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  • 1. . () . Tech-Connected Teacher (TC*Teacher) Grundtvig 2008 2010 http://www.tcteacher.eu (Kauno technologijos universitetas), (Associatione Pixel), (Centrum Ksztacenia Ustawicznego w Sopocie), , (Florida Centre de Formaci, C.V.), Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Vida Motekaityte, K. Donelaicio 73, LT-44029 Kaunas .: 00370 37 327621 E-mail: [email protected] , 25 , 40 ..: 194 61100 , : +30 23410 28705 E-mail: [email protected] Online http://www.tcteacher.eu Vida Motekaityt, Sylwia Knot, Aleksandra Ciglewicz-Wachowiak, Ewa Karczewska, Anna Darul, Amparo Valls, Ilias Avramidis, Periklis Kosmidis, Ramnas Kubilinas, Donatas Raiutis, Marius Guobys, Ioannis Parpalas, Elisabetta Delle Donne, Lorenzo Martellini, Sigitas Drsutis , , , , Raminta Targamadz-Dzikaviien : 1 : 50 ISBN: 978-83-61216-52-0 : GALAN Gdask Tech-Connected Teacher, 2010

2. ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. & ................................... 9 1.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2. ........................................................ 11 2. .............................................................................................. 15 2.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2. () ........................................................................................... 17 3. ................................... 21 3.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2. ...................................................................................................................... 23 4. -........................................................... 29 4.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2. ..................................................................................................................................... 33 4.3. ......................................................................................................................... 35 5. ................................................... 39 5.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 41 5.2. ............................................................................................................................................... 41 5.3. ............................................................................................................................................ 42 5.4. .. 43 6. - .............. 47 6.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 49 6.2. - ..................................................... 49 6.3. ............................................................................ 57 6.4. ........................................................................................................................................... 61 7. ONLINE ................................. 65 7.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 67 7.2. ............................................................................................................... 67 7.3. ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 8. .......................................................................................................................................... 73 8.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 75 8.2. .................................................................................................................... 76 8.3. .......................................................................................................................... 78 8.4. ......................................................................................... 87 8.5. ( ) ............................................................ 87 8.6. (, )........................................................................................................................... 89 8.7. ..................................................... 89 3. 9. ..................................... 91 9.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 93 9.2. .............................................................................................................. 93 9.3. (Instant Messaging) ........................................................... 97 9.4. ................................................... 100 10. .................................................................................................................................... 111 10.1. ................................................................................................................................................ 113 10.2. Google ................................................................................................................................ 113 10.3. Google Docs........................................................................................................................................... 115 10.4. Doodle .................................................................................................................................................... 117 10.5. Blogs Feedback ................................................................................................................................ 120 10.6. ....................................................................................................................................... 121 11. .................................................................. 123 11.1. ................................................................................................................................................ 125 11.2. ............................................................................................................ 125 11.3. online .................................................................................................................. 126 12. .................................................................................................... 127 12.1. ................................................................................................................................................ 129 12.2. ............................................................................................... 129 12.3. ........................................................................................... 130 12.4. ................................................................................................................. 131 12.5. Nobelprize.org............................................................................................ 135 12.6. ....................................................................................................................................... 136 13. .............................................................................................................................. 137 13.1. ................................................................................................................................................ 139 13.2. NTNUJAVA ............................................................................................ 139 13.3. Oregon ............................................................................ 140 13.4. Case Western Reserve.......................................................... 141 13.5. ......................................................................................................................... 141 13.6. Howard Huges Medical ............................................................... 142 13.7. LabBench ............................................................................................................................................... 143 13.8. ............................................................................... 144 13.9. ................................................................................................................. 145 13.10. .......................................................................................................................... 146 13.11. ..................................................................................................................................... 147 ............................................................................................................................ 149 ................................................................................................................................................. 155 4. 5 , . , . Richard David Bach , , . , . 60 UNESCO, 1949. 1960, . . 1980 M. Knowles , 20 . , , , , . , . Grundtvig Tech- Connected Teacher, , . , . , . , , . , . , , . . . ! Vida Motekaityt 5. 7 Vida Motekaityte, Sylwia Knot , . , , . , , . , . , , , . . , , : http://www.tcteacher.eu. Tech-Connected Teacher, Grundtvig ( 2008 2010). T , 13 . , : & () , & () , . , , , . , , . , . , -, , . , , , , . 6. 8 , - , . , online , - . , , , . , . . . . : , , , . , . : , , . , . , : , . , . : , , , , . : www.tcteacher.eu. , , . 7. 11 1. & Aleksandra Ciglewicz-Wachowiak, Ewa Karczewska 1.1. . . , . , . , . , , . /, (MP3), DVD, , , , , . , . . , , . , . 1.2. : & () , , . . , , : ( , , ) 8. 12 ( , ) ( , ) . , , , . - . , . , ( ) ( ). : /, . , (, ), . , . , , . , . , . . . , . , . , . : , . , 9. 13 . 1. Dbkowska, M.; Kowalczyk, D. (2008). Wykorzystanie narzdzi ICT w nauczaniu / Using ICT tools in education. Oxford-Olsztyn. 2. Polak, J. (2006). Integracja szkoy z technologi ICT. Materiay z konferencji w Niwkach / School integration with ICT. Niwki. 3. Siemieniecki, B. (1998). Komputer w edukacji. Podstawowe problemy technologii informacyjnej / PC in education. Main problems of information technology. MBP Uniwersytet M. Kopernika, Toru. 4. Syso, M. (1996). Komputer w szkole, informatyka w Szkole / PC in the school, informatics in the school. XII Lublin, 11-14.IX.1996. 5. wicicki, K. (2006). Ksztacenie ustawiczne i doskonalenie nauczycieli w integracji z technologi informacyjn i komunikacyjn. Materiay z konferencji w Niwkach / Teachers integration with ICT by continuing education. Niwki. 10. 17 2. Anna Darul, Ewa Karczewska 2.1. , . H/Y Internet. , . , . , . . , . 2.2. () : , , . , . , , . : / , , , : /- . . . , , . , . . chat - , . ( skype chat), . , . , , -. , . , 11. 18 . : . . , , , , , . , . , , . . , . , ( , ). , . . : , . , - , , ( ), , , , ( , , , , ), (, , ), . , . , . 12. 19 , : : , , : , : , , : online . , , , chat, forum . , : . , : , . . . , , , . / . - . 1. Bronk, A. Jeli blended learning na uniwersytecie, to jaki? / Blended learning at the university? If so how? E-Mentor. - 2006, nr 1. 2. Cielik, J. (2006). E-learning, blended learning - wyzwania techniczne, organizacyjne czy bardziej kulturowe? / E-learning, blended learning what kind of challenges: technical, organizational or more cultural ones? e-mentor 4/2006. 3. Gocowska B.; ojewski, Z. (2008) Platformy edukacyjne - administrowanie i zarzdzanie / Educational platforms administration and management. UMCS, Lublin. 4. Hyla, M. (2005). Przewodnik po e-learningu / Guide to e-learning. Oficyna Ekonomiczna. 5. Hyla, M. (2005). E-learning. Od pomysu do rozwizania / E-learning. From concept to solution. Solidem, Krakw. 6. Jaworek, M. (2003). E-learning - nowe trendy w nauczaniu / E-learning - new trends in education. Rynek Pracy nr 2. 13. 23 3. Amparo Valls 3.1. . , . , . 3.2. , . . , , , Google, blogs forum. . : , . , . (, , , , ) . , , . , forums blogs, . . , : 1. . , , , : - , , , . 2. . , . , , 14. 24 . 3. , . (. 3). 4. . , , . , , , , , . 5. , , , . (. 1, , 2: , 3: ), . , ( syllabus ) , . , . , . , , . . , : / On line / , , , forum, blogs, Wiki . . , - (. 1). , . , (. 2). 15. 25 1. 1 / / / / / / / / / / 1 16. 26 2. , on-line, . , - 2. 3. 4. forum 1. 3. 1. forum 2. 1 3. forum activity 4. e-mail 5. 6. () 7. ( 2 7 ) 17. 27 . , , , , . , . , , , . forum . forum . , . , , . -. , . . . - . 1. 18. 31 4. - Amparo Valls 4.1. , (. ), (. ). , ( ) . , , . 4.1.1. . , , : . Ausubel -Figure 1.1] , . . , , . , . , : - - - . , , , . . . , , , . 19. 32 . , , . . , , . . -: (, ), , , , , , , . 4.1.2. . , : , . . . . , , . , : - . , . . , . 20. 33 , . , forum, . ( 7 : www.moodle.org, ). 4.2. : , . . 4.2.1. (software & hardware). . . 4.2.2. , , : , . on-line 50 . , . . , , , , . . , . . , , . 21. 34 4.2.3. , : ( ), . . , . , , . , . , , . ( ) , forum. . , . : . , . , , , .. . 4.2.4. , . . . , , . . . . : , , . , . , / . 22. 35 , . . , . , , , .. , , . , . , . , . , . . , . , , ( ) . , . , , . . . , , . . , , . . , . . 4.3. 4.3.1. . , . , . . , 23. 36 , ' , . 4.3.2. () , . , . , , . , . . . , . , . 4.3.3. . . , , . , . , , . , : . , ( ) , , . , , , . , , . , , /. , . . , , . 24. 37 4.3.4. , . , . , . , . . , , , , . , , . , : , , , , 1. Ausubel et al. (1978). The significant learning theory. 2. Virtual Moodle community, http://moodle.org/ 3. 25. 41 5. Ilias Avramidis, Periklis Kosmidis 5.1. , . . , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , : , . , , , . 5.2. [1]: : , : : , : , , /: , : , . 26. 42 . , , , , . . ( ) . , . [1]. , , , , . , , . 5.3. , : . . . , . , , . . , , . , , , . , . . 27. 43 . , , , . , , , , . , , . , . , . . . , . , . 5.4. - ( ), . . , ( ) . - . , , - . , . , . - . , - , : . . , . 28. 44 . . . . - . . . , . , ( ), -. . - . , - . , . . . , , . : - , , , , , () -, - , , - . . , , 29. 45 , . , , . , . , . , . , , , (. 1 ). 1. . . : , , , . : , , , . : , , , , role playing, , . () : , . ((/). , . , , , , , . , . 30. 46 , : , , , , 30%-65% . 1. Lieb, S. (1991). Principles of Adult Learning, Arizona Department of Health Services and part-time Instructor, South Mountain Community College, Available from: http://www.hipaacow.org/Docs/PrivacyGrid/PRINCIPLES%20OF%20ADULT%20LEARNING.doc 2. Valasidou, A. (Dr). (2006). Guide of distance teaching methods. Technological Educational Institute of Serres. 31. 49 6. - Ramnas Kubilinas 6.1. , , , , , [6]. , , , . , , , . , , . , , (animation) - [2]. , - . , - - [7] [9]. , , -. , . , , - - . 6.2. - -, . , animation . , , , -. , - , , -. 6.2.1. - . , / , . , ( , ) , . , , . (text tags), , , . , 32. 50 . , , (), , . 1. Notepad ++ jEdit To Notepad () . () Microsoft Windows. . , , HTML, NotePad++ (. 1), Microsoft Windows [10]. . , . iEdit (. 1), NotePad++, Windows [11]. 6.2.2. , . . , . - , (raster) . 256 , (. 2), GIF . , 16 (. 2), JPEG . 16 (. 2), PNG . , . 33. 51 2. GIF , JPEG PNG . , . ( , ) , Windows [12] (. 3). 3. GIMP GIMP Print Screen windows Alt+Print Screen. . , , Gadwin PrintScreen Windows [13] . , , , Inscape, , Windows [14]. 34. 52 4. FastStone Image Viewer Windows XnView . , ( ), ( ), ( ) , FastStone Image Viewer [15] (. 4) InfraView [16], Windows XnView [17] (. 4) Windows. . 6.2.3. , , , . , -, . , - Podcasts, , , . -. 5. MP3 Free MP3 Sound Recorder 35. 53 , , . MP3 CD, MP3 . , , ( , 1 , 2 ), ( , CD 44100 hertz ), (bits) ( , 16 bits CD) ( , 160 kilobits MP3) (, 5). , . 6. Audacity . , . Audacity (. 6), [18]. ( ) . MP3, Audacity , , LAME, [19] . MP3, Free MP3 Sound Recorder, Windows [20], . 7. Winamp XMMS . , Windows Media Player Winamp [21] (. 7), XMMS [22] (. 7), 36. 54 Unix Linux Amarok, [23]. 6.2.4. , . , . , , . , . , , , . AVI . , . , , . , ( , 30 ) , ( , 1000 kilobits ) (. 8). . 8. VirtualDub Xvid . , , . , . . , VirtualDub Windows [24] (, 8) Avidemux, 37. 55 [25]. , (, ) . , , LAME, [19] MP3, . , Xvid [26] (, 8) DivX [27], MPEG-4. 9. VLC media player GOM Player . , Windows Media Player, VLC media player [28] (. 9), RealOne Player [30], QuickTime [31] GOM Player Windows [29] (. 9). , , . 6.2.5. animation - w . animation . -. GIF -. . , Flash -. 38. 56 . Flash , . , , . (. 10). , Flash , Flash player, , , . Flash , , , . 10. Flash http://www.virtlab.com Flash animation Adobe Flash CS4 [32] SWiSH miniMax2 [33] . animation Ajax Animator [34], , . 11. Wink Wink animations Flash, . 39. 57 Flash Slideshow Maker [35], Windows, , ( Microsoft Power Point). Wink [36] (. 11), Windows Linux, , , . , CamStudio Windows [37], , animations Flash. , , animations Flash Free Video to Flash Converter [38], Windows. . 6.3. . , , , , . 6.3.1. , . Word - , Microsoft Office [39], Windows Mac Writer Open Office [40] . . , , , , . 12. Foxit Reader PDF , . , PDF, 40. 58 . OpenOfficeWriter Microsoft Office Word PDF. ( PrimoPDF [41] Windows PDF Creator [42]), , PDF. PDF Adobe Reader [43], , Foxit Reader [44] ( . 12) Windows Linux. 6.3.2. - PDF. (), , . , HTML . 13. HTML NVU - , . - , , HTML . , , . , , Microsoft Office [39], Microsoft FrontPage, Windows, Microsoft Expression Web 2 [46]. NVU [46] (. 13), . , Notepad++ [10] jEdit [11], , HTML. 41. 59 6.3.3. - , -, , . - , , [1] [5]. - - . , - , , , . PDF HTML -, (), . , - / , , , , - , . 14. , eXe explorer - HTML, XHTML, eXe [47] (. 14), . , , , -, . , - IMS SCROM. , . 42. 60 15. , Xerte . -, SCORM, Xerte[48] (. 15), Windows. , . Flash, . , , SCORM, , . 16. CourseLab - CourseLab [49] (. 16), Windows Linux. Microsoft Power Point, , , SCORM . -. . 43. 61 17. RELOAD Editor - ( , ) , -, , - (IMS SCROM). RELOAD Editor, [50] (. 17). , , . - , LMS - . 6.4. - , , , . , , [9]. , , . -, . LMS, - IMS SCROM , . - [7]. . , [2]. , , 44. 62 [9]. , . [2]. 1. Aggarwal, A. K. (2003). Web Based Education: Learning from Experience. IRM Press, 2003. 469 p. ISBN 1-59140-110-0. 2. Anderson, T.; Elloumi, F. (2004). Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Athabasca University. ISBN: 0-919737-59-5. : http://cde.athabascau.ca/online_book 3. Driscoll M., Carliner S. (2005). Advanced Web-Based Training Strategies. Pfeiffer. 500 p. ISBN: 0-7879-6979-6. 4. Horton W., Horton K. (2003). E-Learning Tools and Technologies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 592 p. ISBN: 0-471-44458-8. 5. Howard C., Schenk K., Discenza R. (2003). Distance Learning and University Effectiveness. Information Science Publishing. 350 p. ISBN: 1-59140-179-8. 6. Kovalchick A., Dawson K. (2003). Education and Technology. An Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio Ltd, 2003. 713 p. ISBN: 1-57607-749-7. 7. Morrison, D. (2003). E-learning Strategies. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84922-3. 8. Piskurich, G. M. (2004). Getting the Most from Online Learning. Pfeiffer, 2004. 170 p. ISBN: 0- 7879-6504-9. 9. Santally, M. I.; Senteni, A. (2005). A Learning Object Approach to Personalized Web-based Instruction // European Journal of Open and Distance Learning (EURODL). ISSN: 1027-5207. : ( : 20-06 2009) 10. Notepad++. : ( : 20-06 2009) 11. jEdit. : ( : 20-06 2009) 12. GIMP. : ( : 20-06 2009) 13. Gadwin PrintScreen. : ( : 20-06 2009) 14. Inscape. : ( : 20-06 2009) 15. FastStone Image Viewer. : ( : 20-06 2009) 16. IrfanView. : ( : 20-06 2009) 17. XnView. : ( : 20-06 2009) 18. Audacity. : ( : 20-06 2009) 19. LAME. : ( : 20-06 2009) 20. Free MP3 Sound Recorder. : ( : 20-06 2009) 21. Winamp. : ( : 20-06 2009) 45. 63 22. XMMS. : ( : 20-06 2009) 23. Amarok. : ( : 20-06 2009) 24. VirtualDub. : ( : 20-06 2009) 25. Avidemux. : ( : 20-06 2009) 26. Xvid. : ( : 20-06 2009) 27. DivX. : ( : 20-06 2009) 28. VLC media player. : ( : 20-06 2009) 29. GOM Player. : ( : 20-06 2009) 30. RealOne Player. : ( : 20-06 2009) 31. QuickTime. : ( : 20-06 2009) 32. Adobe Flash CS4. : ( : 20-06 2009) 33. SWiSH miniMax2. : ( : 20-06 2009) 34. Ajax Animator. : ( : 20-06 2009) 35. Flash Slideshow Maker. : ( : 20-06 2009) 36. Wink. : ( : 20-06 2009) 37. CamStudio. : ( : 20-06 2009) 38. Free Video to Flash Converter. : ( : 20-06 2009) 39. Microsoft Office. : ( : 20-06 2009) 40. OpenOffice. : ( : 20-06 2009) 41. PrimoPDF. : ( : 20-06 2009) 42. PDFCreator. : ( : 20-06 2009) 43. Adobe Reader. : ( : 20-06 2009) 44. Foxit Reader. : ( : 20-06 2009) 45. Microsoft Expression Web 2. : ( : 20-06 2009) 46. NVU. : ( : 20-06 2009) 47. eXe. : ( : 20-06 2009) 48. Xerte. : ( : 20-06 2009) 49. CourseLab. : ( : 20-06 2009) 50. RELOAD Editor. : ( : 20-06 2009) 46. 67 7. ONLINE Anna Darul, Aleksandra Ciglewicz-Wachowiak 7.1. (- ), . Online : WBTServer, Lotus Learning Space, Oracle Learning, SABA Learning Enterprise, ATutor, IntraLearn, ReadyGo, WCB, WBTExpress, EWS Editor Lotus. online : Moodle, ATutor (Learning Space). online . (open source license), , , (modular) . 7.2. 7.2.1. ATutor ATutor (LCMS) . ATutor , ATutor . , , online. . 1. ATutor ATutor , , gadget. , . . 47. 68 (forum). ATutor , , . , , . , forums, . / . ACollab, ATutor. ATutor , . . (blog), , , , . , . , . , . , . , . (add-on) Acollab, . , /, Likert, , , drag and drop ( ), . /, / , , / . , . . : , , , , , , .. [1.1]. , : www.atutor.ca/ 7.2.2. Lotus Learning Space Lotus Learning Space 5.0 . . : , 48. 69 , , . Lotus Learning Space 5.0 . . , . Lotus Learning Space 5,0 . , , . Lotus Learning Space 5.0, . Lotus Learning Space 5.0 , . , online CDs. , , . Lotus Learning Space 5,0 CBT (AICC), , Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). , , . Lotus Learning Space 5.0 : . , . Lotus Learning Space 5.0 , (intuitive interface). , online . , : . . . Lotus Learning Space 5,0 , . , . . . Lotus Learning Space 5.0 , . , . , (.. ) . , 49. 70 , . ( , ), . (The package enables running standard conferences (data exchange, audio and video materials), during which it is possible to cooperate with other learners and teachers to previously impossible extent) [1.2]. , : http://www.puw.pl/downloads/docs/2_metodyka/2_narzedzia/informacje_o_lls.pdf 7.2.3. Moodle Moodle , , (server). , , . Moodle , . , . 2. Moodle www.moodle.org : - , , , , (mailing lists) , .. forum , , , 50. 71 , .. . 3. Moodle, , TC*Teacher: Moodle TC*Teacher: http://lms.cku.sopot.pl/project/ ( 3). , : www.moodle.org. . 7.3. - . ' , . , . . , .. . , . , , . . . , , . . 51. 72 . email , . , , . . . , , . www, , . -. , , , .., , . - . , , , ( 5). () - . . , , . , . , . , , . , , . 1. Atutor Learning Content Management System. : ( 20-06- 2009) 2. Lotus Learning Space. : ( : 20-06-2009) 3. E-learning platform. : ( : 20-06- 2009) 4. Moodle. : ( : 24-11- 2009) 52. 75 8. H Donatas Raiutis, Vida Motekaityt 8.1. , . , /. , ( ) . , . , , . , (, ) . , , . , . , H.323 SIP . : . (Tandberg - www.tanberg.comPolycom - www.polycom.com Aethra - www.aethra.comRadvision - www.radvision.com ) (Ekiga - www.ekiga.orgXMeeting - xmeeting.sourceforge.net EVO - http://evo.caltech.edu/evo ). H.323 SIP Microsoft Windows, Linux Mac OS. , Ekiga Polycom Tandberg. , SKYPE, Windows Live Messenger, Google Talk .. , , . , , , . . , . , ( , SKYPE SKYPE Google talk Windows Live Messenger), 53. 76 . , (IM) , . . , grafters , "Flash" "Java". grafters . grafter , . grafters : Java grafters : http://www.java.com Flash grafters : http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer (Flash grafters for internet browsers in http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer) , . : Microsoft Windows, Linux Mac , , . , . . . (Wizard -) , ( 20) , PPT PDF . . Moodle, . 8.2. ( ) . , , . , : o , , 54. 77 , , , , . , . , Instant messaging SIP/H.323. . 1 2 . , . , . , . 1. / , , . , . , . . 2. 55. 78 8.3. . / . . . , . IM . SIP H.323, , , . 3. Ekiga Ekiga , Linux (. 3) Windows. , http://www.ekiga.org. 8.3.1. WiZiQ WiZiQ , . WiZiQ http://www.wiziq.com. , , , chat room, , , , , PDF, .. ( 4). , . , WiZiQ : ( ), , , PDF, Flash. () . /, 56. 79 , . 4. WiZiQ : download . : online (web camera) (portfolio) -- on-line WiZiQ: http://www.wiziq.com : . WiZiQ , . , . , / - . . . WiZiQ (portals) Twitter Facebook. , ( 5) 57. 80 5. WiZiQ , , PDF . (e-mail) , . . 8.3.2. DimDim , . : http://www.dimdim.com. . DimDim , , , . WiZiQ, DimDim , , , (proxy) . DimDim , . WiZiQ, DimDim (. 6) DimDim . 6. DimDim : desktop, ( , *. pdf). . : 58. 81 web, /. , . / . DimDim : (e-mail addresses) : PDF , , , video ( 20 ) chat room ( ) , / DimDim DimDim WiZiQ. , 20 . : e- mail ( , ) . : . , . Flash DimDim broadcasts, web (. 7). 7. DimDim 59. 82 , , (. 7). ( 7) 1 . 1. WebEx Microsoft LiveMeeting DimDim Yugma WiZiQ X X X X X URL URL URL URL URL 20 20 20 10 20 X X X X X Desktop X X X X X Whiteboard X X X X X VoIP Video X Instant Message/Chat X X X X X , Mark-up X X X / X X X X X X X X 0,15$ 0,15$ Mac, Windows, Linux Windows, Mac and Linux Web client only Mac, Windows, Linux Mac, Windows, Linux Mac, Windows, Linux X X X X X / X X X X X X X X X X 60. 83 8.3.3. Flashmeeting FlashMeeting (web conferencing) WiZiQ DimDim. Knowledge Media Institute ( ). Adobe Flash grafter . Flashmeeting, 25 (web). e-mail. (log-in). web Flashmeeting . (video conference) , web . , , . , : chat, URL, , , . . Flashmeeting , . (DimDim, WiZiQ) web, Flashmeeting web. , , .. . (European Association for Technology-Enhanced Learning). : http://flashmeeting.open.ac.uk/home.html 8.3.4. Windows Live Messenger Windows Live Messenger Messenger MSN Messenger , . , , (chat) VoIP . . Windows XP : UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) Windows Media Player, video-, (whiteboard), desktop, . Windows Mac OS Windows Live Messenger. MSN Live Messenger : Yahoo messenger One-on-one video conferencing - 61. 84 (Whiteboard), desktop, ( 8) 8. , desktop . . , . , chat . 8.3.5. Skype Skype 2003 . Skype . , Skype , Skype . Skype . 2008, 35 ., 405 . . ', Skype , . , 15 300.000 . Skype 28 . 25 Skype . Skype Linux, Windows Mac OS. Skype , Skype , . Skype podcast . 4.1 Skype Desktop Sharing, . , , . Windows Live 62. 85 Messenger, ( whiteboard ) Skype ( MSN Live Messenger). USB Flash Skype Skype , Internet. , Skype . . , . , Skype . 8.3.6. Google Talk Google . Google, . 9. GoogleTalk Google Talk . ( 9): Gmail, e- Gmail Chat- Gmail. Gmail, Google Google Talk Gmail Chat . Google Talk, : 63. 86 , chat ( chat ) ( download grafter. chat . , Google Talk. , Google, . : (add-ons) , , , . Skype, Google Talk MSN Live Messenger OS ( 1 2): 1. IM OS: Windows Mac OS Linux BSD UNIX Skype + + + - - Windows Live Messenger + + - - - Google talk + - - - - GMail Chat + + + + + 2. IM Skype Windows Live Messenger Google talk GMail Chat + - - - + + + + (emoticons) + + +/ +/ Unicode (UTF-8) +/ + + + + + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ Offline + + + + + - - 64. 87 8.4. . , . , . , , . , . , e-mail. . e-. , , , . (, ), : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , . 8.5. ( ) : , , . , , , . ( , ) . , Open Office Impress MS Office Power Point . : 1. ( 10); 65. 88 10. 2. , . 3. . , . ( ). . 4. ( 11); 5. ( 11); 11. 6. 18 , 7. , , , 8. . . , . / . , , 9. . , . . , 66. 89 10. (Animation) . . Animations , 2 3 , 11. , , 12. . 8.6. (, ) . . . 10-15 . , . , . , . . . , . . , . . . . . , , . . . . , . . . 8.7. / . . . , . . . . 67. 90 , . , . , , . . , . ( ) . ( ). . . / . / . . . . . ; , , . , , . . . . . , , . . 1. How to Use Social Software in Higher Education (2009): Communication. : http://www.icamp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/icamp-handbook-web.pdf ( : 1 2009) 2. Strobist Blog (2009): How to Improve Your Cheapo Webcam's Picture Quality. : http://strobist.blogspot.com/2007/05/how-to-improve-your-cheapo-webcams.html ( : 1 2009) 68. 93 9. Periklis Kosmidis, Ioannis Parpalas 9.1. online () (e-learning tools). . . , , . . (-, ) [1] 2. 9.2. 9.2.1. , , [2]. 1: 1. [3] ... (Audio conferencing) , Web conferencing , ; (Video conferencing) , - (Chat) , (Instant messaging) Ad hoc , 1:1 (White boarding) , ; Application sharing) , ; 69. 94 : , , , , . o . , . . , . 9.2.2. , . , , , , . : ( , , , ), , , email , , nline . , ' , , , . (web) ( video) email, ' . , . , , : : : , (, ..) . , , . ( - 70. 95 , ). : , . : . ( ). . , ( ) , . : . - . , : (.. ), ( ..). ( ): - ( , - ..). . 2 3. 2. [2] (E-mail) . (Bulletin Board) , (Newsgroups) . 71. 96 3. [3] (Discussion board) (Blogs) (e-mail) (Streaming audio) (Streaming video) (Narrated slideshows) (Web-based training) Document libraries check- in / check-out Databases web Web books (Surveys and polls) (Shared Calendars) Web site links web-based, , . . 72. 97 , . 9.3. (Instant Messaging) (Instant Messaging) ( ) , (internet) (intranet). (chat) , e-mail, . ( ), e-mail [4]. 1996. , . , . . , [5]. online , e-mail [6]. - [7]: - online, , Web , - , , , , , - , - , - . , , , web-, [4]. : , , , (desktop), Web Camera, . 73. 98 : H , , , , ., , . , , . Instant Messaging: . , , . : . (ID) . , GAIM IM+. , WEB based JWChat. , . AIM AOL . . , , . . , , , . . , . : AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), eBuddy, Google Talk, 74. 99 ICQ, Meebo, MSN Messenger, Net2Phone, Skype, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger. Instant Messaging [10] . , , . 4. Instant Messaging Adium Mac OS X : AIM, MSN, Jabber, Yahoo, Bonjour, Gadu-Gadu, Novell GroupWise Lotus Sametime Babuki Windows MacOX : Facebook, MSN, AIM, Yahoo Gtalk Miranda Windows . : ICQ, AIM, MSN, Jabber, Yahoo, Gadu-Gadu, Tlen, Netsend Pidgin . Windows, RedHat Enterprise Linux, Fedora Core, CentOS. AIM, Bonjour, Gadu-Gadu, Google Talk, GroupWise, ICQ, IRC, MSN, QQ, SILC, SIMPLE, Sametime, XMPP, Yahoo!, Zephyr Psi Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X GNU / Linux. Jabber, AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo, IRC Trillian Windows AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo Messenger, IRC , How Stuff Works [7] . , AOL, Yahoo!, Google MSN , , . , , . , Windows Live Messenger Google Talk, video . 75. 100 . Trillian AIM, ICQ, Windows Live, Yahoo! Messenger IRC. , . metacontact Trillian video -. Pidgin , AIM, ICQ, IRC, Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger Yahoo! Messenger. "Buddy Pounce" online o . Meebo eBuddy Web based, . eBuddy . Qnext, , . . , . . , . ... . ! To MySpace , . , . AOL plug-in WiFi - WiFi hot spots . Meetro, , - . , . 9.4. AOL Instant Messenger (http://dashboard.aim.com/aim) To AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) . . 1997. AIM 33 . , 6 AIM. AIM Windows, Mac OS X Linux. AOL AIM. AOL Instant Messenger , 76. 101 , logging buddy icons (avatars). custom away. AIM - , . AIM . AIM, ICQ, iChat Google Talk ! , Adium, Digsby Miranda, . AOL web- based AIM Express. , Flash. AIM Express (. 1). 1. AIM Express AIM , : Blackberry, iPhone & iPod Touch, Windows Mobile. AIM , : AIM Gallery - AOL (widgets), bots, plugins custom clients AIM buddy MyBuddyIcons AIM Expression Prank your friends 2008, AOL Open AIM initiative. AIM , Digsby, Trillian meebo, AIM . AIM messengers, : AIM Lite , AIM Ahoihoi - , . AIM Gallery . eBuddy (http://www.ebuddy.com/) eBuddy web-based ( 2003) MSN (. 2), Yahoo, Gtalk, Facebook, ICQ, MySpace AIM, . 77. 102 . eBuddy , . 2. eBuddy web-based eBuddy . , . eBuddy. , MSN, Yahoo AIM, . eBuddy . eBuddy : eBuddy Web Messenger, eBuddy Mobile Messenger, eBuddy Lite Messenger, eBuddy iPhone & iPod Touch, eBuddy , eBuddy ID, Widget eBuddy / Box. QQ - . - . Google Talk (GTalk) (http://www.google.com/talk/) Google Talk web-based VoIP, Google. 78. 103 Google Talk Jabber (XMPP). , XMPP Google Talk. Google Talk , , VoIP , Gmail, (interface) . Google Talk Client Features : , , , Gmail, , . , , Video conferencinig, "Google Talk". , Google Talk Translation bots, . ICQ (http://www.icq.com/) ICQ ( Seek You"), ( 3) , , . 700 . ICQ 17 . 3. ICQ : ICQ ICQ AIM, ICQ SMS ICQ, ICQ video , Push2Talk 5 ICQ , ICQ , spam ICQ , , ICQ, ICQ ICQ Xtraz, ICQ Windows 9x/ME/NT/2000/3/XP. 79. 104 ICQ : , ICQ AIM, SMS, video, , ICQ : ICQ , -, ICQ , ICQ , ICQ . Meebo (http://www.meebo.com/) Meebo web-based 6 . , . , (Yahoo!, AIM, MSN, Google Talk, MySpace, Facebook Chat, !) (. 4). Meebo Meebo, Meebo, Meebo Me. Meebo Emoticons, Status, Away Messages, , . 4. Meebo Meebo: Meebo 6 1 , / , Meebo, Meebo , buddy , Meebo . Meebo: , 80. 105 task bar task bar. NetMeeting NetMeeting Microsoft . , . : , AOL Instant Messenger, , , , , , . , Netmeeting, . NetMeeting Netmeeting ( 5). / Windows 2000 XP, . . Windows XP, Netmeeting : "run". " conf.exe" ( ). Netmeeing , ( ). Windows 2000, Accessories/ Communication . 4.0 Internet Explorer. 5. NetMeeting Windows Live Messenger ( Windows Live Messenger Microsoft) (http://home.live.com/) MSN Instant Messenger Windows Live Messenger (WLM), 2005. MSN Messenger 81. 106 Windows Live Messenger ( 6) MSN Messenger Windows. WLM . . , . , "Messenger Plus! Live" WLM. 27 WLM . 6. Windows Live Messenger WLM Windows. WLM Windows . WLM 2009 : , Windows Live Messenger, , video ,* , , VerizonWeb Yahoo! Messenger, Xbox 360, . * , . WLM Windows XP. WLM , . 82. 107 Net2Phone (www.net2phone.com/) Net2Phone / ( 7) . Net2Phone , , , . (IP) IP. 7. Net2Phone Skype (www.skype.com/intl) Skype . Skype, , . "Video conferencing" "Skype". 8. Skype Skype . Skype , , , , . 83. 108 Skype , , . (Instant Messaging). skype , ( ), ( ), , bookmark ( ), . Skype , , , . , Skype, , . Skype , , , , , , .. Skype , Internet. , Skype . , . VoIPBuster (http://www.voipbuster.com/) VoipBuster . VoipBuster. / , , . / / . VoipBuster , , Yahoo! Messenger (http://messenger.yahoo.com/) Yahoo! Messenger , , (, , (avatars), ). , Yahoo! Messenger Yahoo! Messenger. 84. 109 9. Yahoo! Messenger : Yahoo! Messenger ( Yahoo! Messenger) , IMVironments, , avatars , Yahoo! Messenger , Yahoo! : Yahoo! Messenger Yahoo! MSN Messenger, , spam, Yahoo! Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger . : Yahoo! Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger (SMS) , Yahoo! Messenger Yahoo! , Yahoo! Messenger "IMVironments" , , , Yahoo! Messenger , Yahoo!Messenger - - , 85. 110 Yahoo Messenger! Yahoo! Mail stock, , " " , Yahoo! Yahoo! Messenger avatars, LAUNCHcast radio player , media player , , Norton Antivirus Internet Security, Yahoo! Messenger Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/3/XP. 1. , . (2001), Open and Distance Education and Teachers Training. A Case Study, 1st Panellenic Congress on Open and Distance Education, Patra: congress proceedings. 2. Greek Universities Network Portal: Asynchronous E-learning. 3. ASAE & the Center for Association Leadership (2003): Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication Tools. 4. Wikipedia (2007): Instant Messaging. 5. Albert H. Huang, (2007). Theoretical Foundations and a Framework for Instant Messaging Research. University of the Pacific. Business and Information 2007 (Volume 4). 6. Esposito R., Mastroserio P., Tortone G., Taurino F. M. Web portals, instant messaging and web communities: new tools for online collaboration. INFN, Napoli, I-80126, Italy. 7. Tyson, Jeff, Alison Cooper. "How Instant Messaging Works" (2001): . 8. A QA Focus Document (2005): Using Instant Messaging Software. 11. Dr. A. Valasidou (2006): Guide of distance teaching methods, Technological Educational Institute of Serres. 86. 113 10. M Elisabetta Delle Donne, Lorenzo Martellini 10.1. . , . . . : Google Calendar Google. , online offline . Google Docs " , , form application Google. , . [1] Doodle , . Blogs , , 10.2. Google Google Calendar , Google. Google Calendar : , ( , ), e-mail SMS, (, ), . Google Calendar Google (http://www.google.com) Google Calendar (. 1). Google Calendar Google. , Google. 87. 114 1. Google Google Calendar, . : : , , , 4 , (. 2, 1) (. 2, 2) (. 2, 3) (. 2, 4) 2. Google Calendar 10.2.1. "Create Calendar" (. 2, 3), . , . , 10.2.2. "Create Event" (. 2, 4), : 88. 115 , , , . , . , . email, , ( Google Calendar ).[2] ( Microsoft Outlook, Apple iCal, Yahoo!) , Google Google. 10.2.3. Google . (. 2, 3), , , Share this calendar. . , , Add Person , , : / ( ) : : 10.2.4. Google Calendar : / / . 10.3. Google Docs " Google Docs , , , , form application Google. , ."[1] Google Docs : , 89. 116 Google Docs Google (http://www.google.com) Google Docs (. 3). Google Calendar Google . , Google. Google Documents , : : , , , , ( 3, 1) ( 3, 2). Google Docs , DOC, XLS, ODT, ODS, RTF, CSV, PPT. , ( 3, 3) (. 3, 4) ( 3, 5) ( 3, 6) ( 3, 7) ( 3, 8) ( 3, 9) ( 3, 10) 3. Google Docs Interface on line : http://docs.google.com/templates?hl=en. , , . Google Docs ( 3, 11). 10.3.1. Google Docs . 90. 117 4. Google Docs sharing : ( 4, 1) share ( 4, 2) ( 4, 3) ( ) ( ) ( 4, 4) ( 4, 5) (. 4, 6) . Google Docs . 10.3.2. Google Docs : e-mail . 10.4. Doodle Doodle , , . Doodle 91. 118 , , . [3] Doodle, Doodle (http://www.doodle.com/). Doddle : ( 5, 1) ( 5, 2) ( 5, 3) ( 5, 4) 5. Doodle , . 10.4.1. . , , email . "Next" (. 1) 2. 92. 119 6. Doodle , 2 7. Doodle - , 3 , . e-mail (,)( 1). e-mail ( 2). "Send invitation . . , , . (. 1) 8. Doodle 9. Doodle - "Make a choice" Schedule an Event. , , . Doddle . Doddle e-mail , 93. 120 , Doddle . 10.5. Blogs Feedback 10.5.1. " blog , , , . Blogger 1999, blogs , , ". [3] blogs, Blogger blog Google. Blogger : e-mail SMS , , , blog . Blogs . blogs . , , blog . . , blogs blog, . , blog blogs, . Blogger Blogger (https://www.blogger.com/start). Blogger 10. Blogger Google. , Google (http://www.google.com/). 94. 121 10. Blogger Blogger, blog. "Create A Blog (. 10, 1) , blog . Blogger : . Moodle, blog CD. 10.6. Internet . , . , . 1. Wikipedia (2009): Google Docs. ( : 18-06 2009) 2. Google (2009): Customise your notification. ( : 22-06 2009) 3. Doodle (2009): Easy Scheduling. ( : 23-06 2009) 4. Wikipedia (2009): Interactive Whiteboard Available from: ( : 30-06 2009) 5. Blogger, (2009): Blogger. ( : 30-06 2009) 95. 125 11. Amparo Valls 11.1. - . / , . . , / / . (-) . 11.2. , : ( ). (). -. ( , ). . . Moodle, . . ( ). . . . : -, ( ) . : 1. ( ) 1 2 3 1 - 2 3 - 96. 126 . . Moodle. , , / . 11.3. online 11.3.1. Hot Potatoes (http://hotpot.uvic.ca/) (suite) Hot Potatoes online : , , , , , . Hot Potatoes . JCloze, JCross, JMatch, JMix and JQuiz. Masher, Hot Potatoes . Hot Potatoes , , . . Hot Potatoes Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre. Half-Baked Software Inc. 11.3.2. Rubistar http://rubistar.4teachers.org/index.php RubiStar (rubrics) . RubiStar rubrics . RubiStar rubrics . rubric . , RubiStar 3 , : 5 , ... 11.3.3. SurveyMonkey http://www.surveymonkey.com/ SurveyMonkey.com . Survey Monkey online . web interface, . , , HTML, CSV SQL. Survey Monkey 100 . ( ) 1.000 . 1. 97. 129 12. 1 Elisabetta Delle Donne, Lorenzo Martellini, Vida Motekaityt 12.1. : . , . 12.2. , , , 50 . , , , . , , , . . on-line , , , E-mail, . , . , . . , , . . , , . , , , . 2002, : . [2] , James Paul Gee, . , : , , . [3] 1 COMENIUS 2.1 Nr.128967- CP-1-2006-1-it-Comenius- 2.1. , . 98. 130 , , /. : (avatars), (trial and error), . Gee . , : , . Gee " ", - , . [3] : . . : , . , . , , [1]. , . , , . 12.3. : . E ( ). . tetris. tetris . Arcade. . arcade 3-. . /, - . "m" (mature) . . . Racing, Derby . . /. / . . 99. 131 . . / . . . . . , . . , , , . 12.4. (http://learningame.org) . . ( username ). -. username ( 1, 1). (sidebar) . : e-Learning ( 1, 2) ( 1, 3) ( 1, 4) / ( 1, 5) ( 1, 6) 1. : e-Learning e-Learning, . 100. 132 , (copyright) . e-Learning . . , . , . 12.4.1. : , . - . . . . , , , , ( 2). ( 2). : , 2. e-learning . . . . , . 101. 133 ( 3). 3. 12.4.2. : . . . ( ) , (freeware) ( Radiant) freeware (. . Adventure Makers). / . freeware . , -- . . ( 4) 4. 102. 134 ( 5) : : ( , , /) ( 5, 1) : ( 5, 2) : ( 5, 3) (Making of): ( 5, 4) 5. 12.4.3. , , . . 6. 103. 135 : : : . 12.5. Nobelprize.org : . . , . . : - , , , nobelprize.org , . , . nobelprize.org . , "", , , . , 14-18, , . . , 10-20 , . , . . nobelprize.org 41 . , 29 . . 104. 136 7. Nobelprize.org 12.6. , , , . . . . , . . 1. University of Fine Arts of Brera (Italy), In.For.Ef (Belgium), University of Koblenz Landau (Germany), University of Patras (Greece), Vilnius Pedagocical University (Lithuania), Pixel (Italy) (2008). Teacher Training Manual Multimedia Application for Education, 2. Gee, J. P. (2003). What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 3. Craft, J. A Review of What Video Games Have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy, in Currents In Electronic Literacy, : ( : 30-06-2009) 4. Nobelpriz.org. Educational games. : ( : 05-12-2009) 105. 139 13. Sigitas Drsutis, Vida Motekaityt, Periklis Kosmidis 13.1. , : on-line, , , -, , , . . / [1]. , . , . , , [2]. . , [3]. . , , , , animation. . ( ) . , Java plug-in, JavaScript Macromedia flash player. 13.2. NTNUJAVA - Java (http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/). , , . Java applets (server): NTNUJAVA Easy Java , , , , , , . applets ( 1), , , . 106. 140 1. , . 13.3. Oregon , Java (applets) , w, : http://jersey.uoregon.edu/. Java , , . applet , . , applets . 2. applets 107. 141 , , , ( 2). , applet applet. 13.4. Case Western Reserve & (Polymers & Liquid Crystals) Case Western Reserve Center for Advanced Liquid Crystalline Optical Materials (ALCOM) Kent. ALCOM, - - , (LC) LC LC . (hypertext) (http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/lab/lab.htm) [4]. . , . ( 3). 3. applets 13.5. , , -, , . Carnegie Mellon - , , online (http://www.chemcollective.org/). ChemCollective's online . 108. 142 , , , . [5]. - ( 4). . 4. 13.6. Howard Huges Medical Howard Hughes . flash (http://bioeducation.net/biointeractive/vlabs/index.html) ( 5): : . : DNA . : . : . : . , . 109. 143 5. applets 13.7. LabBench . biocoach , . . . (http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html). Flash , , , ( 6). , . 110. 144 6. LabBench 13.8. , . [6]. , Java applets , , , , (http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/) ( 7). , Mozilla Firefox . , Java plug-in JavaScript. , Mozilla Firefox o (browser) - [6]. 111. 145 7. 13.9. , . (http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/). . . livechem applet ( 8). , , , , () . . 112. 146 8. 13.10. NASA , NASA. , , . , , : , , (probing), , [7] (http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu/). , . , / , , , ( ), , , , 3- . , / [7]. , - ... 113. 147 10.000 ( 9). . 9. 13.11. . , . , , animations, , . 1. Leleve A.; Prevot P.; Benmohamed H.; Benadi M. (2004). Generic e-lab platforms and elearning standards In Computer Aided Learning in Engineering Education conference proceedings 2. Wikipedia (2009): Laboratory. : ( : 16-06-2009) 3. Wikipedia (2009): Lab website. : ( : 16-06-2009) 4. Polymers & Liquid Crystals. : ( : 25-06-2009) 5. The ChemCollective. : ( : 25-06-2009) 6. Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics. : ( : 23-06-2009) 7. The Virtual Microscope. Available from: ( : 23-06-2009) 114. 151 CSV Comma Separated Values , () (,). . , (,), . CSV , E-calendar , / E-learning / , EXe e-Learning xhtml - e-Learning Flash Macromedia (animations) Flash Adobe flash, flash, Adobe Flash Player, raster vector, scripting Actionscript GIF Graphics Interchange Format - H.323 H.323 ITU (ITU-T) . H.323 , , -- (point-to-point) (multi-point). Hosted services / , ( ), , , , , , (.. WAN) HTML ypert Text Markup Language - . HTML HyperText Markup Language - . HTML . HTML , . URL, . ICT 115. 152 IMS - . , IMS CP (content package) Instant messages (IM) - IWB Java Sun Microsystems Java applet Java , JPEG ( raster ) MP3 MPEG Layer3 - MPEG-4 Motion Picture Experts Group MSN Messenger Microsoft MVS e-Learning OS (-) PC-to-phone calls PC PDF Portable Document Format Adobe Systems Plugin ( ) , " " PNG raster - . PPT Microsoft Powerpoint Presential and online session online Raster graphics , 116. 153 Rubric Heidi Goodrich rubrics, rubric " ." rubric . rubric . Goodrich rubrics " , ." rubrics . (. . , , , ) (. . 4, 3, 2, 1) (.. , a, b, c, ). rubrics (.. , , ) . rubrics . . SCORM Sharable Content Object Reference Model - e-learning Screen sharing , OS . SIP (SIP) . Social portals . myspace facebook, flickr YouTube sites eBay SQL (rdbms). , , . SQL . UPnP Universal Plug and Play - USB Flash memory USB Vector graphics 117. 154 Virtual classrooms - , , , , , . VLE VoIP Internet - IP , Web camera USB Webconferencing web - . , . URL ( ) . Wi-Fi WI-FI - Wi-Fi Alliance 802.11. 802.11 - LAN . XHTML Extensible Hypertext Markup Language - XML, HTML 118. 157 1. , . . I. : , . II. III. : (/ON- LINE) 119. 158 IV. A) . , . on-line -. - . on-line . : , , , . , . , . : Google , wiki, , chatrooms, blogs. , : - - - - - - . B. , , . on-line , . 120. 159 C. ; , . , . -, , on-line . , , . on-line : , , D. . E. . 121. 160 2: - . . I. .. 1 A. B. 1. 2. -. . . . . E. . * ! / + 1 / N () () * ! + 1 N 122. 161 1.1. .. 1.1 ) ) ) 1. < 1> 2. < 2> 3. (...) [ ] ) () () ( / ) : ) . , , , , . ) ( . ) 123. 162 3: / , , . 1 2. : I. - - ( , , ) - - II. . III. . IV. . V. . VI. , , . , . VII. , , . 124. 163