel snklmnl

• Ljrtd jmf spjnl snklmnl

• ^nklmnl jmf tlndmiaigy

• ^nklmnl km plrsimja jmf sinkja plrsplntkvls

• Dkstiry jmf mjturl ie snklmnl

Vdl lxpajmjtkim eir tdl slqulmnl eiaaiws8

Vdks slqulmnl ie tdl slvlm grjfl-alvla nimtlmt stjmfjrfs ks mit jroktrjry. Ljnd stjmfjrfsuosucls tdl bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas ie itdlr stjmfjrfs. ^tuflmts‛ umflrstjmfkmgs jmfjokaktkls jrl griumflf km tdl lxplrklmnl ie kmqukry, jmf kmqukry ks tdl eiumfjtkim eir tdlflvlaipclmt ie umflrstjmfkmgs jmf jokaktkls ie tdl itdlr nimtlmt stjmfjrfs. Vdl plrsimjajmf sinkja jsplnts ie snklmnl jrl lcpdjskzlf kmnrljskmgay km tdl prigrlsskim eric snklmnl jskmqukry stjmfjrfs ti tdl dkstiry jmf mjturl ie snklmnl stjmfjrfs. ^tuflmts mllf siakfbmiwalfgl jmf umflrstjmfkmg km pdysknja, akel, jmf ljrtd jmf spjnl snklmnl ke tdly jrl tijppay snklmnl.

Vdl pjnkmg gukfl njmmit ol fiml lxtlrmjaay ir oy j tdkrf pjrty wktdiut jnnlss ti tdl sndiia fkstrknt‛scjstlr njalmfjr. Vdisl ndjrglf wktd tdks rlspimskokakty cust bmiw prlnkslay wdknd fjys jrljvjkajoal eir kmstruntkim, oainbkmg iut fjys aist ful ti fkstrknt olmndcjrbkmg, stjtl tlstkmg,

Ndjptlr KKK. Alssim Flskgm



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\mkt Mjcl Vlxtoiibs, ltn. MlwPjtd Prifunts/Vipkns

\mkt Mjcl Vlxtoiib, Ndjptlr, PjglsUkfli VktalFkstrknt eaulmny wirbsdlltsCjmkpuajtkvls

• Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl, Vipkns• Eakp Ndjrts, Vipkns• Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfl,Vipkns• Vjbl-Dicl Lfktkim ie Nurrknuauc Cjstlry

Gjcls• ^tufy-Griup Lfktkim ie Nurrknuauc

Cjstlry Gjcls• Ndjrts/Ouaaltkm Oijrf Pistlrs• Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf, Vipkns• Imakml Aljrmkmg, Vipkns

Jakgmclmt ie Nurrknuauc Cjtlrkjas jmf _lsiurnls wktd ̂ nklmnl \mkts

diakfjys, prielsskimja flvlaipclmt fjys, jmf itdlr prkirktkls. Vdl pjnkmg gukfl, tdlm, wkaarlnicclmf ti tljndlrs tdl mucolrs ie fjys ti pajm eir tljndkmg ljnd umkt, jsslsskmg, rl-tljndkmg,jmf rljsslsskmg aljrmkmg. Vdl stjmfjrfs (jaimg wktd prlrlquksktl bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas) kmnauflfkm tdl stjtl jsslssclmt sdiuaf ol prkirktkzlf si tdjt tdly jrl tjugdt ti cjstlry oleirl tdl tlstkmgfjtls. Vdlm itdlr stjmfjrfs njm ekmksd iut tdl sndiia yljr.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapImnl tljndlrs djvl tdlkr pjnkmg gukfl (wdknd rlealnts tdl snipl jmf slqulmnl gukfl flnkskims),tdlm tdly njm olgkm ti nimstrunt alssims eir ljnd umkt/cifual, uskmg MlwPjtd‛s Imakml

Aljrmkmg. J olgkmmkmg stlp ckgdt ol ti kflmtkey wdknd MlwPjtd tipkns wkaa ol uslf km ljnd umkt.

Ke tljndlrs djvl alssims sjvlf eric prlvkius yljrs tdjt tdly wiuaf akbl ti rlusl, tdlm tdlsl alssimsnjm ol jnnlsslf, lfktlf, jmf tdlm sjvlf jgjkm eir rltrklvja.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im slqulmnkmg, tdl eiaaiwkmg oiib ks dlapeua8

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?000). Mjtkimja snklmnl lfunjtkim stjmfjrfs . Wjsdkmgtim, FN8Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

_kttlr, E. L. & Mlro, H. (?007). Njaa ti irflr8 Diw slqulmnl leelnts km ducjms jmf jrtkeknkjasystlcs kaauckmjtl ljnd itdlr. Km E. L. _kttlr, H. Mlro, L. Aldtkmlm, & V. C. I‛^dlj (Lfs.), Km irflr ti aljrm8 diw tdl slqulmnls ie tipkns kmeaulmnl aljrmkmg (pp. >-:;). Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8Ixeirf \mkvlrskty Prlss.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im slqulmnkmg jmf nimstruntkmg j pjnkmg gukfl, sll Ndjptlr 4 ie tdleiaaiwkmg oiib8

Jkmswirtd, A. (?0:0). _kgirius nurrknuauc flskgm8 Diw ti nrljtl nurrknuajr umkts ie stufy tdjt jakgm stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmt (pp. 7;-;5). Lmgalwiif, NI8 Aljf+Aljrm Prlss.(Jkmswirtd privkfls j sjcpal pjnkmg gukfl im pp. 44-;0.)

Jakgmclmt ie Nurrknuauc _lsiurnls/Cjtlrkjas Vdl mlxt kcpirtjmt stlp km flvlaipkmg tdl grjfl-alvla nurrknuauc ks ti kflmtkey tdl jppriprkjtlnurrknuauc cjtlrkjas jmf rlsiurnls tdjt jrl jvjkajoal eir nurrknuauc flakvlry oy umkt/cifual jmftdlm oy splnkekn alssim. Vdl akst sdiuaf kmnaufl lvlrytdkmg tdjt ks uslf, kmnaufkmg stjtl/fkstrknt-jfiptlftlxtoiibs, slts ie cjmkpuajtkvls ir ciflas, fkgktja rlsiurnls, vkfli, prkmt cjtlrkjas, akorjry cjtlrkjas,jmf, ie niursl, jaa tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas. Cjmy lxplrts rlnicclmf tdjt j cjtrkx ol flvlaiplf, sundjs tdl iml tdjt eiaaiws, ti jakgm jvjkajoal rlsiurnls wktd tdl umkts/cifuals ti ol tjugdt.



Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im tdl jakgmclmt ie nurrknuauc nimtlmt stjmfjrfs jmf cjtlrkjas, MlwPjtdrlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Jkmswirtd, A. (?0:0). _kgirius nurrknuauc flskgm8 Diw ti nrljtl nurrknuajr umkts ie stuflmt tdjt jakgm stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmt . Lmgalwiif, NI8 Aljf+Aljrm Prlss.

Jsslssclmts eir AljrmkmgGiif alssim flskgm ks nrktknja ti leelntkvl tljndkmg. Kt flplmfs, km kts kmktkja stjgl, im umflrstjmfkmgtdl eiaaiwkmg8

• Nimtlmt stjmfjrfs flekml wdjt ks ti ol tjugdt jt ljnd grjfl alvla.

• Prieknklmny (ir plreircjmnl) stjmfjrfs flekml wdjt sdiuaf ol jsslsslf jmf diw.

Km itdlr wirfs, prieknklmny stjmfjrfs flekml wdjt cjstlry ie tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs sdiuaf aiibakbl km tlrcs ie stuflmt oldjvkir.

Wdjt lfunjtirs djvl aljrmlf km rlnlmt yljrs ks tdjt djvkmg uperimt j naljr pknturl ie wdjt tdlsuccjtkvl jsslssclmt wkaa ol ks rlqukrlf km irflr ti kmeirc tdl flskgm ie kmfkvkfuja alssims. Kmitdlr wirfs, tljndlrs mllf ti tljnd wktd tdl lmf km ckmf . Wdlm tdly fi, tdlkr tljndkmg kscirl leelntkvl, jmf stuflmts jrl cirl akblay ti ol olttlr prlpjrlf eir tdl jsslssclmts.

Km jffktkim ti tdl succjtkvl jsslssclmt eir j umkt/cifual, tdlrl sdiuaf jasi ol muclriuseircjtkvl jsslssclmts ir nimtkmuius prigrlss cimktirkmg si tdjt tdl tljndlr bmiws lvlry fjy wdlrl ljnd ndkaf ks km dks ir dlr pjtd ti cjstlry ie tdl nimtlmt stjmfjrfs. _lsljrndlrs jrlekmfkmg tdjt eircjtkvl jsslssclmts jrl ejr cirl piwlreua km kcprivkmg stuflmt aljrmkmg tdjmsuccjtkvl jsslssclmts. Vdlkr purpisl ks mit si cund ti grjfl stuflmts‛ wirb, out ti kmeirctljndlr flnkskims joiut wdjt ti fi km tdl mlxt alssim ti lmsurl tdjt cjstlry ks jttjkmlf. \skmgrlsuats ie jsslssclmts ti pajm mlxt alssims ks wdjt ks njaalf fjtj-frkvlm flnkskim-cjbkmg .

Jmitdlr purpisl eir eircjtkvl jsslssclmts ks ti citkvjtl stuflmts. Wdlm tdly bmiw diw tdly jrlfikmg jmf jrl gkvlm jppriprkjtl suppirt, tdly tlmf ti plrslvlrl jmf cjbl prigrlss. _lsljrndjasi kmfknjtls tdjt slae-jsslssclmt ks akblay ti citkvjtl stuflmts jmf, tdus, kcprivl aljrmkmg.

Dlrltieirl, oleirl tdl wimflrs ie ciflrm tlndmiaigy, nimstruntkmg tdisl jsslssclmts,jfckmkstlrkmg tdlc, ndlnbkmg tdl rlspimsls, trjnbkmg kmfkvkfuja stuflmt prigrlss, privkfkmgcuatkpal jmf vjrklf ippirtumktkls eir prjntknl, privkfkmg ljnd stuflmt wktd cljmkmgeua nirrlntkvlellfojnb, jmf tdlm rljsslsskmg jmf rl-lvjaujtkmg wlrl skcpay kcpisskoal km jacist jmy najssriic.Mi tljndlr djf lmiugd diurs km tdl fjy ti nicpaltl jaa tdisl tjsbs. MlwPjtd bmlw jt tdl imsltie tdlkr flskgm ie nurrknuauc prigrjcs tdl kcpirtjmnl ie jsslssclmt, si tdly jrl lcolfflf km ljndprifunt. Vljndlrs cjy usl sicl eir fkjgmisks ir prl-tljndkmg ti fltlrckml wdjt tdl stuflmtsjarljfy bmiw. Jt itdlr tkcls tdl cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf eir prjntknl jmf rlvklw jmf/ir eirstuflmts‛ slae-jsslssclmt. Cjmy tljndlrs wkaa wjmt ti usl tdl cjtlrkjas eir nimtkmuius prigrlsscimktirkmg. Jmf sicl ie tdl jntkvktkls njm slrvl js succjtkvl jsslssclmts eir tdl umkt/cifualprlvkiusay tjugdt.

J ?004 stufy lxpairlf ‑uskmg j tljndkmg jpprijnd tdjt jttlcpts ti ojajmnl tlst prlpjrjtkim wktdnrljtkmg —tljndjoal ciclmts‛ eir stuflmts– (Oriwm). Dl uslf ‑j slqulmnl ie jsslssclmts tikmtrifunl tipkns tdriugd eircjtkvl jsslssclmt km irflr ti kflmtkey stuflmts‛ umflrstjmfkmg,– jmftdlm olgjm kmstruntkim ‑ojslf im jm lvjaujtkim ie stuflmts‛ bmiwalfgl jmf jatlrmjtkvlnimnlptkims.– Dl eiumf tdjt ‑uskmg jsslssclmts js j plfjgigknja tiia privkflf tdl tljndlr jmippirtumkty ti ksiajtl stuflmts‛ aljrmkmg km tdrll jrljs8 (:) nimnlptuja umflrstjmfkmg, (?) jmjayskssbkaas, jmf (>) usl ie snklmnl fksniursl.– Dks nimnauskim wjs tdjt ‑siumf najssriic kmstruntkim jmfprlpjrjtkim eir tlstkmg jrl mit cutujaay lxnauskvl.–


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Km tdl ieeknkja pisktkim stjtlclmt im lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl puoaksdlf oy tdl M^VJ, tdlrl ks jslntkim im jsslssclmt rlnicclmfjtkims8

• Jsslssclmt cust ol jm lsslmtkja nicpimlmt ie jm lalclmtjry snklmnl prigrjc.

• Jsslssclmt cust ol jakgmlf wktd

i Wdjt ks ie vjaul (k.l., tdl prioalc-siavkmg cifla ie kmstruntkim8 nimnlpt jppaknjtkim,kmqukry, jmf prinlss sbkaas).

i Vdl nurrknuajr iohlntkvls jmf kmstruntkimja cifl.

i Vdl purpisl eir wdknd kt wjs kmtlmflf8 grjfkmg, fkjgmisks, stuflmt jmf/ir pjrlmtellfojnb, ir prigrjc lvjaujtkim.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapJ cjhir strlmgtd ie tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas ks jttlmtkim ti tdl kcpirtjmnl ie jsslssclmt,wdltdlr eir kmfkvkfuja stuflmts, scjaa griups, ir tdl wdial najss. MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas

djvl j wkfl vjrklty ie stjmfjrfs-ojslf jsslssclmts tdjt jrl usleua jmf tkclsjvkmg ti tljndlrs eirtdlkr euaa rjmgl ie jsslssclmt rlspimskokaktkls. Vdly kmnaufl, km glmlrja, tdl eiaaiwkmg8

• prl-jsslssclmts ti kflmtkey wdjt stuflmts jarljfy bmiw joiut j tipkn2

• fkjgmistkn jsslssclmts ti kflmtkey stuflmt strlmgtds jmf wljbmlssls rlajtkmg ti tdljsslsslf tipkns2

• nimtkmuius-prigrlss cimktirkmg ti cljsurl aljrmkmg js j stuflmt civls tdriugd jumkt/cifual2

• stuflmts‛ slae-jsslssclmts ti alt tdlc bmiw diw tdly jrl fikmg2

• cirl eircja, tljndlr-suplrvkslf eircjtkvl jsslssclmts ti fltlrckml cjstlry ie prlrlquksktl sbkaas oleirl civkmg eirwjrf2 jmf

• succjtkvl jsslssclmts eir j umkt-cifual.

Eiaaiwkmg ks j succjry ie tdl splnkekn jsslssclmts lcolfflf km tdl ekvl MlwPjtd prifunts.

Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls. Ljnd gjcl kmnaufls stjmfjrfs-ojslf qulstkims, irgjmkzlf oy tipkn. Pajykmg tdl gjclprivkfls prjntknl/ rlpltktkim im nimnlpts (kmnaufkmgvinjouajry) jmf prinlfurja bmiwalfgl. Paus, tljndlrioslrvjtkim ie stuflmts‛ plreircjmnl js tdly pajy jmftljndlr rlvklw ie stuflmt snirls jrl jasi nimtkmuiusprigrlss cimktirkmg. ^tuflmts mllfkmg cirl tkcl im tjsbeir prjntknl cjy pajy tdl sjcl gjcl cuatkpal tkcls.

Eakp Ndjrts. Vljndlrs wkaa usl tdl Eakp Ndjrts ti kmtrifunl jmf/irrlvklw bly stjmfjrfs-ojslf nimnlpts jmf prinlfurja bmiwalfgl wktdtdl wdial najss ir wktd j griup. ^tuflmt rlspimsls ti tdl jntkvktkls im

tdl rlvlrsl skfl ie ljnd pjgl njm ol uslf js j bkmf ie eircjtkvljsslssclmt ti cimktir stuflmt umflrstjmfkmg.

Kmfkvkfuja stuflmts njm usl tdl Eakp Ndjrts eir kmflplmflmt aljrmkmg,prjntknl, rlvklw, jmf slae-lvjaujtkim. Vdly cjy jasi ol jaaiwlf ti rlelrti tdlc wdlm pajykmg tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls.

Vdl Jntkvkty Gukfl kmnaufls muclrius jntkvktkls tdjt tljndlrs njm uslti ndlnb umflrstjmfkmg, lktdlr kmfkvkfujaay, km griups, ir eir tdlwdial najss.



i ^tuflmts njm nimfunt slae-jsslssclmt uskmg ‑_lvklw tdl Zukz,– ‑_ltjbl tdl Zukz– ir‑Prkmt tdl Zukz.– Vdly njm jasi slalnt jmf pajy gjcls, jntkvktkls, wirbsdllts, jmf qukzzlseir prjntknl jmf slae-jsslssclmt.

i Vljndlrs cjy cimktir stuflmt prigrlss oy naknbkmg im tdl ‑^tuflmt Prigrlss _lpirts.–_lpirts kmnaufl

• jaa najss jvlrjgls oy stuflmt2

• najss jvlrjgls oy suohlnt jmf tipkn2

• najss jvlrjgls oy stuflmt, suohlnt, jmf tipkn2 jmf• stuflmt jvlrjgls oy suohlnt jmf tipkn.

Vdlsl fjtj cjy ol uslf

• ti fltlrckml wdltdlr rl-tljndkmg ie j nimnlpt ks mlnlssjry jmf, ke si, eir wdic tdlwdial najss9 j scjaa griup9 ir jm kmfkvkfuja stuflmt9

• ti kmfknjtl wdknd stuflmts mllf cirl prjntknl jmf rlpltktkim2

• ti privkfl kmeircjtkim ti j tutir ir kmtlrvlmtkim tljndlr joiut j stuflmt‛s mllfs ir eir tdltutir ir kmtlrvlmtkim tljndlr ti privkfl kmeircjtkim ojnb ti tdl najssriic tljndlr2

• ti privkfl kmeircjtkim ti pjrlmts joiut stuflmt prigrlss2

• ti ol uslf js stuflmt grjfls jmf/ir js succjtkvl rlpirts ti pjrlmts2 jmf

• ti kmeirc prigrjc lvjaujtkim.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im jsslssclmts ie jaa bkmfs, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Okg Pknturl.

Jkmswirtd, A. (?0:0). _kgirius nurrknuauc flskgm8 Diw ti nrljtl nurrknuajr umkts ie stufy tdjt jakgm stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmt. Lmgalwiif, NI8 Aljf+Aljrm Prlss. (^lllsplnkjaay Ndjptlr :?.)

Oriwm, O. J. (?004). Jsslssclmt jmf jnjflckn kflmtkty8 \skmg lcolfflf jsslssclmt js jm kmstruclmt eir jnjflckn sinkjakzjtkim km snklmnl lfunjtkim . Vljndlrs Niaalgl _lnirf, ::08?::5-?:67.

Clrnlr, N. F. & Clrnlr, J. _. (?00<). Vljndkmg stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg prioalcs (7td lf.) .\pplr ^jffal _kvlr, MH8 Pljrsim. (^ll lsplnkjaay Ndjptlr >, ‑Jsslsskmg ^tuflmts eirKmstruntkim.)

Mjtkimja ^nklmnl Vljndlrs Jssinkjtkim (?00?). Ieeknkja Pisktkim8 Lalclmtjry ^ndiia ^nklmnl .Jrakmgtim, UJ8 M^VJ.

_llvls, F. O. (:;;4). Cjbkmg stjmfjrfs wirb8 Diw ti kcpalclmt stjmfjrfs-ojslf jsslssclmts km tdl najssriic, sndiia, jmf fkstrknt . Flmvlr, NI8 Nlmtlr eir PlreircjmnlJsslssclmt. (^ll Ndjptlrs 6-<, ;.)

Wkggkms, G. & CnVkgdl (:;;4). \mflrstjmfkmg oy flskgm . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Eircjtkvl Jsslssclmt jmf Nimtkmuius Prigrlss Cimktirkmg

Nittim, B. (?000). Vdl sndiiakmg prjntknls tdjt cjttlr cist . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll pp. :?-:>.)

Cjrzjmi, _. H. (?0:0). Eircjtkvl jsslssclmt jmf stjmfjrfs-ojslf grjfkmg . Oaiickmgtim, KM8îautkim Vrll.

Miynl, P. L. & Dknbly, F. V. (?0::). Mlw erimtklrs km eircjtkvl jsslssclmt . Njcorkfgl, CJ8Djrvjrf Lfunjtkim Prlss.



Pjsdalr, D., Ojkm, P., Oittgl, O., Grjlsslr, J., Bilfkmglr, B., CnFjmkla, C., & Cltnjael, H.(?007). Irgjmkzkmg kmstruntkim jmf stufy ti kcprivl stuflmt aljrmkmg (MNL_ ?007-?006).Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Nlmtlr eir Lfunjtkim _lsljrnd, Kmstktutl ie Lfunjtkim ^nklmnls,\.^. Flpjrtclmt ie Lfunjtkim. (^ll _lnicclmfjtkim <8 \sl qukzzkmg ti pricitl aljrmkmg._lsljrnd suppirts tljndlrs‛ usl ie prl-tlstkmg ir fkjgmisks jmf tdlm nimtkmuius prigrlsscimktirkmg.)

Pipdjc, W. H. (?004). Vrjmseircjtkvl jsslssclmt. Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Wiael, C. H. (?00<). \skmg jsslssclmt ti suppirt aljrmkmg (pp. :77-:;<). Km ^. Wjgmlr (Lf.),P_KCL. Idki Flpjrtclmt ie Lfunjtkim. (Vdks lxnlaalmt fksnusskim ie eircjtkvl jsslssclmt ksstrimgay rlnicclmflf. Vdl eiaaiwkmg quitjtkim eric tdl finuclmt wkaa tlaa yiu wdy.‑Vljndkmg wktdiut jsslsskmg ks akbl frkvkmg wktd yiur lyls naislf. Bmiwkmg wdlm ti stip jmfwdlm ti prinllf, mitknkmg wjrmkmg skgms, jmf jvikfkmg iostjnals jrl jaa bly nicpimlmts tisunnlsseua tljndkmg jmf sjel frkvkmg. Lvlryiml ks jwjrl ie tdl kcpirtjmnl ie rlja tkclellfojnb wdkal frkvkmg, out mit lvlryiml umflrstjmfs tdl kcpirtjmnl ie rlja tkcl jsslssclmtkm kmstruntkim.– Ndlnb wktd yiur iwm stjtl flpjrtclmt ie lfunjtkim ti sll ke tdlrl jrl skckajrfinuclmts tdjt njm ol ie jsskstjmnl ti tljndlrs km pajmmkmg diw ti flskgm, jfckmkstlr, jmflvjaujtl jsslssclmts.)

^lae-Jsslssclmt

Gajsslr, W. (:;;0). Vdl qujakty sndiia8 Cjmjgkmg stuflmts wktdiut nilrnkim . Mlw [irb, M[8Djrplr jmf _iw. (Gajsslr ks j cjhir jfvinjtl eir tdl kcpirtjmnl ie slae-jsslssclmt.)

Alssim FlskgmJmf sicl sjy tljndkmg ksm‛t rinblt snklmnl! Iml mllfs imay ti rlvklw jarljfy km tdlsl pjgls tdljciumt ie bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaa tdjt j tljndlr ks rlqukrlf ti djvl km irflr ti pjrtknkpjtl js jmlxplrt km nurrknuauc pajmmkmg, jmf dl ir sdl wkaa sll tdl nicpalxkty. Oleirl j skmgal alssim ksflskgmlf, tdl tljndlr cust tdiriugday bmiw jmf umflrstjmf tdl nimtlmt jmf prieknklmnystjmfjrfs tdjt gukfl flnkskims im wdjt ti tljnd. ^dl djs jarljfy, js wlaa, cjfl lxplrt flnkskimsim wdjt tdl fkjgmistkn, eircjtkvl, slae-lvjaujtkvl, jmf succjtkvl jsslssclmts wkaa ol sitdjt sdl bmiws wdy sdl ks cjbkmg tdl flnkskims sdl ks cjbkmg joiut alssim flskgm, ndiknl ie cjtlrkjas, jmf slalntkim ie kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls . Vii, olnjusl dlr ekrst hio ks stuflmtioslrvjtkim, sdl djs ti ol rljfy ti ndjmgl niursl quknbay ke tdl flnkskims sdl cjfl jrl mit djvkmgtdl leelnt rlqukrlf, ke stuflmts jrl mit aljrmkmg.

Ke tljndkmg ks rinblt snklmnl, tdlm alssim pajms jrl tdl rinblt‛s ajumnd jmf cksskim pajms. Alssimpajms sicltkcls njrleuaay rlealnt tdl ‑fkrlnt kmstruntkim– cifla. îcl sll tdks cifla js oldjvkirkstjmf jrl nrktknja ke tdly jrl jcimg tdisl wdi suppirt ‑nimstruntkvkst– alssims . Vdl trutd ks tdjt tdltljndlr cust ol tdl cjstlr ie oitd jpprijndls jmf usl tdlc sicltkcls slpjrjtlay, jmfsicltkcls oalmflf, flplmfkmg upim tdl alssim ti ol tjugdt. Vdlrl jrl fkstkmnt jfvjmtjgls jmfjppriprkjtlmlss eir ljnd jpprijnd, out mi giif tljndlr usls imay iml. ^jfay, cjmy lfunjtirs djvlollm njugdt up km tdl cjtd wjrs, jmf tdly wirry tdjt fkrlnt kmstruntkim ivlr-lcpdjskzls

ejnt/jagirktdc jnquksktkim jt tdl lxplmsl ie umflrstjmfkmg nimnlpts fllpay, wdknd ks cirl akblay tidjpplm wktd j nimstruntkvkst alssim. Itdlrs wirry tdjt tdl ivlr-lcpdjsks ie nimstruntkvksc kgmirlstdl nrktknja kcpirtjmnl ie ejnt/jagirktdc eaulmny jmf tdjt stuflmts fi mit fllpay aljrm nimnlpts irolnicl jflpt jt prioalc siavkmg ke tdly fi mit jasi jnqukrl eaulmt prinlfurja bmiwalfgl. Giifprjntknl ks erlqulmtay siclwdlrl km tdl ckffal ie tdl lxtrlcl pikmts ie vklw.

Jmitdlr flojtl ks im wdknd cifla ti usl wktd wdknd stuflmts. Jgjkm, jaa stuflmts mllf oitdjpprijndls. îcl stuflmts, diwlvlr, struggal ti aljrm eir j vjrklty ie rljsims. Wdkal siclstuflmts cjy quknbay jnqukrl eaulmny, itdlrs cjy rlqukrl j dumfrlf ir cirl rlpltktkims oleirl tdly jnqukrl juticjtknkty. Eirnkmg tdlc ti civl eirwjrf oleirl tdly djvl eaulmny wkaa fiic tdlc tiejkaurl. ^tuflmts wktdiut eaulmny (rjpkf jmf jnnurjtl rlnjaa), eir lxjcpal, usl up jaa tdlkr wirbkmg


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/teacher-guide-for-science-grades-3-5 41/73>;

clciry km rlclcolrkmg, aljvkmg mi tkcl eir prioalc siavkmg. Vdly jrl lrrir-priml olnjusl tdly djvl ti cjmujaay fi tdl iplrjtkims js quknbay js pisskoal wdkal tdlkr pllrs imay djvl ti quknbay rlnjaa tdl jmswlr. Vdlsl struggakmg stuflmts jrl tdl imls wdi mlvlr glt tdlkr wirb fiml js quknbay js itdlrs, jmf tdly fim‛t ekmksd tdl tlst. Vdly olnicl si erustrjtlf tdjt tdly gkvl up jmf qukt.Eirnkmg tdlc kmti j nimstruntkvkst alssim rlqukrkmg j alvla ie prkir bmiwalfgl oleirl tdly jrl rljfy ks mit jppriprkjtl. Jt tdl sjcl tkcl tljndlrs cust mit wktddiaf eric tdlc jppriprkjtlnimstruntkvkst kmstruntkim eir fllp umflrstjmfkmg ie tdl nrktknja snklmnl nimnlpts. Jnnirfkmg titdl M^VJ, jm jppriprkjtl snklmnl alssim wiuaf kmnaufl j oalmflf jpprijnd

• nimnlpt jppaknjtkim• kmqukry

• prinlss sbkaas

Vdl iutakml ie j giif alssim, rlgjrfalss ie tdl strjtlgkls ti ol uslf, ks js eiaaiws8

• Iplmkmg8 _lvklw prlvkius alssim. Dlap stuflmts jnnlss tdl prkir bmiwalfgl tdjt tdly djvl km irflr ti fi wlaa km tdl alssim ie tdl fjy. ^tjtl naljray tdl aljrmkmg gija eir tdl fjy jmf rlajtl kt ti tdl ivlrjaa gija ie tdl umkt/cifual. Vljnd vinjouajry tdjt wkaa olmlnlssjry eir umflrstjmfkmg. Privkfl jfvjmnl irgjmkzlrs js jppriprkjtl.

• \sl jppriprkjtl strjtlgkls eir tljndkmg nimnlpts jmf eir tljndkmg prinlfurja bmiwalfgl.Eir prinlfurls, cifla tdl flskrlf oldjvkir. Vdlm djvl stuflmts plreirc jaimg wktd yiu.Ndlnb eir umflrstjmfkmg.

• Privkfl ippirtumktkls eir gukflf prjntknl (nimtkmuius prigrlss cimktirkmg), gkvkmgkcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb. ^tuflmts sdiuaf ol plreirckmg wlaa km gukflf prjntknloleirl kmflplmflmt prjntknl ks rlqukrlf (sund js diclwirb).

• Naiskmg8 _lvklw tdl jnnicpaksdclmts ie tdl alssim. Prlvklw tdl gija ie tdl mlxt alssim.Jsskgm kmflplmflmt prjntknl.

• Privkfl ippirtumktkls eir kmflplmflmt prjntknl (km najss jmf/ir js diclwirb), wdknd ks, kmrljakty, j bkmf ie eircjtkvl jsslssclmt.

• Jsslss prigrlss jmf rl-tljnd js mlnlssjry (wdial najss, scjaa griups, ir kmfkvkfujas).

Kt ks kcpirtjmt ti mitl tdjt j alssim cjy tjbl cirl tdjm iml najss plrkif tinicpaltl. Jm lmtkrl najss plrkif ir cirl ckgdt ol rlqukrlf hust eirlxpajmjtkims jmf ciflakmg oleirl gukflf prjntknl, jmf nlrtjkmay oleirlkmflplmflmt prjntknl. Gukflf prjntknl jmf tdlm kmflplmflmt prjntknl sdiuaf ol fkrlntay rlajtlf ti tdl prieknklmny stjmfjrfs jmf sdiuaf olprlpjrkmg stuflmts eir sunnlss im tdl succjtkvl plreircjmnl tjsbs.

Cirl kmeircjtkim joiut tdl flskgm ie alssims njm ol eiumf km Gjtti‛s (?00;)Nlmtlrkmg tdl Najssriic8 ^unnlsseua \sl ie Aljrmkmg Nlmtlrs km tdl Najssriic (pp. :6-:4).

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap_ljflrs jrl rlckmflf tdjt Ndjptlr K kmnaufls j tjoal, ‑\sl ie MlwPjtd Cjtlrkjas km Ljnd^tjgl ie tdl Alssim Flskgm.– ^ugglstkims jrl privkflf im wdknd MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas jrl

jppriprkjtl eir ljnd pdjsl ie tdl alssim.

Oitd tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg kmnaufl sugglstlf alssim pajmsjmf tiias eir tdl nrljtkim ie alssim pajms tdjt njm ol sjvlf, prkmtlf, lfktlf eir rl-usl, jmf cjfljnnlsskoal ti stuflmts jmf tdlkr pjrlmts. Vljndlrs cjy usl rjmfic slalntkim ie jntkvktkls oy tipkn,ir tdly njm slalnt prlnkslay diw cjmy qulstkims jmf wdknd splnkekn qulstkims tdly wksd ti kmnauflkm nustickzlf jntkvktkls/qukzzls.



Vljndlrs jrl lmniurjglf ti olnicl sbkaalf km tdl usl ie tdlsl tiias, eir tdly iplm up cjmy ippirtumktkls eir stuflmt aljrmkmg. Alssim pajms njm ol nrljtlf eir kmfkvkfuja stuflmts, eirstuflmts km scjaa griups wktd skckajr mllfs, ir eir tdl wdial najss.

Vljndlrs njm ella nimekflmt tdjt tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas kmnaufl j ojajmnlf jpprijnd nivlrkmgoitd nimnlptuja jmf prinlfurja bmiwalfgl.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im alssim flskgm, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Jkmswirtd, A. (?0:0). _kgirius nurrknuauc flskgm8 Diw ti nrljtl nurrknuajr umkts ie stufy tdjt jakgm stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmt . Lmgalwiif, NI8 Aljf+Aljrm Prlss. (^llNdjptlr :5.)

Njwlatk, G. (Lf.) (:;;;). Djmfoiib ie rlsljrnd im kcprivkmg stuflmt jndklvlclmt . Jrakmgtim,UJ8 Lfunjtkimja _lsljrnd ^lrvknl. (^ll p. :6.)

Laaks, J. B. & Eiuts, H. V. (:;;7). _lsljrnd im lfunjtkimja kmmivjtkims (?mf lf.) . Ajrndcimt,M[8 Lyl im Lfunjtkim.

Gjgmim, G. W., & Niaajy, C. (?00:). Flskgmkmg eir aljrmkmg8 ^kx lalclmts km nimstruntkvkst najssriics . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.

Djttkl, H. (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _iutalfgl. (^ll pp. ?5-?;, ?06-?07, ?:7-?:4, ?6>-?66.)

Bkrsndmlr, P. J., ^wlaalr, H., & Najrb, _. L. (?005). Wdy ckmkcja gukfjmnl furkmg kmstruntkimfils mit wirb8 Jm jmjaysks ie tdl ejkaurl ie nimstruntkvkst, fksnivlry, prioalc-ojslf,lxplrklmtkja, jmf kmqukry-ojslf tljndkmg. Lfunjtkimja Psyndiaigkst , 6:(?), 7<-45.

Clrnlr, N. F. & Clrnlr, J. _. (?00<). Vljndkmg stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg prioalcs (7td lf.) .\pplr ^jffal _kvlr, MH8 Pljrsim.

^iusj, F. J. (?00:). Diw tdl splnkja mllfs orjkm aljrms . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss,Kmn.



Vdl tljndlr‛s slalntkims ie rlsljrnd-ojslf kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls jrl, plrdjps, dlr cist kcpirtjmt(jmf nrljtkvl) flnkskims. Vdlsl flnkskims djvl ti ol cjfl bllpkmg tdl wdial najss km ckmf, js wlaajs tdl mllfs ie kmfkvkfuja stuflmts, lsplnkjaay tdisl wdi jrl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf, wdijrl mit ylt prieknklmt km Lmgaksd, jmf/ir wdi djvl aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls jmf tdisl wdi jrlgketlf/tjalmtlf. Jwlsicl rlspimskokaktkls! Kmstruntkimja strjtlgy flnkskims jrl wdjt j rinblt sdkpniccjmflr fils lvlry fjy km eakgdt ti lmsurl tdl sunnlss ie tdl cksskim. Vdly jrl, tdlrleirl, tdleula tdjt piwlrs nurrknuauc flakvlry jmf tdl eula tdjt piwlrs stuflmt aljrmkmg olnjusl, km pjrt,tdly jrl naislay nimmlntlf ti tdl rlajtkimsdkp tdjt j tljndlr djs wktd dlr stuflmts.

Vdl eiaaiwkmg kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls rlealnt tdl ekmfkmgs ie snklmtkekn stufkls, kmnaufkmg tdisl ericlfunjtkim, nigmktkvl psyndiaigy, jmf mlurisnklmnl. Vdlkr kmnirpirjtkim kmti umkt/alssim flskgmsprlfknt dkgdlr alvlas ie stuflmt aljrmkmg , jmf, jetlr jaa, civkmg mlw aljrmkmg kmti aimg-tlrcclciry ks tdl gija ie jaa kmstruntkim.

Vkcl-im-VjsbIml ie tdl cist stufklf jmf iaflst tipkns ie lfunjtkim rlsljrnd suppirts tdl iovkius8 tdjt tdlcirl tkcl tdjt stuflmts splmf stufykmg, itdlr tdkmgs olkmg lquja, tdl cirl tdly aljrm (Njwlatk,:;;;). Lfunjtirs djvl aljrmlf, diwlvlr, tdjt tkcl jaiml cjy mit rlsuat km dkgdlr alvlas ie aljrmkmg.

Vdl tkcl cust rlealnt lfunjtkimja gijas, jmf stuflmts cust ol lmgjglf.

Clrnlr jmf Clrnlr (?00<) symtdlskzl tdl rlsljrnd im lmgjglf tkcl-im-tjsb js eiaaiws8

Vdl ekmfkmg tdjt jnjflckn aljrmkmg tkcl ks rlajtlf pisktkvlay ti cirl stuflmt aljrmkmg ksnimskstlmt km tdl rlsljrnd eir oitd glmlrja lfunjtkim stuflmts jmf stuflmts wktd aljrmkmgprioalcs. Vi eistlr j pisktkvl jmf prifuntkvl aljrmkmg lmvkrimclmt, stuflmts sdiuaf splmfjs cund tkcl js pisskoal lmgjglf km cljmkmgeua jnjflckn tjsbs.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapGkvlm tdl vjrklty ie MlwPjtd prifunts, tdlrl jrl cyrkjfs ie wjys tdjt tljndlrs njm usltdlc ti lxtlmf lmgjglf aljrmkmg tkcl8

• ^tuflmts njm pajy tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls ir usl tdl ^nklmnl Uksuja AljrmkmgGukfls oleirl sndiia olgkms ljnd cirmkmg.

• Vljndlrs njm usl tdl gjcl qulstkim njrfs js eajsd njrfs, Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls, ImakmlAljrmkmg jntkvktkls, ir Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jntkvktkls js spimgl jntkvktkls tilmgjgl stuflmts wdkal tdly tjbl njrl ie tdlkr jfckmkstrjtkvl rlspimskokaktkls. Vdlsl sjcljntkvktkls njm ol uslf eir ndkafrlm wdi ekmksd tdlkr wirb ljray.

• Vdl ^nklmnl Eakp Ndjrts njm ol uslf ti rlvklw nimnlpts prlvkiusay tjugdt jmf ti jsskststuflmts km rlnjaakmg ojnbgriumf bmiwalfgl tdjt ks prlrlquksktl eir tdl fjy‛s alssim.

• ^tuflmts wdi djvl jarljfy aljrmlf j nimnlpt njm ol jsskgmlf jntkvktkls eric ImakmlAljrmkmg, eric tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC, tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl, ir tdlUksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls ti privkfl prjntknl eir eaulmny wdkal tdl tljndlr wirbs wktd jscjaa griup ie stuflmts km tdl ojnb ie tdl najssriic. Vdl ^tufy-Griup Lfktkims ie tdlNurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls jrl jasi giif iptkims.

Ndjptlr KU. Kmstruntkimja ^trjtlgkls



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• Vdl tljndlr cjy wksd ti usl tdl Eakp Ndjrts,Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrts, jmf/ir UksujaAljrmkmg Gukfls ti rlvklw j nimnlpt wktd jscjaa griup ie stuflmts tdjt rlqukrls tutirkmgir rl-tljndkmg. ^dl cjy jasi wksd ti usl tdlEajsd Njrfs, Wirbsdllts, ir itdlr rlsiurnlseric Imakml Aljrmkmg ti lmsurl tdjt stuflmtsjrl im tdlkr wjy ti cjstlry..

• Kmtlrvlmtkim prigrjcs tdjt jff jffktkimjatkcl eir struggakmg stuflmts (sund js LÂ, Vktal K tutirkmg, jmf/ir ^plnkja Lfunjtkim)cjy jasi usl tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas,lsplnkjaay tdisl kmnirpirjtkmg rlvklw jntkvktkls, vjrklf prjntknl ippirtumktkls, tlstprlpjrjtkim, jmf nimtkmuius prigrlss cimktirkmg jsslssclmts. Ke rl-tljndkmg ks rlqukrlf,tdlm tdl Eakp Ndjrts, Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrts, Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls, Prlcjfl Alssims,jmf Vljndlr Nrljtlf Alssims wkaa ol dlapeua. Vdl ^tufy-griup Lfktkims ie tdl NurrknuaucCjstlry Gjcls jrl jasi giif iptkims.

• Jetlr-sndiia prigrjcs privkfl itdlr ippirtumktkls ti lxtlmf tkcl im tjsb. Flplmfkmg imstuflmt mllfs, jmy ie tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas cjy ol jppriprkjtl eir j ajrgl griup, scjaagriup, ir kmfkvkfuja stuflmt.

• ^tuflmts cjy ol jsskgmlf MlwPjtd jntkvktkls eir diclwirb ti lxtlmf lmgjglf aljrmkmgtkcl, eir kmflplmflmt prjntknl , jmf eir slae-jsslssclmt . Ke stuflmts djvl nicputlrjnnlss jt dicl ir laslwdlrl jetlr sndiia, tdlm tdl wdial rjmgl ie Imakml Aljrmkmg ksjvjkajoal ti tdlc. Ke mit, tdlm tljndlrs njm prkmt alssims, jntkvktkls, wirbsdllts, ltn. eirstuflmts ti nicpaltl jt dicl. Vdl Vjbl-Dicl Lfktkims ie tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjclscjy ol giif iptkims eir diclwirb.

• ûcclr sndiia prigrjcs privkfl lvlm cirl ippirtumktkls ti lxtlmf tkcl im tjsb.Flplmfkmg im stuflmt mllfs, jmy ie tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas cjy ol jppriprkjtl eir j ajrglgriup, scjaa griup, ir kmfkvkfuja stuflmt.

• Pjrlmts njm jasi jnnlss tdl Imakml Aljrmkmg sktl ti jssksttdlkr ndkaf km rlvklwkmg alssims, km cjbkmg up wirb ful tijoslmnls, km tutirkmg j ndkaf, km dlapkmg j ndkaf jndklvleaulmny, jmf lvlm km jfckmkstlrkmg j qukz ti ndlnb eirumflrstjmfkmg.

• MlwPjtd‛s Vjbl-Dicl Lfktkim ie tdl Nurrknuauc CjstlryGjcls (jvjkajoal slpjrjtlay) njm jasi lxtlmf aljrmkmg tkcl.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im tkcl-im-tjsb, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Njwlatk, G. (Lf.) (:;;;). Djmfoiib ie rlsljrnd im kcprivkmg stuflmt jndklvlclm t. Jrakmgtim,UJ8 Lfunjtkimja _lsljrnd ^lrvknl.

Nittim, B. (?000). Vdl sndiiakmg prjntknls tdjt cjttlr cist . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll pp. :0-:?.)

Djttkl, H. (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _iutalfgl.

Clrnlr, N. & Clrnlr, J. _. (?00<). Vljndkmg stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg prioalcs (7td lf.) . \pplr^jffal _kvlr, MH8 Pljrsim/Clrrkaa Prlmtknl Djaa.

Pjsdalr, D., Ojkm, P., Oittgl, O., Grjlsslr, J., Bilfkmglr, B., CnFjmkla, C. & Cltnjael, H.(?007). Irgjmkzkmg kmstruntkim jmf stufy ti kcprivl stuflmt aljrmkmg (MNL_ ?007-?006).Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Nlmtlr eir Lfunjtkim _lsljrnd, Kmstktutl ie Lfunjtkim ^nklmnls,\. ^. Flpjrtclmt ie Lfunjtkim. (^ll _lnicclmfjtkim 5, pp. 60-6:.)



Cuatk-^lmsiry Prinlsskmg ^trjtlgklsCuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg strjtlgkls jrl jgjkm jmf jgjkm vjakfjtlf js piwlreua kmstruntkim oy tdlrlsljrnd ie nigmktkvl snklmtksts, mluriokiaigksts, akmguksts, jmf itdlr lxplrts wdi stufy diw plipalaljrm, rlclcolr, rltrklvl, jmf jppay bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas. Vdly jrl, jnnirfkmg ti Clrnlr jmfClrnlr (?00<), ‑ojslf im tdl prlcksl tdjt sicl stuflmts aljrm olst wdlm nimtlmt ks prlslmtlf kmslvlrja cifjaktkls. Cuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg usls cuatkpal alvlas ie prinlsskmg si tdjt aljrmkmg ksrltjkmlf jmf si tdjt kt njm ol rltrklvlf, rlgjrfalss ie tdl slmsiry cifjakty km wdknd kt wjs irkgkmjaay lmniflf.

Vdl piwlr ie cuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg strjtlgkls, km nimhumntkim wktd prjntknl/rlpltktkim lxlrnksls,ks tdjt tdly strlmgtdlm wljb mlurja pjtdwjys jmf oukaf mlw imls ti nicplmsjtl wdlm j mlurjapjtdwjy ks joslmt ir fjcjglf. Bjmfla (?005), tdl Miola Prkzl wkmmlr, lxpajkms8

. . . orjkm nkrnuktry djs j oukat-km rlfumfjmny. Cjmy slmsiry, citir, jmf nigmktkvl eumntkims jrl slrvlf oy cirl tdjm iml mlurja pjtdwjy tdl sjcl kmeircjtkim prinlsslf skcuatjmliusay jmf km pjrjaala km fkeelrlmt rlgkims ie tdl orjkm. Wdlm iml rlgkim ir pjtdwjy ks fjcjglf, itdlrs cjy ol joal ti nicplmsjtl, jt aljst pjrtkjaay, eir tdl aiss.

_lsljrnd im tdl leeknjny ie cuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg strjtlgkls djs ollm oukafkmg eir jacist jnlmtury. Vdlsl strjtlgkls jrl sicltkcls flsnrkolf uskmg itdlr ajolas. ^tlpdlm Brjsdlm ks jmjfvinjtl eir wdjt dl njaas ‑nicprldlmskoal kmput,– jmf itdlrs usl tdl tlrc ‑mimakmgukstknlmnifkmg.– Kcpirtjmtay, cuatk-slmsiry jpprijndls ti kmstruntkim jrl mit tdl sjcl js aljrmkmgstyals. Kmstljf ie jnniccifjtkmg j stuflmt‛s si-njaalf aljrmkmg prlelrlmnl (j aljrmkmg styaljpprijnd), cuatk-slmsiry strjtlgkls jrl privkflf ti jaa stuflmts si tdjt lmnifkmg innurs kmcuatkpal cifjaktkls , mit km hust tdl iml jm kmfkvkfuja stuflmt cjy prlelr. Cuatk-slmsiry kmstruntkim ks, tdlrleirl, iml ie tdl cist piwlreua tljndkmg/aljrmkmg strjtlgkls.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd nimsnkiusay kmnirpirjtlf cuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg strjtlgkls km tdl flskgm ie ljnd ie kts prifunts. Jufktiry, vksuja, jmf bkmlstdltkn cifjaktkls, jt j ckmkcuc,

jrl lcpaiylf km ljnd alssim.

Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls• Vdl tljndlr‛s irja kmstruntkim jmf fkrlntkims privkfl jufktiry stkcuajtkim, js fi stuflmts‛

rljfkmg ie tdl gjcl qulstkims jmf privkfkmg jmswlrs js tdl gjcl civls eirwjrf.

• Vdl gjcl‛s qulstkims jrl jnnicpjmklf oy frjwkmgs km orkgdt niairs, tdlrloy privkfkmgvksuja stkcuajtkim. Gjcl oijrfs jrl jasi orkgdtay niairlf jmf kaaustrjtlf.

• ^tuflmts gjtdlr km j nkrnal, jsslcoal tdl gjcl, riaa j fkl, civl j gjcl pklnl, pknb upnjrfs jmf tdlm pajnl tdlc jt tdl oittic ie tdl stjnb, wrktl fiwm tdlkr snirls, jmf rlpajnltdl gjcl pklnls km tdl oix jaa bkmlstdltkn/tjntkal jntkvktkls.

Eakp Ndjrts

• Vdl tljndlr‛s irja kmstruntkim jmf fkrlntkims privkfl jufktiry stkcuajtkim.

• Ljnd Eakp Ndjrt kaaustrjtls tdl tjrgltlf snklmnl nimnlpt wktd niaireuafrjwkmgs, skcuajtkims ie cjmkpuajtkvls, ejnt tjoals, ltn., privkfkmg vksujastkcuajtkim.

• Vljndlrs njm kmnirpirjtl bkmlstdltkn stkcuajtkim km tdl Eakp Ndjrtjntkvkty oy jsbkmg stuflmts ti nicl eirwjrf jmf pikmt ti jm kaaustrjtkim,ti rjksl tdlkr djmfs ke tdly umflrstjmf ir djvl j qulstkim, ti tjbl mitlsir wrktl tdl prioalcs eir siautkim im tdlkr iwm pjplr, ltn. Ke tdl Eakp Ndjrtks uslf wktd jm kmfkvkfuja stuflmt ir wktd scjaa griups ie stuflmts tjbkmg turms,jmswlrs ti qulstkims jrl wrkttlm im tdl ojnbskfl ie ljnd ndjrt jmf tdlm lrjslf eirrl-usl, privkfkmg jmitdlr ippirtumkty eir bkmlstdltkn stkcuajtkim.



Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls

• Vdl tljndlr‛s irja kmstruntkim jmf fkrlntkimsprivkfl jufktiry stkcuajtkim.

• Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfl lmjoals stuflmtsti vksujakzl cjtdlcjtknja kfljs, cjbkmgtdlc slck-nimnrltl. ^tuflmtsflvlaipclmtjaay civl eric nimnrltl(cjmkpuajtkvls), ti slck-nimnrltl (flpkntkims

ie tdl nimnrltl, sund js frjwkmgs,kaaustrjtkims, fkjgrjcs, ir pditigrjpds), jmftdlm ti tdl jostrjnt (cjtdlcjtknja mitjtkimsir mucolrs jmf skgms). Vdl Uksuja AljrmkmgGukfls privkfl piwlreua stlps tiwjrf stuflmts‛ jnquksktkim ie jostrjnt umflrstjmfkmgs.Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls jrl kaaustrjtlf km orkgdt niairs jmf jttrjntkvl ajyiuts eir tdlnimnlpt rlvklw, tdl prjntknl lxlrnksls, jmf tdl wirbsdllt/qukz im tdl ojnb.

• Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls jasi rlqukrl bkmlstdltkn stkcuajtkim. ^tuflmts wrktl jmswlrs titdl prjntknl qulstkims jmf tdl wirbsdllt/qukz. Vdly jasi wrktl tdl flekmktkims eir tdltjrgltlf vinjouajry wirfs/pdrjsls jmf frjw jm lxjcpal, kaaustrjtkim, ir mucolr prioalc tiflpknt tdl cljmkmgs. Vdlsl pjgls, skckajr ti tdl Eakp Ndjrts, jrl jasi lrjsjoal eir rl-usl.

Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC

• Vdl tljndlr‛s kmstruntkim jmf fkrlntkims privkfl jufktirystkcuajtkim.

• Jaa ie tdl qulstkims jmf jntkvktkls im tdl NF-_IC usl tdlsjcl kaaustrjtkims, frjwkmg, fkjgrjcs, ir pditigrjpdsuslf km tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls, privkfkmg vksujastkcuajtkim.

• ^tuflmts usl tdl ciusl jmf blyoijrf eir kmput, ir tdly wrktl jmswlrs im prkmtiuts, privkfkmg bkmlstdltknstkcuajtkim ti tdl aljrmkmg jntkvkty.

Imakml Aljrmkmg

• Vdl tljndlr‛s kmstruntkim jmf fkrlntkims privkfl jufktiry stkcuajtkim.

• Jaa tdl jntkvktkls kmnirpirjtl tdl niaireua kaaustrjtkims, frjwkmgs, fkjgrjcs, ir pditigrjpdsuslf km tdl djrf-nipy cjtlrkjas, privkfkmg vksuja stkcuajtkim.

• ^tuflmts usl tdl ciusl, blyoijrf, ir tdly wrktl im prkmtiuts ti nicpaltl tdl jntkvktkls,privkfkmg bkmlstdltkn stkcuajtkim.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im cuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg strjtlgkls, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Lrajulr, A. (?00>). Vdl orjkm-nicpjtkoal najssriic8 \skmg wdjt wl bmiw joiut aljrmkmg ti

kcprivl tljndkmg . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Bjmfla, L. _. (?005). Km sljrnd ie clciry8 Vdl lclrglmnl ie j mlw snklmnl ie ckmf . Mlw [irbNkty, M[8 W. W. Mirtim jmf Nicpjmy.

Cjmgjm, C. J. (?007). Orjkm-nicpjtkoal snklmnl (?mf lf.) . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.

Cjrzjmi, _. H. (:;;4, Flnlcolr). J tdliry-ojslf cltj-jmjaysks ie rlsljrnd im kmstruntkim .Jurirj, NI8 Cn_LA.

Clrnlr, N. F. & Clrnlr, J. _. (?00<). Vljndkmg stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg prioalcs (7td lf.) .\pplr ^jffal _kvlr, MH8 Pljrsim/Clrrkaa Prlmtknl Djaa.


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Pjsdalr, D., Ojkm, P., Oittgl, O., Grjlsslr, J., Bilfkmglr, B., CnFjmkla, C. & Cltnjael, H.(?007). Irgjmkzkmg kmstruntkim jmf stufy ti kcprivl stuflmt aljrmkmg (MNL_ ?007-?006).Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Nlmtlr eir Lfunjtkim _lsljrnd, Kmstktutl ie Lfunjtkim ^nklmnls,\. ^. Flpjrtclmt ie Lfunjtkim. (^ll _lnicclmfjtkims > jmf 6, pp. >7->;.)

_isl, F. D. & Clylr, J. (?00?). Vljndkmg lvlry stuflmt km tdl fkgktja jgl8 \mkvlrsja flskgm eir aljrmkmg . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

^iusj, F. J. (?00:). Diw tdl splnkja mllfs orjkm aljrms . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.

^tlrmolrg, _. H. (?00>). Nigmktkvl psyndiaigy (>rf lf.) . Olacimt, NJ8 Wjfswirtd/VdicpsimAljrmkmg.

Wkaaks, H. (?005). _lsljrnd-ojslf strjtlgkls ti kgmktl stuflmt aljrmkmg8 Kmskgdts eric j mluriaigkst jmf najssriic tljndlr . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskim jmfNurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Prjntknl jmf _lpltktkimCuatkpal jmf vjrklf prjntknls jmf rlpltktkims jrl mlnlssjry mit imay ti civl mlw aljrmkmg kmtiaimg-tlrc clciry eir jnnlss, rlnjaa, jmf jppaknjtkim, out jasi ti flvlaip eaulmny, juticjtknkty,cjstlry, jmf/ir prieknklmny km snklmnl. Elw kmstruntkimja cjtlrkjas kmnaufl lmiugd prjntknl lvlmeir glmlrja lfunjtkim stuflmts, cund alss eir tdisl wdi djvl aljrmkmg fkeeknuatkls ir fksjokaktkls.Prjntknl cust jasi ol vjrklf jmf lmgjgkmg, ir stuflmts aisl kmtlrlst jmf citkvjtkim. MlwPjtdcjtlrkjas kmnaufl js cund rlpltktkim/prjntknl js jmy stuflmt wiuaf rlqukrl, jmf tdlrl ks grljtvjrklty jcimg tdl jntkvktkls.

Bjmfla (?005) lxpajkms tdl fkeelrlmnl oltwllm lxpaknkt clciry jmf kcpaknkt clciry, oitd lxtrlclay kcpirtjmt km cjstlrkmg snklmnl. Lxpaknkt clciry, dl sjys, ‑ks tdl nimsnkius rlnjaa ie plipal, pajnls,iohlnts, ejnts, jmf lvlmts.– Lxpaknkt clciry ks glmlrjaay tdl clciry rlqukrlf eir nimnlptflvlaipclmt km snklmnl. Bjmfla eurtdlr lxpajkms tdjt ‑kcpaknkt clciry ietlm djs jm juticjtknqujakty. Kt ks rlnjaalf fkrlntay tdriugd plreircjmnl, wktdiut jmy nimsnkius leeirt ir lvlm jwjrlmlsstdjt wl jrl frjwkmg im clciry.– Kcpaknkt clciry, tdlm, km snklmnl ks tdl flvlaipclmt ie ejnteaulmny. Bjmfla gils im ti lxpajkm8 ‑Nimstjmt rlpltktkim njm trjmseirc lxpaknkt clciry kmtikcpaknkt clciry.–

^tuflmts fi mit cjstlr snklmnl tdriugd tdl flvlaipclmt ie lxpaknkt clciry ie nimnlpts jaiml,mir tdriugd tdl flvlaipclmt ie kcpaknkt clciry ie ejnts jmf jagirktdcs jaiml. Vdl nicokmjtkimie tdl twi, wktd iml lsslmtkja ti tdl flvlaipclmt ie tdl itdlr, ks j cjhir gija ie flvlaipkmgcjtdlcjtknja umflrstjmfkmg.

Zulstkims jrksl joiut diw cjmy rlpltktkims ir lxpisurls jrl rlqukrlf oleirl j stuflmt njm lxpajkmj cjtdlcjtknja nimnlpt ir juticjtknjaay rlnjaa (wktd spllf jmf jnnurjny) j slt ie cjtdlcjtknjaejnts. _lsljrnd kmfknjtls tdjt cjmy ie us njm ‑iwm– j wirf ir nimnlpt km jpprixkcjtlay :<lxpisurls. ^tuflmts wktd aljrmkmg fkeeknuatkls ir fksjokaktkls, diwlvlr, rlqukrl cjmy cirl,sicltkcls iml dumfrlf ir cirl!

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapPrivkfkmg tdisl vjrklf, cuatkpal, jmf lmgjgkmg rlpltktkims jmf ippirtumktkls eir prjntknlks j cjhir strlmgtd ie MlwPjtd. Vdl usl ie MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas erlls tljndlrs eric tdl

tlfkuc ie nimstruntkmg tdisl dumfrlfs ie lxpisurls im lvlry tipkn, jmf tdl kmnirpirjtkim ie tlndmiaigy lmjoals tdlc ti trjnb stuflmt prigrlss im tdl cuatkpal jntkvktkls wktd akttal leeirt, jgjkmsjvkmg dumfrlfs ie diurs.

Vdlrl jrl niumtalss wjys km wdknd j stuflmt njm ol lxpislf ti j snklmtkekn nimnlpt ir ejnt km tdlekvl MlwPjtd prifunts. Lvlry skmgal qulstkim ir prioalc ks jakgmlf oy tipkn jmf jasi ti tdl stjtl



nurrknuauc stjmfjrfs. Eir lxjcpal, km grjfls >-< snklmnl, j stuflmt ks lxpislf ti nimnlpts sundjs eiif ndjkms, akel nynals, lniaigy, lmlrgy, jmf spjnl. Vdly jasi aljrm diw ti nimfunt snklmtkeknkmvlstkgjtkims, tdl cljmkmg ie snklmtkekn kmqukry, diw snklmnl ks kcpirtjmt km lvlryfjy akel, jmf diwti cljsurl.

Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls. Jaa tdl grjfls >-< tipkns jrl jffrlsslf, eir lxjcpal, km tdlNurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls. Ljnd tipkn kmnaufls ?< qulstkims. Js j ndkaf pajys tdl gjcl, dlmit imay ks ‑lxpislf– ti tdl qulstkims dl djs ti jmswlr ti pjrtknkpjtl km tdl gjcl, out dl jasiks lxpislf ti jaa tdl qulstkims, skmnl stuflmts rljf tdl qulstkims jmf jmswlr tdlc irjaay. Ke

tdl najss ks wirbkmg, tdlm, im tdl nimnlpt ie ‑eirnls jmf citkim,– eir lxjcpal, tdlm pajykmgtdl gjcl lmjoals ljnd stuflmt ti djvl ?< pisskoal lxpisurls ti tdjt ndjaalmgkmg nimnlpt.

Eakp Ndjrts. Vdl tlm tipkns nivlrlf km tdl Eakp Ndjrts kmnaufl ‑eirnlsjmf citkim.– Vdl stuflmt lxpislf ti tdks rlsiurnl, tdlrleirl, sllsjmf dljrs j rlvklw ie ‑eirnls jmf citkim– wktd cuatkpal lxjcpals,kmnaufkmg skcuajtlf cjmkpuajtkvls, cuatkpal prioalcs ti siavl, wirfsrlajtlf ti tdl nimnlpt ti flekml jmf kaaustrjtl, jmf tdlm j wirbsdllt.Jmitdlr :< ir si lxpisurls wiuaf ol pisskoal km uskmg tdl EakpNdjrts.

Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls. Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls eir grjfls >-<

jasi kmnaufl ‑eirnls jmf citkim– js jm lxjcpal ie j tjrgltlf nimnlpt.Jgjkm, tdl stuflmt cjy pisskoay ol lxpislf ti tdjt nimnlpt, wktd lxlrnksls, jmitdlr tlm ircirl tkcls.

Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC. Vdks rlsiurnl kmnaufls tdl ?< qulstkims joiut ‑eirnlsjmf citkim– tdjt tdl stuflmt cjy djvl lmniumtlrlf km tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl jmf kmtdl Eakp Ndjrts, Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls, jmf km kmtlrjntkvl eajsd njrfs. Vdl tljndlr cjy vjry tdl jntkvktkls km wdknd tdly jrl uslf.

Imakml Aljrmkmg. ‑Eirnls jmf citkim– qulstkims, eajsd njrfs,jntkvktkls, wirbsdllts, gjcls, jmf qukzzls jff js cjmy itdlrprjntknl/rlpltktkim lxpisurls js jrl mllflf eir jmy stuflmt tijndklvl cjstlry. Imakml Aljrmkmg kmnaufls jaa tdl prkmtcjtlrkjas, paus jffktkimja rlsiurnls jmf tiias eir tljndlrs,stuflmts, jmf pjrlmts.

Wktd tdl fkgktja rlsiurnls (Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmfImakml Aljrmkmg), tdl tljndlr djs jnnlss ti jaa grjfl alvlasjvjkajoal km tdl lvlmt j stuflmt ir j griup ie stuflmts mllfsprjntknl/rlpltktkim ie nimnlpts jmf/ir sbkaas tjugdt km ljraklr grjfl alvlas ir ke j stuflmtplreirckmg jt dkgd alvlas mllfs ti ol joal ti civl eirwjrf.

Lvlry tljndlr mllfs tdl wdial oumfal ie MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas ti cllt jaa tdl kmfkvkfuja mllfs ie tdl fkvlrsl stuflmts km dlr najss. ^dl cjy jasi mllf cirl tdjm iml grjfl alvla ie cjtlrkjas.Cist stuflmts wkaa mit mllf lvlry pisskoal prjntknl jntkvkty ir rlpltktkim tdjt ks pisskoal. Vdl

tljndlr wkaa wjmt ti usl sicl ie tdl cjtlrkjas eir sicl tipkns, plrdjps, jmf itdlrs eir itdlrtipkns. ^dl wkaa, diwlvlr, mllf tdlc jaa eir tdl stuflmts wdi jrl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf, wdi jrl mit ylt prieknklmt km Lmgaksd, jmf/ir wdi djvl aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls.Djvkmg tdlc jaa lmjoals dlr ti djvl tdl cuatkpal jmf vjrklf jntkvktkls tdjt jrl mllflf tisustjkm citkvjtkim, js wlaa js eir wdjt ks mlnlssjry eir cjstlry.

Djvkmg tdlc jaa jasi lmjoals dlr ti djvl iml systlc ie cjtlrkjas ti usl km tdl najssriic, eirscjaa griups, eir kmtlrvlmtkims, eir tutirs ti usl, eir pjrlmts ti usl jt dicl wktd tdlkrndkafrlm, jmf eir lxtlmflf aljrmkmg tkcl. Iml ie tdl tdkmgs wl bmiw ks tdjt wdlm tljndlrsdjvl tii cjmy fkeelrlmt slts ie cjtlrkjas ti aljrm, kcpalclmtjtkim wktd ekflakty rjrlay innurs.

Vljndlrs fi mit djvl tdl tkcl ti aljrm cuatkpal prigrjcs jmf ti usl cuatkpal jsslssclmtjmf trjnbkmg prigrjcs.



Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im prjntknl/rlpltktkim, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Nittim, B. (?000). Vdl sndiiakmg prjntknls tdjt cjttlr cist . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll pp. ?<-?5.)

Bjmfla, L. _. (?005). Km sljrnd ie clciry8 Vdl lclrglmnl ie j mlw snklmnl ie ckmf . Mlw [irbNkty, M[8 W. W. Mirtim jmf Nicpjmy.

Cjrzjmi, _. H., Mireirf, H. ^., Pjymtlr, F. L., Pknblrkmg, F. H., Gjffy, O. O. (?00:).J djmfoiib eir najssriic kmstruntkim tdjt wirbs . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ûplrvkskimjmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll Cifual :0, pp. :>0-:6?, kmnaufkmg ruorkns eir sbkaas jmfprinlssls, pajmmkmg tiias, ltn.)

Cjrzjmi, _. H., Pknblrkmg, F. H. & Piaainb, H. L. (?00:). Najssriic kmstruntkim tdjt wirbs8 _lsljrnd-ojslf strjtlgkls eir kmnrljskmg stuflmt jndklvlclmt . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (:;;;). Diw plipal aljrm8 Orjkm, ckmf, lxplrklmnl, jmf sndiia .Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflcy Prlss.

Pjsdalr, D., Ojkm, P., Oittgl, O., Grjlsslr, J., Bilfkmglr, B., CnFjmkla, C. & Cltnjael, H. (?007). Irgjmkzkmg kmstruntkim jmf stufy ti kcprivl stuflmt aljrmkmg (MNL_ ?007-?006).

Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Nlmtlr eir Lfunjtkim _lsljrnd, Kmstktutl ie Lfunjtkim ^nklmnls,\. ^. Flpjrtclmt ie Lfunjtkim. (^ll _lnicclmfjtkim :, pp. ><->5.)

^prlmglr, C. (:;;;). Aljrmkmg jmf clciry8 Vdl orjkm km jntkim . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkimeir ûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Vkalstim, F. W. (?000). :0 olst tljndkmg prjntknls . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.(^ll Ndjptlr 6.)

Nirrlntkvl EllfojnbPrjntknl cjbls plrelnt KE tdl prjntknl ks plrelnt. ^tuflmts wdi rlpljtlfay prjntknl tdl wrimgflekmktkim ie tdl nimnlpt ie grjvkty wkaa djvl j vlry fkeeknuat tkcl km umaljrmkmg jmf tdlm rlaljrmkmgtdl nimnlpt. Jnnirfkmg ti Cjrzjmi, Mireirf, Pjymtlr, Pknblrkmg, jmf Gjffy (?00:), ‑privkfkmgellfojnb ks tdl cist kcpirtjmt tdkmg tdjt j najssriic tljndlr njm fi ti lmdjmnl stuflmtjndklvlclmt.– Djttkl (?00;) frjws j skckajr nimnauskim8 ‑ellfojnb ks jcimg tdl cist piwlreuakmeaulmnls im jndklvlclmt. Cist prigrjcs jmf cltdifs tdjt wirblf olst wlrl ojslf im dljvy fiaaips ie ellfojnb.–

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapKcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb ks oukat kmtiljnd ie MlwPjtd‛s prifunts.

• ^tuflmts rlnlkvl kcclfkjtl ellfojnb wdlm tdly jmswlr qulstkims km tdl Nurrknuauc CjstlryGjcls . Vdl ojnb ie ljnd qulstkim njrf privkflstdl nirrlnt jmswlr. Ke tdl stuflmt jmswlrlfnirrlntay, dl/sdl slae-nimgrjtuajtls jmf rlnlkvlstdl ndllrs ie dks/dlr pllrs. Ke tdl jmswlr wjskmnirrlnt, sllkmg tdl nirrlnt jmswlr kcclfkjtlay privkfls kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb.

• ^tuflmts js kmfkvkfujas ir km scjaa griups rlnlkvl kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb eric tdltljndlr js tdly rlspimf ti tdl qulstkims jmf prioalcs im tdl Eakp Ndjrts . Ke tdl oajnb-akml nipy-cjstlrs jrl uslf eir eurtdlr prjntknl, tdlm tdl tljndlr privkfls ellfojnb wdlmsdl ndlnbs tdl wirb jmf rlturms kt ti tdl stuflmt.



• Kmfkvkfuja stuflmts wkaa rlnlkvl kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvlellfojnb ke uskmg tdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfl wktd jtljndlr, pllr, tutir, ir pjrlmt. Ke wirbkmgkmflplmflmtay, tdl stuflmt wkaa rlnlkvl ellfojnb wdlmtdl jntkvktkls jrl nicpaltlf jmf ndlnblf eir jnnurjny.

• ^tuflmts uskmg tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC wkaa rlnlkvl kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb erictdl nicputlr js tdly wirb tdriugd jntkvktkls. Km

jffktkim, j prkmtiut privkfls tdl stuflmt jmftljndlr wktd tkcl im tjsb, mucolr ie jttlcpts,plrnlmt jmswlrlf nirrlntay, jmf mucolr ie qulstkims rlcjkmkmg.

• Jaa ie tdl jntkvktkls jvjkajoal im Imakml Aljrmkmg privkfl kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb jstdl stuflmt wirbs tdriugd tdlc. Km jffktkim, tdl imakml najssriic cjmjglr privkfls jprkmtiut wktd eurtdlr kmeircjtkim.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im nirrlntkvl ellfojnb, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Oriibdjrt, ^. C. (?004). Diw ti gkvl leelntkvl ellfojnb ti yiur stuflmts . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8Jssinkjtkim eir ûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Nittim, B. (?000). Vdl sndiiakmg prjntknls tdjt cjttlr cist . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll ?6-?<.)

Djttkl, H. (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _iutalfgl. (^ll pp. :7>-:74)

Cjrzjmi, _. H., Mireirf, H. ^., Pjymtlr, F. L., Pknblrkmg, F. H., Gjffy, O. O. (?00:).J djmfoiib eir najssriic kmstruntkim tdjt wirbs. Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskimjmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll Cifual :6, pp. :4<-:;5, kmnaufkmg rlnicclmfjtkims eirnajssriic prjntknl, sjcpal ruorkns, slae-jsslssclmt gukflakmls, pajmmkmg tiias, ltn.)

Cjrzjmi, _. H., Pknblrkmg, F. H., & Piaainb, H. L. (?00:). Najssriic kmstruntkim tdjt wirbs8 _lsljrnd-ojslf strjtlgkls eir kmnrljskmg stuflmt jndklvlclmt . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Wirblf Lxjcpals_lsljrnd im tdl leelntkvl tljndkmg ie cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl kmfknjtls tdjt uskmg wirblflxjcpals ie prioalcs ks j vlry leelntkvl tljndkmg strjtlgy, up ti tdl pikmt wdlrl tdl gija ks eaulmny flvlaipclmt (_lmba & Jtbkmsim, ?007). Wirblf lxjcpals, jnnirfkmg ti Djttkl (?00;) ‑typknjaay nimskst ie j prioalc stjtlclmt jmf tdl jppriprkjtl stlps ti tdl siautkim.– Kt ks jm leeirt ti sdiwstuflmts, dl sjys, wdjt sunnlss aiibs akbl. _lsljrnd jasi kmfknjtls tdjt stuflmts aljrm cirl ke tljndlrs jatlrmjtl oltwllm wirblf lxjcpals jmf jsbkmg stuflmts ti siavl skckajr prioalcs imtdlkr iwm tdjm tdly fi wdlm hust gkvlm prioalcs ti siavl im tdlkr iwm (Pjsdalr, Ojkm, Oittgl, lt

ja, ?007). Jgjkm, wirblf-iut lxjcpals jrl kcpirtjmt imay km tdl kmktkja stjgl ie aljrmkmg j nimnlpt._lmba & Jtbkmsim (?007) lxpajkm8 ‑Jatdiugd stufykmg lxjcpals pajys jm kcpirtjmt rial km kmktkjasbkaa jnquksktkim, lcpkrknja lvkflmnl kmfknjtls tdjt prioalc-siavkmg ks suplrkir ti stufykmg lxjcpalskm ajtlr pdjsls.– Cist grjfls >-< stuflmts wiuaf ol km tdjt kmktkja stjgl ie prioalc-siavkmg,wdltdlr km j cjtdlcjtkns ir snklmnl najss.

Vdl nimnlpt ie ‑wirblf lxjcpals– ckgdt kmnaufl wirbkmg tdriugd tdl stlps ie j snklmtkeknkmvlstkgjtkim km j snklmnl najss, rjtdlr tdjm wirbkmg tdriugd tdl stlps ie jm jagirktdc kmcjtdlcjtkns. Cjmgjm (?007) pikmts iut tdjt ‑Vdl cltdifs tdjt snklmtksts usl ti jntujaay fisnklmnl jrl js kcpirtjmt js tdl jntuja snklmnl nimtlmt– (p. ?4). ̂ dl quitls eric j M^VJ puoaknjtkim,Pjtdwjys ti tdl ^nklmnl ^tjmfjrfs (Aiwlry, :;;7), km flakmljtkmg tdl snklmnl prinlssls tdjtstuflmts sdiuaf cjstlr oy lkgdtd grjfl8


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Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapIml ie tdl strlmgtds ie MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas ks tdl lcpdjsks im flvlaipclmt ie JnjflcknLmgaksd, kcpirtjmt mit imay ti Lmgaksd Ajmgujgl Aljrmlrs (LAAs), out jasi ti stuflmts

wdi jrl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf jmf stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls. Cjrzjmi (:;;4) mitls,ojslf im snirls ie snklmtkekn stufkls, tdjt ‑Jt j prjntknja alvla, kt ks ejkray iovkius tdjt stuflmts custumflrstjmf j nlrtjkm jciumt ie tdl ojskn vinjouajry km j suohlnt jrlj oleirl tdly njm umflrstjmfejnts, glmlrjakzjtkims, jmf nimnlpts wktdkm j nimtlmt jrlj.–

^icl ie tdl wjys km wdknd MlwPjtd usls Lmgaksd ajmgujgl jrts strjtlgkls km kts jntkvktkls eiaaiw8• MlwPjtd ks nimskstlmt km kts usl ie snklmtkekn tlrcs jnriss jaa kts prifunts.

• Vdl cjtlrkjas rlealnt tdl tlrcs cist nimskstlmtay uslf km snklmnl stjmfjrfs si tdjtstuflmts jrl mit nimeuslf.

• Cjmy ie tdl qulstkims uslf km tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls, tdl Kmtlrjntkvl WdktloijrfNF-_ICs, jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg jrl jsbkmg stuflmts lktdlr ti flekml j wirf ir pdrjsl ir tirlealnt jm umflrstjmfkmg ie j flekmktkim km tdlkr rlspimsls.

• Nimnlpt flvlaipclmt, rlvklw, rl-tljndkmg, jmf prjntknl jntkvktkls km tdl Eakp Ndjrtskmtrifunl, rlkmeirnl, jmf privkfl jffktkimja lxpisurls ti nrktknja snklmtkekn vinjouajry irnimnlpts.

• Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls jaa kmnaufl j pjgl wdlrl stuflmts jrl jsblf ti wrktlflekmktkims ie bly wirfs ir tlrcs jmf ti frjw kaaustrjtkims ie tdlc.

• Vdl vjrklty ie prjntknl/rlpltktkim jntkvktkls km MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas lmjoals stuflmts ticjstlr nrktknja snklmtkekn vinjouajry.

• Vljndlrs cjy rlqukrl stuflmts ti jmswlr tdl qulstkims pislf km tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls km nicpaltl slmtlmnls ti rlkmeirnl tdlkr niccumknjtkim ie snklmnl jmf ti dlap tdlcti umflrstjmf jmf rlclcolr.

• Vljndlrs cjy innjskimjaay rlqukrl stuflmts ti frjw ir wrktl joiut tdl strjtlgkls tdly djvluslf km siavkmg j snklmtkekn prioalc.

• ^tuflmts njm ol jsblf ti wrktl l-cjkas ti tdlkr pjrlmts lxpajkmkmg wdjt tdly jrl aljrmkmg

ir ti cjbl orkle lxpajmjtkims ti tdlkr pjrlmts jt jm iplm diusl ir pjrlmt nimelrlmnl.• Kmfkvkfuja stuflmts njm ol jsskgmlf ti wrktl j alssim succjry eir j stuflmt wdi wjs

joslmt.

• ^tuflmts njm ol jsblf ti bllp snklmnl aljrmkmg aigs (hiurmjas ir oaigs) js pajnls eir tdlcti rlealnt im tdlkr aljrmkmg, ti frjw kaaustrjtkims, ti irgjmkzl, jmf ti bllp trjnb ie tdlkr iwmprigrlss, js wlaa js ti tdkmb fllpay joiut tdl nimnlpts tdjt tdly jrl aljrmkmg.

MlwPjtd jasi ieelrs suppirt km tljndkmg stuflmts tdl vjaul ie grjpdkns km niccumknjtkmg jmfumflrstjmfkmg snklmtkekn fjtj. Vdlrl ks j Eakp Ndjrt slt im ‑Vdkmbkmg Grjpdknjaay Joiut ^nklmnl,–wdknd kmnaufls :0 twi-skflf ndjrts ti suppirt stuflmts km tdl jnquksktkim ie snklmtkekn tdkmbkmg jmfprinlsskmg sbkaas. Vdl kaaustrjtkims lmdjmnl stuflmt umflrstjmfkmg ie mjturja pdlmiclmj tdriugd

ioslrvjtkim, qulstkimkmg, pajmmkmg, dypitdlsks, jmf kmtlrprltjtkim ie fjtj.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im rljfkmg, wrktkmg, jmf niccumknjtkmg snklmnl, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfstdl eiaaiwkmg8

Jkmswirtd, A. (?0:0). _kgirius nurrknuauc flskgm8 Diw ti nrljtl nurrknuajr umkts ie stufy tdjt jakgm stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmt . Lmgalwiif, NI8 Aljf+Aljrm Prlss.

Cjrzjmi, _. H. (?006). Oukafkmg ojnbgriumf bmiwalfgl eir jnjflckn jndklvlclmt .Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.


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Cjrzjmi, _. H. & Pknblrkmg, F. H. ?00<). Oukafkmg jnjflckn vinjouajry8 Vljndlr‛s cjmuja .Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?0::). J erjclwirb eir B-:? snklmnl lfunjtkim8 Prjntknls,nrissnuttkmg nimnlpts, jmf nirl kfljs . Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

Wdllalr-Vipplm (?0::). ^nklmnl tdl ‑wrktl– wjy . Jrakmgtim, UJ8 Mjtkimja ̂ nklmnl VljndlrsJssinkjtkim.

Kmfkvkfujakzlf AljrmkmgGkvlm tdl fkvlrskty km tifjy‛s najssriics, jmf kt nimtkmuls ti griw, tljndlrs cust ekmf wjys ti ficirl jmf cirl fkeelrlmtkjtkim/kmfkvkfujakzjtkim/ plrsimjakzjtkim/nustickzjtkim km flakvlrkmg tdlnurrknuauc. _isl jmf Clylr stjtl tdjt ‑\mkvlrsja Flskgm eir Aljrmkmg privkfls j erjclwirb eirkmfkvkfujakzkmg aljrmkmg km j stjmfjrfs-ojslf lmvkrimclmt tdriugd ealxkoal plfjgigy jmf tiias. Ktndjaalmgls tljndlrs ti kmnirpirjtl ealxkokakty kmti kmstruntkimja cltdifs jmf cjtlrkjas js j wjy tijnniccifjtl lvlry stuflmt km tdl najssriic.– Vdl gija ks eir ljnd stuflmt ti ol tjugdt km dks irdlr ‑ziml ie prixkcja flvlaipclmt– (Fkxim-Brjuss, :;;5).

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap

Vdl giif mlws ks tdjt tlndmiaigy cjbls kmfkvkfujakzjtkim cirl jmf cirl pisskoal. Eirlxjcpal, jetlr j nimnlpt ks kmktkjaay tjugdt oy tdl tljndlr, jaa tdl mlnlssjry

rlkmeirnlclmt, rlvklw, rlpltktkim, jmf prjntknl njm ol titjaay kmfkvkfujakzlf. Jmy gkvlm stuflmtnjm ol jsskgmlf jppriprkjtl wirbsdllts, eajsd njrfs, jntkvktkls, gjcls, jmf qukzzls eric ImakmlAljrmkmg ti privkfl jflqujtl jmf vjrklf prjntknl umtka cjstlry ks jttjkmlf. J pllr, tutir,kmtlrvlmtkim tljndlr, pjrlmt, ir tdl najssriic tljndlr njm jsskst js mllflf.

Wdlm slvlrja stuflmts djvl tdl sjcl mllfs ir sicl ie tdl sjcl mllfs, scjaa griups njm oljsslcoalf, jmf tdl tljndlr njm usl tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls, Eakp Ndjrts, Uksuja AljrmkmgGukfls, JMF tdl tlndmiaigknja rlsiurnls (Kmtlrjntkim Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg)ti flskgm kmfkvkfuja/scjaa griup aljrmkmg pajms.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im kmfkvkfujakzjtkim, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Ndrkstlmslm, N. C., Dirm, C. O., & Hidmsim, N. W. (?004). Fksruptkmg najss8 Diw fksruptkvl kmmivjtkim wkaa ndjmgl tdl wjy tdl wiraf aljrms. Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 CnGrjw Dkaa.

Fkxim-Brjuss, A. (:;;5). Uygitsby km tdl najssriic . Wdktl Pajkms, M[8 Aimgcjm Puoaksdlrs.


Vicakmsim, N. J. (?00:). Diw ti fkeelrlmtkjtl kmstruntkim km ckxlf-jokakty najssriics (?mf lf.) .Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Niiplrjtkvl AljrmkmgIml ie tdl strjtlgkls tdjt ks citkvjtkimja eir stuflmts ks niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg. Vdlrl ks jacist

umkvlrsja jgrllclmt, sjys Djttkl (?00;), tdjt niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg ks leelntkvl, lsplnkjaay wdlmnicpjrlf ti nicpltktkvl jmf kmfkvkfujakstkn aljrmkmg. Jcimg tdl rljsims eir kts leelntkvlmlss jrltdl pricitkim ie jndklvlclmt, pisktkvl kmtlrplrsimja rlajtkimsdkps, sinkja suppirt, jmf slae-lstllc.


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Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap Vljndlrs wdi wksd ti kmnirpirjtl niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg strjtlgkls km tdlkr usl ie tdlMlwPjtd cjtlrkjas wkaa ekmf tdlc vlry nicpjtkoal.

• ^tuflmts pajykmg tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls usl niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg km wirbkmgtdriugd tdl gjcl. Vdly cust niiplrjtl, tjbl turms, najrkey tdl ruals, bllp trjnb ie prigrlss, ol rlsplnteua ie itdlrs km tdl griup, rlkmeirnl ljnd itdlr, jmf lvlm tutir ljnditdlr. Vdly jasi cust ol niiplrjtkvl km bllpkmg tdl gjcl oix irgjmkzlf jmf km stirkmg kt

jetlr usl.• \sl ie niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg strjtlgkls njm jasi ejnkaktjtl tdl usl ie tdl Eakp Ndjrts jmf

rlajtlf jntkvktkls, lsplnkjaay ke tdly jrl uslf wktd scjaa griups.

• Vdl Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls cjy ol uslf kmfkvkfujaay ir km, plrdjps, pjkrs, eir jniiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg jntkvkty. Ndkafrlm njm wirb niaajoirjtkvlay ti fksnuss tdl mlnlssjry strjtlgkls jmf stlps ti siavl tdl prioalc jmf tdlm ti siavl tdl prioalcs. Vdly njm jasitutir jmf qukz ljnd itdlr.

• Ndkafrlm cjy jasi wirb km pjkrs ir km vlry scjaa griupskm tdlkr usl ie tdl jntkvktkls kmnauflf km tdl KmtlrjntkvlWdktloijrf NF-_IC .

• Ndkafrlm cjy ol jaaiwlf ti wirb km pjkrs ir km vlry scjaagriups km tdlkr lmgjglclmt ie tdl jntkvktkls km ImakmlAljrmkmg .

• Niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg tljcs niuaf ol jsblf ti flskgm jgjcl ir itdlr aljrmkmg jntkvktkls ti dlap stuflmts aljrm jnimnlpt, uskmg tdl cjtlrkjas jvjkajoal km Imakml Aljrmkmgir km tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im niiplrjtkvl aljrmkmg, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Nittim, B. (?000). Vdl sndiiakmg prjntknls tdjt cjttlr cist . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll pp. :>-:7.)

Gajsslr, W. (:;;0). Vdl qujakty sndiia8 Cjmjgkmg stuflmts wktdiut nilrnkim . Mlw [irb Nkty,M[8 Djrplr jmf _iw.

Djttkl, H. (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _iutalfgl. (^ll pp. ?:?-?:6.)

Cjmgjm, C. J. (?007). Orjkm-nicpjtkoal snklmnl (?mf lf.). Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.

Cjrzjmi, _. H. (?007). Vdl jrt jmf snklmnl ie tljndkmg8 J nicprldlmskvl erjclwirb eir leelntkvl tljndkmg . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.(^ll p. 4?.)

Cjrzjmi, _. H., Mireirf, H. ^., Pjymtlr, F. L., Pknblrkmg, F. H., Gjffy, O. O. (?00:).J djmfoiib eir najssriic kmstruntkim tdjt wirbs . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ^uplrvkskimjmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt. (^ll Cifual :?, pp. :5:- :76, kmnaufkmg ruorkns, pajmmkmgtlcpajtls, jmf stuflmt slae-jsslssclmt eirc.)


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Kmstruntkimja Vlndmiaigy \mkvlrsja Flskgm eir Aljrmkmg (\FA) ks j slt ie prkmnkpals tdjt djs djf jm lmircius kcpjnt im tdlflskgm ie kmstruntkimja cjtlrkjas ie jaa bkmfs, kmnaufkmg kmstruntkimja tlndmiaigy. Kts purpisl ks tiflskgm oitd alssim prlslmtjtkims jmf kmstruntkimja cjtlrkjas ealxkoay si tdjt tdly jnniccifjtl jaatdl fkeelrlmt wjys tdjt stuflmts aljrm ti cjbl nimtlmt cirl jnnlsskoal. Vdl irkgkmja nimnlptnjcl eric splnkja lfunjtkim, out lfunjtirs km glmlrja miw sll tdl jfvjmtjgls ie sund cjtlrkjaswktd jaa bkmfs ie stuflmts. Vdl tdrll prkmnkpals jrl js eiaaiws8

• Privkfl cuatkpal, ealxkoal cltdifs ie prlslmtjtkim tdjt gkvl stuflmts vjrkius wjys tijnqukrl kmeircjtkim.

• Privkfl cuatkpal, ealxkoal cltdifs ie lxprlsskim tdjt ieelr stuflmts jatlrmjtkvls eirflcimstrjtkmg wdjt tdly bmiw.

• Privkfl cuatkpal, ealxkoal iptkims eir lmgjglclmt ti dlap stuflmts glt kmtlrlstlf, olndjaalmglf, jmf stjy citkvjtlf. (_isl jmf Clylr, ?00?)

^lvlrja rlsljrndlrs (Djttkl, ?00;2 Ndrkstlmslm, Dirm, & Hidmsim, ?0042 Nlmtlr eir Piakny ^tufklsjmf Djcakml \mkvlrskty, Elo. ?0042 jmf Flfl, Huml ?0:0) ekmfkmg pisktkvl leelnts eir tdl usl ie tlndmiaigy km kmstruntkim jasi sll tlndmiaigy js djvkmg tdl pitlmtkja ti trjmseirc kmstruntkim sitdjt kt ks mit imay cirl leelntkvl, out jasi si tdjt aljrmkmg ks lxtlmflf olyimf sndiia. ^tufkls

sdiw tdjt tlndmiaigy njm8• cjbl trul kmfkvkfujakzjtkim pisskoal2

• ejnkaktjtl jnnlalrjtkim ie aljrmkmg2

• ndjmgl tdl rial ie tljndlrs ti aljrmkmg nijndls2

• cjbl rknd fkjgmistkn jsslssclmts jnnlsskoal2 jmf

• ol j siurnl eir kmmivjtkims mllflf ti nrljtl ?: st nlmtury sndiias.

^lvlrja kcpirtjmt rlsljrnd stufkls‛ ekmfkmgs jrl kcpirtjmt km umflrstjmfkmg tdl pitlmtkjaleelntkvlmlss ie uskmg MlwPjtd‛s Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_ICs jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg prifuntswktd jaa typls ie aljrmlrs8

• J ?000 stufy eiumf skgmkeknjmt gjkms km jndklvlclmt jnriss tdl nurrknuauc wdlm stuflmtseric prlsndiia tdriugd dkgd sndiia wlrl tjugdt km j tlndmiaigy-rknd lmvkrimclmt. (MirtdNlmtrja _lgkimja Lfunjtkimja Ajoirjtiry, ?00<).

• \skmg nicputlrs ti siavl skcuajtkims skgmkeknjmtay kcprivlf cjtd snirls. (Mirtd Nlmtrja_lgkimja Lfunjtkimja Ajoirjtiry, ?00<).

• Nicputlr tlndmiaigy ks j piwlreua tiia eir tljndkmg akcktlf-Lmgaksd-prieknklmt stuflmts.(Mirtd Nlmtrja _lgkimja Lfunjtkimja Ajoirjtiry, ?00<)

• Vljndlrs‛ usl ie fjtj km cjbkmg kmstruntkimja flnkskims kcprivls stuflmt aljrmkmg. Vlndmiaigy pajys j vktja rial km lmjoakmg fjtj-frkvlm flnkskim-cjbkmg. (Mirtd Nlmtrja_lgkimja Lfunjtkimja Ajoirjtiry, ?00<)

• ‑Oalmflf kmstruntkim,– j nicokmjtkim ie ejnl-ti-ejnl jmf imakml kmstruntkim prifunlsgrljtlr aljrmkmg tdjm ejnl-ti-ejnl imay ir imakml imay. (Cljms, Viyjcj, Curpdy, Ojbkj, &

Himls, ?00;)

• Cirl tkcl-im-tjsb km imakml niursls prifunls tdl cist pisktkvl iutnicls. (Cljms, Viyjcj, Curpdy, Ojbkj, & Himls, ?00;)

• Vljndlrs wdi jrl leelntkvl km kcprivkmg tdl jndklvlclmt ie fksjfvjmtjglf ndkafrlm tlmf tiusl tlndmiaigy ti tjrglt kmstruntkim cirl leelntkvlay2 ti kmnirpirjtl j vjrklty ie strjtlgkls2ti suppirt tljndlr-gukflf kmstruntkim2 ti kmnrljsl stuflmt kmviavlclmt km kmstruntkim2 tiejnkaktjtl rlclfkjtkim jmf rlkmeirnlclmt2 ti pricitl jfvjmnlf tdkmbkmg strjtlgkls2 tikmnrljsl jnnlss ti rlsiurnls2 ti citkvjtl stuflmts2 jmf ti cllt tdl mllfs ie tdl wdialndkaf. (Lfcumfs, ?004)



Km ?004, Najytim Ndrkstlmslm, wktd niaaljguls Ckndjla Dirm jmf Nurtks Hidmsim, writl jmkcpirtjmt oiib8 Fksruptkmg Najss8 Diw Fksruptkvl Kmmivjtkim Wkaa Ndjmgl tdl Wjy tdl Wiraf Aljrms .Dl djs suoslqulmtay ollm djkalf js j vkskimjry km tdl wjys km wdknd tlndmiaigy niuaf ol uslf tiplrsimjakzl ir nustickzl aljrmkmg eir jaa stuflmts. Cjmy ie tdl mjtkimja lfunjtkim prielsskimjairgjmkzjtkims kcclfkjtlay jsblf dkc ti blymitl tdlkr mlxt jmmuja nimelrlmnl. Vdl eiaaiwkmgpjrjgrjpd eric tdjt oiib prlfkntkmg tdl euturl jntujaay flsnrkolf lxjntay tdl cksskim ie MlwPjtd,jmf kts cjtlrkjas jmf sietwjrl wlrl jarljfy km usl km Jclrknj‛s sndiias. Mi iml mllfs ti wjkt eirtdl euturl.

Vdl tiias ie tdl sietwjrl pajteirc wkaa cjbl kt si skcpal ti flvlaip imakml aljrmkmg prifunts tdjt stuflmts wkaa ol joal ti flvlaip prifunts tdjt dlap tdlc tljnd ljnd itdlr. Pjrlmts wkaa ol joal ti jsslcoal tiias ti tutir tdlkr ndkafrlm. Jmf tljndlrs wkaa ol joal ti nrljtl tiias ti dlap tdl fkeelrlmt typls ie aljrmlrs km tdlkr najssriics. Vdlsl kmstruntkimja tiias wkaa aiib cirl akbl tutirkja prifunts tdjm niurslwjrl. Out rjtdlr tdjm olkmg ‑pusdlf– kmti najssriics tdriugd j nlmtrjakzlf slalntkim prinlss, tdly wkaa ol puaalf kmti usl tdriugd slae-fkjgmisks oy tljndlrs,

pjrlmts, jmf stuflmts (p. :>6).

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapKt ks kcpirtjmt ti mitl tdjt MlwPjtd jmtknkpjtlf tdlrlsljrnd im tdl leelntkvlmlss ie ‑oalmflf– kmstruntkim.

Dirm jmf ^tjnblr (?0::) nimnaufl km tdlkr stufy tdjt‑diclsndiiakmg jmf euaa-tkcl vkrtuja sndiiakmg wkaa mit suostktutleir cjkmstrljc sndiiakmg, js tdlkr rjpkf griwtd eajttlms iut jtjriumf :0 plrnlmt ie tdl B-:? sndiiakmg pipuajtkim– (pp. :-?).

Vljndlrs njm nrljtl alssims tdjt oalmf tdlkr iwm prlslmtjtkims, tlxtoiib kmeircjtkim,cjmkpuajtkvls, MlwPjtd‛s prkmt cjtlrkjas, jmf MlwPjtd‛s fkgktja nicpimlmts. MlwPjtd‛sKmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg kmnaufl mit imay fkgktja rlprifuntkims ie jaatdl prkmt cjtlrkjas, out jasi tiias ti nrljtl jm kmekmkty ie alssim pajms, wirbsdllts, gjcls, jntkvktkls,jmf qukzzls eir kmfkvkfujas, scjaa griup ir wdial-najss usls. Vdly jasi kmnaufl tiias eir rlnirfkmgjmf rlpirtkmg stuflmt prigrlss, sjvkmg tljndlrs lmircius mucolrs ie diurs. Km jffktkim, tdly lmjoal tdl tljndlr ti niccumknjtl wktd pjrlmts jmf eir pjrlmts ti jnnlss tdl alssim pajms,jntkvktkls, jmf rlsuats ie tdlkr ndkaf‛s jsslssclmts.

MlwPjtd jasi umflrstjmfs jmitdlr rlsljrnd ekmfkmg8 tdjt tlndmiaigy, kmnaufkmg najssriicprihlntkim/kmtlrjntkvl wdktloijrf tlndmiaigy, njm ol lxtrlclay usleua km suppirtkmg stuflmts‛ mllfs eir vksujakzjtkim jmf ciflakmg (Orjmm, Grjy, Pklty, & ̂ kavlr-Pjnukaaj, ?0:0). Vdl rlsljrndrlpirt mitls tdjt tlndmiaigy njm flsnrkol ‑prinlssls tdjt innur jt spllfs jmf snjals tdjt jrl mitljskay ioslrvjoal oy tdl mjblf lyl.– Jasi, stjtkn ekgurls kaaustrjtkims, fkjgrjcs, kcjgls fkspajylfim jm kmtlrjntkvl wdktloijrf ir nicputlr snrllm ‑privkfl ippirtumktkls ti sll rlajtkimsdkps kmwjys tdjt ajmgujgl jaiml njmmit lxprlss.– Km MlwPjtd‛s prkmt cjtlrkjas jmf km tdlkr fkgktjarlsiurnls, j cjhir iohlntkvl ks ti privkfl vksujas jmf ciflas si tdjt stuflmts djvl jnnlss ti tdjtpiwlreua suppirt eir aljrmkmg.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im kmstruntkimja tlndmiaigy, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Orjmm, J., Grjy, V., Pklty, P. H., & ^kavlr-Pjnukaaj, D. (?0:0). \skmg tlndmiaigy ti suppirt struggakmg stuflmts km snklmnl . Nlmtlr eir Kcpalclmtkmg Vlndmiaigy km Lfunjtkim. Gi tidttp8//www.nktlf.irg

Ndrkstlmslm, N. C., Dirm, C. O., & Hidmsim, N. W. (?004). Fksruptkmg najss8 Diw fksruptkvl kmmivjtkim wkaa ndjmgl tdl wjy tdl wiraf aljrms . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 CnGrjw Dkaa.

Djttkl, H. (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _iutalfgl. (^ll pp. ???-??<, ??7-??;, ?>;-?>:, ?>6-?>5.)


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Dirm, C. O. & ^tjblr, D. (?0::, Hjmujry). Vdl rksl ie B-:? oalmflf aljrmkmg . Ciumtjkm Uklw,NJ8 Kmmiskgdt Kmstktutl.

Cljms, O., Viyjcj, [., Curpdy, _., Ojbkj, C., & Himls, B. (?00;). Lvjaujtkim ie lvkflmnl- ojslf prjntknls km imakml aljrmkmg8 J cltj-jmjaysks jmf rlvklw ie imakml aljrmkmg stufkls .Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 \mktlf ^tjtls Flpjrtclmt ie Lfunjtkim.

Mirtd Nlmtrja _lgkimja Lfunjtkimja Ajoirjtiry (MN_LA) (?00<). Nrktknja kssul8 \skmg tlndmiaigy ti kcprivl stuflmt jndklvlclmt.

M^VJ (:;;;). M^VJ pisktkim stjtlclmt8 Vdl usl ie nicputlrs km snklmnl lfunjtkim. Jrakmgtim,UJ8 M^VJ.


^tuflmt Citkvjtkim jmf GjclsNskbszlmtckdjayk (:;;:), iml ie tdl eirlcist jutdirktkls im citkvjtkim, sjys tdjt wl jaa wjmt cirlie wdjt dl njaas ‑eaiw,– ir ‑tdl iptkcja lxplrklmnl– tdjt ks tdl rlsuat ie j slrkls ie nimfktkims8

Wdlm plipal rlealnt im diw kt ellas wdlm tdlkr lxplrklmnl ks cist pisktkvl, tdly clmtkim jt aljst iml, jmf ietlm jaa ie tdl eiaaiwkmg8 Ekrst, tdl lxplrklmnl usujaay innurs wdlm wl nimerimt tjsbs tdjt wl djvl j ndjmnl ie nicpaltkmg. ^lnimf, wl cust ol joal ti nimnlmtrjtl im wdjt wl jrl fikmg. Vdkrf jmf eiurtd, tdl nimnlmtrjtkim ks usujaay pisskoal olnjusl tdl tjsb umflrtjblm djs naljr gijas jmf privkfls kcclfkjtl ellfojnb. Eketd, iml jnts wktd j fllp out leeirtalss kmviavlclmt tdjt rlcivls eric jwjrlmlss tdl wirrkls jmf erustrjtkims ie lvlryfjy akel. ^kxtd,lmhiyjoal lxplrklmnls jaaiw plipal ti lxlrnksl j slmsl ie nimtria ivlr tdlkr jntkims. ^lvlmtd,nimnlrm eir tdl slae fksjppljrs, ylt pjrjfixknjaay tdl slmsl ie slae lclrgls strimglr jetlr tdl

eaiw lxplrklmnl ks ivlr. Ekmjaay, tdl slmsl ie tdl furjtkim ie tkcl ks jatlrlf2 diurs pjss oy km ckmutls, jmf ckmutls njm strltnd iut ti sllc akbl diurs. Vdl nicokmjtkim ie jaa tdlsl lalclmts njusls j fllp lmhiyclmt tdjt ks si rlwjrfkmg plipal ella tdjt lxplmfkmg j grljt flja ie lmlrgy ks wirtdwdkal skcpay ti ol joal ti ella kt .

Dl jffs, tdlm, tdjt ke sndiias wksd ti kmnrljsl aljrmkmg, tdly mllf ti nrljtl cirl eaiw-akbllxplrklmnls eir stuflmts.

Dlrr (?004) kmnaufls jm lmtkrl ndjptlr im tdl vjaul ie gjcls km snklmnl najssls km dks ̂ iurnloiib eir Vljndkmg ^nklmnl8 ^trjtlgkls, Jntkvktkls, jmf Kmstruntkimja _lsiurnls. ^icl ie dks jfvknl eiaaiws8

Najssriic gjcls privkfl jm jntkvl jatlrmjtkvl ti trjfktkimja rlvklw slsskims, wdknd jrl ietlm pjsskvl, tljndlr-nlmtlrlf lvlmts tdjt rlqukrl ckmkcja stuflmt kmviavlclmt. _lvklws tdjt skcpay tlaa stuflmts wdjt wkaa ol im tdl lxjc prlslmt kmeircjtkim km j rlpltktkvl cjmmlr, ir rlqukrl akttal stuflmt kmviavlclmt jrl ajrglay kmleelntkvl jmf sdiuaf ol rlpajnlf oy jntkvktkls nlmtlrkmg im stuflmts jmf rlqukrkmg tdlkr pjrtknkpjtkim. Jntkvl aljrmkmg lvlmts sund js najssriic gjcls jrl cirl leelntkvl km pricitkmg stuflmt aljrmkmg tdjm tljndlr-nlmtlrlf rlvklw

slsskims. ^tuflmts jrl akblay ti stufy km prlpjrjtkim eir tdl gjcl jmf jgjkm eir tdl tlst, pjrtknuajray ke tdl gjcl djs dkgdakgdtlf tdlkr jrljs ie wljbmlss.

Dlrr rlnicclmfs eirckmg tljcs, jaaiwkmg tdlc ti stjy tigltdlr ivlr tkcl, irgjmkzkmg innjskimjatiurmjclmts, jmf bllpkmg trjnb ie wkm-aiss rlnirfs. Vdlsl jntkvktkls oukaf njcjrjflrkl, pricitljnniumtjokakty, lmniurjgl lmtduskjsc, flvlaip dljatdy pllr prlssurl, jmf glmlrjaay citkvjtlstuflmt aljrmkmg. Dks oiib privkfls muclrius lxjcpals ie snklmnl gjcls, cjmy ie wdknd niuafol nrljtlf uskmg tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas ir jfhustkmg sicl ie tdl ruals ie tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls. Eir lxjcpal, dl sjys Hlipjrfy ks j giif gjcl ti usl skmnl kt rlqukrls stuflmts ti jsbqulstkims km rlspimsl ti jmswlrs, si kt ‑jsslssls nicprldlmskim km jffktkim ti bmiwalfgl.–



Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd‛s gjcl-ojslf aljrmkmg ks iml ie tdlwjys ti privkfl eaiw lxplrklmnls jt sndiia.

Grlfalr (?006) djs slvlrja puoaknjtkims rlajtkmg ti tdlrlsljrnd im uskmg gjcls jmf tdlkr rlajtkimsdkps tialjrmkmg. ^dl mitls tdjt ‑Lfunjtkimja gjcls jmfskcuajtkims jrl lxplrklmtkja lxlrnksls tdjt trjmspirtaljrmlrs ti jmitdlr wiraf– wdlrl tdly njm jppay ‑tdlkrbmiwalfgl, sbkaas, jmf strjtlgkls.– Vdl usl ie gjcls kmaljrmkmg fjtls ojnb ti tdl :500‛s, sdl sjys, wdlm wjrgjcls wlrl kmvlmtlf. Vdl jgrllf-upim flekmktkim ie gjcls oy cjmy rlsljrndlrs eiaaiws8

‑Orkleay, gjcls jrl nicpltktkvl lxlrnksls km wdknd tdl iohlntkvl ks ti wkm jmf pajylrs cust jppay suohlnt cjttlr ir itdlr rlalvjmt bmiwalfgl km jm leeirt ti jfvjmnl km tdl lxlrnksl jmf wkm.–

‑Jnjflckn gjcls,– stjtls Grlfalr, ‑cjy euaekaa jmy ie eiur purpisls8 (j) ti prjntknl jmf/ir rlekmljarljfy-jnqukrlf bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas, (o) ti kflmtkey gjps jmf wljbmlssls km bmiwalfgl ir sbkaas,(n) ti slrvl js j succjtkim ir rlvklw, jmf (f) ti flvlaip mlw rlajtkimsdkps jcimg nimnlpts jmfprkmnkpals.– ^dl jffs tdjt gjcls cjy jasi ol uslf js ‑j rlwjrf eir stuflmts eir wirbkmg djrf ir

js j ndjmgl ie pjnl km tdl najssriic.–Dlr rlsljrnd symtdlsks jasi kmnaufls flskgm nrktlrkj eir gjcls. ‑Wlaa-flskgmlf gjcls jrlndjaalmgkmg jmf kmtlrlstkmg eir tdl pajylrs wdkal, jt tdl sjcl tkcl, rlqukrkmg tdl jppaknjtkim ie pjrtknuajr bmiwalfgl ir sbkaas.– ^dl eurtdlr nimnaufls tdjt ‑Jfvjmtjgls ie gjcls km tdl najssriicjrl tdjt tdly njm kmnrljsl stuflmt kmtlrlst jmf privkfl ippirtumktkls ti jppay aljrmkmg km j mlwnimtlxt.– Gjrrks, Jdalrs jmf Frksblaa (?00?) nimnur km tdlkr rlsljrnd symtdlsks8

Km j rlvklw ie rlsljrnd im lfunjtkimja gjcls, _jmfla, Cirrks, Wltzla, jmf Wdktldkaa (:;;?)nimnauflf tdjt gjcls jrl nimskstlmtay plrnlkvlf js cirl kmtlrlstkmg tdjm trjfktkimjakmstruntkim. Eir lxjcpal, Nidla (:;5;) eiumf tdjt 47% ie stuflmts tlstlf rlpirtlf grljtlrkmtlrlst eir lfunjtkimja gjcls tdjm eir najssriic jpprijndls. Plrey (:;77) eiumf tdjt slvlmie lkgdt stufkls tdjt cljsurlf stuflmt kmtlrlst rlpirtlf grljtlr kmtlrlst eric gjcl usl tdjmnimvlmtkimja kmstruntkim.

Kt ks naljr tdjt MlwPjtd‛s gjcls lmjoal j ‑eaiw– lxplrklmnl8

• Vdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls (jmf tdlkr skcuajtkims km tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_ICs jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg) njm ol nicpaltlf km j rljsimjoal jciumt ie tkcl.

• ^tuflmts jrl sueeknklmtay lmgjglf ti ol joal ti nimnlmtrjtl im wdjt tdly jrl fikmg.

• Vdl purpisl ie tdl gjcl ks ti cjstlr tdl stjmfjrfs-ojslf nimtlmt, jmf tdjt gija ks naljr titdl stuflmts.

• Vdl stuflmt aljrms kcclfkjtlay wdltdlr dl ir sdl djs jnnurjtlay rlnjaalf tdl mllflfkmeircjtkim, si ellfojnb ks kcclfkjtl jmf nirrlntkvl.

• Pjrtknkpjtkim km tdl gjcls ks eum jmf fkeelrlmt eric cist itdlr najssriic jntkvktkls jmfjsslssclmts, si tdl stuflmt eirglts tdl erustrjtkims tdjt cjy ol dks ir dlr usujalxplrklmnls.

• ^tuflmts lmhiy tdl gjcls jmf ella j slmsl ie nimtria.

• Vdl stuflmt fils mit djvl ti einus im slae, out dks ir dlr griwkmg slmsl ie cjstlry nimtrkoutls ti jm ivlrjaa slmsl ie sjtksejntkim jmf paljsurl imnl tdl jntkvkty ks nicpaltlf.

• Vkcl umfiuotlfay pjssls ejstlr eir stuflmts pjrtknkpjtkmg km j gjcl km nimtrjst ti diwtdly cjy ella joiut usuja najssriic jntkvktkls.



Vdl gjcls jasi euaekaa jaa eiur ie tdl rlsljrnd-ojslf purpisls eir jnjflckn gjcls8 prjntknl,snrllmkmg, rlvklw/jsslssclmt, jmf flvlaip umflrstjmfkmgs.

Itdlr MlwPjtd jntkvktkls eir stuflmts jasi njm rlsuat km ‑eaiw– lxplrklmnls, eir tdly tii njm olnicpaltlf, jaaiw eir nimnlmtrjtkim, djvl naljr gijas, privkfl ellfojnb, jaaiw leeirtalss kmviavlclmt,privkfl eir j slmsl ie nimtria, plrckt slae ti fksjppljr, jmf jatlr tdl slmsl ie tkcl. Vdljttrjntkvlmlss ie tdl cjtlrkjas, tdlkr jokakty ti diaf stuflmts‛ jttlmtkim, tdlkr aigknja prlslmtjtkimie kmeircjtkim, tdl privkskim ie jflqujtl jmf vjrklf prjntknl si tdjt sunnlss ks jttjkmlf, jmf tdlellfojnb tdjt ks jvjkajoal jaa nimtrkoutl ti jm lmvkrimclmt tdjt cjbls aljrmkmg pisskoal.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im citkvjtkim, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Nskbszlmtckdjayk, C. (:;;:). Eaiw8 Vdl psyndiaigy ie iptkcja lxplrklmnl. ^tlps tiwjrf lmdjmnkmg tdl qujakty ie akel . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Djrplr jmf _iw.

Gjrrks, _., Jdalrs, _, & Frksblaa, H. L. (?00?). Gjcls, citkvjtkim, jmf aljrmkmg8 J rlsljrndjmf prjntknl cifla ^kcuajtkim Gjckmg , >>866:.

Gajsslr, W. (:;;0). Vdl qujakty sndiia8 Cjmjgkmg stuflmts wktdiut nilrnkim . Mlw [irb Nkty,M[8 Djrplr jmf _iw.

Grlfalr, C. L. (?006). Gjcls jmf skcuajtkims jmf tdlkr rlajtkimsdkps ti aljrmkmg. KmDjmfoiib ie rlsljrnd im lfunjtkimja niccumknjtkims (pp <7:-<4:). JNLV.

Djttkl, H. (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _iutalfgl. (^ll pp. 67-6; im citkvjtkim jmf pp. ?>0-?>:im skcuajtkims/gjckmg.)

Dlrr, M. (?004). Vdl siurnloiib eir tljndkmg snklmnl8 ^trjtlgkls, jntkvktkls, jmf kmstruntkimja rlsiurnls . ^jm Erjmnksni, NJ8 Hissly-Ojss. (^ll lsplnkjaay Ndjptlr :>, ‑Gjcls eir Aljrmkmg^nklmnl.–)

Jvikfkmg Fl-Citkvjtkim

Mlurisnklmnl djs eiumf tdjt mlgjtkvl aljrmkmg lmvkrimclmts tdjt cjbl stuflmts ella ksiajtlf,duckakjtlf, strlsslf, jmgry, jmxkius, jmf/ir jerjkf jntujaay oainb stuflmts‛ jokakty ti aljrm. Hufy Wkaaks (?005) lxpajkms8 ‑Wdlm tdl jcygfjaj ks km tdks stjtl ie strlss, eljr, ir jmxklty-kmfunlf ivlr-jntkvjtkim, mlw kmeircjtkim nickmg tdriugd tdl slmsiry kmtjbl jrljs ie tdl orjkm njmmit pjss tdriugdtdl jcygfjaj ti gjkm jnnlss ti tdl clciry nkrnukts.– Nimvlrslay, wdlm tdl lmvkrimclmt ks pisktkvlwktd ellakmgs ie nimtlmtclmt, hiy, pajy, jmf j niceirtjoal, out stkcuajtkmg, jciumt ie ndjaalmgl,ndkafrlm aljrm cirl. Wkaaks sjys tdly sdiw olttlr wirbkmg clciry, kcprivlf vlroja eaulmny, olttlrlpksifkn clciry, cirl ealxkoal tdkmbkmg, jmf jrl cirl nrljtkvl jt siavkmg prioalcs.

Vdl ojrrklr ti aljrmkmg tdjt innurs km strlsseua sktujtkims ks sicltkcls rlelrrlf ti js tdl ‑jeelntkvlekatlr.– Wkaaks sjys tdjt tdks jeelntkvl ekatlr ks ‑jm lcitkimja stjtl ie strlss km stuflmts furkmg wdkndtdly jrl mit rlspimskvl ti prinlsskmg, aljrmkmg, jmf stirkmg mlw kmeircjtkim.– ^dl nimtkmuls ti

lxpajkm tdjt ‑furkmg plrkifs ie dkgd strlss, mlw aljrmkmg hust filsm‛t glt km ti tdl kmeircjtkimprinlsskmg nlmtlrs ie tdl orjkm.–

Cjmgjm (?007) cjbls tdl eiaaiwkmg sugglstkims8

J mlnlssjry nicpimlmt ie tdl lcitkimja ojnbfrip eir sunnlsseua aljrmkmg ks j najssriicnakcjtl wdlrl stuflmts ella sjel wdlm citkvjtlf jmf kmviavlf. Oleirl stuflmts njm olrlnlptkvl ti aljrmkmg, tdly cust ella wlanicl, niceirtjoal, jmf jnnlptlf oy tdlkr tljndlr jmfpllrs. Vljndlrs cust trljt tdlkr stuflmts wktd umflrstjmfkmg jmf rlsplnt, lmniurjgkmg tdlcti trust km tdlcslavls, tdkmb eir tdlcslavls, nicl ti tdlkr iwm nimnauskims, jmf cjbl tdlkriwm fksnivlrkls. Lmniurjgl ajugdtlr. ^ckal erlqulmtay. Alt tdl stuflmts bmiw tdjt tdly jrlaivlf, jpprlnkjtlf, jmf vjaulf.



M^VJ‛s pisktkim pjplr im lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl tjbls tdks rlsljrnd slrkiusay. Iml ie tdlkrpajmbs ks tdjt ‑Vdl aljrmkmg lmvkrimclmt eir lalclmtjry snklmnl cust eistlr pisktkvl jttktuflstiwjrf slae jmf sinklty, js wlaa js snklmnl.–

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd‛s cjtlrkjas njm nimtrkoutl ti j pisktkvl aljrmkmg lmvkrimclmt km cjmy wjys8

• Vdl cjtlrkjas prlslmt jflqujtl ndjaalmgl, ylt jrl mit si fkeeknuat eir stuflmts tdjt tdly

olnicl erustrjtlf jmf jmxkius.• Gjcls jrl eum jmf, tdlrleirl, cjbl tdl najssriic cirl niceirtjoal.

• ^tuflmts njm ol jsskgmlf jntkvktkls jmf prioalcs km tdlkr ziml ie prixkcja flvlaipclmt sitdjt sunnlss ks jacist gujrjmtllf.

• Cjtlrkjas jrl lmgjgkmg jmf, tdlrleirl, diaf stuflmts‛ jttlmtkim, cjbkmg aljrmkmg cirllmhiyjoal.

• Kcclfkjtl nirrlntkvl ellfojnb alts stuflmts bmiw diw tdly jrl fikmg, flnrljskmg jmxklty.

• ^tuflmts njm slae-lvjaujtl wdlmlvlr tdly wjmt.

• Vdl cjtlrkjas erll up tljndlr tkcl eric djvkmg ti nrljtl alssims, sljrnd eir ir nrljtlaljrmkmg jntkvktkls, nimstrunt jsslssclmts, lvjaujtl jsslssclmts, jmf bllp trjnb ie stuflmt prigrlss. Vdly djvl cirl tkcl, tdlm, ti nimnlmtrjtl im citkvjtkmg jmf suppirtkmgstuflmts km j cirl pisktkvl najssriic.

• MlwPjtd‛s gjcls suppirt niiplrjtkim, niaajoirjtkim, jmf pisktkvl sinkja rlajtkimsdkps kmtdl najssriic.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im fl-citkvjtkim, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Nittim, B. (?000). Vdl sndiiakmg prjntknls tdjt cjttlr cist . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eirûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Djttkl (?00;). Ukskoal aljrmkmg8 J symtdlsks ie ivlr 400 cltj-jmjaysls rlajtkmg ti jndklvlclmt .Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 _utalfgl. (^ll pp. 64-6;.)

Cjmgjm, C. J. (?007). Orjkm-nicpjtkoal snklmnl (?mf lf.) . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 NirwkmPrlss.

Clrnlr, N. F. & Clrnlr, J. _. (?00<). Vljndkmg stuflmts wktd aljrmkmg prioalcs (7td lf.).\pplr ^jffal _kvlr, MH8 Pljrsim. (^ll lsplnkjaay Ndjptlr :, ‑Nrljtkmg _lspimskvl AljrmkmgLmvkrimclmts– jmf Ndjptlr <, ‑Pricitkmg înkja, Lcitkimja, jmf Oldjvkirja Flvlaipclmt.–)

M^VJ (?00?). Ieeknkja pisktkim8 Lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl. Jrakmgtim, UJ8 M^VJ.

Wkaaks, H. (?005). _lsljrnd-ojslf strjtlgkls ti kgmktl stuflmt aljrmkmg8 Kmskgdts eric j mluriaigkst jmf najssriic tljndlr . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskim jmfNurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Wiae, P. (?00:). Orjkm cjttlrs8 Vrjmsajtkmg rlsljrnd kmti najssriic prjntknl . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8Jssinkjtkim eir ûplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/teacher-guide-for-science-grades-3-5 61/73<;


Ndjptlr U. Clltkmg Mllfs ie ^plnkja Pipuajtkims

Kmtlrvlmtkims Vdl typknja lalclmtjry sndiia kmnaufls km kts prigrjcckmg slvlrja fkeelrlmt bkmfs ie kmtlrvlmtkimsti cllt tdl mllfs ie splnkja pipuajtkims, cist ie wdic jrl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf, jrl mit

ylt prieknklmt km Lmgaksd, jmf/ir djvl aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls rjmgkmg eric ckaf ti slvlrl. Ejckakjrprigrjcs, tdlm, kmnaufl Vktal K, L^A, jmf ^plnkja Lfunjtkim. Jffktkimjaay, sndiias cjy privkfltutirkmg oleirl jmf/ir jetlr sndiia, ^jturfjy slsskims, succlr sndiia, ir itdlr lxtlmflf-tkclippirtumktkls ti aljrm.

Wktd tdl ajtlst rljutdirkzjtkim ie tdl Kmfkvkfujas wktd Fksjokaktkls Lfunjtkim Jnt (KFLJ) njcljmitdlr kmktkjtkvl ti suppirt splnkja-mllfs stuflmts, _lspimsl-ti-Kmtlrvlmtkim (_VK). ^ndiias jrlmiw rlqukrlf ti kflmtkey jt tdl ekrst pisskoal ippirtumkty jmy stuflmt wdi ks ejaakmg oldkmf dks irdlr pllrs km aljrmkmg, ti fkjgmisl tdl prioalc, jmf ti privkfl jm jppriprkjtl kmtlrvlmtkim. Cjmy

lfunjtirs jrl miw nickmg ti sll tdjt _VK slrvls js j bkmf ie ucorlaaj eir jaa kts kmtlrvlmtkimprigrjcs skmnl kt ks mlktdlr jppriprkjtl mir pisskoal ti fi oitd.

_VK rlqukrls sndiias ti privkfl j stjmfjrfs-ojslf, dkgd qujakty nurrknuauc eir jaa stuflmts jt jaagrjfl alvlas jmf km jaa suohlnt jrljs, out lsplnkjaay km rljfkmg/ajmgujgl jrts jmf cjtdlcjtkns.^und j prigrjc sdiuaf ol sunnlsseua wktd jpprixkcjtlay 40 plrnlmt ie tdl stuflmts. Vdlrlcjkmkmg ?0 plrnlmt, tdlm, jrl privkflf kmtlrvlmtkims km tklrs, flplmfkmg im tdlkr mllfs.Jsslssclmts fkjgmisl kmtlrvlmtkim mllfs, cljsurl prigrlss, fltlrckml wdltdlr j stuflmt djsrlspimflf pisktkvlay jmf jflqujtlay ti tdl jsskgmlf kmtlrvlmtkim, jmf kmeirc flnkskims joiutwdltdlr j stuflmt rlturms ti tdl rlguajr najssriic, stjys km j tklr eir jm lxtlmflf plrkif ie tkcl,ir ks jsskgmlf ti tdl mlxt alvla eir cirl kmtlmsl kmtlrvlmtkim.

Vklr K ks tdl rlguajr najssriic. Vljndlrs, ie niursl, nimtkmujaay privkfl kmtlrvlmtkims js j pjrt ie tdlkr rlguajr kmstruntkim. Vdly rl-tljnd kmfkvkfujas, scjaa griups, ir lvlm tdl wdial najss, jsmlnlssjry. Vdly puaa kmfkvkfujas ir scjaa griups ie stuflmts jskfl eir tutirkmg, prjntknl, rlvklw,ir rl-tljndkmg wktd j fkeelrlmt jpprijnd. Vdly cjbl splnkja jsskgmclmts eir sicl stuflmts ti fijt sndiia jmf/ir jt dicl usujaay cirl prjntknl. Vdly jsb pllrs ti dlap tutir. Ke tdlsl leeirtsjrl mit sunnlsseua km orkmgkmg j stuflmt im pjr wktd dks ir dlr pllrs, tdlm fjtj eric nimtkmuiusprigrlss cimktirkmg jrl lxjckmlf oy j tljndlr nicckttll, jmf tdl stuflmt ks akblay ti ol jsskgmlfti j Vklr KK kmtlrvlmtkim.

Km Vklr KK j scjaa griup ie stuflmts wktd skckajr mllfs ks privkflf jm jffktkimja >0 ckmutls ie kmtlrvlmtkim kmstruntkim fjkay (joivl tdl tkcl jaaittlf eir glmlrja kmstruntkim) eir j plrkif ie slvlrjawllbs. _lsljrnd-ojslf jatlrmjtkvl strjtlgkls jmf cjtlrkjas jrl uslf ir tdl tkcl ks splmt kmvjrklf prjntknl jntkvktkls skmnl cjmy ndkafrlm mllf rlpljtlf lxpisurls ti mlw kmeircjtkim oleirltdly iwm kt. Nimtkmuius prigrlss cimktirkmg ks fiml ti cljsurl ljnd stuflmt‛s rlspimsl ti tdlkmtlrvlmtkim jmf ti fltlrckml ke kt ks pisktkvl jmf jflqujtl si tdjt dl ir sdl njm rlturm ti tdlrlguajr najssriic. Jt tdl lmf ie tdl jsskgmlf kmtlrvlmtkim plrkif, tdl tljndlr nicckttll lktdlrrlturms tdl stuflmt ti tdl rlguajr najssriic sndlfual, cjkmtjkms dkc ir dlr km tdl Vklr KKkmtlrvlmtkim eir jffktkimja wllbs, ir jsskgms dkc ir dlr ti Vklr KKK eir plrsimjakzlf jmf cirl kmtlmslkmtlrvlmtkim.

Mi cirl tdjm joiut skx plrnlmt ie j sndiia‛s pipuajtkim sdiuaf lvlr mllf Vklr KKK kmtlrvlmtkims,jnnirfkmg ti tdl _VK lxplrts. Vdlsl jrl tdl ndkafrlm wdi cist akblay djvl sicl flgrll ie aljrmkmgfksjokakty, jmf tdisl mit sunnlsseua km Vklr KKK jrl tdlm rlelrrlf ti splnkja lfunjtkim.



Vklr KKK ks plrsimjakzlf, iml-im-iml, jmf tdl jffktkimja tkcl privkflf ljnd fjy ks 50 ckmutls joivl tdl rlguajr najssriic kmstruntkim.

^kmnl stuflmts mllfkmg Vklr KK kmtlrvlmtkims jrl jacist nlrtjkmay ti ol tdisl eirclray olkmg slrvlfkm Vktal K, L^A, jmf/ir ̂ plnkja Lfunjtkim prigrjcs, sndiias jrl rlstrunturkmg tdisl iaflr prigrjcsjmf eiafkmg tdlc km ti tdl _VK strunturl.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm Dlap

J rlsiurnl eir Vklrs K-KK ks MlwPjtd‛s Nlmtlrkmg tdl Lalclmtjry Najssriic (Vljndlr _lsiurnl Wirboiib) oy Aymm Gjtti. Vdks nicprldlmskvl stlp-oy-stlp wirboiib ks

flskgmlf ti tljnd jm kmspkrl B-4 tljndlrs ti flvlaip lmgjgkmg jmf leelntkvl aljrmkmg nlmtlrs. Vdlwirboiib trjmsajtls tdliry kmti prjntknl jmf privkfls cltdifs tdjt jrl najssriic- tlstlf jmfrlsljrnd-ojslf.

^tufy Griup Lfktkims ie tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcls, flskgmlf eir aljrmkmg nlmtlrs ir kmfkvkfujausl, jrl jasi miw jvjkajoal, oitd eir glmlrja lfunjtkim stuflmts jmf stuflmts wdi struggal ti aljrm.

MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas cjy ol uslf km cuatkpal wjys eir cuatkpal purpisls km j sndiia wktd ir wktdiutjm _VK kcpalclmtjtkim skmnl tdl sjcl ndkafrlm wktd tdl sjcl mllfs lxkst km j sndiia, rlgjrfalssie tdl prigrjcs ti wdknd tdly jrl jsskgmlf. Kt ks jasi kcpirtjmt ti rlclcolr tdjt lvlm tdiugd

rlsljrnd djs kflmtkeklf sicl prlfkntjoal mllfs ie lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf ndkafrlm, LAAs, jmfndkafrlm wktd fksjokaktkls, tdlsl griups jrl mit diciglmlius, jmf wkfl vjrkjtkims km citkvjtkim,ojnbgriumf, nuaturl, jmf jnjflckn plreircjmnl lxkst. Vdl eiaaiwkmg rlnicclmfjtkims eir ljndie tdl tdrll griups jrl privkflf wktd njutkim tdjt tdly wkaa umfiuotlfay ol kmjppriprkjtl eir jtaljst sicl clcolrs ie ljnd griup. Vljndlr hufgclmt prlvjkas.

Lnimicknjaay Fksjfvjmtjglf ^tuflmts. ^tuflmts griwkmg up km pivlrty djvl slvlrja fkeeknuatklsti ivlrnicl km aljrmkmg snklmnl jmf cjtdlcjtkns. Nuaturjaay, snklmnl jmf cjtdlcjtkns jrl mitdkgday vjaulf jcimg cjmy lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf ejckakls (jmf lvlm ckffal jmf upplr-najssejckakls). Ndkafrlm cjy mit lvlr sll cljsurlclmt flvknls. Vdlkr ejckakls cjy ajnb rualrs,tjplakmls, yjrfstknbs, snjals, cljsurlclmt nups jmf spiims, nainbs, njanuajtirs, jmf/irtdlrcicltlrs. Vdly cjy mit djvl rlnkpl oiibs ir tjab joiut bktndlm ndlckstry, eir lxjcpal.Kmmlr-nkty ndkafrlm cjy rjrlay djvl tdl lxplrklmnl ie sllkmg fkvlrsl pajmts jmf jmkcjas ir djvl tdlippirtumkty ti gi ti j snklmnl cusluc ir j pajmltjrkuc. Akcktlf fklts cjy cljm tdjt tdly fi mitbmiw tdl mjcls ie erukts jmf vlgltjoals jmf tdlkr dljatd olmlekts. Vdly cjy rjrlay dljr snklmtkeknwirfs uslf jt dicl ir km tdl clfkj ti wdknd tdly jrl lxpislf. Vdly cjy mit lvlr ol lmgjglf kmpiaktknja nimvlrsjtkims djvkmg ti fi wktd snklmnl8 lviautkim flojtls2 tdl sljrnd eir ‑grllm– eulasiurnls2 wjtlr sdirtjgls2 lcksskim stjmfjrfs2 leelnts ie friugdt2 munaljr piwlr pajmts2rlprifuntkvl kssuls2 eumfkmg eir spjnl lxpairjtkim2 wljtdlr pjttlrms2 tlndmiaigknja kmmivjtkims2njusls ie njmnlr jmf itdlr fksljsls2 jmf im jmf im. Vdly cjy mit plrsimjaay bmiw jmyiml wdiks j snklmtkst.

Kt ks kcpirtjmt ti rlclcolr tdjt hust olnjusl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf ndkafrlm nicl ti sndiiawktdiut prlrlquksktl bmiwalfgl ti aljrm snklmnl fils mit cljm tdjt tdly njmmit aljrm snklmnl.Kcpirtjmt kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls eir lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf ndkafrlm jrl js eiaaiws8

• Privkfl ippirtumktkls ti aljrm oy lxtlmfkmg kmstruntkimja tkcl jmf lcolffkmg snklmtkeknumflrstjmfkmgs tdriugdiut tdl fjy‛s jntkvktkls. R^ll prkir fksnusskim im ‑tkcl-im-tjsb– eirwjys ti lxtlmf aljrmkmg tkcl jmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• \sl ie cuatk-slmsiry (sicltkcls rlelrrlf ti js mimakmgukstkn) lmnifkmg jmf usl ie vksujasti kaaustrjtl cljmkmg. R^ll prkir fksnusskim ie ‑Cuatkslmsiry Prinlsskmg ^trjtlgkls– eir diwMlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• Lcpdjsks im nimnlpts, nimskstlmtay uskmg jnjflckn vinjouajry eir cjtdlcjtknja jmfsnklmtkekn tlrcs. R^ll prkir fksnusskim ie ‑_ljfkmg, Wrktkmg, jmf Niccumknjtkmg ^nklmnl–eir diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S



• Lxpaknkt tljndkmg (fkrlnt kmstruntkim) ie prlrlquksktl bmiwalfgl jmf sbkaas. RNimnlpts cjy ol tjugdt lxpaknktay wdlm uskmg MlwPjtd‛s Eakp Ndjrts, Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls, jmf ImakmlAljrmkmg.S

• Jflqujtl jmf vjrklf prjntknl ti flvlaip cjstlry jmf ti flvlaip eaulmny/juticjtknkty.RJflqujtl jmf vjrklf prjntknl ks j cjhir strlmgtd ie jaa tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas. ^ll prkirfksnusskim im ‑Prjntknl/_lpltktkim– eir diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eirrlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• \sl ie grjpdkn irgjmkzlrs, fkjgrjcs, ir cjps. RMlwPjtd‛s Eakp Ndjrts jmf Uksuja AljrmkmgGukfls wkaa ol kcpirtjmt.S

• Eir stuflmts wdi jrl skgmkeknjmtay oldkmf tdlkr pllrs, tdl rlsiurnls im tdl Kmtlrjntkvl NF-_IC jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg lmjoal tdl tljndlr ti nrljtl jmf jsskgm jppriprkjtl aiwlr-alvlajntkvktkls eir tdl stuflmt.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im rlsljrnd-ojslf kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls eir stuflmts wdi nicl ericlnimicknjaay-fksjfvjmtjglf dicls, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Elrgusim, _. E. (:;;4). Njm sndiias mjrriw tdl oajnb-wdktl tlst snirl gjp9 Km N. Hlmnbs &C. Pdkaakps (Lfs.). Vdl oajnb-wdktl tlst snirl gjp (pp. >:4->76). Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 OriibkmgsKmstktutkim Prlss.

Hlmslm, L. (?00;). Vljndkmg wktd pivlrty km ckmf8 Wdjt olkmg piir fils ti bkfs‛ orjkms jmf wdjt sndiias njm fi joiut kt . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir ̂ uplrvkskim jmf NurrknuaucFlvlaipclmt.

Akpkmj, ^. H. & Niaicoi, H. J. (?00;). Pivlrty jmf orjkm flvlaipclmt furkmg ndkafdiif8 Jm jpprijnd eric nigmktkvl psyndiaigy jmf mlurisnklmnl . Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 JclrknjmPsyndiaigknja Jssinkjtkim.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?000). Diw plipal aljrm8 Orjkm, ckmf, lxplrklmnl, jmf sndiia .Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

Mlucjm, ^. O. (?004). Lfunjtkmg tdl itdlr Jclrknj8 Vip lxplrts tjnbal pivlrty, aktlrjny, jmf jndklvlclmt km iur sndiias . Ojatkcirl, CF8 Pjua D. Oriibls Puoaksdkmg Ni.

Mlucjm, ^. O. (?00;). Ndjmgkmg tdl iffs eir ndkafrlm jt rksb8 ^lvlm lsslmtkja prkmnkpals ie lfunjtkimja prigrjcs tdjt orljb tdl nynal ie pivlrty . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Vljndlrs Niaalgl,Niaucokj \mkvlrskty.

_itdstlkm, _. (?006). Najss jmf sndiias8 \skmg sinkja, lnimickn, jmf lfunjtkimja rleirc ti naisl tdl oajnb-wdktl jndklvlclmt gjp . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Lnimickn Piakny Kmstktutl jmf

Vljndlrs Niaalgl, Niaucokj \mkvlrskty.

Lmgaksd Ajmgujgl Aljrmlrs. ^tuflmts mit ylt prieknklmt kmLmgaksd djvl j cjsskvl durfal ti ivlrnicl. Vdly cust aljrm

cjtdlcjtkns, snklmnl, jmf itdlr nimtlmt jrljs jt tdl sjcl tkcltdjt tdly jrl wirbkmg ti olnicl prieknklmt km Lmgaksd. Vdly lsplnkjaay mllf wirb km vinjouajry flvlaipclmt. Jatdiugd tdly cjy bmiw j grljt flja ie cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmnl ericsndiiakmg km tdlkr dicl niumtrkls, tdly cjy mit umflrstjmfJnjflckn Lmgaksd. Cjmy cjtdlcjtknja jmf snklmtkekn tlrcs jrlmlvlr uslf km lvlryfjy nimvlrsjtkim, jmf tdisl tdjt jrl djvlnicpaltlay fkeelrlmt cljmkmgs (lxjcpals8 cjttlr, cjss, lmlrgy,eirnl, nynal).


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/teacher-guide-for-science-grades-3-5 64/735?

Jm kcpirtjmt jmf kmtlrlstkmg stufy wjs nimfuntlf km ?007 (Auybx, All, Cjditklrl, Alstlr, Djrt,& Fljbtir) im diw ndkafrlm‛s ajmgujgl jmf nuaturl jeelntlf tdlkr plreircjmnl im snklmnljsslssclmts. Vdl stufy kmnauflf :,<00 stuflmts eric skx lalclmtjry sndiias slrvkmg fkvlrslpipuajtkims. Vdl rlsljrndlrs stjtlf tdl eiaaiwkmg km tdlkr nimnauskims8

^nklmnl tlsts kmlvktjoay nimtjkm tjnkt nuaturja jmf akmgukstkn bmiwalfgl tdjt ks mit lqujaay jnnlsskoal ti jaa stuflmts. \skmg ‑rlja-akel snlmjrkis– km jsslssclmt ktlcs cjy nimeuslstuflmts wdisl akvls fi mit rlealnt cjkmstrljc mircs. Eurtdlrcirl, Lmgaksd-clfkucjsslssclmts jrl umakblay ti jnnurjtlay cljsurl LAAs‛ snklmnl bmiwalfgl.

Vdl jutdirs sugglst tdjt tljndlrs sdiuaf ioslrvl tdlkr stuflmts‛ rljntkims jmf rlspimsls tinajssriic jsslssclmts si tdjt tdly njm kflmtkey wdlrl tdlrl jrl ajmgujgl ir nuaturja kmeaulmnlstdjt cjy ol nimeuskmg tdlc. Vdlm tdly sdiuaf tdlm fi nirrlntkvl kmstruntkim. Gkvlm tdl rkndmlssjmf fkvlrskty ie MlwPjtd‛s cjtlrkjas, tdlrl jrl jcpal ippirtumktkls eir ndkafrlm ti aljrm jmfprjntknl jnnurjtl rlspimsls jmf jasi eir tljndlr ioslrvjtkim jmf kflmtkeknjtkim ie prioalc jrljs.

Kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls tdjt jrl cist kcpirtjmt, jnnirfkmg ti rlsljrnd, eir LAAs kmnaufl tdl eiaaiwkmg8

• Lcpdjsks im nimnlpts, nimskstlmtay uskmg jnjflckn vinjouajry eir cjtdlcjtknja jmfsnklmtkekn tlrcs. R^ll prkir fksnusskim ie ‑_ljfkmg, Wrktkmg, jmf Niccumknjtkmg ^nklmnl–eir diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• \sl ie jfvjmnl irgjmkzlrs, grjpdkns, jmf/ir cjps jrl uslf tdriugdiut tdl MlwPjtdcjtlrkjas.S

• \sl ie ciflakmg jt tdl slck-nimnrltl alvla jmf km prioalc-siavkmg alssims (wirblflxjcpals). R^ll prkir fksnusskims ie ‑Cuatk-slmsiry Prinlsskmg ^trjtlgkls– jmf ‑WirblfLxjcpals– eir diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.

• \sl ie cuatk-slmsiry (sicltkcls rlelrrlf ti js mimakmgukstkn) lmnifkmg jmf usl ie vksujasti kaaustrjtl cljmkmg. R^ll prkir fksnusskim ie ‑Cuatkslmsiry Prinlsskmg ^trjtlgkls– eir diwMlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• Ciflakmg ie Lmgaksd primumnkjtkim ie snklmtkekn tlrcs. RVdl tljndlr jmf stuflmts wkaacifla tdl nirrlnt primumnkjtkim km tdl usl ie MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas. Iml lxjcpal ks kmdjvkmg stuflmts rljf tdl qulstkims jaiuf wdlm pajykmg tdl Nurrknuauc Cjstlry Gjcl.

Jmitdlr ks km tdl usl ie tdl Eakp Ndjrts jmf Ouaaltkm Oijrf Ndjrts wdlm tdl tljndlrjmf/ir stuflmts wkaa rljf tdl snklmtkekn tlrcs jaiuf.S

• Lxpaknkt tljndkmg ie prinlfurls. RPrinlfurls jrl tjugdt lxpaknktay wdlm uskmg tdl EakpNdjrts, Uksuja Aljrmkmg Gukfls, jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg.S

• Jflqujtl jmf vjrklf prjntknl ti flvlaip cjstlry jmf ti flvlaip eaulmny/juticjtknkty.RJflqujtl jmf vjrklf prjntknl ks j cjhir strlmgtd ie jaa tdl MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas.S

• _lkmeirnlclmt ie Lmgaksd ajmgujgl jrts aljrmkmg si tdjt stuflmts njm rljf snklmnl tlxtsjmf jsslssclmts jmf si tdjt snklmnl aljrmkmg njm ol niccumknjtlf. R^ll prkir fksnusskimie ‑_ljfkmg, Wrktkmg, jmf Niccumknjtkmg ^nklmnl– eir diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslfjmf eir rlelrlmnls eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• Kmfkvkfujakzlf/fkeelrlmtkjtlf aljrmkmg, wdlm mllflf. R^ll prkir fksnusskim ie ‑Kmfkvkfujakzlf Kmstruntkim– eir diw MlwPjtd cjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf eir rlelrlmnls eircirl kmeircjtkim.S

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im tljndkmg LAAs, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Lndlvjrrkj, H., Uigt, C, & ^dirt, F. H. (?000). Cjbkmg nimtlmt nicprldlmskoal eir Lmgaksd ajmgujgl aljrmlrs8 Vdl ^KIP cifla . Oistim, CJ8 Jaaym jmf Ojnim.

Gjrnkj, L. L. & Erlfl, L. N. (Lfs.) (?0:0). [iumg Lmgaksd ajmgujgl aljrmlrs8 Nurrlmt rlsljrnd jmf lclrgkmg fkrlntkims eir prjntknl jmf piakny . Vljndlrs Niaalgl, Niaucokj \mkvlrskty.



Glmlssll, E., Akmfdiac-Aljry, B., ^jumflrs, W. C., Ndrkstkjm, F. (?005). Lfunjtkmg Lmgaksd ajmgujgl aljrmlrs8 J symtdlsks ie rlsljrnd lvkflmnl . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Njcorkfgl \mkvlrskty Prlss.

Glrstlm, _. & Ojblr, ^. (?00>). Lmgaksd-ajmgujgl aljrmlrs wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls. Km D. A.^wjmsim, B. _. Djrrks, & ^. Grjdjc. Djmfoiib ie aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8

Vdl Gukaeirf Prlss.

Auybx, J., All, I., Cjditklrl, C., Alstlr, O., Djrt, H., & Fljbtir, _. (?007). Nuaturja jmf

dicl ajmgujgl kmeaulmnls im ndkafrlm‛s rlspimsls ti snklmnl jsslssclmts. Vljndlrs Niaalgl _lnirf , :0;(6), 4;7-;?5.

Mjtkimja _lsljrnd Niumnka (?000). Diw plipal aljrm8 Orjkm, ckmf, lxplrklmnl, jmf sndiia .Wjsdkmgtim, FN8 Mjtkimja Jnjflckls Prlss.

Mlucjm, ^. O. (?004). Lfunjtkmg tdl itdlr Jclrknj8 Vip lxplrts tjnbal pivlrty, aktlrjny, jmf jndklvlclmt km iur sndiias . Ojatkcirl, CF8 Pjua D. Oriibls Puoaksdkmg Ni.

M^VJ (?00;). M^VJ pisktkim stjtlclmt8 ^nklmnl eir Lmgaksd ajmgujgl aljrmlrs. Jrakmgtim, UJ8M^VJ.

^iusj, F. J. (?0::). Diw tdl LAA orjkm aljrms . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.

Ndkafrlm wktd Aljrmkmg Fksjokaktkls. Cjmy plipal cjbl tdl ckstjbl km tdkmbkmg tdjt j aljrmkmgfksjokakty ks iml ‑tdkmg.– Km trutd, tdlrl jrl si cjmy fkeelrlmt bkmfs, cjmkelstkmg tdlcslavls km sicjmy fkeelrlmt wjys, tdjt tdks jrlj ie lfunjtkim ks iml ie tdl cist nicpalx ti umflrstjmf,fkjgmisl, jmf flskgm jppriprkjtl nurrknuauc, kmstruntkim, jmf jsslssclmts eir js cjmy js joiuttlm plrnlmt ie tdl glmlrja pipuajtkim.

Vdlrl jrl, ie niursl, vjrkjtkims ie aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls (vksuja-spjtkja vs. ajmgujgl, eir lxjcpal), jmftdlrl jrl flgrlls (ckaf ti slvlrl). Vdlrl jrl jasi j vjrklty ie irkgkms. Gljry jmf Diwjrf (?00<,p. ?50) djvl nimstruntlf j usleua cifla eir umflrstjmfkmg tdl nicpalxkty ie cjtdlcjtknsfksjokaktkls (wktd kcpaknjtkims eir snklmnl aljrmkmg), js eiaaiws8

Nimnlptuja(l.g., Ojsl-:0 Bmiwalfgl)

Kmeircjtkim_lprlslmtjtkim

KmeircjtkimCjmkpuajtkim

Kmeircjtkim_lprlslmtjtkim

KmeircjtkimCjmkpuajtkim

Prinlfurja(l.g., Niaucmjr Vrjfkmg)

Fksnkpakml Ficjkm(l.g., Eirnl)

^uppirtkmg Nicpltlmnkls

\mflraykmg Nigmktkvl ^ystlcs

Nlmtrja Lxlnutkvl(Jttlmtkim jmf Kmdkoktiry Nimtria ie Kmeircjtkim Prinlsskmg)

Ajmgujgl ̂ystlc Uksuispjtkja ̂ystlc



Vdl fkeeknuatkls tdjt ndkafrlm wktd fksjokaktkls djvl, tdlrleirl, cjy innur km prioalcs rlajtkmg tinimnlpts jmf/ir ti prinlfurls. Vdlsl prioalcs jrl cjmkelstlf km fkeelrlmt wjys jmf rlqukrlfkeelrlmt strjtlgkls ti ivlrnicl tdlc.

Vdl irkgkm ie fksjokaktkls cjy mit ol j rlsuat ie j prioalc wktd nimnlpt umflrstjmfkmg ir prinlfurjaeaulmny, out wktd tdl Nlmtrja Lxlnutkvl jrlj ie tdl orjkm, wdlrl jttlmtkim, slae-nimtria, slqulmnkmg,pajmmkmg, irgjmkzkmg, jmf skckajr oldjvkirs rlskfl.

Vdl irkgkm cjy jasi ol j prioalc km tdl ajmgujgl systlc ir tdl vksuja-spjtkja systlc ie tdl orjkm,

ljnd fkeelrkmg js ti wdltdlr kt ks kmeircjtkim rlprlslmtjtkim ir kmeircjtkim cjmkpuajtkim. Vdl fkeeknuaty km umflrstjmfkmg cjtdlcjtkns fksjokaktkls ks tdjt j ndkaf rjrlay djs hust iml prioalc,out, rjtdlr, j nicokmjtkim ie prioalcs (nicirokfkty). Dl/sdl cjy jasi djvl jt tdl sjcl tkcl jrljfkmg fksjokakty, cjbkmg trljtclmt lvlm cirl fjumtkmg. Ekmjaay, kt ks kcpirtjmt ti rlclcolrtdjt j ndkaf wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls cjy jasi ol j ndkaf wdi ks lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf ir jndkaf mit ylt prieknklmt km Lmgaksd ir jaa tdrll.

Cjtdlcjtkns fksjokaktkls, sicltkcls glmlrjaay rlelrrlf ti js fysnjanuakj , cist erlqulmtay cjmkelsttdl eiaaiwkmg prioalcs8

• Aljrmkmg nimnlpts (cjtdlcjtkns jmf snklmtkekn vinjouajry2 irkgkmjtls usujaay km tdlajmgujgl systlc).

• Ejnt rltrklvja, ir eaulmny km prinlfurja bmiwalfgl (usujaay jm jufktiry prioalc km tdlajmgujgl systlc skmnl rldljrsja ie cjtd jmf snklmnl ejnts jacist jawjys ks fiml jaiuf,jufktirkay).

• _ljfkmg cjtdlcjtkns, snklmnl, ir itdlr nimtlmt jrljs (flnifkmg wirfs jmf mucolrs ks jasiusujaay jm jufktiry prinlsskmg prioalc).

• ^lqulmnkmg (rlclcolrkmg diw ti niumt, stlps ie prioalc-siavkmg, ltn.2 cjy ol jmlxlnutkvl eumntkim prioalc ir j prioalc wktd sdirt-tlrc clciry).

• Fkrlntkim (jatdiugd rljfkmg ks fiml alet ti rkgdt, cjtdlcjtkns rlqukrls ealxkokakty sicltkcls rljfkmg rkgdt ti alet ir up-ti-fiwm2 cjy ol jm lxlnutkvl eumntkim prioalc ir jprioalc km vksui-spjtkja systlc).

• Fksnlrmkmg oltwllm ‑1– cljmkmg ‑alss tdjm– jmf ‑=– cljmkmg ‑cirl tdjm– (rlajtlf tiprioalcs wktd fkrlntkim).

• Pisktkim (olkmg joal ti akml mucolrs up eir prioalc-siavkmg2 umflrstjmfkmg tdl kcpirtjmnlie tdl niccj km fkvkfkmg tdiusjmfs2 umflrstjmfkmg tdl pisktkim ie tdl flnkcja km flnkcjaerjntkims jmf km cimly2 jmf umflrstjmfkmg tdjt j mucolr‛s pisktkim km j ajrglr mucolr ksrlajtlf ti pajnl vjaul. Irkgkm cjy ol km vksui-spjtkja systlc.)

Olnjusl cjmy ndkafrlm wktd fysnjanuakj jasi jrl fysalxkn (rljfkmg fksjokakty), kcprivkmg kmstruntkimkm rljfkmg/ajmgujgl jrts wkaa akblay jasi kcprivl cjtdlcjtkns plreircjmnl. CnLwjm (?000, p. 7?)succjrkzls j stufy fiml km Njakeirmkj joiut tdl rksl km cjtdlcjtkns jndklvlclmt snirls wdlmtdlrl djf ollm mi splnkja leeirts km tdjt jrlj. _jtdlr, tdl tljndlrs djf ollm lmgjglf eir cirl tdjmtwi yljrs km j cjsskvl rljfkmg kcprivlclmt kmktkjtkvl, jmf tdjt wirb mit imay kcprivlf rljfkmgplreircjmnl, out jasi cjtdlcjtkns plreircjmnl.

_lnicclmflf kmstruntkimja strjtlgkls eir ndkafrlm wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls kmnaufl tdl eiaaiwkmg8

• Kmnrljsl tkcl im tjsb skmnl ndkafrlm wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls cjy aljrm cund saiwlr tdjmglmlrja lfunjtkim stuflmts. R^ll prkir fksnusskim im ‑tkcl-im-tjsb– eir cirl kmeircjtkim.S

• \sl cuatk-slmsiry prinlsskmg strjtlgkls. R^ll prkir fksnusskim im ‑cuatkslmsiry prinlsskmgstrjtlgkls– eir cirl kmeircjtkim. Vdlsl strjtlgkls kmnaufl usl ie cjmkpuajtkvls jmf slck-nimnrltl kaaustrjtkims sund js tdisl eiumf km MlwPjtd‛s Eakp Ndjrts, Uksuja AljrmkmgGukfls, jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg.S



^truggakmg Aljrmlrs jmf _VK^kmnl ndkafrlm km mllf ie kmtlrvlmtkims km Vklr K, KK, ir KKK ie j _lspimsl-ti-Kmtlrvlmtkimkcpalclmtjtkim jrl cist akblay ti ol ndkafrlm wdi jrl lnimicknjaay fksjfvjmtjglf, mit yltprieknklmt km Lmgaksd, jmf/ir wktd aljrmkmg fksjokaktkls, tdl splnkekn kmeircjtkim privkflf joiutljnd ie tdlsl griups wiuaf jppay km cjbkmg flnkskims joiut kmstruntkim eir ndkafrlm km jm _VKkcpalclmtjtkim. Vdly wiuaf jasi jppay ke ndkafrlm jrl stkaa km trjfktkimja prigrjcs, sund js VktalK, LÂ, jmf/ir ̂ plnkja Lfunjtkim, wdltdlr cjkmstrljclf, km rlsiurnl riics, ir km slae-nimtjkmlfnajssriics. Km jmy njsl, MlwPjtd djs jppriprkjtl cjtlrkjas eir tdlsl kmtlrvlmtkims jt jmy alvla.

Vdl joumfjmnl jmf tdl vjrklty ie prjntknl/rlpltktkim jntkvktkls lmsurls tdjt wdltdlr j ndkaf mllfsimay iml rl-tljndkmg ir hust iml cirl slsskim ie prjntknl ti j ndkaf wdi cjy mllf slvlrja yljrs ie LÂ kmstruntkim ir slvlrja yljrs km j splnkja lfunjtkim slttkmg, MlwPjtd njm cllt tdl mllfs km jflvlaipclmtjaay jppriprkjtl wjy.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im kcpalclmtkmg _VK prigrjcs, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Oriwm-Ndkfsly, _. & ^tllgl, C. W. (?00<). _lspimsl ti kmtlrvlmtkim8 Prkmnkpals jmf strjtlgkls eir leelntkvl prjntknl . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Vdl Gukaeirf Prlss.

Gaivlr, V. J. & Ujugdm, ^. (Lfs.) (?0:0). Vdl pricksl ie _lspimsl ti Kmtlrvlmtkim8 Lvjaujtkmg nurrlmt snklmnl jmf prjntknl . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Vdl Gukaeirf Prlss.

Ajml, B. A. & Ollol-Erjmblmolrglr, C. (?006). ^ndiia-ojslf kmtlrvlmtkims8 Vdl tiias yiu mllf ti sunnllf . Oistim8 Pljrsim.

Claajrf, F. E. & Hidmsim, L. (?004). _VK8 J prjntktkimlr‛s gukfl ti kcpalclmtkmg _lspimsl ti Kmtlrvlmtkim . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss jmf Mjtkimja Jssinkjtkim ie Lalclmtjry ^ndiia Prkmnkpjas.

Mjtkimja Jssinkjtkim ie ^tjtl Fkrlntirs ie ^plnkja Lfunjtkim, Kmn. (?005). _lspimsl ti kmtlrvlmtkim8 Piakny nimskflrjtkims jmf kcpalclmtjtkim . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Mjtkimja Jssinkjtkimie ^tjtl Fkrlntirs ie ^plnkja Lfunjtkim, Kmn.

_kaly-Vkaacjm, V. N. & Ourms, C. B. (?00;). Lvjaujtkmg lfunjtkimja kmtlrvlmtkims8 ^kmgal-njsl flskgm eir cljsurkmg _lspimsl ti Kmtlrvlmtkim . Mlw [irb Nkty, M[8 Vdl Gukaeirf Prlss.

Vkalstim, F. W. (?0::). Naiskmg tdl _VK gjp8 Wdy pivlrty jmf nuaturl niumt . Oaiickmgtim, KM8îautkim Vrll Prlss jmf Mjtkimja Jssinkjtkim ie Lalclmtjry ûplrvksirs jmf Prkmnkpjas.



Prielsskimja FlvlaipclmtIml ie tdl cist kcpirtjmt tdkmgs joiut prielsskimja flvlaipclmt rlajtkmg ti tdl usl ie nurrknuauccjtlrkjas ks tdjt wktdiut kt, tljndlrs rjrlay djvl tdl kmeircjtkim tdly mllf ti kcpalclmt tdlcjtlrkjas km tdl wjys km wdknd tdly wlrl flskgmlf. _lsljrndlrs miw djvl lvkflmnl tdjt tdl okgglstrljsim tdjt cjmy lfunjtkimja kmmivjtkims ejka ks tdjt tdly wlrl mlvlr rljaay kcpalclmtlf. Jasi,wktdiut trjkmkmg, tljndlrs cjy mit bmiw tdl cjmy iptkims tdjt jrl jvjkajoal ti tdlc km diw tdlcjtlrkjas njm ol uslf jmf wktd wdjt bkmfs ie stuflmts.

M^VJ tjbls tdl eiaaiwkmg pisktkims rlajtkmg ti prielsskimja flvlaipclmt eir lalclmtjry snklmnl tljndlrs8

• Vljndlr prlpjrjtkim jmf prielsskimja flvlaipclmt cust lmjoal tdl tljndlr ti kcpalclmtsnklmnl js j ojskn nicpimlmt ie tdl lalclmtjry sndiia nurrknuauc.

• Vljndlr prlpjrjtkim jmf prielsskimja flvlaip cust privkfl eir8

i Lxplrklmnls tdjt wkaa lmjoal tljndlrs ti usl djmfs-im jntkvktkls ti pricitl sbkaaflvlaipclmt, slalntkmg nimtlmt jmf cltdifs jppriprkjtl eir tdlkr stuflmts jmf eirflskgm ie najssriic lmvkrimclmts tdjt pricitl pisktkvl jttktufls tiwjrf snklmnl jmftlndmiaigy.

i Nimtkmukmg snklmnl km-slrvknl prigrjcs ojslf im nurrlmt lfunjtkimja rlsljrnd tdjtlmnicpjss nimtlmt, sbkaas, tlndmkquls, jmf usleua cjtlrkjas.

i Pjrtknkpjtkim km wirbsdips, nimelrlmnls, jmf clltkmgs spimsirlf oy ainja, stjtl, jmfmjtkimja jglmnkls.

• Lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl kmstruntkim cust rlealnt tdl jppaknjtkim jmf kcpalclmtjtkim ie lfunjtkimja rlsljrnd.

• Lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl prigrjcs jrl kcprivlf wdlm8

i Vljndlrs bllp jorljst ie jppriprkjtl snklmnl lfunjtkim rlsljrnd.

i Lfunjtkimja rlsljrnd olnicls tdl prlcksl eir ndjmgl ir kmmivjtkim km lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl, jmf tljndlrs pjrtknkpjtl km jntkim rlsljrnd km lalclmtjry snklmnl.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd ieelrs prielsskimja flvlaipclmt/trjkmkmg km tdl usl ie tdlkr cjtlrkjas, js wlaajs trjkmkmg im splnkja tipkns. MlwPjtd ieelrs trjkmkmg slsskims im nimtlmt bmiwalfgl,

cjtlrkjas usl jmf cjmjglclmt, usl ie MlwPjtd‛s Imakml Aljrmkmg prigrjc, jfckmkstlrkmg prl-jmf pist-tlsts, jmf fjtj jmjaysks. Vdlsl slsskims jrl nustickzlf ti cllt tdl mllfs ie tdisl kmjttlmfjmnl. Vdl eiaaiwkmg akst iutakmls tdl MlwPjtd prielsskimja flvlaipclmt prigrjc usujaay rlqulstlf oy sndiias8

• Cllt wktd stjee ti jmjayzl jmf fltlrckml splnkekn mllfs jmf lxplntjtkims• Jgrll im splnkekn tkclakmls jmf olmndcjrbs• Flskgm j trjkmkmg prigrjc tdjt ekts tdl splnkekn mllfs ie tdl stjee • Privkfl imsktl trjkmkmg nimskstlmt wktd tdl kflmtkeklf mllfs• Privkfl tlalpdiml jmf wlo-ojslf imgikmg suppirt js mllflf• Ioslrvl jmf jmjayzl prigrjc kcpalclmtjtkim jmf olmndcjrbs


Ndjptlr UK. Viias ti Lmdjmnl Leelntkvlmlss



MlwPjtd jasi suppalclmts tdlkr trjkmkmg wktd rlsiurnls im tdl wlosktl, wktd gukfls tdjtjnnicpjmy ljnd prifunt, jmf wktd puoaknjtkims sund js tdks iml, MlwPjtd‛s Vljndlr _lsiurnlGukfl. Vdl rljfkmg aksts km tdks gukfl privkfl jmitdlr alvla ie prielsskimja flvlaipclmt tdjt njmol fiml kmfkvkfujaay ir km stufy griups.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im prielsskimja flvlaipclmt, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Curpdy, N. \. & Aknb, F. W. (:;;4). Wdial-ejuaty stufy griups8 J piwlreua wjy ti ndjmgl

sndiias jmf lmdjmnl aljrmkmg . Vdiusjmf Ijbs, NJ8 Nirwkm Prlss.M^VJ (?00?). M^VJ pisktkim stjtlclmt8 Lalclmtjry sndiia snklmnl . Jrakmgtim, UJ8 M^VJ.

Vdl Mjtkimja ^tjee Flvlaipclmt Niumnka ks miw bmiwm js Aljrmkmg Eirwjrf . Vdlkr wlosktlnjm ol jnnlsslf jt dttp8//www.aljrmkmgeirwjrf.irg . Vdks irgjmkzjtkim djs jaa bkmfs ie prielsskimja flvlaipclmt rlsiurnls, kmnaufkmg j rljaay giif hiurmja jmf oiibs.

Vdl Jssinkjtkim eir ^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt djs j wljatd ie prielsskimjaflvlaipclmt puoaknjtkims, kmnaufkmg Lf Aljflrsdkp , tdlkr hiurmja, jmf cjmy, cjmy oiibs imtdl wdial rjmgl ie tipkns ie kmtlrlst ti lfunjtirs. Vdlkr wlosktl ks dttp8//www.jsnf.irg.

Pjrlmt KmviavlclmtJnnirfkmg ti j ?000 puoaknjtkim ie tdl Mjtkimja PVJ,

. . . tdl cist jnnurjtl prlfkntirs ie stuflmt jndklvlclmt km sndiia jrl mit ejckay kmnicl irsinkja stjtus, out tdl lxtlmt ti wdknd j stuflmt‛s ejckay ks joal ti (:) nrljtl j dicllmvkrimclmt tdjt lmniurjgls aljrmkmg2 (?) niccumknjtls dkgd, ylt rljsimjoal lxplntjtkimseir tdl ndkaf‛s jndklvlclmt jmf euturl njrllr2 jmf (>) olnicls kmviavlf km tdl ndkaf‛slfunjtkim jmf km tdl niccumkty.

Lvlry sndiia, tdlm, ks suppirtkvl ie pjrlmt kmviavlclmt jmf lfunjtirs jrl kmtlrlstlf km diw tikcprivl tdl qujakty ie tdjt kmviavlclmt.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd njm jsskst tljndlrs km kmviavkmg pjrlmts km tdlkr ndkafrlm‛s snklmnl lfunjtkimkm tdl eiaaiwkmg wjys8

• Vljndlrs njm usl tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_IC jmf Imakml Aljrmkmg rlsiurnls tiprkmt jntkvktkls jmf wirbsdllts eir ndkafrlm ti tjbl dicl js diclwirb.

• Vljndlrs njm slmf tdl Vjbl-Dicl Lfktkim ie tdl NurrknuaucCjstlry Gjcls dicl wktd stuflmts ti privkfl tdl ndkafrlmwktd cirl prjntknl ippirtumktkls jmf jasi ti kmviavl tdlpjrlmts km pajykmg tdl gjcls wktd tdlkr ndkaf.

• Ke pjrlmts djvl j nicputlr, tdly njm jnnlss tdlkr ndkaf‛sprigrlss rlpirts, rlvklw stuflmt wirb, nrljtl jt-dicl tutirkmgslsskims eir tdlkr ndkaf, jmf niccumknjtl wktd tdl tljndlr.

• Vljndlrs njm fkspajy tdl prkmt cjtlrkjas jmf flcimstrjtl tdlusl ie tdl Kmtlrjntkvl Wdktloijrf NF-_ic jmf Imakml Aljrmkmgjt pjrlmt clltkmgs jmf iplm diusls si tdjt pjrlmts umflrstjmfwdjt, diw, jmf wdy tdlkr ndkafrlm jrl uskmg tdlsl cjtlrkjas.

• ^ndiias njm usl tdl cjtlrkjas km tljndkmg snklmnl ti pjrlmts wktd wljb sbkaas (Jfuat OjsknLfunjtkim), kmnaufkmg sicl kcckgrjmt pjrlmts, si tdjt tdly km turm njm dlap tdlkr ndkafrlmaljrm jmf vjaul snklmnl.



Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im pjrlmt kmviavlclmt, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Mjtkimja PVJ (?000). Oukafkmg sunnlsseua pjrtmlrsdkps8 J gukfl ti flvlaipkmg pjrlmt jmf ejckay kmviavlclmt prigrjcs . Oaiickmgtim, KM8 Mjtkimja Lfunjtkimja ^lrvknls.

Vdl Mjtkimja PVJ‛s wlosktl im pjrlmtja kmviavlclmt ks dttp8//www.ptj.irg .

^tlkm, ^. & Vdirbkafslm, _. H. (:;;;). Pjrlmt kmviavlclmt km lfunjtkim8 Kmskgdts jmf jppaknjtkims eric tdl rlsljrnd . Oaiickmgtim, KM8 Pdk Flatj Bjppj Kmtlrmjtkimja.

Xlclacjm, ^., Fjmklas, D. & Dyfl, J. (:;;4). Olst prjntknl8 Mlw stjmfjrfs eir tljndkmg jmf aljrmkmg km Jclrknj‛s sndiias (?mf lf.) . Pirtsciutd, MD8 Dlkmlcjmm.

Nurrknuauc CjppkmgKm irflr ti lvjaujtl tdl sndiia‛s nurrknuauc/kmstruntkim/jsslssclmt prigrjc, cjmy sndiias uslnurrknuauc cjppkmg js iml tiia. Kt ks j strjtlgy flskgmlf ti fltlrckml ke tdl nurrknuauc pajm djsjntujaay ollm kcpalclmtlf, ke kt ks truay jakgmlf wktd stjmfjrfs, kmstruntkimja cjtlrkjas, jmfjsslssclmts, jmf wdltdlr kt ks clltkmg tdl mllfs ie tdl stuflmts.

Diw MlwPjtd Njm DlapMlwPjtd privkfls km kts puoaknjtkims tdl nirrlajtkims ie kts cjtlrkjas wktd tdlstjtl/mjtkimja stjmfjrfs eir ljnd fksnkpakml. Vii, tdlsl stjmfjrfs djvl ollm griuplf

kmti kmstruntkimja tipkns oy grjfl alvla, wdknd jrl jasi rljfkay jvjkajoal km tdl pjnbltsjnnicpjmykmg ljnd prifunt jmf km tdl fkgktja cjtlrkjas. Vdks Vljndlr _lsiurnl Gukfl ks jmitdlrtiia eir tljndlrs ti usl km j nurrknuauc-cjppkmg prihlnt.

Eurtdlr, MlwPjtd cjbls jvjkajoal vjrkius prielsskimja flvlaipclmt slsskims tdjt jrl jasi jakgmlfwktd stjmfjrfs. ^ndiias lalntkmg ti pjrtknkpjtl km tdlsl slsskims njm cjp tdlc ti tdlkr nurrknuauc.

Eir cirl kmeircjtkim im nurrknuauc cjppkmg, MlwPjtd rlnicclmfs tdl eiaaiwkmg8

Hjnios, D. D. (Lf.) (?006). Glttkmg rlsuats wktd nurrknuauc cjppkmg . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8Jssinkjtkim eir ^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Hjnios, D. D. & Hidmsim, J. W. (?00;). Vdl nurrknuauc cjppkmg pajmmlr8 Vlcpajtls, tiias,jmf rlsiurnls eir leelntkvl prielsskimja flvlaipclmt . Jalxjmfrkj, UJ8 Jssinkjtkim eir^uplrvkskim jmf Nurrknuauc Flvlaipclmt.

Prigrjc LvjaujtkimWl dljr j ait tdlsl fjys joiut ‑kcpalclmtjtkim wktd kmtlgrkty– ir ‑kcpalclmtjtkim wktd ekflakty– kmtdl nimtlxt ie kcpalclmtkmg _VK prigrjcs, out, km trutd, tdlsl tlrcs jppay ti tdl kcpalclmtjtkimie jmy jnjflckn pajm. Wdjt lfunjtirs djvl nicl ti sll ks tdjt j prigrjc lvjaujtkim tdjt lxjckmls

imay iutnicls (tlst snirls) jmf fils mit jasi aiib ti sll wdltdlr tdl ivlrjaanurrknuauc/kmstruntkim/cjtlrkjas/jsslssclmt pajm wjs nimskstlmtay kcpalclmtlf ks imay tlaakmgpjrt ie tdl stiry jmf mitdkmg joiut diw ti kcprivl. Ekrst, j sndiia cust djvl j rlsljrnd-ojslfpajm wktd jaa ie tdl pklnls jakgmlf wktd tdl prieknklmny stjmfjrfs. Ke kt ks jppriprkjtlay kcpalclmtlf,tdl iutnicls sdiuaf sdiw tdl vjaul jfflf jmf, tdlrleirl, kcprivlf plreircjmnl. Ke tdl pajm wjsnimskstlmtay kcpalclmtlf jmf tdl iutnicls wlrl fksjppikmtkmg, tdlm tdl prioalc ks cist akblay wktd iml ir cirl pklnls ie tdl pajm. Vdl iutnicl fjtj wkaa rlvlja wljbmlssls jcimg kmfkvkfujasjmf griups ie stuflmts, jmf tdlsl fjtj rlqukrl jmjaysks. Vdlsl jmjaysls njm tdlm ol uslf ti rlekmltdl pajm, ti cjbl kt cirl rlspimskvl ti stuflmt mllfs.

5;



MlwPjtd Aljrmkmg dipls tdjt tdks gukfl wkaa privkfl tljndlrs wktd kmeircjtkim, kfljs,suppirt, lmniurjglclmt, jmf nimekflmnl km tljndkmg snklmnl km grjfls >-<. Wl dipl yiu sll km iur prifunt flskgms MlwPjtd‛s niccktclmt ti j trul pjrtmlrsdkp wktdtljndlrs . Km ljnd prifunt, wl djvl lcolfflf suppirt eir nurrknuauc stjmfjrfs

jakgmclmt2 eir jaa eircs ie jsslssclmt, lvlm slae-jsslssclmt2 jmf eir alssim flskgms. Wl djvlwirblf djrf km ejsdkimkmg iur prifunts ti ejnkaktjtl yiur jfiptkim ie rlsljrnd-ojslf kmstruntkimjastrjtlgkls ti privkfl rlja ippirtumktkls ti aljrm eir jaa stuflmts. Wl djvl jasi jttlmflf ti tdlmllfs ie struggakmg aljrmlrs, kmnaufkmg tdl rlsiurnls tdly mllf ti bllp tdlc im trjnb wktd tdlkrpllrs. Ekmjaay, wl djvl jasi privkflf jsskstjmnl ti yiu km vjrkius eljturls ie prigrjckcpalclmtjtkim, kmnaufkmg suostjmtkja tiias eir pjrlmtja kmviavlclmt jmf kmnrljskmg tkcl-im-tjsb.

Wl trust tdjt tljndlrs wkaa usl tdl prifunts js tdly djvl ollm flskgmlf ti ol uslf

kcpalclmtjtkim wktd ekflakty. Vdjt fils mit cljm, diwlvlr, tdjt tdlrl ks mi riic eir tljndlrnrljtkvkty. Km ejnt, MlwPjtd lmniurjgls tljndlrs ti ekmf wjys ti kmnirpirjtl tdl cjtlrkjas km jvjrklty ie tljndkmg jntkvktkls tdjt jrl mit kmnauflf km tdks gukfl jntkvktkls tdjt wl fkf mit tdkmbti kmnaufl. Km ejnt, wl dipl yiu wkaa ol wkaakmg ti sdjrl wktd itdlr tljndlrs wdjt yiu ekmf tdjtwirbs km kcprivkmg stuflmt aljrmkmg, jmf wl dipl ti dljr eric yiu joiut tdisl kfljs, js wlaajs kfljs eir mlw prifunts.

Wl djvl trklf ti privkfl yiu wktd j nicprldlmskvl niursl km nurrknuauc/kmstruntkim/jsslssclmt, jaimg wktd tdl wjys tdjt MlwPjtd njm suppirt yiu km lvlry pdjsl ie nurrknuaucflakvlry, suppalclmtlf wktd j rljfkmg akst eir eurtdlr kmeircjtkim. Cjy yiur hiurmly ol jsunnlsseua iml!

Jmf, eir tdl rlnirf, tljndlrs J_L, naljray, slrkiusay, rljaay, rinblt snklmtksts!


Ndjptlr UKK. Nimnauskim

teacher guide for science grades 3-5

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