tcc - alessandro rezende

7/21/2019 TCC - Alessandro Rezende

1/103

TMA^DWZACBCD NDCDWBL CD TGDWLMCAB

Bldssbmcr` Ydrdarb Wdzdmcd

Zastdkb @mlamd pbrb J`mtr`ld c` Dstfa`

Zupdrvasa`mbc` NBJ@K-TNT

Tgdrlmcab, Grbsal

7923


2/103

TMA^DWZACBCD NDCDWBL CD TGDWLMCAB

Bldssbmcr` Ydrdarb Wdzdmcd

Zastdkb @mlamd pbrb J`mtr`ld c` Dstfa` Zupdrvasa`mbc`

NBJ@K-TNT

Srbgble` cd j`mjlus` cd jurs` bprdsdmtbc` Nbjulcbcd cd J`kputb` cb TmavdrsacbcdNdcdrbl cd Tgdrlmcab, Kambs Fdrbas, j`k`rdquasat` dxafac` pbrjabl `gtdm` c` frbucd Gbjebrdl dk Zastdkbs cd Amn`rkb`.

@radmtbc`r8 Yr`n.` Cr.` H`s Fustbv` cd Z`uzb Ybavb

Tmavdrsacbcd Ndcdrbl cd Tgdrlmcab TNT

Nbjulcbcd cd Jamjab cb J`kputb`

Gbjebrdlbc` dk Zastdkbs cd Amn`rkb`

Tgdrlmcab, Grbsal

7923


3/103

Wdsuk`

Mb Tmavdrsacbcd Ndcdrbl cd Tgdrlmcab ` dstfa supdrvasa`mbc` ukb btavacbcd `grafb-

trab pbrb blum`s c`s jurs`s cd Gbjebrdlbc` dk Jamjab cb J`kputb` d Zastdkbs cd

Amn`rkb` d tdk j`k` `ghdtav` pramjapbl amtdfrbr dssds blum`s b` kdrjbc` cd trbgble`.

@ rdsp`msvdl pdlb fdst` cdssd pr`jdss` ` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`s, qud btublkdmtd `

nbz p`r kda` cd uk s`ntwbrd qud m` btdmcd b`s rdquasat`s numja`mbas, cd sdfurbmb d

usbgalacbcd mdjdssra`s pbrb uk bj`kpbmebkdmt` dndtav` c` pr`jdss`. Zdmc` bssak, dstd

trbgble` bprdsdmtb b k`cdlbfdk d `s rdjurs`s mdjdssra`s pbrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd uk

m`v` s`ntwbrd pbrb fdst` c`s dstfa`s d tdk j`k` `ghdtav` pramjapbl bprdsdmtbr b bm-

lasd, dspdjafljb` cd rdquasat`s, kdt`c`l`fab cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` d akpldkdmtb` cdssd

s`ntwbrd, qud sdrvar j`k` bp`a` pbrb bs btavacbcds cb j``rcdmb`. @ sastdkb pr`p`st`p`ssagalatb b` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa s b fdst` c` pr`jdss` p`r kda` cd jbcbstr`s, pdsqua-

sbs, dmva` cd d-kbals, fdrb` cd rdlbtra`s dmtrd `utrbs numja`mblacbcds. Dspdrb-sd j`k b

jrab` c` m`v` s`ntwbrd uk kdle`r bj`kpbmebkdmt c`s dstfa`s p`r kda` c` bukdmt`

cb j`mflbgalacbcd, amtdfracbcd d casp`magalacbcd cb amn`rkb`.

Yblbvrbs-jebvd8 Dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc`, Z`ntwbrd pbrb fdst`, N`rkb` cd c`jdmtds,

Zastdkb `mlamd, Nbjulcbcd cd j`kputb`.


4/103

Lastb cd alustrbds

Nafurb 2 Kdt`c`l`fab atdrbtavb - Tkb atdrb` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2>

Nafurb 7 Kdt`c`l`fab atdrbtavb - @ pr`jdss` atdrbtav . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Nafurb : Bg`rcbfdk Jlssajb Amjrdkdmtbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Nafurb 3 VGZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Nafurb 4 Cabfrbkb cd Zdqumjab8 Jbcbstr` cd Srbgble`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7>

Nafurb > Cabfrbkb cd Zdqumjab8 Jbcbstr` cd Gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Nafurb 6 Brquatdturb c` Zastdkb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Nafurb 5 Sdlb cd L`fam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6

Nafurb 1 Sdlb cd L`fam (Kdmsbfdms cd Drr`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :5Nafurb 29 Sdlb Yramjapbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :5

Nafurb 22 Kdmus c` sastdkb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1

Nafurb 27 Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s @radmtbmc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Nafurb 2: Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s Blum`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Nafurb 23 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c`s Blum`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Nafurb 24 Sdlb cd âsublazb` cd rdbs cd Dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Nafurb 2> Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cb rdb cd Dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Nafurb 26 Sdlb cd âsublazb` c` Jbkpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:Nafurb 25 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c` Jbkpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:

Nafurb 21 Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s Jurs`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Nafurb 79 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c`s Jurs`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Nafurb 72 Sdlb cd âsublazb` cbs Dkprdsbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Nafurb 77 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cbs Dkprdsbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Nafurb 7: Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s Yr`ndss`rds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3>

Nafurb 73 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cd Yr`ndss`r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Nafurb 74 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cd Casp`magalacbcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Nafurb 7> Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s Srbgble`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Nafurb 76 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c` Srbgble` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Nafurb 75 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cd Gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Nafurb 71 Sdlb cd J`mflrkb` cd J`mvacbc`s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Nafurb :9 Sdlb cd âsublazb` cd Wdlbtra`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Nafurb :2 Cabfrbkb cd jbs`s cd us` cd blt` mvdl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

Nafurb :7 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Bjdssbr sastdkb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6

Nafurb :: Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr pr`ndss`r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5

Nafurb :3 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr blum` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1Nafurb :4 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr rdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Nafurb :> Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr dkprdsb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62


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Nafurb :6 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr trbgble` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Nafurb :5 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:

Nafurb :1 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - J`mflfurbr Nalb cd @radmtb` . . . . . . . . 63

Nafurb 39 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - J`mflfurbr Nalb cd Gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . 64Nafurb 32 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - J`mflfurbr dmva` cd d-kbal . . . . . . . . . . 6>

Nafurb 37 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr bssambturb c` j``rcdmbc`r cd

dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Nafurb 3: Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Jbcbstrbr d-kbals fdrbas . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Nafurb 33 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Fdrbr rdlbtra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Nafurb 34 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Dmvabr bvas` p`r d-kbal . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Nafurb 3> Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Amsdrar m`rkbs c` dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . 57

Nafurb 36 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Namblazbr dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:

Nafurb 35 Cabfrbkb cd jbs` cd us` - Wdblazbr pdsquasbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Nafurb 31 Cabfrbkb cd pbj`tds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Nafurb 49 Cabfrbkb cd jlbssd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Nafurb 42 Cabfrbkb Dmtacbcd-Wdlbja`mbl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Nafurb 47 Jrdbtd Sbglds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1>

Nafurb 4: Btb cd Cdndsb cd Srbgble` cd Dstfa` Zupdrvasa`mbc`. . . . . . . . . . 16

Nafurb 43 Wdlbtra` cd Ybrtajapbds Dk Gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Nafurb 44 Wdlbtra` C` Mkdr` Cd @radmtbds Y`r Yr`ndss`r . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Nafurb 4> Wdlbtra` Bmubl Cd Btavacbcds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297


6/103

Lastb cd tbgdlbs

Sbgdlb 2 Bmlasd cd Wasj`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:

Sbgdlb : Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr pr`ndss`r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Sbgdlb 3 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - J`mtr`lbr bjdss` (L`fam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Sbgdlb 4 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr blum` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Sbgdlb > Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr rdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Sbgdlb 6 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr dkprdsb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Sbgdlb 5 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr trbgble`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Sbgdlb 1 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9

Sbgdlb 29 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - J`mflfurbr fllb cd `radmtb` . . . . . . . . . . . >9Sbgdlb 22 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - J`mflfurbr fllb cd gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9

Sbgdlb 27 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - J`mflfurbr dmva` cd d-kbal . . . . . . . . . . . . >2

Sbgdlb 2: Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr bssambturb c` j``rcdmbc`r dstfa` . . >2

Sbgdlb 23 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbcbstrbr d-kbals fdrbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2

Sbgdlb 24 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - ^asublazbr rdlbtra`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7

Sbgdlb 2> Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Dmvabr bvas` p`r d-kbal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7

Sbgdlb 26 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbljulbr fllb cd `radmtb`. . . . . . . . . . . . . >:

Sbgdlb 25 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Jbljulbr fllb cd gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:Sbgdlb 21 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Amsdrar m`rkbs cd dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:

Sbgdlb 79 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Namblazbr dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3

Sbgdlb 72 Wdquasat` Numja`mbl - Wdblazbr pdsquasb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3

Sbgdlb 77 Wdquasat`s M`-Numja`mbas Fdrbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3

Sbgdlb 7: Lastbfdk cd jbs`s cd us` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4

Sbgdlb 73 Jbs` cd Ts` - Bjdssbr sastdkb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6

Sbgdlb 74 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr pr`ndss`r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5

Sbgdlb 7> Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr blum` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1

Sbgdlb 76 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr rdb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Sbgdlb 75 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr dkprdsb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Sbgdlb 71 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr trbgble` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Sbgdlb :9 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr gbmj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:

Sbgdlb :2 Jbs` cd Ts` - J`mflfurbr fllb cd `radmtb` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Sbgdlb :7 Jbs` cd Ts` - J`mflfurbr fllb cd gbmjb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Sbgdlb :: Jbs` cd Ts` - J`mflfurbr dmva` cd d-kbal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>

Sbgdlb :3 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr bssambturb c` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa` . . . . . 66

Sbgdlb :4 Jbs` cd Ts` - Jbcbstrbr d-kbals fdrbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Sbgdlb :> Jbs` cd Ts` - Fdrbr rdlbtra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Sbgdlb :6 @pds cd rdlbtra`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59


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Sbgdlb :5 Jbs` cd Ts` - Dmvabr bvas` p`r d-kbal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Sbgdlb :1 Jbs` cd Ts` - Amsdrar m`rkbs c` dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Sbgdlb 39 Jbs` cd Ts` - Namblazbr dstfa` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:

Sbgdlb 32 Jbs` cd Ts` - Wdblazbr pdsquasbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53


8/103

Lastb cd bgrdvabturbs d saflbs

BJAC Bt`kajacbcd, J`msastmjab, As`lbkdmt` d Curbgalacbcd

BYA Bpplajbta`m Yr frbkkamf Amtdrnbjd

GJJ Gbjebrdlbc` dk Jamjab cb J`kputb`

GZA Gbjebrdlbc` dk Zastdkbs cd Amn`rkb`

NBJ@K Nbjulcbcd cd J`kputb`

ESKL EypdrSdxt Kbroup Lbmfubfd

ACD Amtdfrbtdc Cdvdl`pkdmt Dmvar`mkdmt

HCO Oat cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` Hbvb

HZN HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds

HZY HbvbZdrvdr Ybfds

H^K Hbvb ^artubl Kbjeamd

KAS Kbssbjeusdtts Amstatutd `n Sdjem`l fy

K^J K`cdl ^adw J`mtr`lldr

KyZRL Ky Ztrujturdc Rudry Lbmfubfd

YCN Y`rtbgld C`jukdmt N`rkbt

ZFGC Zastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt` cd gbmj` cd cbc`s

ZFGC@W Zastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt` cd gbmj` cd cbc`s `ghdt` rdlbja`mbl

ZasFDZ Zastdkb pbrb Fdst` cd Dstfa s Zupdrvasa`mbc`s

ZRL Ztrujturdc Rudry Lbmfubfd

TNT Tmavdrsacbcd Ndcdrbl cd Tgdrlmcab

TA Tsdr Amtdrnbjd

TKL Tmafldlc K`cdlamf Lbmfubfd

VVV V`rlc Vacd Vdg


9/103

Zukra`

2 AMSW@CT@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7 WDNDWDMJABL SDWAJ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7.2 @ Dstfa Zupdrvasa`mbc` mb NBJ@K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7.7 Dmfdmebrab cd Z`ntwbrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:

7.: Ybcrds cd Yr`hdt`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.3 Tmafldc K`cdlamf Lbmfubfd - TKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.4 @ Yr`jdss` cd Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd Z ntwbrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2>

7.4.2 Bmlasd @radmtbcb b @ghdt s - B@@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7.4.7 Yr`hdt @radmtbc` b @ghdt s - Y@@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

: KDS@C@L@FAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 CDZDM^@L AKDMS@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:

3.2 Ylbmdhbkdmt` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:

3.2.2 Ylbm` cd Wasj`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7:

3.2.7 Ylbm` cd Btavacbcds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.7 @ M`v` Zastdkb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.7.2 Brquatdturb c` Zastdkb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.: Sdjm`l`fabs Ttalazbc`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :9

3.:.2 Lamfubfdk Hbvb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :9

3.:.7 Bkgadmtd cd Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` MdtGdbms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2

3.:.: Zdrvac`r cd Bplajbds Bpbjed S`kjbt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2

3.:.3 Gbmj` cd Cbc s Y`stfrdZRL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :7

3.:.4 Nrbkdw`ro Eagdrmbtd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::

3.:.> Nrbkdw`ro HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::3.:.6 Ybcr` K`cdl- adw-J`mtr lldr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3

3.:.5 Nrbkdw`ro YrakdNbjds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3

3.:.1 Ybcr` Cbtb Bjjdss @ghdjt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3

3.:.29 Ybcr` Zamfldt`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4

3.:.22 Bpbjed Y@A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4

3.:.27 ASDUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :4

3.:.2: Bpbjed J`kk`ms Dkbal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :>

3.3 Bprdsdmtb` c` Z`ntwbrd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :63.3.2 @ Yr`jdss` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :6

3.3.7 Numja`mblacbcds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


10/103

4 J@MJLTZ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.2 Srbgble`s Nutur`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Wdndrmjabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4:

Fl`ssra` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4>

BYMCAJDZ 46

BYMCAJD B WDRTAZAS@Z C@ ZAZSDKB . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

BYMCAJD G JBZ@Z CD TZ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

BYMCAJD J CABFWBKB CD YBJ@SDZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

BYMCAJD C CABFWBKB CD JLBZZD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5>

BYMCAJD D CABFWBKB DW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

BYMCAJD N ZJWAYS JWDBSD SBGLDZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

BYMCAJD F WDLBSWA@Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16


11/103

29

2 Amtr`cu`

Mb Tmavdrsacbcd Ndcdrbl cd Tgdrlmcab ` dstfa supdrvasa`mbc` ukb btavacbcd

`grafbtrab pbrb blum`s c`s jurs`s cd Gbjebrdlbc` dk Jamjab cb J`kputb` d Zastdkbs

cd Amn`rkb`. @ dstfa` ukb btavacbcd qud ` blum` rdblazb dk amstatuads pglajbs

ù pravbcbs, sdkprd s`g b `radmtb` d supdrvas` cd pr`ndss`rds d sub prtajb dst m`r-

kbtazbcb pdlb umavdrsacbcd. @ Dstfa` tdk j`k` `ghdtav` pramjapbl amtdfrbr ` blum` cb

NBJ@K j`k ` kdrjbc` cd trbgble` m` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` d mb bplajb` cd btavacbcds ds-

sdmjablkdmtd prtajbs. Cdssb n`rkb, dspdrb-sd qud `s blum`s tdmebk uk kba`r j`mtbt` j`k

` kdrjbc` d cdsdmv`lvbk btavacbcds rdlbja`mbcbs b pr`hdt`s cd sastdkbs j`kputbja`mbas,

bmlasd cd pr`gldkbs d pr`p`stbs cd s`luds pbrb bs dkprdsbs.

B j``rcdmb` cd dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` cb NBJ@K rdblazb ` j`mtr`ld cd t`c`

dssd pr`jdss`, cdscd ` jbcbstr` cd blum`s qud dst` jursbmc` ` dstfa`, bss`jab` d

bj`kpbmebkdmt cbs btavacbcds humt` b`s `radmtbc`rds, j`kp`sa` cd gbmjbs cd cdndsb,

dmtrd ùtrbs btavacbcds. Cdvac` b` mkdr` dldvbc` cd dstbfara`s dxastdmtds, gdk j`k` b

cdkbmcb mbturbl cd blum`s, t`rmb-sd mdjdssra` dxastmjab cd uk sastdkb j`kputbja`mbl

pbrb ` fdrdmjabkdmt` c` pr`jdss`, s`g ` rasj` cd j`kpr`kdtdr b qublacbcd c` sdrva`

dxdjutbc`, d prdhucajbr ` blum`.

Btublkdmtd, dxastd uk sastdkb j`kputbja`mbl cd fdrdmjabkdmt` cdssd pr`jdss`,

qud bpdsbr cd buxalabr safmafljbtavbkdmtd bs tbrdnbs c` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa supdrvasa`-

mbc`, p`ssua cavdrsbs lakatbds dk tdrk`s cd numja`mblacbcds, p`rtbgalacbcd d sdfurbmb.

@ sastdkb nà cdsdmv lvac` dk plbtbn rkbCdsot`pusbmc` uk sastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt`

cd gbmj` cd cbc`s rdlbja`mbl KyZRL. Dld h m` jukprd t`c`s `s rdquasat`s numja`mbas,

cd sdfurbmb d usbgalacbcd qud btdmcbk bs mdjdssacbcds cb j``rcdmb` pbrb n`rmdjdr

uk j`mtr`ld dfljadmtd c`s dstfa`s. Dld tbkgk m` nà cdsdmv`lvac` ldvbmc`-sd dk j`m-

sacdrb` bs kdle`rds prtajbs dk bmlasd, dspdjafljb` d cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd s`ntwbrd

cdflmacbs mb Dmfdmebrab cd Z`ntwbrd, ` qud cafljultb sub kbmutdm` ù qublqudr tap` cd

kdle`rab dk subs numja`mblacbcds d dstruturb. Dmtrd `s pramjapbas pr`gldkbs c` sastdkb

dst`8 lakatb` cd rdlbtra`s casp`mvdas, sdmc` prdjas` nbzdr j`msultbs cardtbkdmtd m`

gbmj` cd cbc`s pbrb dxtrb` cbs amn`rkbds d p`stdra`r jrab` kbmubl c`s rdlbtra`s?

lakatb` cd p`ssagalacbcds cd pdsquasbs? lakatbds dk blfukbs numja`mblacbcds qud dst`

j`k drr`s ù sakpldskdmtd m` numja`mbk, cdvac` nbltb cd kbmutdm`? amdxastmjab cd

pdrfls cd bjdss` ù j`mtr`ld c`s bjdss`s, sdmc` qud ` usura` p`cd utalazbr t`cbs bs numja`-

mblacbcds c` sastdkb sdk rdstra`, sdmc` p`ssvdl `j`rrdr dxjlus` ù bltdrb` amcdvacb

cd amn`rkb`? gbmj` cd cbc`s amstblbc` l`jblkdmtd, ` qud amsdrd ` rasj` cd pdrcb cbsamn`rkbds c` sastdkb d amdxastmjab cd c`jukdmtb` c` s`ntwbrd btubl.


12/103

Jbptul` 2. Amtr cu` 22

J`msacdrbmc` `s pr`gldkbs bprdsdmtbc`s, pdrjdgdu-sd b mdjdssacbcd cd uk m`v`

sastdkb j`kputbja`mbl pbrb b fdst` c`s dstfa`s. Cdssb n`rkb, ` `ghdtav` cdstd trbgble`

b jrab` cd uk sastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt` cd dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc`, qud j`mtdmeb uk

j`mhumt` cd numja`mblacbcds mdjdssrabs pbrb b fdst` d j`mtr`ld dndtavb cdssd pr`jdss`.Bjrdcatb-sd qud j`k ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cdstd, bukdmtbr ` j`mtr`ld, sdfurbmb, casp`ma-

galacbcd cbs amn`rkbds d sbmbr bs lakatbds d nblebs cb vdrs` btubl pdl` us` c` dstbc`

cb brtd dk dmfdmebrab cd s`ntwbrd.

Bs btavacbcds qud sdr` rdblazbcbs pbrb sd bljbmbr ` `ghdtav` s`8 bmlasd d dspdja-

fljb` c`s rdquasat`s numja`mbas d m` numja`mbas, c`jukdmtb`, dsj`leb cb plbtbn`rkb,

lamfubfdk cd pr`frbkb`, Nrbkdw`ros, gbmj` cd cbc`s, cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` s`ntwbrd,

tdstds cbs numja`mblacbcds d usbgalacbcd, akp`rtb` c`s cbc`s j`mtac`s mb gbsd cd cbc`s

c` sastdkb btubl d akpldkdmtb` m` bkgadmtd cd pr`cu`.J`k ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cdstd s`ntwbrd dspdrb-sd bljbmbr uk dndtav` bj`kpbmeb-

kdmt` d j`mtr`ld c`s dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s, buxalabmc` cd n`rkb safmafljbtavb b j`-

`rcdmb` cd dstfa`s mb fdst` c` pr`jdss`, cd n`rkb b nbjalatbr pbrb `s dmv`lvac`s `

bj`kpbmebkdmt` cbs btavacbcds d dspdjafljbkdmtd pbrb j``rcdmb`, b cdflma` cd v`-

lukd cd trbgble` gbsdbc` dk cbc`s j`rrdt`s d j`kpldt`s.


13/103

27

7 Wdndrdmjabl Sdraj`

Bs rdfrbs bjdrjb c` dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` mb NBJ@K d `s pramjapbas j`mjdat`s

utalazbc`s mb bmlasd cd rdquasat`s d cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` sastdkb s` cdflmac`s mdstd jb-

ptul`. Bssak, ` jbptul` bgrbmfd bs cdflmads gsajbs mdjdssrabs pbrb ` dmtdmcakdmt`

cdstd trbgble`.

7.2 @ Dstfa` Zupdrvasa`mbc` mb NBJ@K

@ dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` mb NBJ@K tdk ` `ghdtav` cd j`kpldkdmtbr b n`rkb`c` casjdmtd d amaja-l` mb btavacbcd pr`flssa`mbl, p`r kda` cb amtdfrb` c` kdsk` b`

kdrjbc` cd trbgble`, `mcd rdblazbr btavacbcds prtajbs rdlbja`mbcbs Amn`rktajb dk

amstatuads pglajbs ù pravbcbs, m` Grbsal ù m` dxtdra`r (KDZRTASB,7923).

@ dstfa` ukb dxpdramjab dk qud ` blum` k`strb sub jrabtavacbcd, amcdpdmcmjab

d jbrtdr. Dssb dtbpb led pr`p`rja`mb ukb `p`rtumacbcd pbrb pdrjdgdr sd b sub dsj`leb

pr`flssa`mbl j`rrdsp`mcd j`k sub bptac` tjmajb (GABMJEA, 7994). Sbkgk pdrkatd

b` casjdmtd j`medjdr b rdblacbcd dkprdsbrabl cdsdmv`lvdmc` btavacbcds rdlbja`mbcbs b`

cabfmstaj` cd pr`gldkbs, dsg`` cd s`luds d cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd pr`hdt`s, p`cdmc`bssak bprak`rbr sdus j`medjakdmt`s (KDZRTASB,7923).

@ dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` ukb btavacbcd bjbckajb d sub j``rcdmb` d bcka-

mastrb` s` cd rdsp`msbgalacbcd c` j`ldfabc` cd jurs`. Sbkgk rdsp`msbgalacbcd c`

j`ldfabc` b amcajb` cd uk j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`, j`k kbmcbt` cd càs bm`s. B `radm-

tb` c`s blum`s kbtrajulbc`s mb casjaplamb cd dstfa` ndatb p`r pr`ndss`rds cb NBJ@K d

b supdrvas` cbs btavacbcds ndatb p`r uk rdprdsdmtbmtd cb dkprdsb qud tbkgk bvblabr

` cdsdkpdme` c` casjdmtd dk subs btraguads (C@WB,7923).

M`s jurs`s cd Gbjebrdlbc` dk Jamjab cb J`kputb` d Gbjebrdlbc` dk Zastd-kbs cd Amn`rkb` ` dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` pdrkatac` dk cubs k`cblacbcds, ` dstfa`

`grafbtra` d ` dstfa` m` `grafbtra`. @ dstfa` `grafbtra` rdquasat` pbrb `gtdm-

` cd capl`kb pbrb `s blum`s c` GJJ d GZA. @ dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` m`-`grafbtra`

cdsdmv`lvac` j`k` btavacbcd `pja`mbl, bjrdsjacb jbrfb e`rrab rdfulbr c` casjdmtd

(KDZRTASB,7923).

@ dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc` vba kuat` blk cd uk sakplds jukprakdmt` cd dxafmjabs

bjbckajbs. Blk cd `ndrdjdr b `p`rtumacbcd cd bplajb` c` j`medjakdmt` bjbckaj` m`

kumc` rdbl, j`l`jb ` nutur` pr`flssa`mbl dk j`mtbt` j`k candrdmtds rdblacbcds julturbas.Bssak sdmc`, ` dstfa` uk akp`rtbmtd amstrukdmt` cd amtdfrb` dmtrd umavdrsacbcd d

dkprdsb, sdmc` ukb takb `p`rtumacbcd cd jrdsjakdmt` pdss`bl d pr`flssa`mbl (NALE@,


14/103

Jbptul` 7. Wdndrdmjabl Sdraj 2:

7923).

7.7 Dmfdmebrab cd Z`ntwbrd

B Dmfdmebrab cd s`ntwbrd b rdb cb j`kputb` v`ltbcb dspdjafljb`, cdsdm-

v`lvakdmt`, vblacb` d kbmutdm` cd sastdkbs cd s`ntwbrd, j`k bplajb` cd tdjm`l`fabs

d prtajbs cd fdrmjab cd pr`hdt`s d ùtr`s j`medjakdmt`s, vasbmc` b `rfbmazb`, pr`cu-

tavacbcd d qublacbcd. Zdus numcbkdmt`s jadmtflj`s dmv`lvdk ` us` cd k`cdl`s bgstrbt`s d

prdjas`s qud pdrkatdk b` cdsdmv`lvdc`r dspdjafljbr, pr`hdtbr, akpldkdmtbr d kbmtdr sastd-

kbs cd s`ntwbrd, bvblabmc` d fbrbmtamc` subs qublacbcds. Blk cass`, `ndrdjd kdjbmask`s

pbrb sd plbmdhbr d fdrdmjabr ` pr`jdss` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd uk sastdkb j`kputbja`-

mbl. Btublkdmtd, dssbs tdjm`l`fabs d prtajbs dmfl`gbk lamfubfdms cd pr`frbkb`, gbmj`cd cbc`s, gagla`tdjbs, plbtbn`rkbs, pbcrds, pr`jdss`s, k`cdl`s, kt`c`s d qublacbcd cd

s`ntwbrd.

B dmfdmebrab cd s`ntwbrd m` sd cdcajb bpdmbs b`s pr`jdss`s tjmaj`s cd cdsdm-

v`lvakdmt` cd s`ntwbrd kbs tbkgk b btavacbcds j`k` ` fdrdmjabkdmt` cd pr`hdt`s cd

s`ntwbrd d ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd ndrrbkdmtbs, kt`c`s d td`rabs qud cddk bpà` pr`cu-

` cd s`ntwbrd.

Tk pr`jdss` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd s`ntwbrd uk j`mhumt` cd btavacbcds, pbrja-

blkdmtd `rcdmbcbs, j`k b flmblacbcd cd trbmsn`rkbr b mdjdssacbcd cd uk usura` ù cduk kdrjbc` dk uk pr`cut` cd s`ntwbrd. Dstucbc` cdmtr` cb rdb cd Dmfdmebrab cd Z`nt-

wbrd, sdmc` j`msacdrbc` uk c`s pramjapbas kdjbmask`s pbrb `gtdr s`ntwbrdcd qublacbcd,

jukprar jr`m`frbkbs d j`mtrbt`s cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt`.

@ tdrk`s`ntwbrdm` dst rdlbja`mbc` bpdmbs b pr`frbkbs cd j`kputbc`r. Amjlua

tbkgk, `s brquav`s cd j`mflfurb` mdjdssra`s pbrb nbzdr j`k qud dssds pr`frbkbs

`pdrdk j`rrdtbkdmtd d t`cb c`jukdmtb` bss`jabcb, sdmc` dssb, b c`jukdmtb` c`

sastdkb, qud cdsjrdvd b dstruturb c` sastdkb d b c`jukdmtb` c` usura`, qud dxplajb

j`k` utalazbr ` sastdkb.

@s btragut`s qud n`rkbk uk g`k s`ntwbrd m` dst` cardtbkdmtd bss`jabc`s b`

qud ` s`ntwbrd nbz. Dk vdz cass`, dlds rddtdk sdu j`kp`rtbkdmt` qubmc` dk numja`mb-

kdmt`, b dstruturb d b `rfbmazb` c` jcaf` n`mtd d tbkgk b c`jukdmtb` bss`jabcb.

Dxdkpl`s cdssds btragut`s, qud s` jlbssafljbc`s j`k` btragut`s m` numja`mbas, s` `

tdkp` cd rdsp`stb c` s`ntwbrd j`msultb cd uk usura` d b nbjalacbcd cd j`kprddms`

c` jcaf` c` pr`frbkb (Z@KKDWÂLLD,799:).

Btublkdmtd, b dmfdmebrab cd s`ntwbrd dmnrdmtb frbmcds cdsbfl`s, c`s qubas `s pram-

japbas sdfumc` (Z@KKDWÂLLD,799:) s`8

@ cdsbfl` c` ldfbc`8 B frbmcd kba`rab c`s sastdkbs dk us` btublkdmtd n`rbk cd-


15/103

Jbptul` 7. Wdndrdmjabl Sdraj 23

sdmv`lvac`s e kuat`s bm`s d, j`mtuc`, `pdrbk akp`rtbmtds numds j`rp`rbtavbs.

Y`rtbmt`, ` cdsbfl` dst dk nbzdr b kbmutdm` d b btublazb` cdssds s`ntwbrds,

pbrb dvatbr just`s dxjdssav`s d pr`ssdfuar j`k b prdstb` cd sdrva`s b qubl nà

cdsafmbc`.

@ cdsbfl` cb edtdr`fdmdacbcd8 Jbcb vdz kbas, sd dxafd qud `s sastdkbs `pdrdk j`k`

sastdkbs castraguc`s p`r kda` cd rdcds qud p`ssudk candrdmtds tap`s cd j`kpu-

tbc`rds d candrdmtds tap`s cd sastdkbs cd bpà`. @ cdsbfl` cb edtdr`fdmdacbcd sd

rdndrd b cdsdmv`lvdr tjmajbs pbrb j`mstruar s`ntwbrds j`mflvdas, qud sdhbk dxvdas

` gbstbmtd pbrb lacbr j`k dssb edtdr`fdmdacbcd.

@ cdsbfl` c` n`rmdjakdmt`8 Kuatbs tjmajbs cd dmfdmebrab cd s`ntwbrd trbcaja`mbas

s` kuat` cdk`rbcbs. @ tdkp` qud dlbs fbstbk mdjdssra` pbrb qud btamhbk bqublacbcd cd s`ntwbrd dxafacb. J`mtuc`, bs dkprdsbs btublkdmtd dxafdk rdsp`stbs

rpacbs d sd k`cafljbk kuat` rbpacbkdmtd. @ s`ntwbrd cd bpà` cdvd sd k`cafljbr

j`k b kdskb rbpacdz. @ cdsbfl` c` n`rmdjakdmt` caz rdspdat` b rdcuzar ` tdkp` pbrb

` n`rmdjakdmt` cd sastdkbs frbmcds d j`kpldx`s, sdk j`kpr`kdtdr b qublacbcd.

7.: Ybcrds cd Yr`hdt`

Ybcrds cd pr`hdt` s` cdsjrads cd `ghdt`s d jlbssds j`kumajbmtds qud prdjasbk

sdr pdrs`mblazbcbs pbrb rds`lvdr uk pr`gldkb fdrbl cd pr`hdt` muk j`mtdxt` pbrtajulbr.

Tk pbcr` cd pr`hdt` m`kdab, bgstrba d acdmtafljb `s bspdjt`s-jebvd cd ukb dstruturb

cd pr`hdt` j`kuk pbrb t`rm-lb tal pbrb b jrab` cd uk pr`hdt` `radmtbc` b `ghdt`s

rdutalazvdl. @ pbcr` cd pr`hdt` acdmtafljb bs jlbssds d amstmjabs pbrtajapbmtds, sdus pb-

pas, j`lbg`rbds d b castragua` cd rdsp`msbgalacbcds. Jbcb pbcr` cd pr`hdt` n`jblazb

uk pr`gldkb ù tpaj` pbrtajulbr cd pr`hdt` `radmtbc` b `ghdt`s. Dld cdsjrdvd dk qud

satub` p`cd sdr bplajbc`, sd dld p`cd sdr bplajbc` dk num` cd ùtrbs rdstrads cd

pr`hdt` d bs j`msdqumjabs, just`s d gdmdnja`s cd sub utalazb`.

Dk fdrbl, uk pbcr` tdk qubtr` dldkdmt`s dssdmjabas8 @ m`kd c` pbcr` ukb

rdndrmjab qud p`cd-sd usbr pbrb cdsjrdvdr uk pr`gldkb, subs s`luds d j`msdqumjabs dk

ukb ù cubs pblbvrbs. @pr`gldkbcdsjrdvd dk qud satub` bplajbr ` pbcr`. Dld dxplajb

` pr`gldkb d sdu j`mtdxt`. B s`lu` cdsjrdvd `s dldkdmt`s qud j`kpdk ` pbcr` cd

pr`hdt`, sdus rdlbja`mbkdmt`s, subs rdsp`msbgalacbcds d j`lbg`rbds. Bsj`msdqumjabss`

`s rdsultbc`s d bmlasds cbs vbmtbfdms d cdsvbmtbfdms cb bplajb` c` pbcr` ( FBKKB,

7999).


16/103


7.3 Tmafldc K`cdlamf Lbmfubfd - TKL

B TKL ukb lamfubfdk cd k`cdlbfdk qud umafljb bs kdle`rds prtajbs cd dm-

fdmebrab cd s`ntwbrd pbrb c`jukdmtbr d vasublazbr `s brtdnbt`s qud n`rbk dspdjafljbc`s d

j`mstruc`s mb bmlasd d cdsdme` cd uk sastdkb. B samtbxd tdk sac` pr`hdtbcb pbrb sdr

amcdpdmcdmtd cd qubasqudr lamfubfdms-blv`, pr`jdss` cd s`ntwbrd ù ndrrbkdmtb, p`rk

sufljadmtdkdmtd fdmrajb d dxvdl b p`mt` cd p`cdr sdr utalazbcb cd ukb n`rkb pdr-

s`mblazbcb usbmc` dxtdmsds cdflmacbs pdl` prpra` usura` pbrb bj`k`cbr prbtajbkdmtd

qublqudr lamfubfdk, ndrrbkdmtb ù rdquasat` cd pr`jdss`.

@s `ghdtav`s cb TKL s`8 sdr ukb lamfubfdk cd k`cdlbfdk vasubl, dxprdssavb,

qud sd rdvdld rdlbtavbkdmtd sakplds d dxtdmsvdl? sdr amcdpdmcdmtd c` pr`jdss`? sup`rtbr

j`mjdat`s cd blt` mvdl (dstruturb, pbcrds d j`kp`mdmtds)? kbmtdr ` sup`rtd cd bljbmjd

kumcabl d sdr dxvdl d bkplbkdmtd bplajvdl.

Zdfumc` (LDD,7992), b TKL ` kdjbmask` prdndrac` cb amcstrab cd s`ntwbrd

p`r pdrkatar b j`kumajb` d blbvbmjbfdk c` j`medjakdmt` jbpturbc` (k`cdlbc`) c`

pr`gldkb (rdquasat`s) d s`lu` (sdrva` ù pr`cut`), `rfbmazbc`s (brquatdturb) d rdprd-

sdmtbc`s (cabfrbkb) cd n`rkb sakplds d cd njal dmtdmcakdmt`.

@s k`cdl`s (cabfrbkbs) kbas akp`rtbmtds prdsdmtds mb samtbxd cb TKL s`8 ca-

bfrbkb cd jbs`s cd us` qud utalazbc` pbrb jbpturbr ` k`c` j`k ` qubl `s usura`s

qudrdk utalazbr ` sastdkb. Cabfrbkb cd jlbssd cdflmd ` k`cdl` cd dstruturb dsttajb c`sastdkb. Cabfrbkb cd amtdrb` (sdqumjab) usbc` pbrb jbpturbr `s rdquasat`s numja`mbas.

Cabfrbkb cd dstbc` utalazbc` pbrb jbpturbr b vas` camkajb c` sastdkb (LDD,7992).


17/103

Jbptul` 7. Wdndrdmjabl Sdraj 2>

7.4 @ Yr`jdss` cd Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd Z`ntwbrd

B` amajabr uk pr`jdss` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd s`ntwbrd cdvd-sd prakdarbkdmtd cd-

flmar ukb dstrbtfab umafljbcb qud buxalad b cdsjra` c` pr`gldkb. Ybrb ass`, dxastdk

vrabs kdt`c`l`fabs cd s`ntwbrd qud cdflmdk ukb kbmdarb j`kuk cd dmjbrbr ` cdsdmv`l-

vakdmt`. Tkb kdt`c`l`fab nrdqudmtdkdmtd j`mtdr ukb lamfubfdk cd k`cdlbfdk (j`k`

b TKL) d uk pr`jdss` cd s`ntwbrd qud k`strb `s vra`s dstfa`s c` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd

uk s`ntwbrd (ZAMSDZ,7997).

B kdt`c`l`fab utalazbcb pbrb cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` s`ntwbrd cd fdst` cd dstfa`s

supdrvasa`mbc`s nà b atdrbtavb. Dssb kdt`c`l`fab pdrkatd bltdrbds dk qublqudr p`mt`

c` pr`jdss` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt`. @ pr`jdss` atdrbtav` pdrkatd bltdrbds bc`tbmc` ukb

dstrbtfab atdrbtavb d amjrdkdmtbl pbrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt`. Mdssb dstrbtfab dv`lutavb cd

cdsdmv`lvakdmt`, jbcb atdrb` bpdrnda`b d dlbg`rb frbcublkdmtd uk pr`cut` gsaj` dk

uk pr`cut` bkbcurdjac`. B Nafurb2alustrb b dstrbtfab.

Nafurb 2 Kdt`c`l`fab atdrbtavb - Tkb atdrb`N`mtd8 (ZAMSDZ,7997)_p. 21>[.

M` pr`jdss` atdrbtav` m` sd rdblazb ukb atdrb` frbmcd qud j`mstra ` pr`frbkb

amtdar`. Dk vdz cass`, ` pr`jdss` atdrbtav` cavacd ` trbgble` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` dk v-rabs atdrbds pdqudmbs. B Nafurb7 alustrb dssb dstrbtfab amjrdkdmtbl. Jbcb atdrb` c`

pr`jdss` amtr`cuz ukb pdqudmb kdle`rab amjrdkdmtbl m` pr`frbkb. Dssb kdle`rab p`cd

sdr uk m`v` rdjurs` ù uk rdflmbkdmt` cd uk rdjurs` h dxastdmtd (ZAMSDZ,7997).

B kdt`c`l`fab Atdrbtavb nà utalazbcb pbrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` s`ntwbrd pbrb

fdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s cdvac` b nbjalacbcd dk k`mat`rbr ` pr`frdss` d tdr b

p`ssagalacbcd cd v`ltbr d j`rrafar blf` qud m` nà ndat` j`rrdtbkdmtd, d cd fbrbmtar qud `

cdsdmv`lvakdmt` dst m` jbkame` jdrt` cdvac` b vdrafljbds j`mstbmtds cd t`cbs bs dtbpbs

c` pr`jdss`.


18/103


Nafurb 7 Kdt`c`l`fab atdrbtavb - @ pr`jdss` atdrbtav`N`mtd8 (ZAMSDZ,7997)_p. 21>[.

7.4.2 Bmlasd @radmtbcb b @ghdt`s - B@@

B@@ ukb dstrbtfab `radmtbcb b `ghdt`s pbrb dmtdmcdr ` pr`gldkb qud sdr

rds`lvac`, btrbvs cb bmlasd cd rdquasat`s. M` flmbl cb bmlasd, dmtdmcd-sd ` c`kma` c`

pr`gldkb d sdus rdquasat`s dk tdrk`s cd jlbssds d amtdrbds cd `ghdt`s.Bps dmtdmcdr ` pr`gldkb, amajab-sd b pr`hdtbr ukb s`lu`. Ybrb pr`hdtbr b s`lu`

mdjdssra` dmtdmcdr j`k` `s usura`s utalazbr` ` sastdkb. Y`r kda` c`s rdquasat`s c`

sastdkb, acdmtafljbc` ` qud `s usura`s qudrdk nbzdr j`k ` sastdkb d qubas tap`s cd

rdsp`stbs dlds dspdrbk rdjdgdr (ZAMSDZ, 7997). @s rdquasat`s c` Zastdkb pbrb Fdst`

cd Dstfa`s Zupdrvasa`mbc`s n`rbk dlbg`rbc`s sdfuamc` b dstrbtfab cd B@@ d dst`

casp`mvdas m` bpmcajdB.

Mb B@@ dxastdk c`as k`cdl`s pramjapbas. @ k`cdl` cd jbs` cd us` qud cdsjrdvd

j`k` uk usura` amtdrbfd j`k ` sastdkb d ` k`cdl` cd c`kma` qud jbpturb ` v`jbgulra`pramjapbl c` sastdkb. Tsbmc` ` k`cdl` cd c`kma`, amajab-sd b acdmtafljb` c`s `ghdt`s

qud pdrtdmjdk b` sastdkb (ZAMSDZ,7997).

M` k`cdl` cd jbs` cd us` cdsj`grd-sd `s us`s c` sastdkb d btrbvs c` pr`jdss` cd

bmlasd, s` cdflmac`s vra`s jbs`s cd us`. B cdflma` p`cd sdr ndatb p`r kda` cd jdmra`s,

cabfrbkbs d eastrabs j`k usura`s dk p`tdmjabl `u dxastdmtds. Tk jbs` cd us` cdsjrdvd

j`k` uk usura` vba amtdrbfar j`k ` sastdkb.

B jrab` cd jbs`s cd us` uk pr`jdss` atdrbtav`. Dxastdk vrabs dtbpbs pbrb

jbcb atdrb`. Ybrb cdflmar `s jbs`s cd us` cdvd-sd8 acdmtafljbr `s bt`rds, jrabr ukb lastbprdlakambr cd jbs`s cd us`, rdflmbr d m`kdbr `s jbs` cd us`, cdflmar b sdqumjab cd dvdmt`s

cd jbcb jbs` cd us` d b` flmbl rdblazbr b k`cdlbfdk (ZAMSDZ,7997). @s jbs`s cd us` c`


19/103


ZasFDZ sdfudk `s j`mjdat`s cd B@@ d dst` casp`mvdas m` bpmcajd G.

@ k`cdl` cd c`kma` lastb `s `ghdt`s mdjdssra`s pbrb k`cdlbr j`rrdtbkdmtd `

sastdkb. Btrbvs c`s jbs`s cd us`, n`rbk acdmtafljbc`s kuat`s `ghdt`s. @ k`cdl` cd c`k-

ma` akp`rtbmtd pbrb k`cdlbr ` pr`gldkb amcdpdmcdmtd cd j`k` sdr b akpldkdmtb`.Dk vdz cass`, dld k`cdlb ` sastdkb dk uk mvdl j`mjdatubl. Blk cd j`mstruar b gbsd c`

k`cdl` cd `ghdt`s qud sd t`rmbr ` sastdkb. B akpldkdmtb` flmbl p`cd bcaja`mbr m`vbs

jlbssds d rdk`vdr `utrbs. Dmtrdtbmt`, ` c`kma` n`rmdjd blf` pbrb j`kdbr d j`mstruar

` dsqudldt` c` pr`hdt`. Y`r kda` c` k`cdl` cd c`kma` n`rbk acdmtafljbc`s `s `ghdt`s

gsaj`s qud nbzdk pbrtd c` ZasFDZ, pbrb qud mb nbsd cd Y@@ sdhb rdblazbc` ` us` cdlds

m` pr`hdt`.

Y`rtbmt`, b B@@ cdj`kpd ` pr`gldkb dk vra`s jbs`s cd us` d `ghdt`s cd c`k-

ma`. Tkb vdz cavacac`, p`cd-sd nbzdr atdrbds bt `gtdr b s`lu` flmbl (ZAMSDZ,7997).

7.4.7 Yr hdt` @radmtbc` b @ghdt`s - Y@@

@ Y@@ uk pr`jdss` atdrbtav` qud acdmtafljb `s `ghdt`s d subs rdsp`msbgalacbcds

dk uk sastdkb, d j`k` dssds `ghdt`s sd rdlbja`mbk. Dk jbcb atdrb` rdflmbc` ` k`cdl`

cd `ghdt`s d cdvd-sd pbssbr ukb acdab kbas bpr`numcbcb c` pr`hdt`.

@ Y@@ j`mtamub ` trbgble` cb B@@, pdfbmc` ` c`kma` d trbmsn`rkbmc`-` dk

ukb s`lu` pbrb ` pr`gldkb. Btrbvs c` pr`jdss` cd Y@@, usbc` ` k`cdl` cd c`k-ma` pbrb j`mstru` c` k`cdl` cd `ghdt`s cb s`lu`. @ k`cdl` cd `ghdt`s cdsjrdvd `s

bspdjt`s brquatdtmaj`s safmafljbtav`s c` sastdkb, j`k` b dstruturb d `s rdlbja`mbkdmt`s

c`s `ghdt`s.

Dxastdk blfums pbss`s pbrb sdfuar mb j`mstru` c` k`cdl` cd `ghdt`s, sdmc` dssds8

fdrbr ukb lastb amajabl cd `ghdt`s, rdflmbr bs rdsp`msbgalacbcds c`s `ghdt`s, cdsdmv`lvdr `s

p`mt`s cd amtdrb`, cdtblebr `s rdlbja`mbkdmt`s, d p`r flk j`mstruar ` k`cdl` (ZAMSDZ,

7997). Y`r kda` c` k`cdl` cd `ghdt`s n`a dlbg`rbc` ` cabfrbkb cd jlbssd c` ZasFDZ qud

dst casp`mvdl m` bpmcajdC.@ Y@@ bhucb b prdvdr pr`gldkbs cd akpldkdmtb` mb nbsd cd pr`hdt`, `mcd pbrb

j`rrafar ` pr`gldkb mdjdssra` bpdmbs bltdrbr ` k`cdl`, sdmc` qud, sd ` pr`gldkb pbssbssd

pbrb nbsd cd akpldkdmtb` sdrab mdjdssra` pdrj`rrdr t`c` ` jcaf` pbrb j`rrafa-l`. M`

flmbl c` Y@@, `gtk-sd ukb g`b acdab c` qud akpldkdmtbr m` jcaf` cd uk sastdkb.


20/103

21

: Kdt`c`l`fab

Dstd jbptul` bprdsdmtb `s cdtbleds cb kdt`c`l`fab pr`p`stb. Ybrb dstd trbgble`

pr`pd-sd bplajb` cb bg`rcbfdk "t`p-c`wm", sdmc` dst kbas j`medjacb j`k` k`cdl`

jlssaj` ù jbsjbtb. @ptù-sd pdl` k`cdl` jlssaj` amjrdkdmtbl pbrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt`

c` sastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt` c`s dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s cb NBJ@K cdvac` dstb bg`r-

cbfdk pdrkatar cavacar ` sastdkb dk pbrtds, j`rrdsp`mcdmtds b`s sdrva`s rdquasatbc`s

(HBJ@GZ@M,211:).

B bg`rcbfdk"t`p-c`wm"trbgbleb cd tdrk`s fdrbas pbrb `s dspdjflj`s d cd bj`rc`

j`k (OLLAMF,7993), "` plbmdhbkdmt` cd blfukbs dtbpbs c` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` bhucbb j`msacdrbr j`k` sd p`cd cavacar uk maj` frbmcd pr`gldkb dk vra`s pr`gldkbs kd-

m`rds. Amcavacublkdmtd, p`ssvdl qud dssds pr`gldkbs kdm`rds sdhbk kdm`s j`kpldx`s

d kbas fdrdmjavdas". Bssak sdmc`, dssb bg`rcbfdk pdrkatd sdfumc` (OLLAMF,7993),

"j`msacdrbr dk qubmtbs dtbpbs cavacar ` pr`gldkb t`tbl j`k b vbmtbfdk dxtrb cd acdmtafl-

jbr blfukbs kbmdarbs cd j`k` bs vrabs pbrtds cb bplajb` s` amtdrj`mdjtbcbs. Dk uk

pr`hdt` ass` bhucb b acdmtafljbr bs amtdrnbjds dmtrd `s j`kp`mdmtds. Acdmtafljbr bs dtbpbs

tbkgk bhucb b plbmdhbr b samjr`mazb` c` pr`jdss` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt`". B Nafurb :

alustrb b bg`rcbfdk pr`p`stb.

Nafurb : Bg`rcbfdk Jlssajb AmjrdkdmtblN`mtd8 Dlbg`rbcb pdl` but`r bcbptbcb cb cassdrtb` (JEBK@ÂSX,

7993)_p. 45 Nafurb :.:[ d c` brtaf` (FWZ,7923)_p. 7[.


21/103

Jbptul` :. Kdt c`l fab 79

B bg`rcbfdk jlssajb amjrdkdmtbl amajab-sd m` plbmdhbkdmt` fdrbl c` sastdkb, `mcd

cd bj`rc` j`k (NBLG@,7923), tdk ` `ghdtav` cd "n`rmdjdr ukb dstruturb qud p`ssagalatd

b` fdrdmtd nbzdr dstakbtavbs rbz`vdas cd rdjurs`s, just`s d prbz`s".

M` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` sastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt` c`s dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`scb NBJ@K `s rdjurs`s dk tdrk`s cd ndrrbkdmtbs cd cabfrbkb` TKL, gagla`tdjbs d

Nrbkdw`ros, dcat`r cd tdxt`,ACDd ` ZFGC qud n`rbk utalazbc`s, s` s`ntwbrds frbtuat`s,

qud p`cdk sdr dmj`mtrbc`s d gbaxbc`s m`s rdspdjtav`s satds `fljabas cd jbcb ndrrbkdmtb mb

amtdrmdt. Y`rtbmt`, m` eùvd just`s j`k ndrrbkdmtbs pbrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` s`ntwbrd.

@s prbz`s pbrb bs dmtrdfbs c`s brtdnbt`s d plbmdhbkdmt` n`rbk cdflmac`s dk rdumads j`k

` J``rcdmbc`r cd Dstfa`s, sdmc` qud, ` prbz` t`tbl pbrb flmblazb` c` sastdkb? amjluamc`

c`jukdmtb`, cdsdmv`lvakdmt`, tdstds d akplbmtb` nà cd uk bm`.

@ prxak` pbss` nà b dspdjafljb` c` s`ntwbrd p`r kda` c` ldvbmtbkdmt` cdrdquasat`s qud cdflmd bs numja`mblacbcds dssdmjabas. Amjluamc` tbkgk b bmlasd c` sastdkb

pr`p`st` d cd t`c`s `s rdjurs`s tjmaj`s mdjdssra`s pbrb ` sdu cdsdmv`lvakdmt`. Dssds

dldkdmt`s j`kpdk `s brtdnbt`s dspdjafljbc`s mbs nbsds cd rdqudrakdmt` d pr`hdt`.

B dtbpb cd rdqudrakdmt` d pr`hdt` j`msacdrbcb ` amja` c` jajl` cd vacb c` s`nt-

wbrd, `mcd sdr dstbgdldjac` `s rdquasat`s c` sastdkb cd fdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s

qud sdfumc` (NBLG@,7923), "`s rdquasat`s j`msastdk m`s sdrva`s qud sd cdvdk n`rmdjdr,

lakatbds d `ghdtav`s c` s`ntwbrd".

@s rdquasat`s c` sastdkb cd fdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s sdr` dspdjafljbc`s

cd bj`rc` j`k bs s`lajatbds c` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`s cb NBJ@K. Bps t`c`s `s

rdquasat`s sdrdk cdflmac`s, nà dlbg`rbcb b c`jukdmtb` cdtblebcb j`k bs dspdjafljbds

mdjdssrabs. Bamcb mdssb nbsd tdk`s b dtbpb cd pr`hdt` qud cd bj`rc` j`k ( NBLG@,7923),

"rdsp`msvdl p`r amj`rp`rbr rdquasat`s tdjm`lfaj`s b`s rdquasat`s dssdmjabas c` sastdkb,

k`cdlbc`s mb nbsd bmtdra`r d, p`rtbmt`, rdqudr qud b plbtbn`rkb cd akpldkdmtb` sdhb

j`medjacb. Gbsajbkdmtd, dmv`lvd cubs frbmcds dtbpbs8 pr`hdt` cb brquatdturb c` sastdkb d

pr`hdt` cdtblebc`. @ `ghdtav` cb prakdarb dtbpb cdflmar b brquatdturb fdrbl c` s`ntwbrd,

tdmc` p`r gbsd ` k`cdl` j`mstruc` mb nbsd cd bmlasd cd rdquasat`s. Dstb brquatdturbcdvd cdsjrdvdr b dstruturb cd mvdl kbas blt` cb bplajb` d acdmtafljbr sdus pramjapbas

j`kp`mdmtds. @ pr`psat` c` pr`hdt` cdtblebc` cdtblebr ` pr`hdt` c` s`ntwbrd pbrb

jbcb j`kp`mdmtd acdmtafljbc` mb dtbpb bmtdra`r. @s j`kp`mdmtds cd s`ntwbrd cdvdk sdr

sujdssavbkdmtd rdflmbc`s dk mvdas cd kba`r cdtblebkdmt`, bt qud p`ssbk sdr j`cafljbc`s

d tdstbc`s".

Mdssb dtbpb cd dspdjafljb` c` s`ntwbrd, n`rbk jrabc`s cabfrbkbs cd jlbssd, pb-

j`tds d Dmtacbcd-Wdlbja`mbl cbs rdlbds dmtrd bs tbgdlbs c` gbmj` cd cbc`s, sdfuamc` `s

j`mjdat`s cdflmac`s mb sdss`7.4, kbas dspdjafljbkdmtd mb sugsd`7.4.7.

Dk sdfuacb, nà ndat` b sdld` cd qubas pbcrds sdrabk utalazbc`s mb brquatdturb


22/103


d j`cafljb` c` sastdkb, blk cb pr`frbkb` c`s kcul`s, sdmc` dssds j`kp`mdmtds

pbrtds cb nbsd cd akpldkdmtb`. Dstb dtbpb cd bj`rc` j`k (NBLG@, 7923), bg`rcb

j`k` "` pr`hdt` cdvd sdr trbcuzac` pbrb ukb n`rkb pbssvdl cd dxdju` pdlb kquamb.

B nbsd cd akpldkdmtb` rdblazb dstb tbrdnb, ast` , jbcb umacbcd cd s`ntwbrd c` pr`hdt`cdtblebc` akpldkdmtbcb".

@s rdjurs`s tjmaj`s pbrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` sastdkb cd fdst` cd dstfa`s

supdrvasa`mbc`s n`rbk sdldja`mbc`s j`k ` `ghdtav` cd jrabr-sd ukb ndrrbkdmtb sakplds

d j`kpldtb, qud btdmcb s mdjdssacbcds cb j``rcdmb` cd dstfa`. Cdmtrd `s rdjurs`s

qud n`rbk utalazbc`s tdk`s8 b lamfubfdk cd pr`frbkb` `radmtbcb b `ghdt`s Hbvb dk

j`mhumt` j`k `snrbkdw`ros? Eagdrmbtd pbrb ` kbpdbkdmt` `ghdt`-rdlbja`mbl, HbvbZdrvdr

Nbjds pbrb b j`mstru` cd amtdrnbjds cd usura gbsdbcbs dk j`kp`mdmtds d YrakdNbjds

qud n`rmdjd uk j`mhumt` cd j`kp`mdmtds vasubas pbrb bplajbds wdg. @ pbcr` pbrbpdrsastmjab cd cbc`s sdr ` @ghdt` cd Bjdss` b Cbc`s (ù sakpldskdmtd CB@, bjrmak`

cd Cbtb Bjjdss @ghdjt). J`k` sastdkb fdrdmjabc`r cd gbmj` cd cbc`s, `ptù-sd pdl`

Y`stfrdZRL. @ k`tav` qud cdtdrkamù b dsj`leb cdstbs ndrrbkdmtbs, s` cdsjrat`s dk

cdtbleds m` jbptul`3, kbas dspdjafljbkdmtd mb sdss`3.:.

B prxakb dtbpb nà b nbsd cd tdstds qud rdblazbcb dk j`mhumt` j`k b akpldkdm-

tb` c`s kcul`s d bps ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd t`c` ` sastdkb, pbrb fbrbmtar b qublacbcd

c` s`ntwbrd. B nbsd cd tdstds sdfumc` (NBLG@,7923), "amjlua cavdrs`s mvdas cd tdstds,

sdmc` dssds mvdas, tdstd cd umacbcd, tdstd cd amtdfrb` d tdstd cd sastdkb". M` sastdkb cdfdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s jbcb umacbcd cd s`ntwbrd akpldkdmtbcb nà tdstbcb d

bs nblebs dmj`mtrbcbs n`rbk j`rrafacbs bmtds c` amja` cb jrab` cb prxakb umacbcd. Bs-

sak qud, jbcb j`kp`mdmtd c` sastdkb nà cdsdmv`lvac` d tdstbc` nà amtdfrbc` b` sastdkb,

d p`stdra`rkdmtd tdstbc` sub amtdfrb` sujdssavbkdmtd bt sd `gtdr ` sastdkb j`kpldt`.

Namblkdmtd, ` sastdkb j`k` uk t`c` nà tdstbc`.

Namblazbmc` `s tdstds c` s`ntwbrd amtdfrbc`, ` sastdkb nà j`l`jbc` dk pr`cu`.

Mdssb nbsd, cd bj`rc` j`k (NBLG@,7923), " mdjdssra` trdambr `s usura`s, j`mflfurbr `

bkgadmtd cd pr`cu` d, kuatbs vdzds, j`mvdrtdr gbsds cd cbc`s. @ pr`psat` cdstb nbsd dstbgdldjdr qud ` s`ntwbrd sbtasnbz `s rdquasat`s c`s usura`s. Ast` ndat` amstblbmc` ` s`nt-

wbrd d j`mcuzamc` tdstds cd bjdatb` (vblacb`). Rubmc` ` s`ntwbrd tavdr cdk`mstrbc`

pr`vdr bs jbpbjacbcds rdqudracbs, dld p`cd sdr bjdat` d b `pdrb` amajabcb".

@s usura`s c` sastdkb cd fdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s s` ` j``rcdmbc`r

cd dstfa`s d `s pr`ndss`rds cb NBJ@K. Ybrb amn`rk-l`s j`k` utalazbr ` sastdkb nà

cdsdmv`lvac` uk kbmubl sakplds qud cdsjrdvdr t`cbs bs `pdrbds d numja`mblacbcds qud

dst` casp`mvdas dk sdus rdspdjtav`s pdrfls m` sastdkb.

Ybrb b j`mflfurb` c` bkgadmtd cd pr`cu`, amajablkdmtd nà rdblazbc` ukb vd-rafljb` cd qubas rdjurs`s h dst` amstblbc`s d qubas bamcb nbltbk m` sdrvac`r. Bps

amstblbcbs d j`mflfurbcbs bs ndrrbkdmtbs mdjdssrabs, nà rdblazbc` uk tdstd fdrbl pbrb jdr-


23/103


tafljbr qud ` bkgadmtd dst pr`pja` pbrb sup`rtbr ` sastdkb cd fdst` cd dstfa`s. Blk

cass`, nà ndat` b j`mvdrs` cd gbsds, cdvac` ` sastdkb ldfbc` dk us` mb J``rcdmb` cd

dstfa`s, utalazbr ` ZFGC KyZRL d pbrb ` m`v` sastdkb usbc` ` Y`stfrdZRL. Nambla-

zbmc` b j`mflfurb` c` bkgadmtd d akp`rtb` c`s cbc`s c` sastdkb ldfbc` pbrb ` m`v`,` J``rcdmbc`r cd Dstfa` rdblazù `s tdstds cd bjdatb`.

Namblazbmc` ` jajl` cd vacb, e b nbsd cd kbmutdm` qud bgrbmfd t`cbs bs bltdrb-

ds mdjdssrabs dk qublqudr ukb cbs dtbpbs c` pr`jdss` cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` sastdkb.

Mdssb nbsd bj`rc` j`k (NBLG@,7923), "` s`ntwbrd s`nrdr kucbmbs bps tdr sac` dm-

trdfud pbrb ` usura`. Bltdrbds `j`rrdr` p`rqud drr`s n`rbk dmj`mtrbc`s, p`rqud `

s`ntwbrd prdjasb sdr bcbptbc` pbrb bj`k`cbr kucbmbs dk sdu bkgadmtd dxtdrm`, ù

p`rqud ` jladmtd mdjdssatb cd numja`mblacbcd bcaja`mbl ù bukdmt` cd cdsdkpdme`".

Bs kbmutdmds mdjdssrabs m` sastdkb cd fdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s n`rbkd sdr` amn`rkbcbs pdl` J``rcdmbc`r cd Dstfa`s b` cdsdmv`lvdc`r. Zdmc` ` cdsdmv`lvdc`r

rdsp`msvdl p`r nbzdr b kbmutdm` d bltdrb` c` sastdkb dk bkgadmtd cd pr`cu`.

Bps bltdrb`, ` J``rcdmbc`r cd Dstfa`s rdblazb `s tdstds cd bjdatb` d amn`rkbr sd

nà rdblazbc` b kbmutdm` j`mn`rkd s`lajatb`.


24/103

7:

3 Cdsdmv`lvakdmt`

Dstd jbptul` bprdsdmtb dk cdtbleds ` pr`jdss` cd plbmdhbkdmt` d cdsdmv`lvakdmt`

c` sastdkb cd fdrdmjabkdmt` c`s dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s cb NBJ@K. Bssak, ` jbptul`

bgrbmfd t`c` ` pr`jdss` mdjdssra` pbrb b jrab` cdssb ndrrbkdmtb cd bpà` b j``rcdmb`

cd dstfa`s, cdscd sub j`mjdp` b akpldkdmtb`.

3.2 Ylbmdhbkdmt`

J`k` pbrtd c` plbmdhbkdmt` nà dlbg`rbc` uk plbm` cd btavacbcds pbrb k`mat`-rbkdmt` cd qubas btavacbcds dst` sdmc` rdblazbcbs, d tbkgk uk plbm` cd bmlasd cd

rasj`s pbrb cdtdrkambr `s pr`gldkbs qud p`cdrabk surfar dk jbcb dtbpb c` pr`hdt` d

cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` sastdkb.

3.2.2 Ylbm` cd Wasj`s

J`k ` `ghdtav` cd bvblabr, dstakbr d dlbg`rbr uk plbm` cd b` pbrb `s rasj`s dm-

v`lvac`s mb dmtrdfb cd qubasqudr dtbpbs c` pr`hdt`, nà dlbg`rbcb ukb bmlasd c`s cavdrs`s

jdmra`s qud p`cdrabk bndtbr cardtb ù amcardtbkdmtd ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` c` sastdkb cdfdrdmjabkdmt` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s. Mb Sbgdlb 2 k`strbcb dk cdtbleds b bmlasd

c`s rasj`s d qubl b pr`gbgalacbcd pbrb jbcb tap` cd rasj` `j`rrdr.

Dvdmt` J`msdqumjab B` K`mat`rbkdmt` Yr`gbgalacbcd Akpbjt`

Kucbmb cd rdquasat`s Btrbs`s mbs btavacbcds cd bmlasd

d bltdrb` cd c`jukdmt`s

Wduma` j`k

s`lajatbmtdBldssbmcr` K`cdrbc` K`cdrbc`

Nbltb cd prdjas` c`s rdquasat`s Btrbs`s mbs btavacbcds cd bmlasd

d bltdrb` cd c`jukdmt`s

Wduma` j`k

s`lajatbmtdBldssbmcr` Blt` Blt`

Nbltb cd prdjas` mb dstapulb`

c`s prbz`sBtrbs`s mbs btavacbcds cd bmlasds

Wduma` j`k

s`lajatbmtdBldssbmcr` Blt` Blt`

Frdvd Bukdmt cd tdkp` pbrb rdblazbr` pr`hdt`

Kuat` gbax Gbax`

Nbleb cd gbjoup Btrbs`s mbs btavacbcds c` pr`hdt` ^drafljbr ` qud

cdvd sdr rdndat`Bldssbmcr` Kuat` gbax` Blt`

Nbltb cd j`kumajb` Btrbs` mbs btavacbcds d rdtrbgble` Wduma` j`k

s`lajatbmtdBldssbmcr` K`cdrbc` Blt`

Cdfljamjab mb jbpbjacbcd tjmajb

c` cdsdmv`lvdc`rBtrbs`s mbs btavacbcds c` pr`hdt`

Ldr lavr`s

d kbmubasBldssbmcr` K`cdrbc` Blt`

Bcvdrsacbcds `j`rracbs j`k

` cdsdmv`lvdc`rBtrbs`s mbs btavacbcds c` pr`hdt` Bldssbmcr` Kuat` gbax` Blt`

Kucbmb c` J``rcdmbc`r

cd Dstfa`s

Btrbs`s mbs btavacbcds c` pr`hdt`

d p`ssvdas bltdrbds cd rdquasat`s

Wduma` j`k

s`lajatbmtdKuat` gbax Blt`

Sbgdlb 2 Bmlasd cd Wasj`s


25/103

Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` 73

3.2.7 Ylbm` cd Btavacbcds

J`k ` `ghdtav` cd kbmtdr ` j`mtr`ld d uk plbmdhbkdmt` cd jbcb dtbpb qud cdvd

sdr rdblazbcb pbrb j`kpldtbr ` pr`hdt`, n`a cdsdmv`lvac` uk plbm` cd btavacbcds gbsdbc`

mb kdt`c`l`fab V`ro Grdboc`wm Ztrujturdtbkgk j`medjacb j`k` VGZ j`mtdmc` bdstruturb cbs btavacbcds qud nbzdk pbrtd c` dsj`p` c` pr`hdt` (VGZ.J@K,7923). Bs

dtbpbs cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cdstd pr`hdt` dst` vasvdas mb VGZ (Nafurb 3).

Nafurb 3 VGZ


26/103


3.7 @ M`v` Zastdkb

@ sastdkb pbrb fdst` c`s dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s cb NBJ@K nà cdsdmv`lvac`

pbrb b plbtbn`rkb Vdg, ù sdhb, p`cd sdr bjdssbc` cd qublqudr j`kputbc`r j`k mbvdfb-

c`r Vdg d amtdrmdt. M` sdmc` mdjdssra` b amstblb` d j`mflfurb` m` j`kputbc`r c`

usura`. Sbkgk sdk mdjdssacbcd cd btublazb` sdkprd qud surfar ukb vdrs` m`vb c`

s`ntwbrd. B lamfubfdk cd pr`frbkb`, gbmj` cd cbc`s, nrbkdw`rosd pbcrds utalazbc`s

m` sastdkb dst` casp`mvdas mb sdss`3.:.

@ sastdkb p`ssua càs pdrfls cd usura`s, uk pbrb ` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`s j`k

bjdss` b t`cbs numja`mblacbcds casp`mvdas m` s`ntwbrd d ùtr` pbrb ` pr`ndss`r cb NBJ@K

j`k bjdss` rdstrat` b bpdmbs blfukbs numja`mblacbcds rdlbtavbs b subs btraguads j`k`

`radmtbc`r ù mb j`kp`sa` cb gbmjb cd bvblab` c` dstfa`.

B prakdarb dtbpb rdblazbcb nà b bmlasd cd rdquasat`s sdfuamc` bs g`bs prtajbs cd-

flmacbs dk B@@, j`mn`rkd cdsjrat` mb sdss`7.4, kbas dspdjafljbkdmtd mb sugsd`7.4.2.

Bssak, rdsukacbkdmtd `s rdquasat`s qud ` sastdkb j`mtdkplb s`8

Jbcbstr` cd pr`ndss`r, bssambturb, blum`, jbkpus, tdkb, dkprdsb, gbmjb d trbgble`?

J`mtr`ld cd bjdss`?

J`mflfurbr fllb cd `radmtb`, fllb cd gbmjb d d-kbal?

Jbljulbr fllb cd `radmtb` d fllb cd gbmjb?

Dmva` cd d-kbals?

âsublazb` cd rdlbtra`s.

@s rdquasat`s cdtblebc`s dst` casp`mvdas m` bpmcajdB.

B sdfumcb dtbpb nà b cdflma` c`s jbs`s cd us`, tbkgk sdfuamc` `s j`mjdat`s

cdflmac`s dk B@@. @s jbs`s cd us` dspdjafljbc`s n`rbk8

Jbcbstrbr pr`ndss`r, jbkpus, tdkb, blum`, dkprdsb, bssambturb, gbmjb d trbgble`?

J`mflfurbr fllb cd `radmtb`, fllb cd gbmjb d dmva` cd d-kbal?

Bjdssbr sastdkb, amsdrar m`rkbs cd dstfa , rdblazbr pdsquasbs, flmblazbr dstfa`?

Fdrbr rdlbtra`s.

@s jbs`s cd us` cdtblebc`s dst` casp`mvdas m` bpmcajd G.

@s jbs`s cd us` c` sastdkb ZasFDZ qud p`ssudk kba`r cdstbqud s`8 ` jbcbstr`

cd trbgble` d ` jbcbstr` cd gbmjb. Y`rqud s` dstbs numja`mblacbcds qud rdlbja`mbk d


27/103

Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` 7>

hustafljbk b dxastmjab cd t`cbs bs `utrbs. Cdssb n`rkb, sdr` dxplajbcbs j`k kba`rds

cdtbleds b sdfuar.

@ jbcbstr` cd trbgble` ` jbs` cd us` rdsp`msvdl p`r nbzdr b j`mdx` dmtrd `

blum` d b casjaplamb cd dstfa` supdrvasa`mbc`. Y`r kda` cdstd jbcbstr` amn`rkbc` t`c`s`s cbc`s mdjdssra`s pbrb qud ` blum` dstdhb dndtavbkdmtd kbtrajulbc` mb casjaplamb. B

(Nafurb4) alustrb p`r kda` cd uk cabfrbkb cd sdqumjab `s cdtbleds c` pr`jdss` pbrb

jbcbstrbr uk trbgble` m` sastdkb.

Nafurb 4 Cabfrbkb cd Zdqumjab8 Jbcbstr` cd Srbgble`

@ jbcbstr` cd gbmjb ` jbs` cd us` rdsp`msvdl p`r amn`rkbr b` sastdkb qud ` ds-

tfa` supdrvasa`mbc` c` blum` ebvdr gbmjb cd cdndsb. Bssak sdmc`, prdjas` j`mvacbr m`

kmak` 7 (c`as) pr`ndss`rds pbrb j`kp`rdk b gbmjb. @ j`mvatd dmvabc` b`s pr`ndss`rdsp`r dkbal, sdmc` dstd, ukb cbs numja`mblacbcds bprdsdmtbcbs bps b dsj`leb c`s p`ssvdas

pr`ndss`rds qud nbr` pbrtd cb gbmjb. B (Nafurb>) alustrb p`r kda` cd uk cabfrbkb cd


28/103


sdqumjab `s cdtbleds c` pr`jdss` pbrb jbcbstr` cd ukb gbmjb m` ZasFDZ.

Nafurb > Cabfrbkb cd Zdqumjab8 Jbcbstr` cd Gbmjb

B tdrjdarb dtbpb nà b cdflma` d jrab` c`s cabfrbkbs cd pbj`tds d jlbssdssdfuamc` `s j`mjdat`s cdflmac`s dk Y@@ d tbkgk b jrab` c` cabfrbkb Dmtacbcd-

Wdlbja`mbl cbs rdlbds dmtrd bs tbgdlbs c` gbmj` cd cbc`s. B` flmblazbr ` CDW, amajaù-sd

b jrab` c`s sjraptsqud rdprdsdmtbk bs tbgdlbs d vadwsm` gbmj` cd cbc`s Y`stfrdZRL.

@s cabfrbkbs dst` casp`mvdas rdspdjtavbkdmtd m` bpmcajd C, bpmcajdJ,bpmcajdD

d bpmcajdN.

B qubrtb dtbpb nà b cdflma` cd j`k` sdr ` jljul` pbrb b `rcdmb` cbs cubs

fllbs dxastdmtds m` sastdkb ZasFDZ. Bs fllbs s`8 b fllb pbrb dsj`leb c`s pr`ndss`rds qud nbr`

pbrtd cd gbmjbs cd cdndsb d b fllb cd pr`ndss`rds qud sdr` dsj`leac`s j`k` `radmtbc`rdscd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s. @ `ghdtav` cb jrab` cbs fllbs pbrb m` s`grdjbrrdfbr uk

pr`ndss`r j`k vrabs btavacbcds rdlbja`mbcbs b`s dstfa`s c`s blum`s dk rdlb` b`s ùtr`s.


29/103


Cdssb n`rkb, bs fllbs pdrkatdk ukb castragua` kbas dndtavb cbs btavacbcds dmtrd t`c`s

`s pr`ndss`rds.

@s jratra`s cdflmac`s pbrb ` jljul` cd jbcb fllb n`rbk amsdrac`s cardtbkdmtd dk

vadwsc` gbmj` cd cbc`s, qud b` sdrdk j`msultbcbs bprdsdmtbk `s cbc`s c`s pr`ndss`rds`rcdmbc`s sdfuamc` bs rdfrbs qud n`rbk dstbgdldjacbs.

B rdfrb pbrb ` jljul` cb `rcdmb` cb fllb cd pr`ndss`rds qud nbr` pbrtd cd gbmjbs

cd cdndsb 8

2. Wdt`rmbr ` amtdrvbl` cd cabs dmtrd b cbtb btubl kdm`s b cbtb cd j`mflrkb` cb

ltakb gbmjb qud ` pr`ndss`r pbrtajapù?

7. Cavacd ` amtdrvbl` dmj`mtrbc` p`r :9 pbrb sbgdr ukb kcab dk rdlb` b kdsds?:. J`k ` mkdr` cb kcab dk kdsds cavacd pdl` mkdr` t`tbl cd gbmjbs qud ` pr`ndss`r

pbrtajapù?

3. @ mkdr` dmj`mtrbc` qubmt` kba`r kbas ` pr`ndss`r fljb dmtrd `s prakdar`s cb fllb.

B rdfrb pbrb ` jljul` cb `rcdmb` cb fllb cd pr`ndss`rds qud sdr` dsj`leac`s

j`k` `radmtbc`rds cd dstfa` 8

2. Wdt`rmbr ` amtdrvbl` cd cabs dmtrd b cbtb btubl kdm`s b cbtb cb kbtrjulb c` ltak`

trbgble` qud ` pr`ndss`r `radmtù?

7. Cavacd ` amtdrvbl` dmj`mtrbc` p`r :9 pbrb sbgdr ukb kcab dk rdlb` b kdsds?

:. J`k ` mkdr` cb kcab dk kdsds cavacd pdl` mkdr` t`tbl cd `radmtbds c`

pr`ndss`r?

3. @ mkdr` dmj`mtrbc` qubmt` kba`r kbas ` pr`ndss`r fljb dmtrd `s prakdar`s cb fllb.

B` nbzdr ` jljul` cdvd-sd cdsj`msacdrbr `s pr`ndss`rds qud m` p`ssudk mdmeukb

`radmtb` cd trbgble`s cd dstfa` ù mdmeukb pbrtajapb` dk gbmjbs cd cdndsb. @ k`tav`

b cavas` p`r zdr`, qud amn`rkbrab uk drr` b` jljul`. Ybrb s`luja`mbr dssd pr`gldkb

nà cdflmac` qud t`c`s `s pr`ndss`rds pdrtdmjdmtds b uk cdssds frup`s but`kbtajbkdmtd

nbzdk pbrtd c`s prakdar`s cb fllb.

3.7.2 Brquatdturb c` Zastdkb

B brquatdturb c` ZasFDZ nà dspdjafljbcb sdfuamc` ` pbcr` cd brquatdturb cds`ntwbrd K^J, j`k ` amtuat` cd bljbmbr ` kxak` cd rdusbgalacbcd cd jcaf` d sdpbrb`


30/103


Nafurb 6 Brquatdturb c` Zastdkb

cd j`mjdat`s, j`mn`rkd cdsjrat` mb sugsd`3.:.6. B rdprdsdmtb` cb dstruturb amtdrmb

c` s`ntwbrd cd fdst` cd dstfa`s supdrvasa`mbc`s dst vasvdl mb (Nafurb6).

Wdsukacbkdmtd sdfud b cdflma` d btraguads cd jbcb jbkbcb c` sastdkb8

B^adwp`ssua `s brquav`s rdsp`msvdas p`r j`kp`r ` lby`utd n`rkbtbr bs amn`rkb-

ds qud ` usura` vasublazb. Mdstb jbkbcb `mcd dst prdsdmtd `s j`kp`mdmtds c`

nrbkdw`roYrakdNbjds d HZN?

@J`mtr`lldr `mcd dmj`mtrb-sd bs rdfrbs, lfajb c` sastdkb d tbkgk b jbkbcb

rdsp`msvdl pdlb amtdrjdptb` cd t`cbs bs rdquasads d cardja`mbkdmt` pbrb sub

rdspdjtavb trbtbtavb. @ fdrdmjabkdmt` ndat` p`r Gdjoamf Gdbms c` nrbkdw`roHZN?

@ K`cdl `mcd dst b cdflma` cd t`c`s `s `ghdt`s qud j`kpdk ` sastdkb?


31/103

Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` :9

@ CB@ b jbkbcb rdsp`msvdl pdlb j`kumajb` j`k ` Eagdrmbtdpbrb sblvbr ù

casp`magalazbr amn`rkbds s`lajatbs p`r blfukb num` cdflmacb m` J`mtr`lldr?

@ Eagdrmbtd rdsp`msvdl pdlb j`kumajb` j`k ` gbmj` cd cbc`s Y`stfrdZRL d

p`r pr`vdr j`kbmc`s pbrb sblvbr d bjdssbr `s cbc`s?

@ Ttalp`ssua bs numds cd n`rkbtb` d j`mvdrs` cd cbc`s?

@Wdp`rt rdsp`msvdl p`r fdrbr `s rdlbtra`s c` sastdkb. Mdstb jbkbcb `mcd dst

prdsdmtd b gagla`tdjb ASDUS qud casp`magalazb bs numds pbrb jrab` c`s rdlbtra`s.

@Dkbal `mcd dst bs numds rdlbja`mbcbs b j`mflfurb` d dmva` cd dkbal. Mdstb

jbkbcb `mcd dst prdsdmtd b gagla`tdjb J`kk`ms Dkbal qud casp`magalazb bs num-

ds pbrb j`mflfurb` d dmva` cd dkbal.

3.: Sdjm`l`fabs Ttalazbc`s

Ybrb ` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cdstd sastdkb, nà utalazbcb b lamfubfdk cd pr`frbkb`

`radmtbcb b `ghdt`s Hbvb dk j`mhumt` j`k `s nrbkdw`ros? Eagdrmbtd pbrb ` kbpdbkdmt`

`ghdt`-rdlbja`mbl, HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds pbrb b j`mstru` cd amtdrnbjds cd usura` gbsdbcbs

dk j`kp`mdmtds d YrakdNbjds qud n`rmdjd uk j`mhumt` cd j`kp`mdmtds vasubas pbrb bpla-

jbds Vdg. @ pbcr` pbrb pdrsastmjab cd cbc`s utalazbc` nà ` @ghdt` cd bjdss` b cbc`s(ù sakpldskdmtd CB@, bjrmak` cd Cbtb Bjjdss @ghdjt). J`k` sastdkb fdrdmjabc`r cd

gbmj` cd cbc`s, `ptù-sd pdl` Y`stfrdZRL. Ybrb b j`cafljb` c` pr`hdt` nà utalazbcb b

ACD MdtGdbms dk j`mhumt` j`k ` sdrvac`r cd bplajbds Bpbjed S`kjbt. S`c`s dssds

rdjurs`s s` cdflmac`s mbs sugsdds b sdfuar.

3.:.2 Lamfubfdk Hbvb

B lamfubfdk cd pr`frbkb` `radmtbcb b `ghdt`s Hbvb nà jrabcb p`r Hbkds F`s-

lamf, dk 2112 p`r kda` cd uk pr`hdt` flmbmjabc` pdlb Zum Kajr`systdks. @ hbvb jebkùb btdm` cb j`kumacbcd cd mdfja`s p`r jbusb c` dm`rkd amtdrdssd mb V`rlc Vacd Vdg.

Dld bf`rb utalazbc` pbrb cdsdmv`lvdr bplajbtav`s j`rp`rbtav`s cd frbmcd p`rtd, bprak`rbr

b numja`mblacbcd cd sdrvac`rds Vdg (`s j`kputbc`rds qud n`rmdjdk ` j`mtdc` qud va-

sublazbc` m`s mbvdfbc`rds cb Vdg), n`rmdjdr bplajbtav`s pbrb casp`satav`s v`ltbc`s pbrb `

j`msuk` p`pulbr (p`r dxdkpl`, tdldn`mds jdlulbrds, pbfdrs d YCBs) d pbrb kuat`s ùtr`s

pr`psat`s (CDASDL,7929).

@ Hbvb p`ssua b vbmtbfdk cd m` sdr bpdmbs ukb lamfubfdk, kbs ukb plbtbn`rkb

cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` j`kpldtb, sdmc` p`ssvdl cdsdmv`lvdr bplajbds pbrb cavdrs`s casp`-satav`s dk qublqudr Zastdkb @pdrbja`mbl pbrb qublqudr ùtr` sastdkb. Ass` p`rqud sub

dxdju` m` dst cardtbkdmtd lafbcb b` Zastdkb @pdrbja`mbl, kbs bpdmbs b H^K qud nbz


32/103


b amtdrprdtb` d dxdju` c`s GytdJ`cdsfdrbc`s b` j`kpalbr ` jcaf`, p`ssagalatbmc` b

p`rtbgalacbcd dmtrd sastdkbs (J@KKTMASQ,7923g). Blk cass`, e uk j`mhumt` cdNrb-

kdw`rospbrb cavdrsbs flmblacbcds, cdsdmv`lvac`s pdlb j`kumacbcd cd usura`s d blfukbs

dkprdsbs, qud vasbk bukdmtbr b pr`cutavacbcd d nbjalatbr ` trbgble` c` cdsdmv`lvdc`r.Y`ssua ukb frbmcd j`kumacbcd cd usura`s dk t`c` ` kumc`, t`rmbmc`-sd njal dmj`mtrbr

kbtdrabas s`grd ` bssumt` dk satds, j`kumacbcds dk rdcds s`jabas d nrums pbrb casjus-

sds cd p`ssvdas cvacbs. Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s kdmja`mbc`s, ` Hbvb nà b lamfubfdk cd

pr`frbkb` utalazbcb pbrb cdsdmv`lvdr ` m`v` s`ntwbrd.

3.:.7 Bkgadmtd cd Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` MdtGdbms

@ MdtGdbms uk bkgadmtd cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` amtdfrbc` (ACD) qud pdrkatd `

cdsdmv`lvakdmt` cd bplajbds cdsot`p Hbvb, kvdas, Vdg dmtrd ùtrbs. Dlb frbtuatb dtdk jcaf`-n`mtd bgdrt`, blk cd ukb frbmcd j`kumacbcd cd usura`s d cdsdmv`lvdc`rds

dk t`c` ` kumc` (@WBJLD,7923g).

B ACD MdtGdbms buxalab pr`frbkbc`rds b dsjrdvdr, j`kpalbr, cdgufbr d amstblbr

bplajbds, d nà brquatdtbcb dk n`rkb cd ukb dstruturb rdutalazvdl qud vasb sakplafljbr

` cdsdmv`lvakdmt` d bukdmtbr b pr`cutavacbcd, pàs rdmd dk ukb majb bplajb` t`cbs

dstbs numja`mblacbcds. S`tblkdmtd dsjratb dk Hbvb, kbs qud p`cd sup`rtbr qublqudr ùtrb

lamfubfdk cd pr`frbkb` (@WBJLD,7923g).

@ MdtGdbms n`rmdjd ukb gbsd slacb pbrb b jrab` cd pr`hdt`s d kcul`s, p`ssua

uk frbmcd j`mhumt` cd gagla`tdjbs, kcul`s d BYAs (Bpplajbta`m Yr`frbk Amtdrnbjd, uk

j`mhumt` cd r`tambs, pr`t`j`l`s d ndrrbkdmtbs pbrb b j`mstru` cd bplajbtav`s cd s`ntwbrd)

blk cd ukb c`jukdmtb` vbstb, amjlusavd dk p`rtufus, gdk `rfbmazbcb. Sbas rdjurs`s

buxalabk ` cdsdmv`lvdc`r b dsjrdvdr sdu s`ntwbrd cd kbmdarb kbas rpacb. B castragua` cb

ndrrbkdmtb rdblazbcb s`g bs j`mcads cb ZYL (Zum Yuglaj Lajdmsd) (@WBJLD,7923g).

Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s kdmja`mbc`s, ` MdtGdbms ` ACD qud buxalab mb j`cafljb` c`

sastdkb pbrb fdrdmjabkdmt` cd dstfa s.

3.:.: Zdrvac r cd Bplajbds Bpbjed S kjbt

@ sdrvac`r Bpbjed S`kjbt uk j`mtbamdr Vdg cd jcaf` n`mtd bgdrt` gbsdbc`

dk Hbvb qud nà jrabc` pbrb dxdjutbr bplajbds Vdg qud utalazbk tdjm`l`fabs Zdrvldtsd

HZYs(BYBJED,7923).

@ S`kjbt kbmtac` p`r uk frup` cd v`lumtra`s cb j`kumacbcd cd jcaf` bgdrt`

c` Hbvb Bpbjed S`kjbt uk sdrvac`r gbstbmtd dstvdl j`k t`cbs bs jbrbjtdrstajbs qud

uk j`mtbamdrj`kdrjabl cd bplajbds Vdg p`ssua. Dld trs humt` j`msaf` ukb bplajb`Vdg jebkbcbS`kjbt Kbmbfdr. Dstb bplajb` Vdg amstblbcb m` j`mtdxt` ùkbmbfdrd

btrbvs cd qublqudr mbvdfbc`r cd amtdrmdt pr`v numja`mblacbcds gsajbs pbrb fdrdmjabr bs


33/103


bplajbds Vdg qud dst` r`cbmc` m` sdrvac`r. Dmtrd bs numja`mblacbcds `ndrdjacbs dst`

b amstblb`, amajablazb`, pbrblasb`, rdk`` d rdlbtra`s cbs bplajbds wdg (KDCDA-

W@Z,7923).

Cd bj`rc` j`k b brquatdturb gsajb c` S`kjbt, amajablkdmtd jrabc` ukb amstmjabc` j`mtbamdr Vdgqud ` j`kp`mdmtd cd kbas blt` mvdl mb sub eadrbrquab. Bpdmbs ukb

majb amstmjab cdld p`cd dxastar dk ukb majb H^K. Dstb bg`rcbfdk t`rmb t`cbs bs ù-

trbs bplajbds Hbvb, r`cbmc` dk ukb kdskb kquamb nsajb m` sdrvac`r S`kjbt, sdfurbs

jbs` ` S`kjbt ù b H^K trbvd. Y`cdk`s tdr kltaplbs amstmjabs mukb kdskb kquamb

nsajb, p`rk j`k` pr`jdss`s Hbvb sdpbrbc`s r`cbmc` dk p`rtbs sdpbrbcbs (KDCDAW@Z,

7923). Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s kdmja`mbc`s, ` S`kjbt nà dsj`leac` j`k` ` sdrvac`r cd

bplajbds c` ZasFDZ.

3.:.3 Gbmj` cd Cbc`s Y`stfrdZRL

Y`stfrdZRL uk sastdkb cd gbmj` cd cbc`s `ghdt`-rdlbja`mbl `pdm sùrjd. Sdk

kbas cd 24 bm`s cd cdsdmv`lvakdmt` btav` d ukb brquatdturb j`kpr`vbcbkdmtd j`k takb

rdputb` rdlbja`mbcb b j`mflbgalacbcd, amtdfracbcd cd cbc`s d j`rrd`. Dld numja`mb dk

t`c`s `s pramjapbas sastdkbs `pdrbja`mbas, amjluamc` Lamux, TMAU (BAU, GZC, EY-TU,

ZFA AWAU, Kbj @Z U, Z`lbras, Sru>3), d Vamc`ws. t`tblkdmtd j`kpbtvdl j`k BJAC,

tdk sup`rtd j`kpldt` pbrb bs jebvds dstrbmfdarbs, hàms, vadws, traffdrs, d pr`jdcakdm-

t`s brkbzdmbc`s dk vra`s aca`kbs. Dld sup`rtb ` brkbzdmbkdmt` cd frbmcds `ghdt`sgamra`s, amjluamc` akbfdms, s`ms d vcd`. Y`ssua amtdrnbjds cd pr`frbkb` mbtavbs pbrb

J/J++, Hbvb,.Mdt, Ydrl, Yyte`m, Wugy, Sjl, @CGJ, dmtrd ùtr`s, d ukb j`kpldtb c`ju-

kdmtb` (FW@TY,7923b).

@ Y`stfrdZRL uk s`ntwbrd frbtuat`, p`ssua takb rdputb` sd j`kpbrbc` b`s

ùtr`s ZFGC@W d cd bj`rc` j`k (AS,7923) dst dk 3` lufbr dk p`pulbracbcd. Dxastdk

vrabs ndrrbkdmtbs cd fdrdmjabkdmt` njdas cd bprdmcdr d utalazbr pbrb kbmapulb` d

kbmutdm` c` gbmj`. Y`ssagalatb rdblazbr Gbjoupj`msastdmtd j`k ` gbmj` cd cbc`s `m-

lamd sdk gl`qudbr `s usura`s. dxvdl sdmc` dxdjutbc` dk cavdrsbs plbtbn`rkbs. W`gust`sup`rtbmc` frbmcd v`lukd cd cbc`s, j`k gbmj`s cd cbc`s d tbgdlbs cd bt 2> Sdrbgytds

d trbmsbds j`mj`rrdmtds j`k bltb dstbgalacbcd. E tbkgk, kdjbmask`s cd sdfurbmb

j`mtrb nblebs d dxtdmsds `radmtbcbs b `ghdt`, j`k` tap`s bgstrbt`s cd cbc`s d edrbmb.

Blk cd sdr utalazbc` p`r frbmcds dkprdsbs m` rdb cd tdjm`l`fab j`k` Bppld, Jasj`,

Nuhatsu, Wdc Ebt dmtrd ùtrbs (FW@TY,7923g). Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s kdmja`mbc`s, `

Y`stfrdZRL ` sastdkb cd gbmj` cd cbc`s c` ZasFDZ.


34/103

Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` ::

3.:.4 Nrbkdw ro Eagdrmbtd

@ Eagdrmbtd uk s`ntwbrd lavrd cd jcaf` bgdrt` utalazbc` pbrb ` kbpdbkdmt`

`ghdt`-rdlbja`mbl dsjrat` mb lamfubfdk Hbvb. Dld nà jrabc` p`r cdsdmv`lvdc`rds Hbvb, dspb-

lebc`s b` rdc`r c` kumc`, d lacdrbc` p`r Fbvam Oamf. Y`stdra`rkdmtd, HG`ss Amj. (dkprdsbj`kprbcb pdlb Wdc Ebt) qud j`mtrbtù `s pramjapbas cdsdmv`lvdc`rds c` pr`frbkb pbrb

nbzdr ` sdu sup`rtd. @ `ghdtav` c` Eagdrmbtd cakamuar b j`kpldxacbcd dmtrd `s pr`frbkbs

Hbvb, gbsdbc` m` k`cdl` `radmtbc` b `ghdt`, qud prdjasbk trbgblebr j`k uk gbmj` cd

cbc`s c` k`cdl` rdlbja`mbl, prdsdmtd mb kba`rab c`s ZFGCs. Zub pramjapbl jbrbjtdrstajb

b trbmsn`rkb` cbs jlbssds dk Hbvb pbrb tbgdlbs cd cbc`s (d c`s tap`s cd cbc`s Hbvb

pbrb `s cb ZRL). @ Eagdrmbtd fdrb bs jebkbcbs ZRL d lagdrb ` cdsdmv`lvdc`r c` trbgble`

kbmubl cb j`mvdrs` c`s cbc`s rdsultbmtd, kbmtdmc` ` pr`frbkb p`rtvdl pbrb qubasqudr

gbmj`s cd cbc`s ZRL, p`rk jbusbmc` uk pdqudm` bukdmt` m` tdkp` cd dxdju`. Y s-sua ukb lamfubfdk cd j`msultb prprab b ERL (Eagdrmbtd Rudry Lbmfubfd) qud uk

cabldt` ZRL pbrb ` Eagdrmbtd. Dlb ukb p`cdr`sb lamfubfdk cd j`msultb qud sd pbrdjd

kuat` j`k b ZRL, kbs b ERL t`tblkdmtd `radmtbcb b `ghdt`, amjluamc` `s pbrbcafkbs

cd edrbmb, p`lak`rflsk` d dmjbpsulbkdmt`. M` Eagdrmbtd, p`ssvdl utalazbr b lamfubfdk

ZRL qubmt` b ERL. Dsj`ledmc` b ERL, p`cdr sdr dxdjutbc` `s pdcac`s ZRL s`grd bs

jlbssds cd pdrsastmjab c` Hbvb b` amvs cd tbgdlbs m` gbmj` cd cbc`s (J@KKTMASQ,

7923b).

@ Eagdrmbtd uknrbkdw`roqud rdblazb b bgstrb` c` k`cdl` dmtacbcd-rdlbja`mblc` gbmj` cd cbc`s pbrb ` k`cdl` `radmtbc` b `ghdt`s cb lamfubfdk Hbvb, p`r kda` cb

lamfubfdk ERL. Zdmc` qud sdk b utalazb` cd uk nrbkdw`roqud rdblazd dssd trbgble`,

b t`c` k`kdmt` ` cdsdmv`lvdc`r cdvdrb trbmsn`rkbr `ghdt`s dk rdfastr`s d rdfastr`s dk

`ghdt`s, bukdmtbmc` j`msacdrbvdlkdmtd ` tdkp` d cakamuamc` b pr`cutavacbcd m` cdsdm-

v`lvakdmt`. Blk cass`, j`k b utalazb` c` Eagdrmbtd j`msdfud-sd kbmtdr b amcdpdm-

cmjab c` s`ntwbrd b` gbmj` cd cbc`s utalazbc`, sdmc` p`ssvdl b kucbmb c` gbmj` sdk

bltdrbds mb bplajb`. Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s kdmja`mbc`s, ` Eagdrmbtd ` nrbkdw`ro

qud buxalab mb pdrsastmjab c`s cbc`s c` sastdkb pbrb fdrdmjabkdmt` cd dstfa`s.

3.:.> Nrbkdw ro HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds

B tdjm`l`fab HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds uk nrbkdw`ropbrb b j`mstru` cd amtdrnbjds cd

usura` pbrb bplajbds Hbvb Vdg. B tdjm`l`fab amjlua uk j`mhumt` cd BYAs qud rdprdsdm-

tbk `s j`kp`mdmtds cd amtdrnbjd c` usura` d fdrdmjabkdmt` cd sdu dstbc`, kbmapulb`

cd dvdmt`s d vblacb` cd dmtrbcbs, cdflmamc` rdfrbs cd mbvdfb` cd pfambs, d bpàb

b amtdrmbja`mblazb` d bjdssagalacbcd. Y`ssua ukb gagla tdjb cd tbfspdrs`mblazbcbs pbrb

rdmcdrazb` cd j`kp`mdmtds dk pfamb m` n`rkbt` HZYùNbjdldts. Blk cd uk k`cdl`cd pr`frbkb` carafac` b dvdmt`s, bgstrbamc` `s cdtbleds cb kbmapulb` c`s dvdmt`s d

`rfbmazb` c`s j`kp`mdmtds, pdrkatamc` qud ` cdsdmv`lvdc`r sd j`mjdmtrd mb lfajb cb


35/103


bplajb` (@WBJLD,7922).

@ HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds nà sdldja`mbc` j`k` nrbkdw`ropbrb buxalabr mb jrab` d kb-

mapulb` cd amtdrnbjds p`r sdr `pdm sùrjdd akpldkdmtbr p`r pbcr` ` k`cdl` K^J.

Blk cbs sdfuamtds nbjalacbcds8 nbjalatb b j`mstru` cd ukb TA usbmc` uk j`mhumt` cdj`kp`mdmtds rdutalazvdas, sakplafljb b kafrb` cd cbc`s cb bplajb` pbrb b TA d pr`-

vdmadmtds cdlb, bhucb b fdrdmjabr ` dstbc` cb TA mbs s`lajatbds c` sdrvac`r, `ndrdjd uk

k`cdl` sakplds pbrb j`mdjtbr `s dvdmt`s fdrbc`s pdl` jladmtd b` jcaf` cb bplajb` c`

sdrvac`r d pdrkatd pdrs`mblazbr `s j`kp`mdmtds cd TA pbrb qud sdhbk nbjalkdmtd j`ms-

truc`s d rdutalazbc`s (J@KKTMASQ,792:).

3.:.6 Ybcr` K`cdl-âdw-J`mtr lldr

@ HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds sdfud ` pbcr` cd pr`hdt` K^J, ` qud t`rmb bs bplajbds dk

HZN kbas fdrdmjavdas (ZJEBLO,7994). Yr`frbkbr usbmc` ` K^J sdpbrb sub bplajb`

dk trs pbrtds pramjapbas8 @ K`cdl fdrmjab ` j`kp`rtbkdmt` d `s cbc`s c` c`kma` cb

bplajb`, rdsp`mcd b pdcac`s cd amn`rkbds s`grd ` sdu dstbc` (fdrblkdmtd b pbrtar cb

âdw), d rdsp`mcd b amstruds pbrb bltdrbr ` dstbc` (fdrblkdmtd b pbrtar c` J`mtr`lldr).

B âdw fdrmjab b dxaga` cd amn`rkbds. @ J`mtr`lldr amtdrprdtb dmtrbcbs c` usura`,

amn`rkbmc` ` K`cdl ù b âdw bs kucbmbs bpr`prabcbs (KAJW@Z@NS,792:). Cdvac`

b`s gdmdnja`s dxp`st`s bjakb, sdr utalazbc` ` K^J pbrb b dstruturb` c` jcaf` cb

bplajb`.

3.:.5 Nrbkdw ro YrakdNbjds

B tdjm`l`fab YrakdNbjds uk nr`mt-dmc nrbkdw`rousbc` pbrb kdle`rbr b usb-

galacbcd d sakplajacbcd c`s s`ntwbrds jrabc`s j`k HbvbZdrvdr Nbjds p`r kda` cd vbrabc`s

j`kp`mdmtds rdutalazvdas pbrb TA. B utalazb` cd sdus j`kp`mdmtds trbz frbmcd pdrn`r-

kbmjd d n`rmdjd numja`mblacbcds numcbkdmtbas pbrb TA, qud bmtds prdjasbvbk sdr cdsdm-

v`lvacbs pdl` pr`frbkbc`r. Bssak, dld `jultb b j`kpldxacbcd d bukdmtb b dxagalacbcd b`

cdsdmv`lvakdmt`. Y`ssua frbmcd j`kumacbcd btavb n`rmdjdmc` nddcgbjo, m`vbs acabs, rdlb-

tra`s cd gufsd pbtjeds(YWAKDSDO,7923). Blk cass`, cd bj`rc` j`k (CD^WBSDZ,

7923), ` YrakdNbjds bssukau b lacdrbmb j`k jlbssafljb` fdrbl 1.3, j`k` ` nbv`rat` nrb-

kdw`ropbrb jrab` cd rajbs TAs. Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s dxp`st`s bjakb, sdr utalazbc`

` YrakdNbjds pbrb j`kp`r b amtdrnbjd cb bplajb`.

3.:.1 Ybcr` Cbtb Bjjdss @ghdjt

@ pbcr` Cbtb Bjjdss @ghdjt ù sakpldskdmtd CB@ usbc` pbrb bgstrbar d dm-jbpsulbr t`c` ` bjdss` n`mtd cd cbc`s. @ CB@ fdrmjab b j`mdx` j`k b n`mtd cd cbc`s

pbrb `gtdr d brkbzdmbr cbc`s. Bssak, s` sdpbrbcbs bs rdfrbs cd mdfja` cbs rdfrbs cd


36/103


bjdss` b n`mtd cd cbc`s, `jultbmc` j`kpldtbkdmtd `s cdtbleds cb akpldkdmtb` c` gbmj`

cd cbc`s cd sdus jladmtds. J`k` b amtdrnbjd dxp`stb pdl` CB@ pbrb jladmtds m` kucb

qubmc` `j`rrd kucbmbs sughbjdmtds mb akpldkdmtb` cd n`mtds cd cbc`s, dstd pbcr`

pdrkatd qud ` CB@ sd bcbptd b candrdmtds sastdkbs cd brkbzdmbkdmt`, sdk bndtbr sdusjladmtds ù j`kp`mdmtds cd mdfja`s (@WBJLD,7923b). Cdvac` b`s gdmdnja`s dxp`st`s,

sdr ndat` us` c` pbcr` CB@ mb bplajb` cd fdst` cd dstfa`s.

3.:.29 Ybcr` Zamfldt`m

@ pbcr` Zamfldt`m fbrbmtd qud ukb jlbssd tdmeb bpdmbs ukb amstmjab d n`rmdjd

uk p`mt` fl`gbl cd bjdss` b dlb. @u sdhb, ukb jlbssd fdrdmjab b prprab amstmjab blk

cd dvatbr qud qublqudr ùtrb jlbssd jrad ukb amstmjab sub. Ybrb jrabr ukb amstmjab

mdjdssra` `grafbt`rabkdmtd s`lajatbr b jlbssd, cdssb n`rkb, mdmeukb ùtrb jlbssd p`cdamstbmjab-lb. @ Zamfldt`m tbkgk `ndrdjd uk p`mt` fl`gbl cd bjdss` b sub amstmjab. B

prprab jlbssd sdkprd vba `ndrdjdr b prprab amstmjab d jbs` m` tdmeb bamcb ukb amstmjab,

dmt` dlb jrab d rdt`rmb dssb m`vb amstmjab (NWDDKBM,7996). @ pbcr` nà utalazbc`

pbrb fbrbmtar qud jbcb sdss` c` sastdkb tdmeb bpdmbs ukb j`mdx` j`k ` Eagdrmbtd d

j`msdqudmtdkdmtd j`k ` gbmj` cd cbc`s Y`stfrdZRL. Bssak, fbrbmtak`s qud jbcb sdss`

cd usura` amstbmjad bpdmbs ukb j`mdx` j`k ` gbmj` cd cbc`s d utalazd b kdskb dk

t`cbs bs subs s`lajatbds, rdcuzamc` b p`ssagalacbcd cd pr`gldkbs cd drr` cdvac` bljbmbr

` mkdr` kxak` cd j`mdxds sakultmdbs j`k ` gbmj` cd cbc`s.

3.:.22 Bpbjed Y@A

@ Bpbjed Y@A ukb gagla`tdjb cdsdmv`lvacb pdlb Bpbjed Z`ntwbrd Nùmcbta`m

pbrb kbmapulbr vra`s n`rkbt`s cd brquav` gbsdbcbs mbs m`rkbs@jd @pdm UKL(@@UKL)

d @LD7n`rkbt` cd c`jukdmt`s cb Kajr`s`nt. Tsbcb pramjapblkdmtd pbrb ldr d dsjrdvdr

brquav`s m` n`rkbt` Dxjdl, usbmc` b lamfubfdk Hbvb. Blk cass`, p`cd-sd ldr d dsjrdvdr

brquav`s m` n`rkbt` c` dcat`r cd tdxt` V`rc d n`rkbt` Y`wdrYàmt (@LA^DW,7923).

B gagla`tdjb nà utalazbcb j`k` ukb s`lu` Hbvb pbrb vasublazbr `s cbc`s cbs tbgdlbsprdsdmtds mbs tdlbs cd vasublazb` c` sastdkb ZasFDZ dk brquav`s Dxjdl. @utr` k`tav`

cdtdrkambmtd nà cdvac` b`s cdsdmv`lvdc`rds c` nrbkdw`roYrakdNbjds rdj`kdmcbrdk b

utalazb` cb gagla tdjb.

3.:.27 ASDUS

@ aSdxt ukb gagla`tdjb @pdm Zùrjdqud pdrkatd jrabr d kbmapulbr c`jukdmt`s

m` n`rkbt YCN. Dlb p`ssagalatb b`s cdsdmv`lvdc`rds bcaja`mbr cambkajbkdmtd b fdrb`

cd brquav`s YCN dk subs bplajbds Vdg ù qublqudr ùtrb bplajb`, utalazbmc` b lam-

fubfdk Hbvb ù .MDS (J@WY,7923). B gagla`tdjb nà usbcb j`k` ukb s`lu` Hbvb pbrb


37/103

Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` :>

jrab` c`s rdlbtra`s pbrb ` sastdkb ZasFDZ, cdvac` sub dfljamjab mb fdrb` cd brquav`s

d nbjalacbcd cd jrab` d kbmapulb`.

3.:.2: Bpbjed J`kk`ms Dkbal

@ J`kk`ms Dkbal ukb gagla`tdjb pbrb dmva` cd dkbal. Dlb nà cdsdmv`lvacb pdlb

Bpbjed Z`ntwbrd Nùmcbta`mutalazbmc`-sd cb gagla`tdjb Hbvb Kbal, j`k `ghdtav` cd sdr

kbas sakplds d `ndrdjdr kbas numja`mblacbcds b`s cdsdmv`lvdc rds. Y`r kda` cb gagla tdjb

p`ssvdl dmvabr dkbals cd vbrabc`s n`rkbt`s, sdmc` dlds8 tdxt`s pur`s, dk n`rkbt` ESKL

d tbkgk dkbal j`k bmdx`s (N@TMCBSA@M,7923). B gagla`tdjb nà usbcb j`k` ukb

s`lu` Hbvb pbrb dmva` cd dkbal j`mn`rkd s`lajatbc` m`s rdquasat`s numja`mbas c` sastdkb

ZasFDZ.


38/103


3.3 Bprdsdmtb` c` Z`ntwbrd

Dstb sdss` bprdsdmtb b cdsjra` j`kpldtb cd t`cbs bs numja`mblacbcds prdsdmtds

m` s`ntwbrd ZasFDZ. Z` bprdsdmtbc`s `s pr`jdss`s rdlbja`mbc`s b jbcb numja`mblacbcd d

subs jbrbjtdrstajbs, sdfuacbs cbs rdspdjtavbs amtdrnbjds, bg`rcbmc` t`c`s `s bspdjt`s d

`ghdtav`s cbs amtdrnbjds d `s cdtbleds cd subs numja`mblacbcds.

3.3.2 @ Yr`jdss`

Mdssb sugsd` bprdsdmtbc` b cdsjra` c` pr`jdss` pr`p`st` pdl` s`ntwbrd Zas-

FDZ. Amajablkdmtd pbrb bjdssbr ` sastdkb ZasFDZ mdjdssra` butdmtajbr-sd mb pfamb

amajabl ù cd l`fam. B butdmtajb` c` usura` ndatb utalazbmc`-sd ` mkdr` cd Zabpd d

sdmeb. @ sastdkb pr`p`st` nà cdsdmv`lvac` pbrb pdrkatar bjdss` b bpdmbs càs pdrfls cdusura`, ` pdrfll cd j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa` d ` pdrfll pbrb pr`ndss`rds cb NBJ@K. Mb

pfamb amajabl dxastd b `p` pbrb ` pr`ndss`r qud m` tdk bjdss` b` sastdkb nbzdr b s`la-

jatb` p`r kda` c` prddmjeakdmt` cd uk n`rkulra`. Bps sblvbr `s cbc`s prddmjeac`s

` sastdkb dmvab uk dkbal pbrb ` j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`s s`lajatbmc` b jrab` c` bjdss`.

Sbkgk mb tdlb cd l`famdxastd b `p` pbrb s`lajatbr ukb m`vb sdmeb cd bjdss` jbs` `

usura` dsqudb sub sdmeb btubl, sdmc` mdjdssra` amn`rkbr sdu Zabpd pbrb qud ` sastdkb

dmvad pbrb sdu dkbal ukb m`vb sdmeb tdkp`rrab. B Nafurb 5alustrb b tdlb cd l`fam c`

s`ntwbrd.

Nafurb 5 Sdlb cd L`fam


39/103


@ bjdss` b` sastdkb rdblazbc` p`r kda` c` l`fam, sdmc` qud, mdssb dtbpb ndatb

b vdrafljb` cb j`rrdtucd c`s cbc`s amn`rkbc`s, sd ` usura` dxastd d qubl ` sdu pdrfll.

Bpdmbs bps b vblacb` c`s cbc`s dstavdr j`rrdtb b tdlb pramjapbl bjdssbcb. Jbs` j`m-

trra k`strbc` kdmsbfdms cd bldrtb amn`rkbmc` ` k`tav` cd m` pr`ssdfuar pbrb b tdlbpramjapbl c` sastdkb. B Nafurb1alustrb b pfamb cd l`fam j`k bs p`ssvdas kdmsbfdms cd

drr`. B Nafurb29 alustrb b pfamb pramjapbl.

Nafurb 1 Sdlb cd L`fam (Kdmsbfdms cd Drr`)

Nafurb 29 Sdlb Yramjapbl


40/103


Bs numja`mblacbcds c` sastdkb s` dmj`mtrbcbs m` Kdmumb pbrtd lbtdrbl dsqudrcb.

J`k` dxastdk c`as pdrfls, pbrb jbcb pdrfll dxastd uk Kdmucandrdmtd mb pfamb amajabl. Bs

`pds casp`mvdas m`Kdmuc` sastdkb s` k`cafljbcbs cd bj`rc` j`k ` pdrfll cd bjdss`. @

pdrfll j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa` tdk bjdss` b t`cbs bs numja`mblacbcds c` sastdkb, h ` pdrfllpr`ndss`r tdk bjdss` b bpdmbs blfukbs numja`mblacbcds rdlbtavbs b`s sdus `radmtbmc`s,

cbc`s c` trbgble`, sd ebvdr gbmjb cd cdndsb, sdus cbc`s pdss`bas d gbmjbs qud pbrtajap`u

j`k` j`mvacbc`. B Nafurb22alustrb bs `pds cd Kdmuc` pdrfll j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`s

d cd pr`ndss`r.

(b) Kdmu J``rcdmbc`r (g) Kdmu Yr`ndss`r

Nafurb 22 Kdmus c` sastdkb


41/103


3.3.7 Numja mblacbcds

Mdstb sugsd` bprdsdmtbc` b cdsjra` cbs numja`mblacbcds casp`mvdas m` Kdmu

c` pdrfll j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa`s qud ` pdrfll qud p`ssua pdrkass` pbrb bjdssbr t`cbs

bs numja`mblacbcds c` sastdkb. B prakdarb numja`mblacbcd cd jakb pbrb gbax` dmj`mtrbcbmdssd Kdmu uk lamoj`k ` m`kd Sdlb Yramjapbl pbrb bjdssbr b pfamb pramjapbl c`

sastdkb, `mcd sd vasublazb b kdmsbfdk cd g`bs vamcbs, blk cbs `pds cd bltdrb` c`s

cbc`s c` usura` d sdmeb. B prxakb `p` uk lamoj`k ` m`kd l`f` qud usbc`

pbrb sbar c` sastdkb d rdt`rmbr pbrb pfamb amajabl.

Mb sdqumjab amajab-sd bs trs numja`mblacbcds qud tbkgk dst` casp`mvdas b`

pdrfll cd uk pr`ndss`r m` sastdkb. B prakdarb Kdus Cbc`s qud p`ssagalatb b` usura`

vasublazbr sdus cbc`s ù bltdr-l`s. Dk sdfuacb, e kbas cubs `pds qud s` rdspdjta-

vbkdmtd8 @radmtbds, qud pdrkatd b` usura` b vasublazb` cbs subs `radmtbds p`r

kda` cbs amn`rkbds c`s blum`s `radmtbmc`s d sdus rdspdjtav`s trbgble`s d gbmjbs, d `

ùtr` Ybrtajapbds dk Gbmjbs qud amn`rkb bs gbmjbs qud ` usura` pbrtajapù ù

ar pbrtajapbr p`r kda` cbs amn`rkbds c`s blum`s, trbgble`s d cdtbleds cbs gbmjb, j`k`

l`jbl, cab d e`rra`.

@ sastdkb p`ssagalatb b dxp`rtb` c`s cbc`s j`mtac` dk qublqudr tbgdlb cbs tdlbs

cd vasublazb` pbrb ` n`rkbt` cd plbmaleb Dxjdl. B Nafurb27alustrb b tdlb qud p`ssua b

tbgdlb cd `radmtbmc`s, `s g`tds âsublazbr Srbgble` d âsublazbr Gbmjb d ` j`md c`

Dxjdlpbrb dxp`rtb` cd cbc`s. B tbgdlb cd `radmtbmc`s bprdsdmtb `s cbc`s cd t`c`s `s

blum`s qud ` pr`ndss`r qud dst btublkdmtd utalazbmc` ` sastdkb `radmtb, sdmc` p`ssvdl

bjdssbr bs amn`rkbds rdlbja`mbcbs b` trbgble` c` blum` d gbmjb. Mb tbgdlb tbkgk

dst prdsdmtd `s flltr`s pbrb jbcb j`lumb, p`r kda` cdlds p`ssvdl dmj`mtrbr uk blum`

rbpacbkdmtd.

Nafurb 27 Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s @radmtbmc`s


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Bs prxakbs cubs nbaxbs cd `pds s` rdspdjtavbkdmtd J``rcdmbc`r d Amn`r-

kbds rdprdsdmtbk bs numja`mblacbcds dxjlusavbs cd uk j``rcdmbc`r cd dstfa s.

Amajabmc` mb nbaxb J``rcdmbc`r e b `p` Blum` qud p`ssagalatb b vasubla-

zb`, amsdr` d bltdrb` c` jbcbstr` cd blum`s kbtrajulbc`s dk dstfa` m` sastdkb. BNafurb2:alustrb b tdlb j`k b tbgdlb cd blum`s, `lamopbrb jbcbstr` d ` g`t` pbrb bltdrbr

`s cbc`s cd uk blum` d b Nafurb23 alustrb b tdlb cd jbcbstr` cd blum`.

Nafurb 2: Sdlb cd ^asublazb` c`s Blum`s

Nafurb 23 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c`s Blum`s


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B prxakb `p` b rdb cd Dstfa` qud p`ssagalatb b vasublazb`, jbcbstr` d

bltdrb` c` bssumt` `u rdb b qubl sd dst rdblazbmc` ` dstfa`. B Nafurb24alustrb b

tdlb pbrb vasublazb` c`s bssumt`s jbcbstrbc`s d b Nafurb2>alustrb b tdlb cd jbcbstr`

cd rdb.

Nafurb 24 Sdlb cd ^asublazb` cd rdbs cd Dstfa`

Nafurb 2> Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cb rdb cd Dstfa`


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Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` 3:

Mb sdqumjab e ` Jbkpus qud pdrkatd b vasublazb`, jbcbstr` d bltdrb`

c`s cbc`s rdlbtav`s b` jbkpus. @ `ghdtav` cdssb numja`mblacbcd nbjalatbr b k`cafljb`

qubmc` mdjdssrab c`s cbc`s c`s jbkpus jbcbstrbc`s, cdvac` subs amn`rkbds sdrdk

bprdsdmtbcbs m`s rdlbtra`s d tbkgk pdrkatar b utalazb` c` sastdkb dk kbas cd ukjbkpus cb TNT. Cdssb n`rkb, bs amn`rkbds prdsdmtds m` jbgdble` c`s rdlbtra`s sdkprd

dstbr` btublazbcbs j`mn`rkd ` jbkpus sdldja`mbc` m` k`kdmt` cb dxtrb` c`s rdlbtra`s

m` sastdkb. B Nafurb 26 alustrb b tdlb pbrb vasublazb` c`s jbkpus jbcbstrbc`s d b

Nafurb25 alustrb b tdlb cd jbcbstr` cd jbkpus.

Nafurb 26 Sdlb cd ^asublazb` c` Jbkpus

Nafurb 25 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c` Jbkpus


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B prxakb `p` ` Jurs` qud p`ssagalatb b vasublazb`, jbcbstr` d bltdrb`

c`s cbc`s rdlbja`mbc`s b`s jurs`s cb NBJ@K. Mb Nbjulcbcd cd J`kputb` jbcb jurs`

p`ssua ukb jbrfb e`rrab cd dstfa` `grafbtra` candrdmtd pbrb sdr amtdfrblazbcb. Bssak,

b` jbcbstrbr uk trbgble` ` sastdkb but`kbtajbkdmtd jbljulb b cbtb kmak` pbrb tdrkam`c` dstfa` `grafbtra`. B Nafurb21alustrb b tdlb pbrb vasublazb` c`s jurs`s jbcbstrbc`s

d b Nafurb79 alustrb b tdlb cd jbcbstr` c`s jurs`s.

Nafurb 21 Sdlb cd ^asublazb` c`s Jurs`s

Nafurb 79 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c`s Jurs`s


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Dk sdfuacb e b `p` Dkprdsb qud p`ssagalatb b vasublazb`, jbcbstr` d bltd-

rb` c`s cbc`s rdlbja`mbc`s s dkprdsbs qud `s blum`s rdblazbk ` dstfa`. B Nafurb 72

alustrb b tdlb pbrb vasublazb` cbs dkprdsbs jbcbstrbcbs d b Nafurb 77alustrb b tdlb cd

jbcbstr cbs dkprdsbs.

Nafurb 72 Sdlb cd ^asublazb` cbs Dkprdsbs

Nafurb 77 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cbs Dkprdsbs


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Jbptul` 3. Cdsdmv`lvakdmt` 3>

B prxakb `p` m` Kdmu Yr`ndss`r qud p`ssagalatb b vasublazb`, jbcbstr`

d bltdrb` c`s cbc`s cd uk pr`ndss`r cb NBJ@K. M` jbcbstr` c` pr`ndss`r blk cd

prddmjedr sdus cbc`s pdss`bas, tbkgk e b p`ssagalacbcd cd sdldja`mbr `s cabs cb sdkbmb

d e`rra`s qud dld p`cdr pbrtajapbr cd gbmjbs jbs` sdhb j`mvacbc`. @ j``rcdmbc`r j`m-sultbmc` b amn`rkb` cd casp`magalacbcd p`cdr j`mvacbr bpdmbs `s pr`ndss`rds qud m`

cab d e`rra` dstdhbk casp`mvdas j`mn`rkd amn`rkbc` m` sastdkb, bukdmtbmc` bssak b

pr`gbgalacbcd cd bjdatb` p`r pbrtd c` pr`ndss`r j`mvacbc`. B Nafurb 74alustrb b tdlb

pbrb sdldja`mbr b casp`magalacbcd c` pr`ndss`r.

Mb tbgdlb cd pr`ndss`rds pbrb jbcb j`lumb p`ssvdl utalazbr flltr s pbrb dmj`mtrbr

uk pr`ndss`r dspdjflj` d pbrb tbgdlb m` sd t`rmbr kba`r qud b tdlb, cdvac` b` frbmcd

mkdr` cd pr`ndss`rds jbcbstrbc`s, nà amsdrac` uk k`cdl` cd pbfamb` j`k lakatd cd

cdz pr`ndss`rds p`r pfamb, j`k `ghdtav` cd kdle`rbr b usbgalacbcd d ` lbyùtcb tdlb.B Nafurb7:alustrb b tdlb pbrb vasublazb` c`s cbc`s c`s pr`ndss`rds jbcbstrbc`s d b

Nafurb73 alustrb b tdlb cd jbcbstr` cd pr`ndss`rds

@utrb numja`mblacbcd prdsdmtd mb tbgdlb cd pr`ndss`rds cd cdsbtavbr uk pr`ndss`r,

` qud safmafljb qud dssd pr`ndss`r m` p`cdr kbas bjdssbr ` sastdkb d m` p`cdr sdr

`radmtbc`r cd blum`s. Y`rk sdus cbc`s rdlbja`mbc`s bs `radmtbds pbssbcbs j`mtamubrbk

sblvbs d p`ssvdas cd bjdss` p`r kda` cb vasublazb` cd rdlbtra`s.

Nafurb 7: Sdlb cd âsublazb` c`s Yr`ndss`rds


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Nafurb 73 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cd Yr`ndss`r

Nafurb 74 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cd Casp`magalacbcd


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Dk sdfuacb e b `p` Srbgble` qud p`ssagalatb b vasublazb`, jbcbstr` d bl-

tdrb` c`s cbc`s rdlbja`mbc`s b`s trbgble`s qud `s blum`s rdblazbk dk dkprdsbs. B

Nafurb7>alustrb b tdlb pbrb vasublazb` c`s trbgble`s jbcbstrbc`s d b Nafurb 76alustrb

b tdlb cd jbcbstr` c` trbgble`.

Nafurb 7> Sdlb cd ^asublazb` c`s Srbgble`s

Nafurb 76 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` c` Srbgble`


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Blk cbs numja`mblacbcds kdmja`mbcbs, dmj`mtrb-sd tbkgk b p`ssagalacbcd c`

jbcbstr`, bltdrb` d vasublazb` cd gbmjbs. Ybrb j`kp`r b gbmjb mdjdssra` j`mvacbr

m` kmak` c`as pr`ndss`rds j`mn`rkd alustrb b Nafurb75qud rdprdsdmtb b tdlb cd jbcbstr`.

Bps ` j`mvatd `s pr`ndss`rds amn`rkbr` pbrb ` j``rcdmbc`r sd dst` casp`mvdas cb cbtbamn`rkbcb. Zd j`mflrkbc`s, ` j``rcdmbc`r flmblazbr b gbmjb mb tdlb cd j`mflrkb` cd

j`mvacbc`s j`mn`rkd alustrb b Nafurb71. Bamcb mb tdlb cd j`mflrkb` cd j`mvacbc`s bps

sdldja`mbc` d sblv` m` kmak` c`as j`mvacbc`s b btb cd cdndsb sd t`rmb casp`mvdl jlajbmc`

m` g`t` Fdrbr Btb cd Cdndsb. Tk dxdkpl` cd Btb cd Cdndsb p`cd sdr vasublazbc` mb

Nafurb4: c` bpmcajdF.

Nafurb 75 Sdlb cd Jbcbstr` cd Gbmjb

Nafurb 71 Sdlb cd J`mflrkb` cd J`mvacbc`s


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B prxakb d ltakb numja`mblacbcd c` Kdmu b `p` Wdlbtra`s qud p`ssagalatb

b vasublazb` cd rdlbtra`s j`mn`rkd cdsjrat` m`

tcc - alessandro rezende

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