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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA TANGA REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE Joint publication by: NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (NBS) AND TANGA REGIONAL COMMISSIONER’S OFFICE CO-ORDINATED BY: MINISTRY OF PLANNING, ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT DAR -ES -SALAAM SECOND EDITION JANUARY 2008

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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

TANGA REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

Joint publication by: NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (NBS) AND

TANGA REGIONAL COMMISSIONER’S OFFICE

CO-ORDINATED BY: MINISTRY OF PLANNING,

ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT

DAR -ES -SALAAM

SECOND EDITION

JANUARY 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................... iv

LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE.......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ............................................................................................... 1

1.2 LAND AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS ............................................................................. 1

1.3 ETHNICITY.................................................................................................................................... 4

1.4 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................ 5

1.5 CLIMATE ..................................................................................................................................... 19

1.6 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE .............................................................................................. 20

1.7 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES .................................................................................................... 20

SECTION II ........................................................................................................................................... 22

REGIONAL ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................... 22

2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 22

2.2 REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) AT CURRENT PRICES ................... 22

2.3 REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES...................................................... 24

2.4 MAIN OCCUPATIONS AND INDUSTRY ................................................................................... 25

2.5 PRODUCTIVE SECTORS...................................................................................................... 27

2.5.1 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................ 27

2.5.2 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 43

2.5.3 Natural Resources ................................................................................................................. 51

2.5.4 Mining ................................................................................................................................... 64

2.5.5 Industrial Development ......................................................................................................... 65

SECTION III .......................................................................................................................................... 67

ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 67

3.1 ROAD TRANSPORT .................................................................................................................... 67

3.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT............................................................................................................... 71

3.3 MARINE SERVICES .................................................................................................................... 71

3.4 AIR TRANSPORT......................................................................................................................... 73

3.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS ......................................................................................................... 74

3.6 ENERGY....................................................................................................................................... 75

SECTION IV........................................................................................................................................ 78

SOCIAL SERVICES ............................................................................................................................. 78

4.1 HEALTH SECTOR ....................................................................................................................... 78

4.1.1 Morbidity and Mortality........................................................................................................ 78

4.1.2 Health Facilities..................................................................................................................... 84

4.1.3 Maternal and Child Health .................................................................................................... 91

4.2 EDUCATION SECTOR.............................................................................................................. 101

4.2.1 Pre-School Education.......................................................................................................... 101

4.2.2 Primary Education............................................................................................................... 103

4.2.3 Secondary Schools Education ............................................................................................. 115

4.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ....................................................................................... 118

4.3.1 Water Supply....................................................................................................................... 118

4.3.2 Sanitation............................................................................................................................. 121

SECTION V ......................................................................................................................................... 123

OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES.................................................................................................... 123

5.1 WOMEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION...................................................................... 123

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5.2 YOUTH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 124

5.3 CO-OPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 125

5.4 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND COMMUNITY........................................... 127

BASED ORGANISATIONS .............................................................................................................. 127

5.5. HOUSING AND ASSETS OWNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS ............................................... 129

SECTION VI........................................................................................................................................ 132

POTENTIAL INVESTMENT AREAS ............................................................................................... 132

6.1 AGRICULTURE......................................................................................................................... 132

6.2 LIVESTOCK............................................................................................................................... 133

6.3 NATURAL RESOURCES ........................................................................................................... 135

6.3.1 Forestry................................................................................................................................ 135

6.3.2 Bee Keeping ........................................................................................................................ 135

6.3.3 Fisheries .............................................................................................................................. 136

6.3.4 Wildlife and Tourism ........................................................................................................ 137

6.4 EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................. 138

6.5 HEALTH..................................................................................................................................... 138

6.6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ........................................................................................... 139

6.7 MINING...................................................................................................................................... 140

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FOREWORD

1. Tanzania’s Vision 2025 continues to be the guiding beacon of all our future developmental

efforts summarized broadly as being:

- High quality livelihood including the absence of abject poverty.

- Good governance and the rule of law.

- A strong and competitive economy.

The goals of our Vision 2025 are in line with the United Nations’ Millennium Development

Goals with MKUKUTA as the main vehicle of implementation.

2. Yet at this point in our history, problems especially in rural areas are many and daunting.

Social and economic services require sustainable improvement. The high primary school

enrollment rates recently attained have to be maintained; the food situation is still precarious;

infant and maternal mortality rates continues to be high. Unemployment is still triggering

mass migration of youth from rural areas to already overcrowded urban centers.

3. Added to these problems in the menace poised by HIV/AIDS, the prevalence of which

throughout Tanzania is negating our efforts to advance into this century of science and

technology. The pandemic has been exacting a heavy toll on the economically active age

group, leaving in its wake an increasing number of orphans, broken families and much

suffering. AIDS together with environmental deterioration are the new developmental

problems. They cannot be ignored.

4. Our efforts to meet both the new and the old challenges have been hampered by many factors

including ill prepared rural development programmes followed by weak implementation,

monitoring and supervision of these programmes and sectoral strategies. The shortcomings in

policy formulation, project identification, design and implementation is in turn balanced on

the lack of reliable and adequate data and information on the rural development process.

5. The publication of the Regional Socio-economic Profile series by the Ministry of Planning,

Economy and Empowerment, in collaboration with the National Bureau of Statistics and

various regional commissioners’ offices is a major attempt at finding a solution to this data

and information gap.

6. Regional profiles cover a wide range of data and information on geography, population, socio-

economic parameters, social services, economic infrastructure and the productive sectors.

Such data and information has proved vital to many policy makers, planners, researchers,

donors and functional managers.

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7. This Tanga Regional Socio-economic Profile contains the detailed data and information on the

region and is one of the Second Edition series. The second editions take advantage of

experience gained in the production of the First Edition publications. They are proving even

more valuable and informative to our clients. Constructive view and criticisms are still invited

from readers to enable such profiles to become a better tool in the implementation of the

country’s policies.

8. Lastly but not least, I wish to thank the staff of the Ministry of Planning, Economy and

Empowerment, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Tanga Regional Commissioner’s

Office, for their devotion in ensuring the successful compilation of this document.

Dr. Juma H.Ngasongwa

MINISTER OF PLANNING, ECONOMY

AND EMPOWERMENT

January, 2008

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SECTION I

LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE

1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Tanga Region is located in the northeastern side of Tanzania Mainland. The region lies between

latitudes 4o and 6

o south of the Equator, and between longitudes 37

o and 39

o east of Greenwich. The

Region is bordered by the Republic of Kenya in the north, Kilimanjaro Region in the northwest,

Manyara Region in the west, Morogoro and Coast Regions in the south and the Indian Ocean in the

east.

1.2 LAND AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

Tanga Region has a total area of 27,342 km² out of which 572 km² are covered by water. The Region’s

total area is about 2.9 percent of the total area of Tanzania (which is 942,784 km²). Table 1.1 indicates

that the larger part of Tanga Region is covered by land (97.9 percent) and water bodies cover only a

small part of the Region (2.1 percent). Out of eight districts of the region, only three districts, that is,

Pangani, Tanga and Muheza have significant water bodies whereby the lions share goes to Pangani

district which has a total of 406 km² equivalents to 71 percent of the total region’s water body.

Table 1.1: Land and Water Surface Area (km²) by District in the Region, 2006

District Land Area Water Area Total Area

Pangani 1,019 406 1,425

Muheza* 4,818 104 4,922

Tanga 474 62 536

Handeni 6,112 Negligible 6,112

Kilindi 7,091 Negligible 7,091

Korogwe *** 3,756 Negligible 3,756

Lushoto 3,500 Negligible 3,500 TANGA REGION 26,770 572 27,342

* Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

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Fig.1:Land distribution by District in Tanga

region

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Pangani

Muheza*

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Korogwe ***

Lushoto

District

Area(in sq. km)

Area

Administratively, the Region is divided into eight districts, namely Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe,

Lushoto, Muheza, Pangani and Tanga. The eighth district is Mkinga, which was split from Muheza

District (This therefore has made most of the information for Mkinga in this text to be reported in

Muheza District). Kilindi district which was formed in 2002, is also a new district split from Handeni

District.

The Region has nine local government councils which are Lushoto, Pangani, Muheza, Mkinga,

Handeni, Kilindi, Korogwe District Council, Tanga City Council and Korogwe Town Council.

Although Kilindi District was inaugurated in 2002, the local government for Kilindi is just on its

second year in operation. Mkinga District council has been established on 1st July 2007 (Thus most of

its data is currently included in Muheza District). The districts are sub-divided into divisions, wards

and villages. Urban wards are further subdivided into mitaa (streets) and rural wards are subdivided

into villages. The villages are further subdivided into vitongoji (hamlets). As indicated in Table 1.2,

the Region has a total of 37 divisions, 163 wards, 714 villages, 77 “Mitaa” and 3, 492 “vitongoji”.

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Table 1.2: Distribution of Administrative Units by District in the Region, 2006

District Divisions No of

Wards

Wards Villages “Mitaa” Vitongoji

Magoma 4 Mashewa, Kizara, Magoma and

Kerenge

Korogwe 2 Mnyuzi and Korogwe

Bungu 4 Vugiri, Dindira, Bungu, Lutindi

Korogwe DC

Mombo

6 Makuyuni, Chekelei, Mombo,

Mkalamo, Mazinde, Mkomazi

TOTAL 4 16

Korogwe TC

8 Manundu, Mgombezi, Mtonga

Kwamndolwa, Magunga, Old

Korogwe, Kilole

Kwamsisi

TOTAL 8

135***

17***

716***

Kwekivu 5 Songe, Masagalu, Kikunde, Lwande

and Pagwi

Mgera 4 Kisangasa, Kwediboma, Saunyi and

Mvungwe

Kimbe 3 Kimbe, Negero and Kilindi

Kilindi DC

Mswaki 3 Msanja, Jaila and Mkindi

TOTAL 4 15

64

288

Mkumburu 3 Segera, Kwedizinga and Ndolwa

Mazingira 2 Mazingira and Mkata

Kwamsisi 3 Kwamsisi, Kwasunga and

Kwaluguru

Magamba 2 Kang’ata and Kwamkoje

Sindeni 4 Sindeni, Kwamatuku, Misima and

Kiva

Mzundu 3 Kabuku, Mgambo and Komkonga

Handeni DC

Chanika 2 Chanika and Vibaoni

TOTAL 7 19

112

704

Pangani 4 Pangani Mashariki and Pangani

Maghariribi

Mkwaja 2 Mkwaja and Mkaramo

Mwera 5 Kipumbwi, Mwera, Tungamaa,

Ubangaa and Michunguni

Pangani DC

Madanga 3 Madanga, Bushiri and Kimang’a

TOTAL 4 14

33

94

Lushoto 4 Lushoto, Ubiri, Gare and Kuzi

Mlola 4 Mlola, Makanya, Malimbwi and

Ngwelo

Mlalo 5 Mlalo, Malindi, Mwangoi, Hemtoe

and Shume

Mtae 3 Mtae, Rangwi and Sunga

Umba 4 Mnazi, Mbaramo, Lunguza and

Mng’aro

Lushoto DC

Soni 5 Soni, Mponde, Mbuzii, Mamba and

172

774

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*Includes Mkinga District

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

1.3 ETHNICITY

The indigenous people of Tanga Region are mainly of Bantu origin. The tribes that dominate in each

district of the Region are as follows:

Pangani : Zigua, Makonde and Yao

Muheza : Bondei, Sambaa, Digo, Zigua, Segeju and Makonde

Tanga : Digo, Sambaa, Bondei, Zigua and Segeju

Handeni : Zigua and Nguu

Vuga

Bumbuli 4 Bumbuli, Tamota, Funta and Mayo

Mgwashi 3 Mgwashi, Milingano and Baga

TOTAL 8 32

Amani 3 Kisiwani, Misalai and Zirai

Bwembwera 5 Mkumba, Songa, Bwembwera,

Kwafungo and Potwe

Ngomeni 6 Pande, Lusanga, Kigombe,

Ngomeni, Misozwe and Kicheba

Muheza DC

Muheza 9 Tingeni, Magoroto, Mkuzi, Mtindiro,

Kilulu, Masuguru, Magila, Mbaramo

and Majengo

TOTAL 4 23

Mkinga 5 Mwakijembe, Duga, Kwale, Manza,

Mkinga, Moa and Mtimbwani

Mkinga DC Maramba 7 Kingongori, Daluni, Maramba,

Mhinduro and Gombero

175*

824*

TOTAL 2 12

Chumbageni 6 Chumbageni, Nguvumali, Kiomoni,

Mzizima, Mabokweni and

Chongoleani

Pongwe 7 Maweni, Duga, Tangasisi, Tongoni,

Kirare, Marungu and Pongwe

Ngamiani Kati 6 Ngamiani kati, Majengo, Ngamiani

Kusini, Msambweni, Mwanzange

and Mabawa

Tanga

Ngamiani

Kaskazini

5 Central, Mzingani, Ngamiani

Kaskazini, Usagara and Makorola

TOTAL 4 24

23

60

92

REGIONAL

TOTAL

DIVISIONS

37

WARDS

163

VILLAGES

714

MITAA

77

VITONGO

JI

3,492

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Kilindi : Zigua and Nguu

Korogwe : Sambaa and Zigua

Lushoto : Sambaa and Pare.

Although, the dominant ethnic tribes are those mentioned above, many other people of different

origins and tribes from up-country Regions have moved and settled in the Region in search of

employment in sisal estates in the past years.These tribes now constitute an important section of the

population of the region. They include Fipa, Nyakyusa, Sukuma and Bena. Also there is a sizeable

number of Masai who have moved in the Region in search of grazing land for their cattle.

1.4 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

1.4.1 Introduction

In Tanzania, the latest population and housing census that covered all Regions was carried out in 2002.

The census was preceded by three other post-independence population censuses which were conducted

in 1967, 1978 and 1988. This sub-section of the profile discusses the characteristics of the Region’s

population and its distribution at the district and village levels.

1.4.2 Population Size and Growth

According to the 2002 Population and Housing census, Tanga region had a total population of

1,636,280 of which 793,159 were males and 843,121 were females. The Region had a total of 355,713

households. The average population growth rate stood at 1.8 percent per annum. The Regional

average intercensal annual population growth rates between 1967 and 1978, 1978 -1988 and 1988-

2002 were 2.7 percent, 2.1 a percent nd 1.8 percent respectively.

Table 1.3 shows the Region’s intercensal population growth rates between 1988 and 2002. It shows

that the growth rate over the period ranged from 1.1 to 3.1 percent. Pangani and Lushoto districts

experienced the lowest growth rate of 1.1 percent while Handeni district experienced the highest

growth rate of population of 3.1 percent. The high rate of population growth in Handeni district

during this period is due to the increase of inward-migrants from other Regions including Arusha and

Kilimanjaro.

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Table 1.3: Population Size and Growth Rates by District, Tanga Region for 1978, 1988 and 2002

Population Intercensal Growth Rate (percent) District

1978 1988 2002 1978-1988 1988-2002

Pangani 33,340 37,669 43,920 1.3 1.1

Muheza* 199,737 229,140 278,405 1.5 1.4

Tanga 143,868 186,849 242,640 2.5 1.9

Handeni** 184,595 250,263 248,633 2.5 3.1

Kilindi - - 143,792 - -

Korogwe *** 191,178 218,810 260,238 1.8 1.2

Lushoto 286,049 357,531 418,652 2.2 1.1

Total 1,038,767 1,280,262 1,636,280 2.1 1.8

• *Contains Mkinga District in 1978 and 1988

• ** Contains Kilindi District in 1978 , 1988 and 2002

• *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council in all censuses Source: United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

Table 1.4 shows the national population size and growth trends in all Regions of Tanzania. It shows

that while Tanga Region ranked 14th

(2.7 percent) between 1967 and 1978 in terms population growth

rate, the Region ranked 19th

(2.1) percent and 17th (1.8 percent) during 1978-1988 and 1988-2002

intercensal periods respectively. This shows that in all intercensal periods, the Region experienced

population growth rate far below the national average of 3.0 percent.

According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, during the 14 years period from 1988 to 2002,

the population of Tanzania increased by 11.3 millions (49.1 percent). The average annual growth rate

of the population declined from 3.2 percent during the period 1967-1978 to 2.8 percent during 1978 -

1988, but recorded a slight rise to 2.9 percent in 1988-2002. This change in the trend in population

growth was considered to be the result of influx of large number of refugees from the neighbouring

countries.

All Regions recorded population increase during the period between 1988 and 2002, but the average

annual population growth rate varied between Regions ranging from 1.4 percent to 4.8 percent. The

Fig.2: District population in Tanga Region in 2002

Pangani

Muheza

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Korogwe

Lushoto

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highest growth rate of Kigoma and Dar es Salaam Regions are attributed to inflow of refugees and

high rate of urbanization respectively. Tanga Region was among the four Regions which recorded

average annual population growth rate of below 2 percent. Others include Lindi (1.4 percent), Iringa

(1.5 percent) and Mtwara (1.7 percent).

Table 1.4: Tanga Region Population Trends Compared to Other Regions in

1967, 1978, 1988, and 2002 Censuses Population Average Annual Rate of

Growth

Region

1967 1978 1988 2002 1967-78 1978-88 1988-02

Tanzania 12,313,469 17,512,610 23,095,882 34,446,603 3.2 2.8 2.9

Tanzania

Mainland

11,958,654 17,036,499 22,455,207 33,461,842 3.2 2.8 2.8

Tanga 771,060 1,037,767 1,283,636 1,636,280 2.7 2.1 1.8

Arusha 610,474 926,223 1,351,675 1,288,088 3.8 3.8 3.9

Mwanza 1,055,883 1,443,379 1,878,271 2,929,644 2.8 2.6 3.2

Dodoma 709,380 972,005 1,237,819 1,692,025 2.9 2.4 2.3

Kilimanjaro 652,722 902,437 1,108,699 1,376,702 2.9 2.1 1.6

Coast 428,041 516,586 638,015 885,017 1.7 2.1 2.4

Dar es Salaam 356,286 843,090 1,360,850 2,487,288 7.8 4.8 4.3

Lindi 419,853 527,624 646,550 787,624 2.1 2.0 1.4

Shinyanga 899,468 1,323,535 1,763,960 2,796,630 3.5 2.9 3.3

Mtwara 621,293 771,818 889,494 1,124,481 2.0 1.4 1.7

Ruvuma 395,447 561,575 783,327 1,113,715 3.2 3.4 2.5

Iringa 689,905 925,044 1,208,914 1,490,892 2.7 2.7 1.5

Mbeya 753,765 1,079,864 1,476,199 2,063,328 3.3 3.1 2.4

Morogoro 682,700 939,264 1,220,564 1,753,362 2.9 2.4 2.6

Singida 457,938 613,949 791,814 1,086,748 2.7 2.5 2.3

Tabora 502,068 817,907 1,036,293 1,710,465 4.4 2.4 3.6

Rukwa 276,091 451,897 694,974 1,136,354 4.5 4.3 3.6

Kigoma 473,443 648,941 853,263 1,674,047 2.9 2.8 4.8

Kagera 658,712 1,009,767 1,326,183 2,028,157 3.9 2.7 3.1

Mara 544,125 723,827 970,942 1,363,397 2.6 2.9 2.5

Manyara NA NA NA 1,037,605 NA NA 3.9

Source: United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

1.4.3 Population Density

The 2002 Population and Housing census showed that Tanzania Mainland population density was 38

persons per km2. The census showed that there were great differences in population densities between

Regions. The densities ranged from 1,786 persons per km2

to 12 persons per km². However, the

highest density of 1,786 persons per km2 was an extreme case as it was experienced only in Dar es

Salaam which is highly urbanized. The second and third Regions were Mwanza and Kilimanjaro with

population densities of 150 and 104 persons per km2 respectively. Tanga Region was the seventh with

population density of 61 persons per km2.

Table 1.5 gives Tanga region’s estimated population and the respective population densities by district

in 2006. It shows that Tanga and Lushoto districts are leading in terms of population density. They are

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followed by Korogwe and Muheza districts. Pangani and Kilindi districts have the lowest population

densities. The high population density in Tanga district can be explained by its urban nature. The

district is principally the city which is the headquarters of the Region and one of the major ports in the

country. The city has a great potential of attracting in-migrants from rural areas as it has employment

opportunities in the manufacturing sector. On the other hand, the high growth rate of population in

Lushoto districts can be attributed to the possession of fertile agricultural land for cash and food crops

production. The district is also very rich in fruits production. The lowest population density in Kilindi

can be attributed to the fact that the larger part of the district is covered by the forest reserves.

Table 1.5: Population Density by District in the Region, 2006.

* Contains Mkinga District *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

Fig.3:Estimated Regional Population by

District in 2006

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Table 1.6 shows the estimated population of Tanga Region in 2006 and the average population per

village. It shows that Lushoto district being a rural area is leading in terms of population density per

village. This could be attributed to the factors leading to high density explained above.

District

Area (km2)

Estimated

Population 2006

Population Density

(Persons/km2)

2006

Pangani 1,425 45,885 32.2

Muheza* 4,922 294,326 59.8

Korogwe*** 3,756 272,956 72.7

Tanga 536 261,613 488.1

Handeni 6,112 280,927 45.9

Kilindi 7,091 165,005 23.3

Lushoto 3,500 437,379 124.9 TANGA REGION 27,342

1,758,091

64.3

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Table 1:6: Distribution of Average Population per Village by District in the Region, 2006

District Estimated population

2006

Number of villages Average population

per village

Pangani 45,885 33 1,390

Muheza* 294,326 175 1,682

Korogwe*** 272,956 135 2,022

Tanga 261,613 23 11,374

Handeni 280,927 176 1,596

Kilindi 165,005 64 2,578

Lushoto 437,379 162 2,700

Total 1,758,091 714 2,462

* Contains Mkinga District *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

Fig.4:Distribution of estimated average village

population per village in Tanga Region in

2006

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1

District

Average village population

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

1.4.4 Population Age Groups and Dependency Ratios

Table 1.7 shows the distribution of population by age groups in the districts of Tanga Region in the

year 2002. The age groups structure in all districts shows typical characteristics of population

configuration in developing countries. In these countries, the dominant age group is the young, that is,

0-4 and 5-14 age groups. This is followed by the youths or the working age group, which includes the

population with the 15-44 and 45-64 ages. The last group with least population is the old age group

that is 65 years and above.

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Table 1.7: Distribution Population by Age Groups and Districts in the Region 2002

* Contains Mkinga District *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

Population age structure of this type has an implication of explaining the extent of the burden on the

working-age population in the society. Table 1.8 and 1.9 show dependency ratios which indicate the

number of people supported by 100 persons in the working age group of 15-64 years. The dependency

ratio is the ratio of populations aged 0-14 years and 65+ years to the population aged 15-64 years.

Table 1.8: Distribution of Dependency Ratios by District in the Region 2002

Economically Active Age Group District 15 - 44 45 - 64 Total

Dependants

(0-14 &65+)

Dependence

ratio

Pangani 19,531 4,991 24,522 19,398 79

Muheza* 140,229 31,285 146,559 131,846 89

Korogwe*** 108,260 28,499 136,759 123,479 90

Tanga 119,305 23,335 142,640 100,000 70

Handeni 101,358 22,136 123,494 125,139 101

Kilindi 56,401 11,678 68,078 75,534 111

Lushoto 155,427 40,167 195,594 223,058 114

Tanga Region 700,511 162,091 837,643 798,633 95

* Contains Mkinga District *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

Age Groups (Years) District 0-4 5-14 15-44 45 - 64 65+

Pangani 5,726 11,207 19,531 4,991 2,465

Muheza* 40,220 75,240 115,274 31,285 16,386

Korogwe*** 38,966 70,790 108,260 28,499 13,723

Tanga 29,991 60,957 119,305 23,335 9,052

Handeni 44,086 71,001 101,358 22,136 10,052

Kilindi 26,852 42,097 56,401 11,678 6,764

Lushoto 69,166 134,176 155,427 40,167 19,716

TANGA

REGION

255,007 465,468 675,556 162,091 78,158

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Fig.5:Distribution of Age groups by Districts

in 2002

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Districts

Population

Years 15-44 Years 45-64 Years 0-4 & 65+

Table 1.9: Estimated Distribution of Dependency Ratios by District in the Region 2006

Economically Active Group District

Years 15-44 Years 45-64 Total

Dependants

(0-14 & 65+)

Dependency

ratio

Pangani 20,405 5,214 25,619 21,331 83.3

Muheza* 148,248 33,074 181,322 113,004 62.3

Korogwe*** 113,551 29,892 143,443 129,514 90.3

Tanga 128,634 25,160 153,794 107,819 70.1

Handeni 114,523 25,011 139,534 141,393 101.3

Kilindi 64,721 13,401 78,122 86,677 110.9

Lushoto 162,379 41,964 204,343 233,035 114.0

TANGA REGION 752,461 173,716 926,177 832,773 89.9

* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

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1.4.5 Population Sex Structure and Sex Ratios

Table 1.10 presents the Region’s data on sex structure and sex-ratios for the Population and Housing

Censuses of 1988 and 2002. It shows that in 2002 the regional population had 793,159 males and

843,121 females with a sex ratio of 94.1 or about 94 males per 100 females. The sex ratio has

increased as compared to that of 1988 in which the sex ratio was 93.7. Tanga district had the highest

sex ratios in 1988 but the ratio dropped in 2002. Pangani district showed higher sex ratio only in years,

1988 and 2002 compared to other districts. Lushoto district showed the lowest sex ratios in years,

1988 and 2002.

Table 1:10: Distribution of Sex Ratio by District in the Region, 1988 to 2002

1988 2002 District

Males Females Sex

Ratio

Males Females Sex

Ratio

Pangani 18,794 18,876 99.6 22,094 21,826 101.2

Muheza* 113,752 115,387 98.5 139,383 139,022 100.2

Korogwe*** 106,745 112,104 95.2 127,653 132,585 96.3

Tanga 93,809 93,009 100.8 119,621 123,019 97.2

Handeni 121,535 128,709 94.4 122,922 125,711 97.8

Kilindi - - - 70,974 72,818 97.5

Lushoto 164,703 192,789 85.4 190,873 227,779 83.8 TANGA REGION 619,338 660,874 93.7 793,159 843,121 94.1

* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

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Fig.6:Disribution of Males and Females by Districts

in the region in 2002

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Districts

Population

Males

Females

1.4.6 Household Size and Characteristics of Rural and Urban Populations

The term household refers to a group of persons who live together and share living expenses. Usually

these include husband, wife and children. In population census the definition includes other relatives,

boarders, visitors and servants as members of the household, if they were present in the household on

the census night. In these censuses, household members staying in more than one house were

enumerated as one household if they were eating together.

Table 1.11 shows the total number of households and average household size in 2002 in the districts of

Tanga Region. It also shows the estimated number of households in 2006. It reveals that the Region’s

average household size was 4.6 persons per household in 2002. Pangani district had the least average

household size of 3.9 persons. The observed characteristics of household size in the Region and its

districts compares well with household size figures at the national level. According to the 2002

Population and Housing Censuses, the average size of households for Tanzania as a whole was 4.6

persons compared to 5.2 persons in 1988.

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Table 1.11: Distribution of Household Size by Districts, Tanga Region, 2002 and 2006.

*Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Census 2002.

However, the census showed that differences existed between rural and urban areas. The average

household size for Tanzania in rural areas was 4.9 persons while that of the urban areas was 4.2

persons. The smaller average size of urban households compared to that of rural households was

explained to be due to the continued rural-urban migration which compels movers to break away from

large rural households. Upon reaching the destination, that is urban areas, the migrants usually

establish their own households.

Tanga Region, like most of other regions in Tanzania has more population living in rural areas than

those living in urban area. According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census of the 1,636,280

peeople of Tanga region only 301,196 (18.4 percent) lived in urban areas and 1,335,084 (81.6 percent)

lived in rural areas. Table 1.12 shows that all districts of the Region except Tanga Urban in 2002 had

more population living in rural areas. Tanga district is different from others in terms of the number of

people living in urban areas due to the fact that it is a city, a major port and the headquarters of the

region.

Table 1.12: Rural and Urban Population by District in the Region 2002

District Rural Population Urban Population Total

Pangani 37,012 6,908 43,920

Muheza* 244,185 34,220 278,405

Tanga 63,240 179,400 242,640

Handeni 230,163 18,470 248,633

Kilindi 143,792 - 143,792

Korogwe*** 260,238 44,538 260,238

Lushoto 400,992 17,660 418,652

TANGA REGION 1,335,084 301,196 1,636,280

*Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses 2002

District Total households in

2002

Average household

size 2002

Total households 2006

(estimated)

Pangani 11,283 3.9 11,765

Muheza* 62,183 4.5 65,406

Korogwe*** 58,512 4.5 60,657

Tanga 53,104 4.6 56,872

Handeni 52,240 4.8 58,526

Kilindi 29,408 4.9 33,674

Lushoto 90,263 4.7 93,059

TANGA REGION 356,993 4.6 382,194

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Fig.7:Distribution of Urban and Rural

Population by District in 2002

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

Pangani

Muheza*

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Korogwe***

Lushoto

District

Population

Rural Popn

Urban Popn

Total Popn

The urban population is distributed in various urban centres located in various districts of the Region.

Table 1.13 shows urban wards, urban centres and population in these centres.

Table 1.13: Urban Wards, Centres and their Population by District in the Region, 2002.

District

Type of

Ward Number

of wards

Name of

Urban

Centre(s)

Population

Urban 1 Pangani

Magharibi

4,949

Pangani

Mixed 1 Pangani East 3,070

Handeni Mixed 2 Vibaoni

Chamla

18,789

29,703

48,498

Tanga

Urban

12

Central

Majengo

Nguvumali

Chumbageni

Ngamiani

Kaskazini

Ngamiani Kati

Ngamiani Kusini

Usagara

6,119

8,866

17,158

15,154

4,480

5,915

8,700

12,517

17,720

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Makorora

Msambweni

Mwamange

Mabawa

10,687

7,762

26,604

Mixed

5

Mungani

Tangasisi

Pongwe

Duga

Mzizima

23,392

11,184

9,975

15,250

9,306

Urban

3

Mbaramo

Masuguru

Majengo

5,637

7,637

9,490

Muheza* Mixed 2 Lusanga

Maramba

9,238

25,499

Lushoto Mixed 3 Lushoto

Soni

Mlalo

23,256

11,920

14,970

Korogwe***

Mixed 4 Mazinde

Mombo

Korogwe

Mnyuzi

19,735

15,990

34,155

17,470

Kilindi NIL - - -

*Contains Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 1.Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006. 2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

1.4.7 Urbanisation

The term urbanization refers to the changes in the proportion of the population living in urban areas in

reference to the total population of a particular locality or country over a specified period of time. In

the 2002 Population and Housing Census the urban areas were defined as the localities that are

identified as urban areas by the district authority. As such there was no clear and uniform definition

applied by various districts in the country. The classification of human settlements in Tanzania which

is stipulated in the official National Human Settlements Development Policy of Tanzania of 2000 was

not strictly adhered to. Table 1.14 shows the number of population living in urban areas in the Districts

of Tanga Region. It shows that Tanga District is highly urbanised as the District forms the Tanga City

which is the Regional headquarter, the port and one of the major urban localities in the country.

Table 1.14: Extent of Urban Population by District in the Region 2002

District Total

population 2002 Urban population

2002

% Urban

population

Pangani 43,920 17,660 40.2

Muheza* 278,405 34,220 12.3

Korogwe*** 260,238 44,538 17.1

Tanga 242,640 168,648 69.5

Handeni 248,633 18,470 7.4

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* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

Table 1.15 shows the urbanization levels of Regions in Tanzania for the period of 1988 to 2002. It

shows that Dar es Salaam is the most urbanized Region in the country with 93.9 percent of its

population being in urban areas. Morogoro Region (27.0 percent) and Arusha (31.3 percent) are the

only two Regions which have the proportion of their urban population above the national figure of 23

percent. Tanga Region had 18.4 percent of its population living in urban areas. The Region

experienced 4.3 percent rate of urbanization in the period between 1988 and 2002. The low rate of

urbanization in this period can be attributed to the stagnation of the sisal and manufacturing industry in

the Region.

Table 1.15: Urbanisation Levels of Regions in Tanzania (1978-2002)

2002 1988 1978 Regions

Total Population Urban Population Percent Percent Percent

Change in %

urban (1978-

2002)

Tanzania 34,443.603 7,943,561 23.1 18.8 13.8 9.3

Tanzania

Mainland

33,461,849 7,554,838 22.6 19.9 13.3 9.3

Dodoma 1,692,025 213,243 12.6 11.2 8.8 3.8

Arusha 1,288,088 403,597 31.3 12.4 8.0 23.4

Kilimanjaro 1,376,702 288,091 20.9 15.2 7.5 13.4

Tanga 1,636,280 301,196 18.4 17.6 14.1 4.3

Morogoro 1,753,362 473,849 27.0 21.1 14.4 12.6

Pwani 885,017 186,861 21.1 15.4 7.2 13.9

Dar es Salaam 2,487,288 2,336,055 93.9 88.6 91.3 2.7

Lindi 787,624 126,396 16.0 15.3 10.1 6.0

Mtwara 1,124,481 228,539 20.3 14 12.0 8.3

Ruvuma 1,113,715 169,670 15.2 11.9 7.7 7.5

Iringa 1,490,892 256,332 17.2 10 9.1 8.1

Mbeya 2,063,328 421,145 20.4 18.2 9.0 11.5

Singida 1,086,748 148,667 13.7 8.8 9.5 4.2

Tabora 1,710,465 219,884 12.9 14.3 13.1 -0.3

Rukwa 1,136,354 200,122 17.6 14.2 11.8 5.9

Kigoma 1,674,047 202,807 12.1 12.8 9.9 2.2

Shinyanga 2,796,630 256,052 9.2 6.8 4.2 4.9

Kagera 2,028,157 126,750 6.2 5.5 3.4 2.9

Mwanza 2,929,644 601,257 20.5 18.6 10.2 10.3

Mara 1,363,397 253,606 18.6 10.5 7.3 11.3

Manyara 1,037,605 140,719 13.6 N/A N/A N/A

Source: United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1988, 2002.

According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census analytical report, the rapid urbanization in

Tanzania has largely been a result of rural to urban migration rather than natural increase. The report

Kilindi 143,792 NIL N/A

Lushoto 418,652 17,660 4.2

Total 1,636,280 301,196 18.4

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stipulates that in recent years, there has been a notable wave of the young generation migrating into

urban areas to do petty business. Furthermore, the report points out that, this feature is common in all

urban areas regardless of location and cultural background. Also, the consequences of such rapid

urbanization include rapid expansion of squatters, poor social services, inadequate infrastructure,

inadequate housing and increasing urban unemployment.

1.4.8 Migration

Migration is defined as a form of movement over a geographical space, often with a purpose. The

movement entails a change of residence in permanent or semi-permanent terms. Knowledge on these

movements, as is the case with population redistribution, is very important in understanding social and

economic dynamics and development of a particular geographical or administrative area. It is also an

essential element in planning for social and economic development.

The 2002 Population and Housing Census analytical report study of population by the place of birth

revealed that Tanga Region experienced in-migration. Out of the total number of residents in the

Region, 8.1 percent were born in other Regions in Tanzania but were living in Tanga Region. The

census also showed that the Region faces out-migration. It showed that there were lifetime out-

migrants (16.6 percent) who were born in Tanga Region but were living in other Regions of Tanzania.

This revealed that, the Region experienced a net out- migration of lifetime migrants of about -9.9

percent. This indicates that out-migrants exceeded in-migrants in number.

The 2002 Population and Housing Census data showed that the migration flows was heavily between

the Tanga Region and neighbouring Regions including Coast, Manyara and Kilimanjaro. Dar es

Salaam, being a primate city in Tanzania attracted most of migrants from the Region in the form of

urban-urban and rural-urban migration. Table 1.16 summarizes data on lifetime in-migration, out-

migration and net migration in Tanzania Mainland in 2002.

Table 1.16: Lifetime In- and Out-Migration, and Net Migration by Region in Tanzania 2002

Rates (%) Region In-

migrants

Out-migrants Net Migration

Inward Outward Net

Tanzania Mainland 5,044,080 5,050,913 -6,833 15.1 15.3 -0.2

Morogoro 284,542 210,282 74,260 16.2 12.7 4.2

Dodoma 139,808 321,276 -181,468 8.3 17.3 -10.7

Arusha 264,978 183,250 81,728 20.6 15.5 6.3

Kilimanjaro 148,238 411,735 -263,497 10.8 25.4 -19.1

Tanga 132,087 294,130 -162,043 8.1 16.6 -9.9

Coast 189,204 245,454 -56,250 21.4 26.4 -6.4

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Dar es Salaam 1,208,479 237,446 971,033 48.6 16.0 39.0

Lindi 100,020 179,293 -79,273 12.7 21.0 -10.1

Mtwara 53,102 186,911 -133,809 4.7 15.3 -11.9

Ruvuma 85,799 138,289 -52,490 7.7 12.0 -4.7

Iringa 79,869 299,189 -219,320 5.4 17.7 -14.7

Mbeya 239,644 171,692 67,952 11.6 8.7 3.3

Singida 104,623 255,894 -151,271 9.6 20.9 -13.9

Tabora 353,132 243,720 109,412 20.6 15.4 6.4

Rukwa 113,954 75,241 38,713 10.0 7.2 3.4

Kigoma 85,424 238,345 -152,921 5.1 13.3 -9.1

Shinyanga 455,087 390,367 64,720 16.3 14.4 2.3

Kagera 201,483 176,312 25,171 9.9 9.1 1.2

Mwanza 417,872 437,209 -19,337 14.3 14.9 -0.7

Mara 108,263 299,432 -191,169 7.9 19.5 -14.0

Manyara 278,472 55,446 223,026 26.8 6.9 21.5

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 1978, 1988, 2002.

1.5 CLIMATE

Tanga Region experiences moderate temperature and rainfall climate. The average annual

temperatures vary between 240C in highlands to 32

0C in lowlands. The Region experiences moderate

temperature of around 230C almost throughout the year. The warm season normally runs from

October to February.

Generally, the Region experiences two major rainfall seasons, that with long rains between March and

May and short rains between October and December. The average annual rainfall varies between

200mm and 2000mm. However, the average annual rainfall varies from year to year and between

ecological zones. Moreover, the coastal nature of the large part of the Region affects the patterns of

temperature and rainfall. The coastal plains in Tanga and Pangani districts, and part of Muheza

district experience moderate high annual rainfall of 800-1,400mm while the dry plains mostly in

Handeni, Kilindi and Korogwe districts receive low rainfall ranging from 200 to 600mm annually.

Highland areas which include areas around Usambara mountains in Lushoto and Korogwe districts,

Amani mountains in Muheza district and Nguu mountains in Handeni district experience high annual

rainfall ranging between 800 and 2000mm.

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1.6 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

The topography of Tanga Region is characterized by two remarkable natural features. First, are the

coastal lowlands with varying degrees of soil texture and fertility? The lowlands are located between

0-150m above sea level. The second natural feature is the mountainous areas which include the

Usambara Mountains, Amani and Nguu mountain ranges. They are located between 1000-2,400m

above sea level.

The Region’s drainage is formed by a small number of rivers and streams that flow from highlands to

lowlands. The major rivers include Pangani, Mkomazi, Soni, Lwengera, Umba, Zigi, Mwarongo,

Mgwisha and Mgombani.

1.7 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES

Tanga Region can broadly be divided into four broad Agro-Ecological Zones which include the

coastal plains, dry plains, wet plains and mountainous areas.

i) The Coastal Plains Zone

The coastal plains zone includes Pangani and Tanga districts, and part of Muheza

district. It is located between 0-150 metres above sea level with temperatures ranging

between 240C and 32

0C. The zone receives moderate rains with average annual

precipitation ranging from 800mm to 1,400mm.

The major soil types that are found in this zone include sand and sandy-clay.

A variety of crops are grown in this zone. They include sisal, coconuts, cashew nuts,

maize, cassava and paddy.

ii) The Dry Plains Zone

The dry plains zone includes Handeni district and part of Korogwe and Muheza

districts. The altitude of this zone ranges from 200m to 600m above sea level, with an

average rainfall between 500mm and 800mm per annum. The temperatures in this zone

range from 210C

to 24

0C annually.

The soils found in this zone are mainly brown-sandy. The major crops grown include

sisal, cotton, tobacco, paddy, maize, cassava, millet and beans.

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iii) The Wet Plains Zone

The zone includes Korogwe and Muheza districts. The topography of this zone is

predominantly low plain with altitude ranging between 500 and 600m above sea level.

It receives rainfall ranging between 800 and 1,000mm annually. Temperatures in this

zone are high with an annual average ranging between 240C to 31

0c.

Major food crops grown in this zone include sisal, coconuts, cashew nuts, cotton,

maize, cassava, paddy, beans, tropical fruits and vegetables.

(iv) Mountainous Zone

The mountainous zone includes Usambara Mountains found in Lushoto and Korogwe

districts, Amani Mountains located in Muheza district and Nguu Mountains which is in

Handeni district. The zone is located between 1000-2400m above sea level. The

temperature ranges between 210C and 28

0C. The annual rainfall ranges between

800mm-2000mm.

The soil is mainly red clay loamy. Major crops grown include coffee, tea, cardamom,

maize, round potatoes, banana, beans, spices, fruits and vegetables.

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SECTION II

REGIONAL ECONOMY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Tanga Region is one of the 21 regions of Tanzania Mainland with great potential of economic

development and prosperity. The Region has a very good climate and land which is favourable for

agriculture and other economic investment. The Region contains Tanga city which is its headquarters.

The city which is one of the major ports in the country is strategically located at the coast of Indian

Ocean. It is linked to the up-country Regions by roads and railway transportation infrastructure. This

section discusses the characteristics of income, employment and major economic activities in the

Region.

2.2 REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) AT CURRENT PRICES

Tanga Region Gross Domestic Product has been growing overtime. According to the National

Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, the Region in 1996 recorded GDP at current prices of Tshs. 141,449

million which increased to Tshs. 418,456 million in the year 2003 and reached Tshs 834,274 million in

the year 2006. Table 2.1 shows the Regions GDP and its percentage change between 1996 and 2006.

Table 2:1 Tanga Region GDP at Current Prices in Million Tshs. 1996-2004

% Changes Year GDP at Current

Prices Regional GDP

(Regional)

Average %

contribution to

National GDP

1996 141,449 - 4.10

1997 175,266 23.9 4.09

1998 209,450 19.5 4.09

1999 243,734 16.4 4.08

2000 281,873 15.6 4.20

2001 336,986 19.6 4.42

2002 382,095 13.4 4.39

2003 418,456 9.5 4.26

2004 603,977 43.8 5.33

2005 754,432 24.9 5.78

2006 834,274 10.6 5.56

Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.

The Region over the period between 1996 and 2003 managed to contribute significantly to the national

economy (See Table 2.1). The contribution was 4.10 percent in 1996 which increased to 4.42 percent

of national GDP in 2001. Despite falling up to 4.26 percent in 2003, the contribution was estimated to

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be 5.33 percent to the National Economy in 2004 following the expected good weather, revival of sisal

estates and manufacturing industries in the Region. Table 2.2 shows the National GDP and the

contribution of different Regions in Tanzania over the period of 2000 and 2006

Table 2.2 Tanzania Mainland Regional GDP in million Tsh. At Current Prices

REGION/YEAR 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Dodoma 178,947 208,237 226,254 264,197 303,905 324,953 351,998 392,726 457,376

Arusha 383,893 446,730 510,055 582,554 393,050 388,567 492,386 592,244 679,066

Kilimanjaro 217,244 252,803 274,676 310,701 352,292 427,374 535,000 639,617 721,397

Tanga 209,450 243,734 281,873 336,986 382,095 418,456 603,977 754,432

834,274

Morogoro 234,402 272,769 296,370 363,271 413,889 439,142 622,226 706,296

807,998

Pwani 111,314 129,534 140,741 155,014 174,066 226,488 235,467 253,922

291,807

Dar es salaam 916,280 1,066,259 1,158,513 1,282,449 1,473,226 1,589,174 1,715,051 1,961,505

2,323,743

Lindi 113,905 132,550 144,018 158,814 178,333 229,264 238,616 257,565

295,857

Mtwara 192,821 237,846 255,028 296,548 333,645 291,834 303,804 326,984

376,119

Ruvuma 192,412 223,907 242,947 242,630 273,779 376,291 435,908 533,352

583,718

Iringa 284,543 331,118 359,767 424,602 486,091 542,737 607,402 709,802

797,187

Mbeya 292,993 340,951 370,450 438,082 501,523 581,086 766,340 929,164

1,051,413

Singida 153,376 178,481 193,923 202,192 225,126 227,114 236,459 239,561

285,538

Tabora 195,094 227,028 246,671 262,849 296,594 362,872 447,294 560,574

612,978

Rukwa 191,944 223,362 242,688 249,370 280,838 348,625 391,931 447,846

510,746

Kigoma 125,560 146,112 158,754 188,712 212,940 357,088 378,528 420,755

480,876

Shinyanga 369,846 430,383 520,504 589,032 677,560 667,311 695,248 744,692

884,347

Kagera 192,509 224,019 261,739 289,808 327,649 467,959 488,706 526,618

623,567

Mwanza 395,229 459,921 573,094 730,697 847,241 834,329 965,448 1,102,181

1,294,503

Mara 173,550 201,957 248,316 256,109 288,989 442,805 472,772 525,022

606,851

Manyara 277,057 273,897 347,078 438,461

475,886

TANZANIA

MAINLAND 5,125,311 5,977,699 6,706,381 7,624,616 8,699,887 9,816,319 11,331,638 13,063,317

14,995,247

Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.

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2.3 REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES

The per capita GDP, that is the average individual income in Tanga Region, has been improving over

the period of time. Table 2.3a shows the Regional per capita GDP at current prices over the period of

1996-2004. It shows that the average per capita income in the Region which was Tshs. 92,948 in 1996

rose to Tshs. 252,128 in 2002. It was estimated to be Tshs. 355,712 in the year 2004. Table 2.3b

shows the Regional per capita GDP at current prices in Tanzania mainland over the period of 2000-

2004.

Table 2.3a: Tanga Regional Per Capita GDP at Current Prices in Tshs.

Per Capita GDP at Current Prices in Tshs. Year Tshs. Change %

1996 92,948 -

1997 112,777 21.3

1998 130,741 15.9

1999 147,589 12.9

2000 165,576 12.2

2001 192,028 15.9

2002 232,699 21.2

2003 252,128 8.3

2004 357,109 58.9

2005 439,576 23.1

2006 475,835 8.2

Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.

Table 2.3b: Regional Per Capita GDP at Current Prices Tanzania in Mainland 2000 to 2006 in TShs.

Region/year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Dodoma 137,278 155,503 178,873 189,840 200,791 219,882 241,132

Arusha 251,522 278,678 303,990 293,764 357,349 414,764 460,231

Kilimanjaro 139,179 152,722 255,071 306,563 377,349 445,463 479,967

Tanga 165,576 192,028 232,699 252,128 357,109 439,576 475,835

Morogoro 173,501 206,304 235,190 245,299 338,356 375,467 418,850

Pwani 169,808 181,432 195,765 251,059 254,603 268,944 301,255

Dar es Salaam 518,602 556,905 589,776 616,780 637,471 700,727 829,412

Lindi 173,018 185,085 225,365 287,936 295,260 315,328 347,346

Mtwara 235,057 265,147 295,647 256,080 261,864 278,022 308,231

Ruvuma 214,306 207,622 245,066 331,186 373,489 447,188 472,584

Iringa 217,041 248,491 325,072 359,496 395,998 456,937 492,792

Mbeya 176,550 202,535 242,276 276,280 355,413 422,116 448,098

Singida 181,861 183,942 206,394 206,209 209,632 208,247 233,510

Tabora 178,352 184,363 172,649 206,064 244,843 296,992 305,860

Rukwa 222,518 221,804 245,973 298,275 323,191 357,791 392,195

Kigoma 134,657 155,279 126,817 205,221 207,169 220,223 244,007

Shinyanga 210,306 230,873 241,504 232,364 234,031 243,350 269,800

Kagera 140,150 150,536 161,095 225,056 227,664 238,633 282,129

Mwanza 224,468 277,635 287,967 277,556 310,793 344,786 408,502

Mara 183,194 183,290 211,157 318,093 330,949 359,292 386,021

Manyara - - 266,283 258,537 315,126 384,151 397,216

TANZANIA

MAINLAND

210,232 231,866 259,044 286,859 321,300 360,892 399,594

Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.

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Ranking the Region at the National level in terms of income per capita, showed that Tanga is one of

the relatively high income Regions in the country. The region ranked the 4th in comparison with other

regions. Regions with higher average per capita income than Tanga Region are Dar es Salaam, Iringa

and Kilimanjaro ranks first, second and third respectively (See Table 2.4).

Table 2:4: Comparisons of per Capita Incomes for Tanzania Mainland Regions the year 2006

Rank Region Regional Per Capita GDP at

Current Prices(Tshs)

1 Dar es Salaam 829,412

2 Iringa 492,792

3 Kilimanjaro 479,967

4 Tanga 475,835

5 Ruvuma 472,584

6 Arusha 460,231

7 Mbeya 448,098

8 Morogoro 418,850

9 Mwanza 408,502

10 Manyara 397,216

11 Rukwa 392,195

12 Mara 386,021

13 Lindi 347,346

14 Mtwara 308,231

15 Tabora 305,860

16 Pwani 301,255

17 Kagera 282,129

18 Shinyanga 269,800

19 Kigoma 244,007

20 Dodoma 241,132

21 Singida 233,510

Source: United Republic of Tanzania, National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2006.

2.4 MAIN OCCUPATIONS AND INDUSTRY

2.4.1 Main Occupation

Main occupation provides an account with regard to what activity engages the labour force in the

given locality (Table 2.5). According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the major

occupation of the labour force in the Region is farming which employs about 77.4 percent of the total

labour force. Other occupations that employ a significant number of the labour force include services

(and small businesses under SMES); crafts, fishing, livestock reazing, professional jobs and other

elementary occupations.

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Table 2.5: Main Occupation of the Labour Force by District in the Region, 2002

Occupation Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga

City

Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total

Legislators/Admin/Managers 97 301 449 676 500 240 73 2,336

Professionals 125 657 523 1,241 1,014 394 75 4,031

Tech. and Associate

Professionals

581 2,258 2,753 6,775 3,146 1,563 723 17,799

Clerks 130 515 740 1425 596 360 127 3,895

Small Business Managers 124 965 1,390 3,026 12,327 730 201 18,764

Services and shop sales

workers

682 3,825 3,899 13,371 3,322 1,720 371 27,191

Street Vendors 1,418 5,104 1946 14417 966 1,477 690 26,019

Craftsmen 999 2,431 2,731 8,175 3,802 1,655 474 20,265

Farmers 12,292 116,328 115,761 20,233 151,048 95,906 58,390 569,959

Livestock keepers 98 2,342 1,300 854 270 1,102 6,336 12,301

Fishermen 953 1,551 558 5,100 13 27 - 8,202

Plant Operators &

Assemblers

193 599 610 4,060 252 325 32 6,071

Elementary Occupations 1,699 2,031 2,824 6,870 551 2,787 933 17,697

Other 68 385 138 145 274 361 20 1,393

TOTAL 19,459 139,292 135,622 86,368 178,081 108,647 68,445 735,923

*Includes Mkinga disrtict

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 2002.

2.4.2 Main Industry

The main industry in the Region gives an explanation on the major economic activities in which the

labour force is engaged. According to the 2002 National Population and Housing census, main

activities in the Region are clustered into several groups such as agriculture; forestry, fishing; mining

and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas and water; construction; raw food sales; trade and

commerce; etc. Table 2.6 shows the main industry in the Region by District in 2002. It shows that

agriculture is the main industry in the Region as it employs the majority of the labour force. Other

industries that employ a significant number of the labour force include forestry, fishing and other

related activities; trade and commerce; and public administration and education; and manufacturing.

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Table 2.6: Main Industry of the Labour Force by District in the Region, 2002

Industry Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga

City

Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total

Agriculture 13,140 113,598 112,740 18,027 165,025 89,918 49,184 561,631

Forestry, Fishing &

Others

2204 10192 8795 11270 6157 9695 16689 65002

Mining & Quarrying 26 113 148 703 126 156 245 1517

Manufacturing 565 1795 1547 7434 860 1257 558 14012

Electricity, Gas and

Water

41 132 313 1180 77 106 22 1870

Construction 135 566 817 2260 595 187 74 4635

Raw food sales

(Uncooked)

229 754 1007 3568 550 416 42 6569

Trade and Commerce 1676 6582 4102 20486 1554 2513 728 37640

Transport and

Communication

136 581 699 3153 404 192 95 5260

Finance & Insurance 24 96 124 693 44 64 - 1048

Public administration

& Education

879 3323 3154 15847 2414 1727 654 27998

Other 410 1564 2173 1743 272 2419 159 8741

TOTAL 19,465 139,296 135,619 86,364 178,078 108,650 68,450 735,923

*Includes Mkinga disrtict

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

2. United Republic of Tanzania Population and Housing Censuses: 2002

2.5 PRODUCTIVE SECTORS

2.5.1 Agriculture

Tanga Region is found in the feature zone II (see table 2.7 below) of the Agro Ecological Zones.

Tanzania mainland is divided in four feature zones. The essence of having such zone is due to the fact

that the physical features of Tanzania mainland consist of diverse ecological and climatic zones that

accommodate different agricultural patterns. The feature zone II, of which Tanga is within, is that of

coastal areas, having rainfall of between 500 – 1000 mm, allowing crop production and fishing

economic activities. The main features of the agro ecological zones in Tanzania Mainland are as

displayed in Table 2.7.

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Table 2.7: Main Features and Agro Ecological Zones in Tanzania Mainland

Feature

Zone

General

Characteristics

Feature

Rainfall Specific

Dominant Food

Crop

Characteristics

Main Activity

Features/Representative

Areas

I

Semi and Central

Area of Tanzania

Less than 500

mm

Sorghum, maize Livestock

rearing

Lowland area in Dodoma,

Singida, Arusha & Iringa

Regions

II

Mostly Coastal

Areas

500 – 1000

mm

Paddy, composite

maize, cassava

and groundnuts

Agriculture,

fishing,

intensive use of

poultry

Mtwara, Lindi, Coast, Dar

es salaam, Morogoro, Tanga

& Ruvuma Region

III

Mostly Western part

of Tanzania

1000 – 1500

mm

Cassava,

composite maize,

pea & sweet

potatoes

Intensive

agriculture,

keeping cattle,

goats, sheep and

poultry

Mwanza, Mara, Shinyanga,

Tabora, Kigoma & Rukwa

Regions

IV

Mostly Highland

area

Above 1500

mm

Plantains, hybrid

maize, beans &

Irish potatoes

Agriculture,

dairy, keeping

swine, goats,

sheep & cattle

Mostly all the highlands

around Kilimanjaro, Arusha,

Tanga & Mbeya Regions

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, 2005

Agriculture sector contributes about 46 percent of the Gross Domestic Product of Tanzania. Before

getting deep into crop production patterns at district levels in Tanga Region, it is important to review

few facts concerning smallholder productions nation wise in Tanga Region. Of the total 4, 901,837

rural agriculture households in Tanzania, the number of crop growing households in the country was

4,858,810 representing 99 percent of the agriculture households. The number of households growing

crops has increased by 32 percent over the period of the past decade, being an increase of 3.5 percent

per annum.

Specifically, in Tanga Region the few facts with regards to smallholder crop production are displayed

in Table 2.8, as obtained during the 2002/2003 National Sample Census of Agriculture.

Table 2.8: Facts concerning crop production in Tanga Region

Item Details

Total households for the Region 823,525

Number of Agriculture households 265,198

Number of crop growing household 263,528

Average total usable land available to household 1.8 ha

Average usable land utilized by household 1.7ha

Utilized land area / percent of available land 406,869 ha / 86 %

Total planted area in the Region 400,310ha

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Land area / percent of annual crops 245,931ha / 47 %

Land area / percent of permanent crop 155,1126ha / 30 %

Land area of planted trees 3,959 ha

Planted area / percent planted area cultivated by oxen 17,519 ha / 4.4 %

Planted area / percent planted area cultivated by hand hoe 379,283 ha / 94.8 %

Planted area / percent planted area without fertilizer 339,202 ha / 84.7 %

Planted area / percent planted area with Farm Yard Manure 44,853 ha / 11.2 %

Planted area / percent planted area with inorganic fertilizer 4,068 ha / 1 %

Planted area / percent planted area with insecticide application 11,913 ha / 3 %

Planted area / percent planted area with fungicide application 5,514 ha / 1.4 %

Planted area / percent planted area with herbicides application 3,342 ha / 0.8 %

Number of households / percent storing crops for 3 – 6 months 117,504 / 51.64 %

Percent of households using unprotected means of storage 21.77 %

Quantity of annual crops stored in tones 31,366 tones

Number of households / percent selling crops 197,168 / 1.8 %

Number of households / percent selling processed crops 197,168 / 1.8 %

Number of households / percent receiving crop extension service from

government

121,487 / 45.81 %

Number of households / percent receiving crop extension service outside

government

978 / 0.8 %

Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003

2.5.1.1 Food crop production

Maize, paddy, sorghum cassava, sweet potatoes and legumes/pulses are among the major food crops

grown in the Region. Table 2.9, shows area used for land production, and productivity in the Region

during the 2002/2003 census, while Table 2.10 shows land area (ha) cultivated in respective districts

starting from the year 1989/99 to 2005/2006.

Table 2.9: Land area used for food crop production and productivity, Tanga Region, 2002/2003

Crop Total planted

area (ha)

Percent of

total area

Area / growing

households

Productivity

(tones/hectares)

Total cereal 295,529

Maize 287,476 11 0.93 0.6

Paddy 7,665 0.3 0.38 0.9

Sorghum 116 0 0.38 3.0

Cassava 30,733 1.1 0.7 -

Beans 63,028 2.4 0.44 0.38

Groundnuts 1,645 0.1 0.3 0.7

Tomato 2,568 0.1 0.2 4.2

Cabbage 845.9 0.03 0.2 2.4

Onion 118.5 0 0.3 3.1

Banana 8,125.2 0.3 0.5 6.3

Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003

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Table 2.10. Estimated Area (Ha) under selected Major Food Crops in the Region by District

District/Crop

Maize

1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Pangani 2,805 3,002 3,287 2,554 3,535 2,550 2,930 3,200

Muheza* 30,335 22,004 33,828 20,960 32,147 33,416 31,987 27,520

Korogwe (District

Council)

44,184 45,183 47,875 46,310 47,883 55,062 69,203.1 67,951

Tanga City 9,725 13,500 14,000 10,000 2,050 9,450 1,414 14,955

Handeni 28,351 20,726 75,061 111,784 44,144 71,923 10,680 57,627

Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,901 48,986

Korogwe (Town Council) 5,318 5,318

Lushoto 19,080 24,116 14,793 9,350 15,955 10,776 14,030 14,346

Total 134,480 128,531 188,844 200,958 145,714 183,177 184,463.1 279,966

Paddy

Pangani 675 705 796 496 1125 700 534 532

Muheza* 4,400 3,935 4,514 4,488 4,648 4,960 4,960 3,813

Korogwe (District

Council)

5,435 5,918.4 5,939.4 6,049 6,151 8,978.6 7,645 7,573

Tanga City 62 80 150 100 100 50 160 200

Handeni 668 682 0 8 98 7 0 0

Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 48,901 48,986

Korogwe (Town Council) 1,330 1,100

Lushoto 1,260 2,816 2,844 519 232 1,668 358 371

Total 12,500 14,136.4 14,243.4 11,660 12,354 16,363.6 63,888 24,634

Sorghum

Pangani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Muheza* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Korogwe (District

Council)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tanga City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Handeni 5,683 4,494 0 6 0 137 0 0

Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Korogwe (Town Council) 0 0

Lushoto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 5,683 4,494 0 6 0 137 0 0

Cassava

Pangani 3,285 2,800 3,735 2,614 1,550 2,400 2,560 2,850

Muheza* 10,338 108,550 28,870 20,552 33,839 26,318 16,503 21,992

Korogwe (District

Council)

4141 7,049 84,184 8,498.3 6,447 11,440.1 11,232 11,189

Tanga City 11,200 16,950 10,000 10,750 4,750 12,250 10,445 23,045

Handeni 13,237 14,749 16,024 16,463 12,738 25,768 5,197 12,048

Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,929 8,597

Korogwe (Town Council) 3,042 3,042

Lushoto 4,527 7,024 4,983 3,137 3,796 3,496 4,361 3,396

Total 46,728 157,122 147,796 62,014.3 63,120 81,672.1 64,269 81,635

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Sweet Potatoes

Pangani 160 120 172 86 34 35 27 25

Muheza* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Korogwe (District

Council)

549 1,012 112 1,124 853 125.6 1,040.1 1,410

Tanga City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Handeni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,144 8,857

Korogwe (Town Council) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lushoto 458 2,078 1,095 2,718 2,017 1,346 5,583 1,268

Total 1,167 3,210 1,379 3,928 2,904 1,506.6 17,794.1 2,213

Legumes/ pulses

Pangani 120 150 75 40 270 54 27 100

Muheza* 8,280 6,875 11,260 7,353 9,712 8,163 7,225 10,741

Korogwe (District

Council)

14,891 9,468 1,3481 3,986 10,292 4,967 16,534 19,370

Tanga City 100 200 100 580 1,220 550 716 716

Handeni 11,929 21,377 27,470 28,494 12,046 2,996 8,675 4,051

Kilindi 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,1413* 47966*

Korogwe (Town Council) 1,603 1,603

Lushoto 17,591 30,744 27,504 14,506 22,280 17,727 21,696 18,064

Total 52,911 68,814 79,890 54,959 55,820 34,457 56,476 102,611

*Includes Mkinga district

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

As Table 2.11 shows, maize was cultivated for a total of 48.77 percent of all the area cultivated among

the eight crops grown. Following maize (in a consecutive order), is cassava (24.56 percent,

pulses/legumes (17.57 percent), paddy (7.21 percent), sweet potatoes (1.52 percent) and lastly

sorghum (0.36 percent). In a way, the analysis can predict the importance of the food crop cultivated,

suggesting maize as the most important food crop and sorghum as the least important food crop the

Region. Comparing the eight crop growing seasons, the year 2005/2006 came out as the year

witnessing most of the land cultivated (17.23 percent), while the year 1989/99 being the year with

least land cultivated (8.86 percent).

Table 2.11 Proportion of land used in cultivating food crop, Tanga Region, 1998/99 – 2005/06

1998/99

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

Crop

Total

% crop

Maize 134,480 128,531 188,844 200,958 145,714 183,177 179,145 2345,85 13,954,34.1 48.77

Paddy 12,500 14,136.4 14,243.4 11,660 12,354 16,363.6 62,558 62,575 206,390.4 7.21

Sorghum 5,683 4,494 0 6 0 137 0 0 10320 0.36

Cassava 46,728 157,122 147,796 620,14.3 63,120 81,672.1 61,227 83,117 702,796.4 24.56

Sweet Potatoes 1,167 3,210 1,379 3,928 2,904 1,506.6 17,794.1 11,560 43,448.7 1.52

Pulses/Legumes 52,911 68,814 79,890 54,959 55,820 34,457 54,873 101,008 502,732 17.57

Total 253,469 376,307 432,152 333,525 279,912 317,313.3 375,597 492,845 2,861,121.6 100.0

% of the year 8.85908 13.1524 15.1043 11.6572 9.7833 11.09052 13.1276 17.2256

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Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Fig.8: Proportion of land land cultivated for

food crops in the Region in the haversting

year 2005/06

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Maize

Paddy

Sorghum

Cassava

Sweet Potatoes

Pulses/Legumes

Food Crops

Havests in kgs

land cultivated

Table 2.12 shows the estimated production of major food crops (tones) in the respective districts of

Tanga Region. While banana has been observed to be mostly grown in Muheza district, Sorghum has

been found to be grown in Handeni district.

Table 2.12: Estimated Production of Major Food Crops (Tons) in the Region by District 1998/99 – 2005/06

District/Crop

1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Maize

Pangani 2,808 3,602 4,818 3,576 1,755 2,550 - -

Muheza* 32,198 20,048 27,705 17,294 21,220 7,519 47,789 41,280

Korogwe *** 60,062 62,017 67,069 547,393 64,553 50,659.1 154,416 14,8870

Tanga 5,385 20,600 14,000 7,672 3,150 5,800 7,674 380

Handeni 43,526 31,089 112,594 166,,242 39730 35962 16,020 86,439

Kilindi - - - - - - 48,901 58,783

Lushoto 14,452 482 6,853 4,110 7,051 10,983 3,774 1,979

Total 158,431 137,838 233,039 253,633 37,459 113,473 265,642 321,644 Paddy

Pangani 675 705 796 374 362 175 - -

Muheza* 5,200 4,722 5,308 5,385 5,572 5,952 7,440 5719

Korogwe *** 13,588 14,257 16,167 9,914 15,727 1,2630.1 20,590.14 18,982

Tanga 50 80 110 80 50 50 75 84

Handeni 1364 1364 - 14 176 12 19 16

Kilindi - - - - - - 48,901 58,783

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Lushoto 2,801 1,972 7,051 1,536 450 3,336 718 345

Total 23,678 23,100 29,432 17,303 22,337 221,551 77,743 83,929 Sorghum

Handeni 4546 3146 - 4 - 96 - -

Total 4546 3146 - 4 - 96 - -

Cassava

Pangani 9,855 8,400 4,766 8,628 600 7,200 - -

Muheza* 18,631 25,377 26,013 19,867 26,375 13,189 13,590 109,900

Korogwe *** 20,705 18,243 42,032 42,492 32,334 57,200 23,817 44,856

Tanga City 33,600 48,750 30,000 71,000 16,200 12,250 45,000 36,960

Handeni 39,711 44,247 48,078 49,389 26,749 9,018 15,591 36,144

Kilindi - - - - - - 10,929 8,597

Lushoto 8246 5600 9,178 10,833 9172 11,313 8,016 7,486

Total 130,748 150,017 160,067 202,209 111,430 110,170 116,943 243,943 Sweet Potatoes

Pangani 125 75 95 32 51 105 - -

Muheza* - - - - - - - -

Korogwe *** 2,740 5,060 5,560 5,620 4,265 2,51.2 5,201 7,050

Kilindi - - - - - - 11,144 8,857

Lushoto 1,031 2,910 4,407 2,616 5,620 878 2,927 1,885

Total 3,896 8,045 10,062 8,268 9,936 12,34.2 19,272 17,792

Legumes

Pangani 75 50 45 14 126 58 - -

Muheza* 300 153 385 631 556 661 453 380

Korogwe *** 8,858 4,537.3 12,067 1,801 6,325 2,960.1 16,416 17,808

Tanga 50 160 130 290 920 100 680 450

Handeni 113 17,606 25,646 22,983 2,805 899 6,073 28,357

Lushoto 95,029 15,372 44,019 24,447 12,399 39,324 32,149 87,880

Total 104,425 37,878.3 82,292 50,166 23,131 44,002.1 52,472 49,569 Banana

Muheza* 67,000 67,200 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420

Total 67,000 67,200 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2.13 shows the analysis of crop harvested during the period between the crop growing seasons

1989/99 – 2005/06. The crop growing seasons 2000/01 and 2002/03 witnessed the peak and lowest

production having 26.94 percent and 5.23 percent of all crops harvested during the whole period

respectively.

Table 2.13: Proportion of food crop harvested in tones, Tanga Region, 1998/99 – 2005/06

Crop

1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Total % crop

Maize 158,431 137,838 233,039 253,633 37,459 113,473 252,710 305,757 1,492,340 30.41

Paddy 23,678 23,100 29,432 17,303 22,337 221,551 76,413 82,434 496,248 10.11

Sorghum 4,546 3,146 0 4 0 96 0 0 7,792 0.16

Cassava 130,748 150,017 160,067 202,209 111,430 110,170 111,323 234,907 1,210,871 24.68

Sweet

potatoes

3,896 8,045 10,062 8,268 9,936 12,34.2 19,272 17,792

78,505.2 1.60

Legumes 104,425 37,878.3 822,292 50,166 23,131 44,002.1 51,413 47,966 1,181,273.4 24.07

Banana 67,000 67,200 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420 439,826 8.96

Total 492,724 427,224.3 1,322,092 598,783 256,435 528,858.3 549,463 731,276 4,906,855.6

% of the

year 10.04 8.71 26.94 12.20 5.23 10.78 11.20 14.90

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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In all eight years assessed, maize made 30.41 percent of all crop harvest, contributing to most of the

food harvested in the Region. Maize was followed by cassava (24.68 percent), legumes (24.07

percent), paddy (10.11 percent), banana (8.96 percent), sweet potatoes (1.60 percent) and sorghum

(0.16 percent).

Table 2.14: Food and cash crops production in the year 2005/06, Tanga region

Target Performance

Food crops Cash crops Food crops Cash crops

District

Ha Estimated

(in tons)

Ha Estimated

(in tons)

Ha Actual

harvest

(In tons)

Ha Actual

harvest

(In tons)

Tanga 31,445 86,013 6,758 16,555 15,741 50,662 7,758 12,691

Pangani 29,001 95,322 17,575 19,046 6,826 13,207 86 88

Muheza 38,839 100,982 31,300 16,269 33,182 126,900 31,300 16,269

Korogwe 118,635 263,711 4,020 3,443 90,739 200,690 4,022 2,565

Mkinga 30,345 109,346 21,067 14,238 23,015 73,400 21,067 14,238

Handeni 62,845 121,180 3,099 2,919 76,859 104,391 9,111 334

Kilindi 111,361 199,729 43,716 61,437 81,373 98,214 2,783 1,433

Lushoto 48,062 156,298 19,526 6,625 44,473 225,060 11,526 9,619

Grand

Total

470,533 1,133,581 147,061 140,532 372,208 892,524 87,653 57,237

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

From the table above, it is seen that neither food crop nor cash crop production targets were met (in

the region level).Food crop production estimated was achieved by 78.7 percent while cash crop

production was met by only 40.7 percent compared to the set targets.

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Fig.9: Targeted Food and Cash crops

production (in tonnes) by Disrtict in 2005/06

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Tanga

Pangani

Muheza

Korogwe

Mkinga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Districts

Production in tonnes

Food Crops

Cash Crops

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Fig.10:Actual Food and Cash crops production

in tonnes by district in 2005/06

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

220,000

240,000

Tanga

Pangani

Muheza

Korogwe

Mkinga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Production (in tonnes)

Food crops

Cash crops

2.5.1.2 Food Adequacy

The majority of population in Tanga Region depends largely on grains for their staple food. Harvested

food crops are also sold as cash crops in different proportions. Harvested food crops are estimated to

be available as food in the following proportions:

Maize (60 percent), Paddy (30 percent), Cassava (50 percent),

Sorghum (80 percent), Banana (10 percent), Sweet potatoes (60 percent),

Beans (40 percent).

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Calculations for food adequacy are averaged at 0.12 tons of carbohydrates per unit of population per

year. For pulses / beans, they are based at an average of 0.06 tons per person per year, irrespective of

age. As shown in Table 2:14, Tanga Region, is on average, self sufficient in starch foods. While the

season 2005/2006 experienced the most surplus in starch food, the season 2003/2004 experienced the

highest deficit of the same.

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Pulses/ beans which are normally used as relish are the major sources of proteins. However, this type

of food is usually complemented by fish obtained from the Indian Ocean, and the use of other

vegetables. Cattle, small ruminants and chicken from the same Region are also used to fulfill the same.

As displayed in Table 2.15, considering only protein sourced from crops, there has been a protein

deficit averaging at 84,881 tons.

Table 2: 15: Food crops Production (Tons) and Food Requirements (Tons) Tanga Region

2000/01 – 2005/2006

Crop Growing Season Food Category 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

1. Food Crop

Production

- Maize 233,039 253,633 137,459 113,473 252,710 305,957

- Paddy 29,432 17,003 22,337 22,155.1 76,413 82,434

- Cassava 160,067 202,209 111,430 110,170 111,323 234,907

- Bananas 67,200 67,200 52,142 38,332 38,332 42,420

- Sweet potatoes 10,062 8,268 9,936 12,34.2 19,272 17,792

Total Production 499,800 548,613 33,304 285,460.3 498,050 683,510

Crop Available for

starch food

241,443.7 2,70156 156,067 134,389.05 245607.8 340,675.1

Estimated Population 1,618,687 163,6280 1,665,733 1,695,716 1,726,239 1,757,311

2. Starch Food

Requirement

194,242.4 19,6353.6 19,9887.9

6

203,485.5 207,148.7 210,877.3

3. Starch Food Surplus

(+) Deficit (-)

+40,481 +73,802.4 -43820.7 -69096.5 +38459.1 +129797.8

Beans Production 82,292 50,166 23,131 44,002.1 51,413 47,966

Beans Available for

Food

32,9168 20,066.4 9,252.4 17,600.8 205,652 19,186.4

Protein Requirement 97,121.2 98,176.8 99,943.9 101,742.9 103,574.3 105,438.7

Protein Food Surplus

(+)/Deficit (-)

+232,046.8 -78,110.4 -90,691.5 -84,142.1 -83,009.1 -86,252.3

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

2.5.1.3 Cash crop production

The following cash crops are grown in Tanga Region: Sisal, tea, cashew nuts, coffee, coconuts,

oranges, mangoes, temperate fruits (plums, apples, avocado, passion fruits and peaches), cardamoms,

cotton, betel nuts, spices, cocoa and tobacco. Table 2.16 shows the summary for cash crop production

(in tons) for the period starting from 2001/02 – 2004/05.

Table 2.16 Cash crop production (in tons) 2001/02 – 2003/04

Crop 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Sisal 18,282 16,344 15,498 12,775

Tea 8,523 9,675 8,357 5,248

Cashew nut 8,203 9,309 5,527 3,717

Coffee 302 268 266 3,717

Coconut 55,802 64,447 10,940 57,930

Oranges 65,580 65,780 65,650 65,680

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Spices 964 979 695 662

Betel nuts 200 208 45 -

Cotton 624 109 656 477

Irish potatoes 22,159 23,062 16,813 20,751

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office – 2005

The land area used for cash crop production and productivity for smallholder in Tanga Region, for the

year 2002/2003 is shown in Table 2:17

Table 2:17 Land area used for cash crop production and productivity for smallholder, Tanga Region, 2002/2003

Crop Total planted

area (ha)

Percent of

total area

Area /growing

households

Productivity

(tones/hectares)

Cotton 264 0.01 1 1

Tobacco 180 0.01 0.3 0.4

Cashew

nuts

7,904.67 1.9 1.5 -

Coffee 3,199.51 1.8 0.524 0.223

Mango 4,268.14 4.3 0.7 13

Coconuts 14,765.12 21.6 1.3 3.5

Oranges 9342.34 - 1.3 11

Sugar cane 2,356.04 10.9 0.4 9.4

Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003

Table 2.18 shows the analysis of land used to cultivate cash crop for the period ranging from

1999/2000 to 2005/06. As it is seen in Table 2.17, 2005/06 has been the season with the peak use of

land in cash crop production while 2000/01 had been the year with the minimum land cultivated for

cash crop production. In overall, coconut had been the cash crop with the largest share in land

cultivated for cash crop production occupying 56.22 percent. Fruits provide the second important cash

crop in the Region occupying 34.61 percent of all land cultivated for cash crops. Sesame (0.05

percent) had been the cash crop occupying the least area among land cultivated cash crop during the

period 1999/2000 to 2005/2006.

Table 2.18 Proportion of land used in cultivating cash crop, Tanga Region, 1998/99 – 2005/06

Crop 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Total

% total

crop

Cotton 2,879.6 58.4 660.8 387 877 785 308 5,955.8 0.83

Cashew nuts 7,669 8,279 8,601.1 8,154.3 8,805.3 8,858.3 9,055 59,422 8.29

Sesame 45 56 75 65 60 35 30 366 0.05

Coconut 56,839 57,620 57,586 57,972 5,8072 58,202 56,645 402,937 56.22

Fruits 13,336 12,754 16,143 17,025 1,6667 29,489 142,601 248,015 34.61

Total 80,769 78,768 83,065.9 83,603 84,481 97,369 208,639 716,696

% of the year 11.27 10.99 11.59 11.67 11.79 13.59 29.11

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Eight cash crops are grown by large scale producers. These crops are coffee, capamia, cotton, grapes,

moringa, rubber, sisal and tea. Summing up the registered land sizes used in large scale production for

the year 2006 shows that the area used for such purpose is not less that 24,187 hectares (see Table 2:

18).

Table 2.18 Large Scale Cash Crop Production and Producers per District 2006

Crop District Name of Farm Owner Area (Ha)

- Bulwa Tea

Est.

304

- Mgambo Est. 394

- Derema 328

- Maramba EUTCO 269

- Monga 285

- Ndola 155

- Ngua 195

- Kwamtoro 270

Muheza

- Marvera Bombay Burma Tr.C 0

Lushoto - Herkulu Tea

Est.

Bombay Burmah 230

Lushoto - Balangai Tea

Est.

Bombay Burmah 212

Tea

Korogwe *** - Ambangulu Mohamed

Enterprises

681

sub total 3,323

Rubber Muheza - Kihuhwi

Rub. Est

- 318

Pangani - Sakura Amboni Plantation 5,636.75

Lushoto - Mnazi Sisal

Est.

Marsh Enterprise 910

Pangani - Mwera Amboni Plantation 8,650

Sisal

Korogwe *** Dindira Mohamed

Enterprises

443

Korogwe*** Hale Mruazi Est. Katani Ltd. 828

Korogwe *** - Gomba Agr.

Ind.

D. D. Ruhinda 1,902.5

Korogwe *** - Mwelya Sisal

Est.

1,364

Sisal

Korogwe *** - Mkumbara

Est.

422

subtotal 20,156.25

Moringa Handeni - Kwatuku Private 200

Coffee Lushoto - VCU

Kwehangala

Bombay Burmah 150

Cotton Lushoto - Twahiru Issa Twahiru Issa NA

Grape & Coffee

Capamia

Lushoto - Sakaran

Farm

Benedictor Father 40

TOTAL A > 24187.25

ha

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

So far, it is only Handeni and Muheza districts which are involved in growing Moringa and rubber

respectively. While majority of tea is cultivated in Muheza, majority of sisal is cultivated in Pangani,

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followed by rural Korogwe. Coffee, cotton and grapes are only grown in Lushoto. This is to say that only

five out of seven districts of Tanga are involved in large scale cash crops production. Table 2.18 shows

that sisal is the most cultivated cash crop (20,156.25 ha), followed by tea (3323 ha). Of all cash crops

cultivated using large scale, grapes are the least cultivated (40 ha).

Table 2.19 shows that there has been a variation of price from place to place. Fruits have shown to be

good business in Lushoto district valuing at shillings 63 billion by the year 2005/06.

Table 2.19: Amount and Value of Cash Crops Purchases in the Region by District 2005/06 District/Crop Amount Purchased

(Kgs)

Price per Kgs

(Tshs)

Value in Tshs

Cotton

Handeni 20,000 260 4,160,000.00

Lushoto 37,063 300 11,118,900.00

Cashew nuts

Muheza* 1,742,000 150 2,613,000,001.00

Tanga 350,000 250 2,450,000.00

Handeni 34,000 480 16,320,000.00

Coconuts

Pangani 3,400,000 120 408,000,000.00

Muheza* 18,757,000 100 1,875,700,000.00

Tanga 1,135,800 50 56,790,000.00

Lushoto 64,000 800 51,200,000.00

Fruits Pangani

Muheza* 4,6060,000 60 2,763,600,000.00

Tanga 683,000 100 6,830,000.00

Lushoto 126,036,000 500 63,018,000,000.00

*Includes Mkinga district

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

The biggest variation of price among the districts was observed in coconuts in which a kilogram is

sold at Tshs 800 in Lushoto, while the same in Tanga is sold at Tshs 50. The high price difference was

also seen in the prices of fruits, where they were sold at 500 Tshs/kg and 60 Tshs/kg in Lushoto and

Muheza respectively. Cotton was the cash crop with least price variation. Prices for cotton have been

300 Tshs/kg and 260 Tshs/kg in Lushoto and Handeni respectively. In almost all crops, Lushoto and

Tanga city have been the districts with relatively high and low prices respectively.

2.5.1.4 Irrigation

National wise, despite abundance of water from lakes and rivers, the area under irrigation is still low.

Irrigation, both traditional and modern, has been tried in all Tanzania Regions. There are Regions

where tradition irrigation is the most practiced and there are those Regions where modern irrigation

has been tried and showed encouraging results. Table 2.20 displays Regional area under irrigation

through traditional and modern methods in Tanzania mainland.

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Table 2.20: Area under irrigation by Region in 1991/92 and 2002/03 Tanzania Mainland

Region Tradition

irrigation

(hectares)

Modern irrigation

(hectares)

Total area under

irrigation

Changes

total area

under

irrigation

% change for

total area

under

irrigation

1991/92 2002/03 1991/92 2002/03 1991/92 2002/03

Dodoma 484 3150 1079 300 1,563 3,450 1,887 120.73

Arusha 4520 89,833 0 3361 4520 93194 88,674 1961.81

Kilimanjaro 4260 92949 3160 16250 7420 109199 101,779 1371.68

Tanga 6535 17549 430 360 6965 17909 10,944 157.13

Morogoro 1110 122684 4783 48698 5893 171382 165,489 2808.23

Coast 687 11500 24 33660 711 45160 44,449 6251.62

D’salaam 71 142 49 5185 120 5327 5,207 4339.17

Lindi 425 6258 0 1900 425 8158 7,733 1819.53

Mtwara 2877 7100 40 - 2917 7100 4,183 143.40

Ruvuma - 7850 0 - 0 7850 7,850 0.00

Iringa 688 15981 80 1534 768 17515 16,747 2180.60

Mbeya 2130 51343 4322 7094 6452 58437 51,985 805.72

Singida - 11840 20 - 20 11840 11,820 59100.00

Tabora 1312 9980 472 1500 1784 11480 9,696 543.50

Rukwa 253 43272 96 2400 349 45672 45,323 12986.53

Kigoma 618 20930 40 - 658 20930 20,272 3080.85

Shinyanga 8036 700 107 400 8143 1100 -7,043 -86.49

Kagera 0 17166 122 - 122 17166 17,044 13970.49

Mwanza 70 358 163 4975 233 5333 5,100 2188.84

Mara 1620 - 203 11965 1823 11965 10,142 556.34

TOTAL 35699 530585 15190 139582 50886 670167 619,281 1217.00

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Irrigation Department 2004

As it is seen in Table 2.20, there was an increase in traditional irrigation in Tanga Region as well as

decrease in modern irrigation during the period between 1991/92 and 2002/2003. Overall, the land

irrigated has increased by 157.13 percent during the same period. Table 2.21 shows the irrigation

prospects in Tanga Region.

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Table 2.21: Potential Irrigation Areas in Tanga Region, 2006

District

Potential Area

(ha)

Area under

iIrrigation (ha)

Area under devel

(ha.)

Total devel % Potential

Lushoto 11,000 6,000 420 6,420 55

Korogwe 19,286 5,000 700 5,700 24.8

Pangani 3,000 - - 3,000 %

Kilindi 1,300 429 200 629 27.5

Handeni 2.111 315 250 565 15

Mumheza 970 20 150 170 2

Mkinga 230 - - - 0

Tanga 2,000 180 60 240 7.5

Total 39,897 11,944 1,780 13,724 35

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Comparing data collected in 2006, to those collected in 2002/2003, there has been an increase of 1661

hectares under irrigation for Tanga Region (Table 2.22). However, as shown in Table 2.21, Tanga has

more opportunities for irrigation yet to be utilized. According to 2006 estimations, Tanga Region has

utilized only 20,010 out of 67,030 hectares, which is only 29.9 percent of its land capable of being

irrigated.

Table 2.22 Irrigation schemes already developed and in use at least partly in Tanga Region by 2006.

District Scheme Area (Ha.)

Misozwe 320

Maduma 100

Mkulumuzi 20

Mashewa 50

Mwakijembe 100

Mbuta 40

Churwa 20

Masindeni 20

Muheza *

Sub Total 670

Mombo Irrigation Scheme 220

Kwamazandu irrigation Scheme 100

Mahenge Irrigation Scheme 300

Kwamngumi Irrigation Scheme 170

Magoma Irrigation Scheme 200

Chekele irrigation Scheme 300

Chepete Irrigation Scheme 100

Mangamikocheni Irrigation Scheme 150

Korogwe ***

Mandera Irrigation Scheme 40

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Mazinde irrigation Scheme 120

Mahenge irrigation Scheme 170

Subu Total 17,440

Kilindi Kilindi 1300

Lushoto Kitivo Irrigation Scheme 600

Grand Total 20010

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Korogwe district, being the district with largest irrigated area in the Region, covers about 17,000

hectares of irrigated land. Although Kilindi district has one irrigation scheme, it has more coverage

(1300 hectares) than the remaining districts in the Region. Muheza district has eight irrigation schemes

with a total of 670 hectares which are developed and used. The crops which are mainly serviced by

these irrigation schemes are paddy, maize, vegetables and beans.

2.5.2 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

During the 2002/2003 agriculture year there were 1,745,776 livestock keeping households in Tanzania

representing 37 percent of the total 4,901,837 smallholder households. As of October 2003, there were

33,728,717 heads of the major livestock types in the country. Cattle are the predominant animal

species kept by smallholder with a population of 16,999,793 followed by goats (11,808,181), sheep

(3,945,566) and pigs (974,507). The number of chicken was 34,371,037 being kept by 62 percent of

all smallholder farmers in the country. During the period 1995 to 2003, per annum growth rate of

cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chicken was 0.92, 1.2, 3.1, 11 and 4.3 percent respectively.

Specifically, in Tanga Region the few facts with regards to livestock production are displayed in Table

2.23, as obtained during the 2002/2003 National Sample Census of Agriculture.

Table 2.23: Facts concerning livestock production in Tanga Region as of 1st October 2003

Item Details

Cattle population 378,338

Cattle density per km2 15

Improved dairy cattle population 27,683

Improved beef population 298

Goat population 514,620

Goat density 19

Dairy goat population 11,057

Goat for meat population 1720

Sheep population 164,355

Sheep density 6.1

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Pig population 6,281

Pig density 0.2

Chicken population 1,788,767

Chicken density 67

Indigenous chicken population 1,751,278

Layers chicken population 29,630

Milk production per day during wet season 224,336 litres

Egg production per day 10,859,545

Number of households receiving livestock extension services 53,666

Number of household involved in fishing 1,074

Number of cattle, sheep & goats infected by helminthiosis 303,712

Number of cattle, sheep and goats infected by pleuro pneumonia 89,506

Number of cattle, sheep and goats infected by foot and mouth disease 303,712

Number of cattle, sheep and goats infected with foot rot disease 30,221

Number of cattle infected by trypanasomiasis 2,962

Number of cattle infected with tick borne disease 32,866

Percentage of households 15 km or more from vet clinic 70 %

Percentage of households 15 km or more from water point 3 %

Percentage of households 15 km or more from nearest primary market 37 %

Percentage of households 15 km or more from nearest secondary market 41%

Percentage of households 15 km or more from hide and skin shed 22 %

Source: National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/2003

Data collected in 2006 across Tanga Region shows that chicken occupy the largest share (58.33

percent) of all livestock kept, followed by cattle (18.65 percent), goats (16.18 percent), sheep (5.98

percent), pigs (0.53 percent) and donkeys (0.32 percent) (see Table 2.24). Comparing to 2006 data and

those of 2002/2003, there has been an increase of cattle, sheep, pigs kept in the Region while there has

been a decrease of goats, and chicken.

Table 2.24: Estimated Livestock Kept in the Region by District, 2006

District Name Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys Pigs Poultry total %

district

Pangani 14,385 13,081 2,981 156 42 130,573 161,218 6.82

Muheza* 32,202 43,449 11,111 530 873 252,628 340,793 14.45

Korogwe *** 61,333 59,573 16,340 2,689 2,727 143,721 286,383 12.1

Tanga 16,000 10,500 6,100 99 3,500 75,000 111,199 4.70

Handeni 91,145 123,956 34,409 1,884 873 429,926 682,193 28.85

Kilindi 122,476 62,081 20,532 1,969 0 138,424 345,482 14.61

Lushoto 103,500 70,105 50,000 294 4,500 209,300 437,699 18.51

Total 441,041 382,745 141,473 7,621 12,515 1,379,572 2,364,967

%livestock type 18.65 16.18 5.98 0.32 0.53 58.33

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Fig.11:Estimated Livestock by District in 2006

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe ***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

number of livestock kept

No of cattle

No.of goats

Handeni district has been found to contain the largest share of livestock (28.85 percent), followed by

Lushoto (18.51 percent), Kilindi (14.61 percent), Muheza (14.45 percent), Korogwe (12.1 percent),

Pangani (6.82 percent), Tanga city (4.70 percent) and lastly Korogwe Urban (1.37 percent).

Proportional wise, indigenous cattle have been mostly kept followed by dairy cattle and lastly

improved beef cattle. Improved beef cattle have only been kept in Handeni district. Table 2.25 shows

the estimated number of cattle by type and districts in 2006.

Table 2.25: Estimated Number of Cattle by type and by District, Tanga Region 2006

Improved/Exotic District Indigenous

Dairy Beef

Total cattle

Pangani 10,677 3,708 - 14,385

Muheza* 26,788 5,414 0 32,202

Korogwe *** 57,742 3,491 - 61,333

Tanga 9,400 5,600 - 16,000

Handeni 84,020 667 6,465 91,145

Kilindi 122,298 178 - 122,476

Lushoto 90,000 13,500 - 103,500

TOTAL 400,925 32,558 6,465 441,041

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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2.5.2.1 Dairy production

Smallholders have still been the leading keepers of dairy cattle in Tanga. During the 2007 survey,

organizations involved in dairy production were 100, 10, 3 and 1 for Korogwe, Lushoto, Muheza and

Handeni respectively. Table 2.26 displays the dairy cattle raised and their ownership across the

districts of Tanga Region.

Table 2.26: Distribution of Dairy Cattle in the Region by district, 2006

District

Name

Number of Dairy

Cattle

No. Of Individual Owner No. of organizations

Pangani 3,708 3,708 -

Muheza 5,414 1,248 3

Korogwe *** 3,491 2,600 100

Tanga City 5,600 1,450 Small holders

Handeni 660 132 1

Kilindi 178 98 -

Lushoto 13,500 4,441 10

TOTAL 32,551 13,677 114 *Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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fig.12:Distribution of Dairy cattle in the region in

2006

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

Pangani

Muheza

Korogwe ***

Tanga City

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Number of d/cattle

Dairy cattle

Ignoring the number of organizations involved, there is an average of 2.4 dairy cattle per each dairy

cattle keeper. While Lushoto has been the district with most dairy cattle, Kilindi has been the last in

the same aspect.

Although dairy cattle has been least kept compared to other type of cattle in Tanga, there has been an

increase dairy cattle keeping in the Region (Table 2.27). During the period 2000 to 2006 Lushoto

district registered the highest increase in dairy cattle population (1025 percent). The least increase of

cattle population during the same period was registered in Korogwe (11.48 percent). In overall, Tanga

Region has registered dairy cattle increase of about 159.92 percent during the same period (Table

2.27).

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Table 2.27. Estimated Dairy Livestock Population Trend by District, Tanga Region 2000, 2002 and 2006

Dairy Cattle Number District

2000 2002 2006 % change 2000 -2006

Pangani 2,581 2,788 3,708 43.67

Muheza* 2,771 3,450 5,414 95.38

Korogwe *** 2,422 2,610 3,491 11.48

Tanga 3,500 4,300 5,600 60.00

Handeni - - 667

Kilindi 52 78 178 242.31

Lushoto 1,200 12,500 13,500 1025.00

TOTAL 12,526 25,726 32,558 159.92

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

2.5.2.2 Grazing Land

One of the factors limiting livestock keeping in the Region that has an abundant grazing land is tsetse

fly infestation (Table 2.28). However, the ratio of land area suitable for grazing to the area infested by

tsetse fly shows that there is more land suitable for grazing than land infested by tsetse fly.

Table 2.28: Estimated Area under Grazing in the Region by District, 2006

District Land

Suitable for

Grazing

(Ha)

Land Used

for Grazing

(Ha)

Tsetse fly

infected

Area (Ha)

unutilised

suitable

land (ha)

%

unutilised

suitable

land (ha)

ratio, suitable

land: tsetse

infested area

Pangani 23,500 10,310 23,500 13,190 56.13 1

Muheza* 135,968 135,968 43,575 0 0.00 3.12

Korogwe

***

142,941 71,031 35,735.25

71,910 50.31 4

Tanga 8,000 8,000 4,000 0 0.00 2

Handeni 367,530 232,000 367,530 135,530 36.88 1

Kilindi 216,240 152,970 - 63,270 29.26

Lushoto 125,000 101,000 83,122 24,000 19.20 1.50

TOTAL 1,019,179 711,279 557,462.25 307,900 30.21 1.83

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Fig.13:Estimated area(in Ha) for grazing in the

region by district in 2006

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe ***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Hectares

Suitable for grazing

Used for grazing

The proportion of unutilized suitable land to total land suitable for grazing in percentage shows that

there are still potentials areas for raising cattle in Pangani, Korogwe, Handeni, Kilindi and Lushoto

districts. Muheza and Tanga city districts have utilized all potential areas suitable for grazing. In

overall, Tanga Region has not managed to utilize 30.21 percent of the suitable grazing land (Table

2.28).

2.5.2.3 Livestock infrastructure and markets

The distribution of livestock infrastructure is one of the key issues with regards to livestock

development. In summary, Table 2.29 displayed households’ accessibility to veterinary clinics, water

point, nearest primary and secondary markets as well as hides and skin sheds at the regional level. At

the Regional level, accessibility (in terms of distance) to veterinary clinic has been most acute,

followed by secondary markets, primary markets, hides and skin sheds and lastly water points.

Percentage of households living 15 km or more from veterinary clinics is about 70 percent, secondary

markets (41 percent), primary markets (37 percent), hides and skin sheds (22 percent), water points (3

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percent). Table 2.29 shows the distribution of livestock infrastructure in districts in Tanga region by

the year 2005. The condition of the infrastructure is also displayed.

Table 2.29: Livestock Infrastructure Distribution in the Region by District, 2005

Dips

Veterinary centers

District Name

W NW W NW

Crushes Hides/skin sheds

Abattoirs

Pangani 2 2 0 0 0 1 1

Muheza* 3 10 1 2 1 1 1

Korogwe *** 10 4 1 3 2 2 2

Tanga 5 7 9 1 3 3 1

Handeni 17 0 3 3 3 0 1

Kilindi 10 0 0 4 1 0 0

Lushoto 3 7 - 7 - 4 3

Total 50 30 14 20 10 11 8

W – Working, NW – Not working

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Muheza has been the district with more dips not working than working ones. Kilindi has four

veterinary centres, all of them not functioning. While there is no crush in Pangani, Handeni and Tanga

city have three for each of them. Kilindi district does not have hides and skin sheds and abattoirs.

Handeni district does not have hides and skin shed as well. Referring Table 2.29, such services are

essential to Tanga Region districts since they all contain considerable amount of livestock population.

The market registers for the year 2006 showed that marketed cattle have generated most income,

consecutively followed by chicken, goats, pigs and lastly sheep. For the year 2006, there were a total

of 12,834,668,254 Tshs (Table 2.30). The information is based on data collected through official sales

and does not involve sales done traditionally. This therefore suggests that there is more income earned

through livestock sales than what is really registered.

Table 2.30: Marketed Livestock by Type (Official Markets) and Value in the Region by District, 2006

District /Livestock Total number of Livestock Total Value (Tshs)

Cattle

Pangani 360 4,200,000

Muheza* 5,095 484,025,000

Korogwe *** 620 155,000,000

Tanga - -

Handeni 5,814 1,323,501,050

Kilindi 4,872 7,313,999,501

Lushoto 2,059 272,768,961

SUBTOTAL 18,820 9,553,494,512

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Goats

Muheza* 5,942 142,608,000

Korogwe *** 2,570 64,250,000

Handeni 9,681 271,621,600

Kilindi 1,625 41,092,850

Lushoto 415 12,851,306

SUBTOTAL 20,233 532,423,756

Sheep

Muheza* 902 20,520,500

Korogwe *** 801 9,623,757

Tanga - -

Handeni 925 18,885,500

Kilindi 0 0

Lushoto 329 -

SUBTOTAL 2,506 49,029,757

Pigs

Muheza* 994 72,065,000

Korogwe *** 605 30,000,000

Lushoto 163 21,190,000

SUBTOTAL 1,762 123,255,000

Chicken Muheza* 504,490 1,513,470,000

Handeni 291,626 668,942,629

Kilindi 54,961 164,883,000

Lushoto 76,499 209,969,600

SUBTOTAL 932,376 2,576,465,229

TOTAL 12,834,668,254

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

2.5.3 Natural Resources

In Tanga Region the natural resources sector is comprised of various sub-sectors including forestry,

fisheries, bee-keeping and wildlife. The Region is very rich in natural resources which include all-

weather streams, springs and rivers such as Mkomazi, Soni, Rwengera, Umba, Zigi, Mwarogo,

Mgwisha and Mgombani/Kakindu. Also, they include mangrove forest ecosystems, wildlife areas of

attraction such as Mkomazi and Umba Game Reserves; and Game controlled areas of Umba,

Kalimawe, Handeni, Lake Manka and Mkwaja.

The sector is very important in the contribution to social and economic development of the Region.

According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the sector provides employment to a total of

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58,440 people which is about 8.8 percent of the total labor force in the Region. Apart from economic

gains, the sector also plays an important role in the maintenance of climate stability, conservation of

water sources, soil fertility, controlling land erosion, and providing source of wood fuel, industrial

materials and hydro-electric power.

2.5.3.1 Forestry

The types of forest found in Tanga Region can be classified in different ways including high topical

rain forests, Miombo woodlands and plantation forestry.

Most of Tanga Region’s forest reserves are located in the East and West Usambara Mountains. The

areas in high rainfall and therefore are important catchements. They are also rich in valuable timber

like Mvule, Mbokoboko, Mnyasa, Mninga maji and Mkangazi; these forests are of Eastern Arc type

with high biodiversity value characterized by species of restricted distribution. However in many areas

the tree species have been exploited and regeneration is given a priority. The remaining forest reserves

cover outlying hills of the Usambara Mountains and the North Nguru Mountains, with a few reserves

found at lower attitudes nearer the coast including the Mangrove forests. The Mangroves are salt

tolerant forests and are at the transitional zone between dry and open Ocean forming only one

component of complex Mangroves ecosystem which includes associated water bodies and substrate

and variety of other plants, animals and microorganisms. They are also associated with Lagoons and

estuaries which are important habits for aquatic organisms rich in moluscs, several species which are

gathered by local communities as important source of protein in diets of these comminities.

Furthermore, commercial fisheries of Crabs and Prawns as well as fish are directly dependant on these

Mangroves. A wide variety of insects and other arthropods inhibit the Mangroves; and large numbers

of migrant birds from Europe and Asia as well as resident birds occur in the Mangroves, which form

an important resting and feeding stopover. Several species of mammals utilize the Mangroves

including bats, monkeys, hippopotamus and wild pigs. However, ecology stability of the Mangrove

ecosystem is dependant on the upland terrestrial and coastal estarine ecosystems with which it is

closely and inseparably linked.

There are 58 Central Government Gazetted Forsets Reserves mainly of catchment value in East and

West Usambara and Nguu Mountains.

Plantation forestry is practiced at Shume a soft Wood Plantation occupying 4,200 Ha and Lunguza

Plantation 1,800 Ha is planted with Teak.

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Expansion of tree planting on farm land is also a departure from concentration of efforts on specific

areas of locations. Further to that is development of Urban and the demand for Community forests.

Forests and woodland in the Region provide wide range of products, accounting for largest amount of

heat energy needed for domestic and industrial supplies.

Forests in Tanga Region cover a total of 2,013,279 hectares of land. These include dense and open

forests, shrub bushes and thickets. Most of the forest reserves in the Region are found in Handeni,

Kilindi, Muheza and Lushoto districts. Most of the forests have been declared as forest reserves for

conservation purposes. These reserves are found in all districts of the Region as shown in Tables 2.31

to table 2.37. They show that Handeni district is leading in terms of the area covered by forests;

followed by Lushoto and Muheza districts. Tanga has the smallest size of forest cover. This is

probably because of its urban nature.

Table 2:31: Forest Reserves by District in the Region, 2006

District No. of Reserved Forests Total Area (Ha)

Pangani 1 4,602

Muheza 9 16,168.90

Mkinga 8 32,723

Tanga 1 309

Handeni 31 35,168

Kilindi 13 30,751

Lushoto 19 33,087.50

Korogwe *** 9 15,190

TOTAL REGION 91 167,999.4

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Table 2:31: Distirbution of Mangrove Forest in the Region, 2006

District Total Area (Ha)

Pangani 3,035

Muheza * 7,431

Tanga 5,500

TOTAL REGION 15,966

*includes Muheza and Mkinga Districts

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Table 2:32 Forest Reserves in Pangani District, Tanga Region, 2006

No. Name of Forest Reserve Size in hectares

1. Msubugwe Garafuru 4,602

2. Mangrove 4,950

Total 9,552

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Table 2:33 Forest Reserves in Muheza District, Tanga Region, 2006

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in hectares No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

1. Manga 1,635 6. Kwani 2,545

2. Kwamarimba 1,032 7. Tongoe 1,201.90

3. Mlinga 840 8. Nilo 6,025

4. Kambai 1,050 9. Derema 960

5. Semdoe 880

TOTAL 16,168.90

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2:34 Forest Reserves in Mkinga District, Tanga Region, 2006

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in hectares No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

1. Mtai 3,107 6. Mlungui 200

2. Bamba Rigde 24,800 7. Bombo East I 1,120

3. Segoma 1,100 8. Bombo East II 470

4. Kwangumi 580

5. Mgambo 1,346

TOTAL 32,723

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2:35: Forest Reserves in Korogwe (R) District, Tanga Region 2006

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in hectares No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

1 Lukoka 236.8 6 Bombo west 3,523.6

2 Zungunati 146.0 7 Chang’andu 6,529

3 Migombani 95 8 Ndolwa 1173

4 Maffi Hill 2,671 9 Mwenga 1159

5 Vugiri 40

TOTAL 15,190

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2.35: Forest Reserves in Tanga District, Tanga Region 2006

No. Name of Forest Reserve Size in hectares

1 Kolekole 309

TOTAL 309

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2:36: Forest Reserves in Handeni District, Tanga Region 2006

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

1 Kwemsundi 1,100 17 Maboya 800

2 Bongi 440 18 Kwapango 2,250

3 Kwendege 2,764 19 Kiganje 1,900

4 Kwanjugo 330 20 Koffi 850

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5 Mbuzini 558 21 Nkale 850

6 Gole 954 22 Masimbani 1,250

7. Kwalunguzini 275 23 Kwedibangi 960

8. Mswaha 895 24 Chugo 1,400

9. Kwedilomba 185 25 Puzo 876

10. Kwedibanga 1,000 26 Handeni Hill 544

11 Mlima Msaza 350 27 Gendagenda South 1,908

12. Kwemshangazi 900 28 Gendagenda North 890

13 Lugie 2,500 29 Mtunguru 3,506

14 Luhanga 630 30 Magambazi 750

15 Kwasunga 230 31 Kwasumba 2,933

16 Kiva 391

TOTAL 35,168

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2:37: Forest Reserves in Lushoto District in the Region 2006

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

No. Name of Forest

Reserve

Size in

hectares

1 Shume/Magamba 12,276 11 Mahezangulu 322

2 Mkusu 3,674 12 Kisimagunja 1,423

3 Shagayu 7,830 13 Mwenigombero 1,029

4 Bagai 234.7 14 Bumba Mavumbi 1,044

5 Mtumbi 304.0 15 Shambalai 21.0

6 Kitala 388.0 16 Kwenyeshu 16.2

7 Baga I 357 17 Hebagwe 33.6

8 Baga II 1,459 18 Bombo 263.0

9 Balangai 992

10 Ndelemai 1,421

TOTAL 31,827

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Because of high Biodiversity and catchment values some of the catchment forest reserves with total of

8,380 Ha in Eastern Usambara are gazetted as Nature Reserve.

The main purpose of forest reserves includes protection of water catchments areas and production of

forest products such as timber and logs. At present there is no survey which has so far quantified the

coverage of forests by these purposes. Apart from forests found in forest reserves, a number of forests

are found in other landuses such as agricultural and grazing land which are controlled by communities

and village governments.

Forests in Tanga Region are subjected to pressure from other uses by the communities living in or

within close proximity. These uses include excessive tree felling for firewood and charcoal making.

Also, forests are over utilised in the process of land clearance for agriculture.

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Many of the forest reserves in Tanga Region contain valuable timber such as mvule, mbokoboko,

mnyasa, mninga maji, mkangazi and muhuhu. The tree species however, are already very much over

exploited and in need of regeneration.

Environmental Conservation

Apart from the declining land area under forest reserve status, serious measures are needed to be

undertaken to protect the existing forest cover and planting new trees in deforested and new areas as

part of environmental conservation initiative. At present, the Region is undertaking various tree

planting initiatives by involving various stakeholders including the local government’s forest

divisions, villages, primary schools, NGOs, individual and other institutions such as prisons, army

camps, etc.

Table 2.38 and 2.39 show the type of institutions that have been involved in environmental

conservation and the number of tree seedlings raised over the period of 1999/00 to 2005/2006 in

Muheza and Kilindi Districts. Although no such data was available on this aspect from other districts

in the Region, data from the two districts can be used to indicate such efforts in the Region. Table 2.40

shows the tree planting target and achievement in the years 1999/2000, 2001/2002 and 2003/2004.

Table 2.38: Tree Seedlings Raised in Muheza by Institutions from 1999/2000 -2004/05

Institution Name 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Central Government - - - - - -

District council - - - - - -

Village Council 17,956 2,814 115,786 52,420 49,113 862,649

Schools 4,313 9,618 8,517 24,445 7,008 27,552

NGO’s 9,742 384,124 975,230 1,273,947 1,413,470 1,046,536

Other 1,697,549 103,933 284,855 361,213 87,073 794,827

Total 1,729,560 500,489 1,3843,88 1,712,025 1,556,664 2,731,564

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2.39 Tree Seedlings Raised in Lushoto by Institutions

Institution Name 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05

Central Government 650,000 595,000 601,264 594,515 663,500 642,188

District council 827,011 476,000 481,011 475,619 530,800 573,750

Village Council 879,700 833,000 841,770 832,321 928,900 899,062

Schools 289,404 238,000 240,506 273,806 265,400 256,875

NGO’s 276,090 119,000 120,735 128,903 164,000 136,475

Other 450,000 119,000 120,752 98,903 101,400 120,400

Total 3,372,205 2,380,000 2,406,038 2,404,067 2,654,000 2,628,750

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Table 2.40: Tree Seedlings Planted in the Region in 2001/02-2004/05

District Number of Seedling (Target) Number of Seedling (Planted) % achievement

1999/00 14,400,000 10,383,639 72.11

2001/02 7,500,000 5,296,482 70.62

2003/04 5,000,000 65,558,138 1311.16

Total 26,900,000 81,238,259 302.00 (Av.)

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Forest products such as timber, poles and charcoal earn revenue to the government through permits

and taxes. Tables 2.41 and 2.42 show the amount of revenue earned from timber/poles and charcoal

over the period of 1999/00 – 2005/06 in the districts of the Region in which data on this aspect was

available.

Table 2:41 Estimated Value of Timber/Poles Harvested in the Region by District

District

Name

1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Muheza* 2,839,000 2,798,700 2,000,950 2,918,200 2,470,497 4,282,727 3,847,270

Korogwe*** 4,597,686 5,488,960 3,461,000 4,225,205 - - -

Pangani 2,020,900 24,545,000 1,835,900 - - - -

Kilindi - - - - - - -

Handeni 16,562,722 8,463,700 18,457,300 56,055,205 250,000 - -

Lushoto 611,000,000 517,000,000 423,000,000 329,000,000 235,000,000 235,000,000 178,600,000

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 2:42 Estimated Value of Charcoal (Tshs ‘000’) in the Region by District 1999/00-2005/06

District

Name

1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Muheza* 478,000 651,800 581,000 641,600 689,800 847,600 798,300

Korogwe*** 2,108,200 4,934,400 4,464,800 1,217,160 - - -

Pangani 60,000 79,000 140,000 - - - -

Kilindi - - - - - - 4,350,000

Handeni 24,000,000 30,000,000 32,000,000 36,000,000 52,000,000 42,000,000 24,000,000

Lushoto - - - - - - -

Tanga - - - - - - -

Total 26,646,200 35,665,200 37,185,800 37,858,760 52,689,800 42,847,600 29,148,300

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

2.5.3.2 Bee Keeping

The extensive forest cover and large part of well-watered land makes Tanga Region to have a great

potential for bee keeping. At present this sector is under developed due to lack of know-how and

modern technology in bee-keeping. This results in the existing potential of this important economic

activity not to be fully exploited.

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At present, bee-keeping in the Region is done by individuals by using traditional and modern beehives.

Table 2.43 shows the number of traditional and modern beehives by district (where data was available)

in the Region over the period of 1999 to 2006.

Table 2.43: Number of Traditional and Modern Beehives by District in the Region 1999-2006.

District

Name

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Traditional

beehives

Muheza* 1,074 1,340 1,670 2,231 2,972 4,003 5,275 6,252

Tanga - - - 45 10 - - -

Handeni 30,500 30,800 34,350 34,800 36,000 37,075 38,600 41,851

Kilindi - - - - - - - 4,000

Lushoto 3,819 5,980 5,468 5,930 5,830 6,839 7,065 7,276

Korogwe 2,331

Modern

beehives

Muheza* 135 195 239 310 390 580 680 919

Handeni 502 530 530 575 604 640 695 754

Kilindi - - - - - - - 412

Lushoto 12 40 38 68 68 89 85 105

Korogwe*** 275

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

It shows that Handeni whose data includes that of Kilindi districts until 2004 is leading in bee- keeping

activity as shown by the number of beehives in the period of eight years considered. The district is

followed closely by Kilindi and Muheza districts. All districts have relatively fewer modern beehives

as compared to tradition beehives. This situation has led to low production of honey and bee – wax

within such sector. Tradition beehives are mainly made by carved logs.

The new forest policy of 2002 provides an opportunity for bee-keeping expansion as it allow this

activity to be carried in forest reserves. At present there is honey and bee-wax processing plant built in

1975 in Handeni town. The plant has the capacity of processing 150 tons of honey and 9.9 tons of bee-

wax a year. The plant is currently not operating due to technical problems. Therefore there is a need

for revival of this important factory for the benefit of the Region’s economy and its people, in

particular, the bee-keepers.Table 2.44 shows the estimated production levels of bee-products by

districts in the Region during the 2005/06 season.

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Table 2.44: Estimated Production Levels of Bee-Products by Districts in the Region, 2005/06

District Beeswax (Kgs) % Honey (Kgs) %

Muheza* 3,650 21.8 56,500 60.1

Handeni 12,191 72.7 24,630 26.2

Kilindi 678 4.0 9,500 10.2

Lushoto 13 0.1 577 0.6

Korogwe*** 230 1.4 2,750 2.9

Tanga - - - -

Total 16,762 100.0 93,957 100.0

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

The production levels show that bee- keeping is an important economic activity in the Region

especially in Handeni, Muheza and Kilindi districts. Bee-keeping production levels could be raised if

bee keepers can be given assistance to enable them to change from using traditional to modern

beehives which are more efficient in honey production. This could be achieved through improved

extension services and where possible provision of micro-credits to bee-keepers as seed money.

Moreover, the Region’s work-force living in areas which are favourable to bee keeping especially

those living in close proximity to forest reserves should be encouraged to engage them in this

important off-farm economic activity. Bee-keeping has an advantage of being carried out along with

other economic activities such as farming and livestock keeping without unnecessary loss of time and

labour

2.5.3.3 Fisheries

Fishing is one of the major economic activities in Tanga Region. It is mainly carried out along the

Indian Ocean and major rivers including Pangani. The Region has a very long coast-line with about 45

villages totally dependent on fishing. In these villages, agriculture and others economic activities such

as livestock keeping are carried out in small scale only.

The coastal line is about 150 km long and fishing is carried out in the continental shelf which is fairly

narrow, between Tanga and Pangani of about 3 to 5 nautical miles towards oceanic from the beach.

The stretch widens in the northern part of Tanga and southern part of Pangani up to 25 nautical miles.

Major types of fish include Tuna, Kingfish, Sailfish, blue fish and other marine products in the Region

are crustaceans (Lobsters, Prawns and Crabs) and octopus.

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Table 2.45 shows that fishing is practiced mainly in districts that border the Indian Ocean which

includes Pangani, Tanga and Muheza. Although in the land-locked districts such as Korogwe and

Lushoto fishing activity is poorly developed as an economic sector, it still plays an important part. For

example Korogwe district has a total of 260 ponds of which 4 are small natural lakes and the rest are

man-made for fish-farming. Furthermore, Lakes Kumba and Mark are good producers of fish, mainly

tilapia and clarias species. Fishing almost does not exist in other land-locked districts such as Handeni,

Kilindi and Lushoto, but still people are practicing aquaculture for Tilapia

Table 2.45: Fisheries Resource Facilities and Production by District in the Region 2005/2006.

Fish Production District Name No. of Fishing

licenses

No. of

Fishermen

No. of Registered

Fishing Vessels Weight (Tons) Value (Tons)

Pangani - 552 213 39.0 22,815,197

Muheza* 1130 1138 268 310.4 148,473,120

Korogwe*** - - - 8.5 -

Tanga 2010 2753 469 1042.7 635,894,740

*Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Table 2.46 shows the weight of fish catches (tons) and value by district over the period of 2001/2002

to 2005/2006. It shows that fishing is an important activity in providing employment, food as well as

income to the communities of Tanga Region especially where the activity is practiced.

Table 2.46: Weight of Fish Catches (Tons) and Value by District Tanga Region 2002/03 – 2005/06

2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 District

Tons Value Tshs

(000)

Tons Value

Tshs (000)

Tons Value

Tshs (000)

Tons Value

Tshs (000)

Pangani 59.3 17,150,774 42.7 16,335,639 57.8 29,843,289 38.6 22,815,197

Muheza* 464.19 198,198 1193.22 16,761 458.39 172,872 339.69 221,796

Korogwe*** 2.0 1,170,000

8.5 49,725,000 8.5 49,725,000 8.5 49,725,000

Tanga 951.68 464,273,874 753.9 296,701 8950.9 671,048.8 1042.7 635,894.7

* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Fishing also provides revenue to the government through fishing licenses, registration of fishing

vessels, trading licenses, transportation permits and marketing levy. Table 2.47 shows the amount of

revenue earned by the Government from fishing industry.

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Table 2.47: Government Revenue from Fishing Industry by District in the Region

1999/00 – 2005/06

District

Name

1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

Pangani 2,228.08 2,233.99 2,008.93 2,213.88 4,095.22 2,989.37 3,540.05

Muheza* NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Korogwe *** 6,650,130 13,564,485 13,269,060 NA NA NA NA

Tanga 4,589,800 4,566,100 3,694,690 4,583,355 4,318,870 3,776,700 7,617,355

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

At present, most of the local fishermen use traditional or locally made vessels in fishing such as out

rigger (Ngalawa), Dhows (Dau), dug out canoes (Mtumbwi) and Mashure. Also, the catches are

processed locally by smoking or sun-drying. However, a significant part of fish is sold when it is still

fresh.

There are two companies by now doing processing of selected fin fish for export but mainly exporting

Octopus, Squids and Cuttle fishes, Lobster and Crabs .The two companies are Tanga Sea Products

(Tanpesca) and Bahari Food.

Table 2.48: Fishing Product produced by fish industries in the region Jan – December 2006

Sno Sea Products type Sea product exported in Kg

1 Octopus 449,662

2 Cuttle fish 22,209

3 Squid 1,184

4 Crab 1,901

5 Lobster tail 664

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

As such the most important investment that could boost the fishing industry is constructing fish

processing industry or factories especially in Tanga, Pangani and Korogwe which are prominent

producers of fish. Also provision of micro-credits to local fishermen to purchase improved fishing

vessels can increase the tonnage of catches.

2.5.3.4 Wildlife

Tanga Region is one of the Regions endowed with extensive wildlife in Tanzania. Table 2.49 shows

the type and area occupied by game reserves/national parks in the Region. It shows that some of the

districts in the Region are very rich in terms of wildlife and game reserves.

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Table 2:49 Type and Area Occupied by Game Reserves in the Region by District, 2006

District Name Name of Game Reserve/National Park Area Covered (Km2)

Mkwaja purposed game reserve 300 Pangani

Saadani National Park

Muheza* Umba game reserve 1500

Korogwe*** Lake Manka Control Area 20

Handeni Gendagenda game controlled area 20

Kilindi Handeni game controlled area 3500

Mkomazi 1000

Kalimawe game control Area 300

Lushoto

Umba river game controlled area 300

* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe district council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Kilindi district has one main game reserves recognized for hunting and photographic tourism namely

Handeni Game controlled area. The reserve has a size to 3500 km² which covers about 26 percent of

the district. The reserve is mainly used by foreign tourist hunting. The reserve was formerly controlled

by the Handeni District before it was shifted to Kilindi in 2005. Handeni district is has been left with

the Gendagenda open area which is used for hunting mainly by local hunters.

Lushoto district has three reserve areas. First is the Mkomazi game reserve (1000 km²), Kalimawe

controlled area (300 km²) and Umba river controlled area (300km²). The wildlife reserve coves about

60 percent of the district area. Muheza has one game reserve known as Umba (1500 km²) and

Korogwe district has also one reserve namely Lake Manka controlled area (20 km²).

Tanga Region possesses huge tourism resources and facilities. Table 2.50 shows tourism resources and

activities in various districts of the Region. It shows that Tanga district is leading in terms of tourism

resources and facilities. It possesses a number of tourist sites including Amboni Caves, Totten Island,

First World War graves, Tongoni ruins, Amboni and Galanos Sulphur hot springs, Mworogo sand

beaches, Ndumi village defense works, and Yaumbe and Baobarb Islands. In addition to these sites,

Tanga City has a number of good hotels for harbouring tourists including the famous Mkonge Hotel.

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Table 2.50: Development of Tourism in the Region by District, 2006

District Name Type of Tourist Facility

Available Active Potential

Pangani Hotel, Lodge, Camp site Active

Muheza* Hotels Active

Korogwe *** Hotels Active

Tanga

Tourist sites

- Amboni Ruen’s

- Tongoni Ruen’s

- Common wealth war graves

- Toten Island

- Amboni sulphur baths

- Yaumbe Island

- Mworongo Island

- Baobard Island

Active

Handeni None Archeological sites

Kilindi None Tourist hotels/camps

Lushoto Eco& cultural sites Active Local tourism camps

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Pangani district has attractive white sands beaches and 8 well developed tourist hotels along the

beaches. Muheza district has good potential of tourism attraction which is not yet developed. These

potentials include a number of beaches and an ample land suitable to locate tourist hotels. Amani

Natural Reserve (ANR) is one of the highest biodiversity areas in the World. The reserve has a

pleasant climate for walking tours and site seeing. ANR was legally established in 1997. It covers a

forest area 8,380 hectares. Several attractive sites with different unique fauna and flora are found in

this reserve. Tourist facilities in the area include 2 hotels, namely, Amani Nature Reserve and Peponi

Resort tourist hotels.

Other districts of the Region have a variety of tourism potentials. For example, Korogwe district has

Pangani River with plenty of crocodiles, variety of fish species and natural trees. Usambara Mountains

have a very high diversity of flora and fauna. Kilindi district has the Handeni Forest Reserve which is

very famous for tourist hunting. Lushoto district is very famous for its potentials in eco-tourism. The

district has a pleasant climate, a scenic landscape, variety of vegetation and wildlife.

The Government has been earning revenues from tourism activities including photographic safaris,

hunting and game seeing. Table 2.51 shows the amount of revenue earned over the period of 2000/01-

2005/06 for Muheza and 2005/06 for Kilindi districts. Such information was not available in other

districts.

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Table 2.51: Revenue Collected from Hunting in Tshs in the Region, 2000/01-2005/06

Sources of

revenues

/ District

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

HUNTING

Muheza* 364,300 588,400 446,800 263,200 301,900 963,026

Kilindi 823,000

Handeni 33,500 37,420 12,640 21,800 25,320 42,770

TOURISM

Muheza 93,088 125,739 50,501 140,246 149,896 -

Kilindi 4,000,000

Lushoto 494,000 744,000 248,000

* Contains Mkinga district

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Poaching from unauthorized hunters is a serious problem faced by all game reserves and national

parks in the Region. For the year 2005/06 a total of 44 poachers were arrested by the responsible

authorities.

2.5.4 Mining

The Tanga Region’s mining sector is still operating mainly in small scale. The government through its mine

offices in the Region provides extension services to small scale miners on the use of proper technology.

However, the central government has been striving to improve the mining sector by attracting the private sector

to invest in this important sector by establishing favourable environment.

Table 2.53 shows that in Tanga Region, various types of mineral deposits are mainly found in Muheza,

Tanga, Korogwe, Lushoto, Handeni and Kilindi districts. However, due to the fact that mining is only

done on small scale basis, the sector has contributed insignificantly to the regional economy (See Table 2.54).

Table 2.53: Distributions of Existing Mineral Deposits and Scale of Mining in the Region by District 2006

District Name Type of Mineral Deposit Small Scale

(number of

small scale

miners)

Medium Scale

(number of

medium scale

miners)

Large Scale

(number of

large scale

miners)

Tanga Gemstone, B/materials 203 NIL NIL

Muheza* Gemstones, salt, building

materials

99 NIL NIL

Lushoto Gemstones, salt, building

materials, limestone, red soil

128 2 NIL

Handeni &

Kilindi

Gold, gemstones, building

minerals, industrial minerals

NIL

Pangani - - - -

Korogwe*** Gemstones, lime, gypsum,

feldspar, bauxite

scattered 2

* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006

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Table 2.54: Weight and Value of Minerals Mined in the Region by District 2006

Small Scale Medium Scale Large Scale District

Name

Mineral

Type Weight Value (Tshs) Weight Value (Tshs) Weight Value

(Tshs)

Red soil - - 148,272t 3,468,002,800 - -

Limestone - - 63363 1,589,597,324 - -

Tanga

B/Materials 800.8t 3,154,985 - - - -

Salt 909.3t 35,620,744 - - - - Muheza*

Gold 60g 600 USD - - - -

Lushoto Bauxite - - - - - -

Pangani - - - - - - -

Korogwe*** Gemstones 18281.47kg 33,484,411.77 - - - -

* Contains Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006

2.5.5 Industrial Development

Tanga Region in the past few years had a good number of industries which in many ways

contributed to her economy. The Region experienced a down fall of most of the industries due to

different economical fluctuation including inflation in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and the

stagnation of sisal industry. Privatisation of industries was one of the remedial measures carried

out to revive the industrial sector. Table 2.55 shows the status of industries in the Region in

2006. It shows that most industries are located in Tanga district and some few in Muheza

district.

Table 2.55: Status of Industries in Tanga Region in 2006

S/N District Name of Industry Name After Privatisation

1 Tanga Cement Tanga Cement Co. Ltd.

2 Singh Saw Mills Ply & Panel (T) Ltd.

3 Tanga Diaries International Food Processors

Ltd -Azania Fresh

4 Tanga Steel Rolling Mills Unique Steel Rolling Mills

5 SDL Ltd. Sabuni Product Ltd.

6 Tanga Fertilizer Co. Ltd. Gulf Bulk (T) Ltd (not an

industry).

7 CIC Afritex

8 Amboni Spinning Mills -

9 PEE PEE (T) Ltd. -

10 Kilimanjaro Blankets Corporation -

11 Tanga Pharmaceuticals Plastic

Ldt

-

12 Athi River Manufacturing –ARM

(T) Ltd

-

13 EA Briquetes Co. Ltd. -

14

Tanga

Tanga

Pembe Flour Mills -

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15 Tanga Limestone Co. Ltd Simba Lime Co. Ltd.

16 Bajaber Packaging Co. Ltd -

17 Mamujee Products Ltd -

18 Tanga Fresh -

19 International Food Packers -

20 Anjari Soda Factory -

21 Sea Products -

22 Burhan Saw Mills -

23 TIP SOAP (2005) Ltd

24 Asher’s Industries

25 Tanzania Gypsum Co. Ltd

26 Muheza* TANCORD (1998) Ltd -

27 East Usambara Tea Co. Ltd. -

28 Marvera Tea Co. Ltd. -

29 USAMBARA Spinning Mills -

30 Kigombe Sisal Co. Ltd. -

31

Muheza

Kauzeni Co. Ltd -

32 KIMSO saw Mills

33 Herkulu Tea Estate

34 Natural Choice Co Ltd

35 Mponde Tea Factory

36 Lushoto Lion Wattle Co.

37

Lushoto

Ambanguru Tea Factory

38 Tembo Chipboards Co.

(Mkumbara)

39

Korogwe

Dindira Tea Factory

*Includes Mkinga district

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

The Region also possesses a wealth of small scale industries. Table 2.56 shows data on this aspect in

Muheza district where data on this aspect was only available. No data was available in other districts.

Table 2.56: Small Scale Industries by Activities in Muheza District, 2006

District Total Major Activities

1. Haulling & Milling of Grains – 117

2. Fruits and Vegetable Processing – 1

3. Furniture Marts – 11

4. Garages – 6

5. Metal Workings – 1

Muheza*

138

6. Salt Making - 2

*Includes Mkinga district Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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SECTION III

ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

3.1 ROAD TRANSPORT

Tanga Region is served by Trunk roads, Regional roads, district roads, urban and feeder roads. Types

of roads covering the districts in the Region and their conditions are shown in Table 3.1.By Tanzanian

standards, most of these roads are in good condition. The roads are important as they link different

parts of the Region and in particular help transportation of different produce to the processing area and

other economic activities around the Region. The roads network linking Tanga Region with its

neighbors of Kilimanjaro, Manyara, Morogoro, Coast and Republic of Kenya is relatively well

distributed, conversing 5,380 kms. Most of the roads are passable throughout the year and all districts

headquarters can easily be reached by road. There are about 260 bridges along the road network.

Table 3.1: Road Networks in the Region by Types and District, 2006

Type (Km) District Name

Trunk Regional District Feeder Urban Total

Pangani District 0 93 109.4 128.4 14.3 345.1

Muheza District 43 127.5 302.6 200 14.2 687.3

Mkinga District 46 21 290 68 0 425

Tanga City 42.6 43 72.8 87.4 285 530.8

Korogwe District 111 231.6 153.3 339.1 0 835

Korogwe Town 0 10 63.2 73.2

Handeni District 82 256.5 159.3 349 18.3 865.1

Kilindi District 417.4 256.4 6.6 680.4

Lushoto District 0 337.5 218.2 360.9 21.5 938.1

Total 324.6 1,110.1 1,723 1,789.2 359.9 5,380.00

Note:

1. Trunk and regional roads for Korogwe District and Handeni District include for Korogwe Town and Kilindi district respectively

(was not possible to separate by border).

2. Trunk and Regional roads are under the responsibility of TANROADS, while District, Feeder and Urbans are under

Councils.

Basically Tanga Region roads network is mainly of five types and are distributed across districts. There

are trunck roads, where Korogwe District (town council) is leading having 111 kms being the first in the

Region. Regional roads Lushoto is leading, district roads Kilindi comes first followed by Muheza. Road

network surface conditions in the Region are as shown in Table 3.2.

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Table 3.2 : Road Netw

orks Surface Condition in the Region by District, 2006

ROADS CLASS

TRUNK (Km)

REGIO

NAL (Km)

FEEDER (K

m)

DISTRIC

T (Km)

URBAN (K

m)

TOTAL

District

Paved

U

npav

ed

Pav

ed

Unpav

ed

Paved

U

npav

ed

Paved

U

npav

ed

Paved

U

npav

ed

Pav

ed

Unpaved

Pan

gan

i 0

0

0

93

0

128.4

0

109.4

0

14.3

0

345.1

Muhez

a 43

0

1.5

126

0

200

0

302.6

0

14.2

44.5

642.8

Mkin

ga

0

46

0

21

0

68

0

290

0

0

0

425

Tan

ga C

ity

31

11.6

2

41

0

87.4

0

72.8

0

285

33

497.8

Koro

gw

e 111

0

2.5

229.1

0

339.1

0

153.3

0

0

113.5

721.5

Koro

gw

e

Tow

n

0

0

0

0

0

63.2

0

10

0

0

0

73.2

Han

den

i 82

0

2.5

254

0

349

0

159.3

0

18.8

84.5

781.1

Kil

indi

0

0

0

0

0

256.4

0

417.4

0

6.6

0

680.4

Lush

oto

0

0

33.5

304

0

360.9

0

218.2

0

21.5

33.5

904.6

TOTAL

TANGA

REGIO

N

309

5071.5

Sourc

e: T

anga

Regio

nal

Com

mis

sioner

s O

ffic

e, 2

006.

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Concerning passability of roads during the whole year, Kilindi had the worst roads condition in

comparison to other districts. Tanga district is leading by having 74 percent of her roads passable

throughout the year (Table 3.3). On average, Tanga Region has 43 percent of its roads all weather

passable.

Table 3:3 Road Length Passable the whole year by District Tanga Region 2006

Length of Road Passable year District Name Total Road

(Length in kms) Kms

% Total road network

Pangani 345.1 119.75 34.7

Muheza* 1112.3 531.68 47.8

Korogwe *** 908.2 483.70 53.26 Tanga 530.8 392.79 74.00

Handeni 865.6 169.22 19.55

Kilindi 680.4 0 -

Lushoto 938.1 517.36 55.15

Total 5,380.5 2,214.52 43.8 (Av.)

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Table 3.4 shows the comparison distributions of trunk and regional roads by Region, Tanzania

Mainland for the year 2004/05.

Fig.14:Road distance passable the whole

year around by district in 2006

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe

***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

district

Distance (in km)

Total road distance Total road distance passable

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Table 3:4

Distributions of Trunk and Regional Roads by Region, Tanzania M

ainland 2004/05

ROADS CLASS

TRUNK (Km)

REGIO

NAL(K

m)

FEEDER (Km)

DISTRIC

T(K

m)

URBAN (Km)

TOTAL

Region

Pav

ed

Unpav

ed

Paved

U

npaved

Paved

U

npaved

Pav

ed

Unpaved

Pav

ed

Unpav

ed

Aru

sha

263

351

0

979

0

2840

0

3368

41

4

7846

Coas

t

355

56

0

710

0

1297

0

733

0

0

3151

Dar

es

Sal

aam

83

0

10

257

0

0

0

0

119

35

504

Dodom

a

133

423

60

517

15

1590

0

1300

32

41

4111

Irin

ga

457

109

6

1200

0

1806

0

2635

36

68

6317

Kag

era

194

388

0

1093

0

911

32

1275

4

29

3926

Kig

om

a 6

427

0

418

0

372

0

642

8

54

1927

Kil

iman

jaro

326

109

26

462

0

834

0

1075

57

33

2922

Lin

di

127

221

0

736

20

637

6

1750

4

20

3521

Mar

a

112

137

7

637

0

416

0

740

5

56

2110

Mbey

a

335

502

0

805

0

849

0

1619

3

69

4182

Moro

goro

312

186

0

942

0

870

0

1140

4

65

3519

Mtw

ara

94

103

0

565

0

1460

0

1584

6

32

3844

Mw

anza

162

236

15

987

0

1446

12

969

31

3

3861

Rukw

a

10

831

0

717

0

1059

0

1270

1

98

3986

Ruvum

a

179

526

29

1097

47

598

0

1303

0

8

3787

Shin

yan

ga

189

87

0

912

0

1780

0

1460

8

15

4451

Sin

gid

a

0

613

0

766

0

873

0

399

0

15

2666

Tab

ora

0

800

0

806

0

1784

0

1594

30

75

5089

Tan

ga

263

64

0

879

0

1093

0

1602

70

26

3997

Tota

l

3,6

00

6169

153

15485

82

22515

50

26458

459

746

75,7

17

Note

. T

ota

l ro

ad n

etw

ork

in T

anza

nia

is

about 85,0

00K

m. U

ncl

assi

fied

road

s m

ake

up a

bout 9,4

00K

m o

f th

e net

work

whic

h is

not in

cluded

in the

table

above.

Source:

Min

istr

y o

f W

ork

s

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3.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Tanga Region is connected with railway to other parts of the country. Currently the railway is

mainly used to transport goods rather than passengers because the road networks are well

distributed around the district and the existence of marine services. Currently the Region does not

depend much on railway transportation because it is connected to other neighbouring Regions and

countries by tarmac roads and water-ways.

The railway line is a vital link for trans-shipment of goods to upcountry Regions. A stretch of

Tanga – Arusha; and Mnyuzi – Ruvu railway lines which lies in Tanga Region is about 279 Kms.

There are 32 railway stations along the line. Tanzania Raiways Cooperation (TRC) provides the

railway service. In 2004 the railway in Tanga Region transported 5,784 passengers and 111,189

tons of cargo. Table 3.5 shows the distribution of railway services in the Region.

Table 3.5 Railway Services in the Region by District, 2006

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

3.3 MARINE SERVICES

Tanga Region is connected to other parts of the coastal Region and other countries by Tanga port. The

port is mainly used for cargo transports as compared to passengers. The existence of Tanga habbour is

among the major factors contributing to the growth of the Tanga city economy.

Tanga has a good natural harbour, which lacks deep – water berths. As a result, lighters are used to

bring goods to and from the shore. The port has a normal rated capacity of about 500,000 tons per

year. Most of the cargo from northern Regions of Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Manyara pass through

Railway Services District Name

No. Stations Cargo Services (Tons) No. of Passengers

Pangani 1 (Not available) (Not available)

Muheza* 2 (Not available) 420

Korogwe *** 2 (Not available) (Not available)

Tanga 3 111,189 5784

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Tanga port. Capacity utilization stands at 88 percent (June 2005). The projected performance for the

year 2005/06 is 106 percent. Table 3.6 shows the principal export commodities handled at Tanga port.

Table 3.6: Principal Export Commodities Handled at Tanga Port (tons)

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Data on the tonnage handled in Tanga port shows that there has been an increment in utilization

(114.63 percent) of the port during 2004/05 as compared to 1999/00 (see Table 3.7). As compared to

1999/00 there was an increment of 110.22 percent and 119.54 percent for export and import cargo

during 2005. Table 3.8 shows the principal import commodities handled at Tanga Port in tons.

Table 3.7: Tonnage Handled by Tanga port – (1999/2000-2004/05)

Year 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 % difference

2004/05 to 1999/00

Imports 114,510 1,191,623 148,586 224,292 215,036 251,400 119.54

Exports 89,526 102,543 144,962 185,620 216,669 188,200 110.22

Total 204,036 221,705 293,548 409,548 439,600 115.45

%

Utilization

41 44 59 82 86 88

114.63

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

S/N Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1 Beans 5,850 1,761 5,095 7,153 4,924

2 Coffee 14,198 17,438 10,910 9,913 10,469

3 Tea 181 90 0 42 0

4 Cotton 369 541 0 0 0

5 Sisal 11,511 13,837 14,531 15,108 11,574

6 Sisal Ropes and Twines 3,066 3,165 1,587 1,228 1,315

7 Cement in Bags 12,360 11,900 11,884 73,336 47,261

8 Other General Cargo 41,991 53,811 98,504 106,762 39,815

Total 91,526 104,544 144,513 215,545 117,362

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Fig.15:Tonnage handled at Tanga Airport

from 1999/00-2004/05

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1999/00

2000/01

2000/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

Years

Tons Imports

Exports

3.8: Principal Import Commodities Handled at Tanga Port (tons)

S/N Commodity 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1 Bulk Oil

Bulk Oil 26,438 9,552 31,280 26,903 39,213

Sub-Total 26,438 9,552 31,280 26,903 39,213 2 General Cargo Paper and Paper

Products

504 1,332 4,140 3,564 2,335

Tallow facts 888 2,039 1,362 403 Bale Twills Jute and

Hension Cloth

- 1,620 2,189 684 -

Iron and Steel works - 36 26 72 82

Machinery and Parts 17,099 15,379 25,599 29,410 29,438 Fertilizer in Bags - 6,018 2,664 1,854 - Motor Vehicle,

Tractors and Trailers

227 947 2,816 612 254

Miscellaneous Cargo 69,444 82,747 85,472 155,400 63,824

Sub-Total 88,162 110,118 124,268 191,999 95,933 Total Imports 114,600 119,670 155,548 218,902 135,146

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

3.4 AIR TRANSPORT

Tanga Region is served mainly by Tanga Airport and other small aerodromes located in the Regions

districts. Tanga Airport serves daily scheduled flights with capacity of 14 passengers and other

medium and small charter planes. The Airport has two runways 06/24 tarmac and 14/32 grasses with

dimensions 1,286m x 31m and 1,385m x 30m respectively. Runaway 06/24 is operational 24 hours on

request. The annual flight movement is 1,093 while annual passenger’s movement is 5,787.

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Other aerodromes in the Region include Mombo Airstrip with runway 17/35 of a dimension of

1285mx46m and 13,600 Kg strength. Also other Airstrips belonging to private individuals are in

Pangani district such as MASHADO, USHONGO, KWA JONI and SAADANI National Park.

Table 3.9 shows the aircrafts landed at selected airports starting from the year 2000 to 2004. As it is

seen, the aircrafts that landed at Tanga airport increased from 314 during 2000 to 1,328 by 2004 being

an increment of 322.93 percent. Tanga airport therefore registered the highest increment of flights

landed during the period starting from 2000 to 2004. Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar airports have been

the airports receiving the largest number of aircrafts, being 49,797 and 29, 293 respectively in the year

2004.

Table 3.9: Aircrafts Landed at Selected Airports in Tanzania (2000-2004)

S/N AIRPORT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 % change 2000 to 2004

1 Dar es Salaam 28,597 31,309 36,925 45,253 49,797 74.13

2 Zanzibar 16,184 17,124 24,260 25,068 29,293 81.00

3 Arusha 15,877 15,098 14,795 12,223 11,913 -

4 Mwanza 12,052 12,447 7,598 9,457 11,329 -6.00

5 Dodoma 2,220 2,263 2,258 2,116 2,089 -5.90

6 Kogoma 1,630 1,005 838 1,099 1,344 -17.55

7 Tabora 1,560 1,615 1,746 1,669 2,299 47.37

8 Mbeya 580 273 497 624 319 -45.00

9 Iringa 248 210 256 296 208 -16.13

10 Pemba 1,623 2,554 2,832 3,323 4,251 161.92

11 Mtwara 654 790 981 1,138 1,053 61.01

12 Tanga 314 754 1,042 1,016 1,328 322.93

13 Songea 180 432 71 74 306 70.00

Total 81,274 85,472 93,999 103,366 115,529 42.15

Source: Tanzania Airport Authority

3.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Tanga Region is well served with various telecommunication systems. The Tanzania

Telecommunications Company Limited (TTCL) is providing its service (land line services) in all

districts headquarters with an exception to Kilindi. In Tanga city alone, TTCL offers more than 6,000

lines and future plans include the introduction of 8,000 wireless loop line systems. The mobile phones

service providers have also been providing services in all districts (including Kilindi). Some of these

mobile phones providers are Celtel, tiGO, VodaCom, Zantel. Internet and fax services are available to

all districts except Kilindi. Radio and television broadcast, and postal services are widely available

throughout the Region. Radio services include Radio Tanzania, Sauti ya Tanzania Zanzibar, FM

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Stereos (Radio one RFA and Radio Sauti ya Injili). A local Television station (TaTV) has been

established recently. Cable Television network includes Bahama, CTV, Mng’amboni cable TV,

Korogwe Cable TV and Muheza Cable TV. Agents for ITV, TVT, TVZ, DTV, Channel Ten and Star

TV have their offices in Tanga City. Postal and express mail services (EMS) are offered by Tanzania

Post Corporation and DHL.

Involvement of private sector in telecommunication services have been a great relief to residents,

government offices and other institutions, by enabling them to communicate effectively inside and

outside their districts.

3.6 ENERGY

Energy is an important economic infrastructure in any area. It is a source for industrial development as

well as domestics use. Source of energy for lighting is mostly determined by economic power of the

residents of particular area. Due to this there are clusters, in such a way that many rural residents use:

lamp, firewood and wick lamp. In urban areas main sources of lighting are electricity and lamp.

Lushoto district have been found to have more households using electricity as source of lighting as

compared to other Districts in Tanga. By the time of the current survey, electricity was not available

in Songe, the headquarters for Kilindi, but available in the area of Kwediboma ward only. Table 3.10

shows the total number of households with regards to the household’s main source of energy for

lighting.

Table 3.10: Total Number of Households Main Source of Energy for Lighting (2002)

Pangani Muheza* Tanga Korogwe*** Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total

using

energy

% using

energy

Electricity 1,323 4,156 14,434 5,549 1,794 2,944 26 30,226 8.79

Lamp 701 4,211 5,544 5,447 12,253 3,035 1,647 32,838 9.55

Presence

lamp

144 280 875 547 1,024 320 72

3,262 0.95

Firewood 366 1401 250 1,044 2,232 2,248 1381 8,922 2.59

Candle 20 122 251 177 387 135 41 1,133 0.33

Wick

lamp

8,870 52,718 14,470 46,480 73,859 44,316 26,661

267,374 77.75

Solar 2 22 12 15 33 5 89 0.03

Other 8 9 1 10 28 0.01

Total 11,434 62,921 35,835 59,260 91,582 53,010 29,832 343,874 100.00 *Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, 2002 Regional Profile

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While Lushoto and Muheza have shown to pioneer utilization of solar energy, there was no any

household utilizing the same as the source of lighting energy in Handeni during 2002. Electricity is

utilised by small proportion of Tanga Region (8.79 percent) households. Wick lamps are the most

prominent source of lightning serving 77.75 percent of the households in Tanga Region.

In Tanga district, charcoal is the most prominent source of cooking energy (Table 3.11). However,

firewood has shown to be the most source of cooking fuel utilized Regional wise (82.21 percent).

Table 3.11: Main Source of Energy for Cooking (2002)

Main

source of

Energy

for

looking

Pangani Muheza* Tanga Korogwe*** Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total

using

energy

% using

energy

Electricity 57 202 1,241 519 107 131 10 2,267 0.63

Paraffin 150 463 2,998 733 314 516 41 5,215 1.44

Gas 8 34 140 29 67 44 36 358 0.10

Firewood 10,411 57,238 16,232 50,504 89,402 45,583 28,483 29,853 82.21

Charcoal 631 4,806 32,026 7,213 1,669 6,560 1,175 54,080 14.93

Others 79 142 1,188 216 22 157 82 1,886 0.52

Not

applicable

96 35 44 46 1 19 5

246 0.07

Total 11,434 62,921 53,869 59,260 91,982 53,010 29,832 362,308 100.00

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Regional Profile

In 2004, the Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) sold a total of 4790 kWH to Tanzania

mainland. The amount sold in 2004 was 34 percent than the amount sold during 2000, which

amounted to 3620 kWh (see Table 3.12). While there have been a reduction of use in Kagera,

Kilimanjaro and Tabora, there have been an increment (61 percent) of use in Tanga Region. Tanga

Region had used 89 percent and 144 percent kWh during 2000 and 2004 respectively.

Table 3.16: Quantity of Electricity Sold by Region, Tanzania 2000 – 2004 (kWH)

Region 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 % change

2000 to 2004

Dodoma 40 39 43 47 46 15.00

Arusha 126 156 171 167 194 53.97

Kilimanjaro 106 91 106 105 103 -2.83

Tanga 89 101 126 155 144 61.80

Morogoro 73 87 80 90 86 17.81

Coast 1 1 1 6 6 500.00

Dar 836 957 1,110 1,077 1,130 35.17

Lindi 5 9 8 10 11 120.00

Mtwara 1 23 15 19 20 1900.00

Ruvuma 9 9 11 12 13 44.44

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Iringa 41 69 62 53 59 43.90

Mbeya 86 81 84 83 113 31.40

Singida 11 12 13 15 15 36.36

Tabora 72 49 52 60 69 -4.17

Rukwa 8 8 9 9 9 12.50

Kigoma 7 10 9 9 13 85.71

Shinyanga 38 36 142 157 174 357.89

Kagera 161 18 18 20 20 -87.58

Mwanza 82 78 105 117 128 56.10

Mara 18 24 29 37 42 133.33

Manyara 1,810 1,858 2,194 2,248 2,395 32.32

Total 3,620 3,716 4,388 4,496 4,790 32.32

Source: Tanzania Electricity Supply Company, 2006

Fig.16: Trend of Quantity of Electricity sold to

Tanga region from 2000-2004

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Years

Units (in KwH)

Units

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SECTION IV

SOCIAL SERVICES

4.1 HEALTH SECTOR

While the referral hospital (Bombo) is located in Tanga district, the new Mkinga district is still having

its health services administered in Muheza district (mother district). This therefore made all the health

sector data for Mkinga district to be obtained in the profile for Muheza District. Korogwe district

hospital also serves Korogwe town council. Kilindi district was formed in 2002 from Handeni district.

This therefore implies that all health sector information before 2002 were inclusive in Handeni district.

4.1.1 Morbidity and Mortality

Morbidity and Mortality are necessary criteria in defining health status of human beings. Morbidity

shows the number of times people have developed various diseases while mortality shows the number

of times such sick people have failed to recover. In short, Morbidity is the term used to refer to illness

and mortality refers to death. Understanding the prevalence of morbidity and mortality is of

paramount importance in planning health strategies for each portion of community. Such information

is also important to health managers and policy makers in deriving their objectives and priorities

respectively. As shown in Table 4.1, Malaria was the largest cause of morbidity making 47.06 % of

morbidity in Tanga Region.

Table 4.1: Ten most commonly reported causes of morbidity, Tanga Region, 2006

District Disease

Total

Disease

Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga Handeni Kilindi Lushoto

Malaria 38,015 350,300 105,330 173,059 95,321 53,023 72,246 887,294

ARI 12,715 61,312 48,002 69,256 30,488 26,886 55,623 304,282

Pneumonia 8,271 49,628 25,538 34,582 18,164 5,244 22,532 163,959

Intestinal

worms

9,611 33,859 13,856 18,423 14,429 2,964 12,465 105,607

Diarrhea 4,623 34,460 13,877 29,655 15,941 7,981 14,527 121,064

Anemia 3,689 35,806 7,045 40,944 8,846 5,928 2,579 104,837

Eye

infections

2,482 13,790 8,134 - 7,460 4,332 5,117 41,315

Minor

surgical

- 27,125 2,630 14,196 1,535 3,715 9,995 59,196

UTI 1,899 - 5,751 20,778 3,814 1,296 3,121 36,659

Other

Diagnosis

- 24,916 12,560 - 10,867 3,127 9,825 61,295

District

Total

81,305 631,196 242,723 400,893 206,865 114,496 208,030 1,885,508

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Following Malaria was Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and Pneumonia leading to 16.14 % and

8.70 % of morbidity in Tanga Region. While respiratory diseases such as Pneumonia and ARI are

associated with highland zones (low temperatures) and high relative humidity as a result of wet

conditions, diarhorrea and worms are water borne diseases. Anaemia, shortage of red blood cells in

human blood is mainly caused by malnutrition (unavailability of iron rich/containing food) and

precipitated by malaria which attacks them directly. The food element iron is necessary for production

of red blood cells. In short, anemia is closely associated to malaria and malnutrition.

As it was in the case of 2006, malaria had been the leading cause of morbidity for 1998 (see Table

4.2). ARI, pneumonia and diarhorrea have been following diseases causing morbidity in the Region.

As it was described before, all these diseases are related to wet condition.

Table 4.2: Ten most commonly reported causes of morbidity, Tanga Region, (1998)

District

Disease Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga Handeni Lushoto

Disease

Total

Malaria 21,327 178,000 127,482 147,367 115,835 95,784 685,795

ARI 2,181 59,159 48,742 72,088 34,974 62,527 279,671

Anemia 2,495 31,642 12,700 6,647 9,006 6,271 68,761

Diarrhea 2,181 32,411 18,706 16,395 14,451 14,117 98,261

Intestinal

worms

3,718 40,207 20,784 25,334 14,169 17,842 122,054

Pneumonia 2,688 41,712 26,050 24,534 22,985 17,131 135,100

Eye infections 2,111 14,333 8,594 12,844 7,085 3,279 48,246

Skin infections 2,965 26,098 14,081 19,372 9,503 579 72,598

PID 1,062 - 3,204 9,659 2,886 1,871 18,682

STIs/HIV/AIDS 303 - 1,074 8,383 4,379 4,169 18,308

District Total 41,031 423,562 281,417 342,623 235,273 223,570 1,547,476

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

Figure 1 displays the trend for indicative diseases through the years 1998 and 2006. Malaria, ARI,

pneumonia, intestinal worms, diarhorrea, anemia and eye infection have repeatedly been seven

diseases out of ten found to be top causes for morbidity in Tanga for both 1998 and 2006. While the

disease situation have been almost similar in the years 1998 and 2006, there has been a slight

increment of disease proportions in case of ARI, intestinal worms, and eye infection, while there has

been a slight decrement of disease proportion in case of malaria, pneumonia, diarhorea and anemia.

Increment of proportion of disease in morbidity does not necessarily mean that the disease becomes

more frequent or vice versa. While malaria is reported to be reduced in proportions in 2006 as

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compared to 1998, there were more cases of malaria in 2006 (887,294) as compared to 1998

(685,795).

Similar to morbidity, malaria has been the leading cause of mortality followed by anemia, pneumonia,

and diarhorrea (see Table 4.3).

Table 4.3: Reported causes of mortality, Tanga Region, 2006

Disease District Disease

Total

Pangani Muheza* Korogwe*** Tanga Handeni Kilindi Lushoto

Malaria 24 487 164 53 121 715 186 1,750

ARI 0 38 0 55 4 206 4 307

Pneumonia 6 140 38 0 43 291 49 567

STI / HIV/AIDS 18 368 28 6 19 18 0 457

Tuberculosis 0 0 18 0 0 29 23 70

Pregnancy

complications 4 28 9 0 0 1 42

Int. worms 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 26

Anemia 10 212 52 31 69 183 38 595

Diarhorrea 0 53 0 27 15 273 0 368

PID 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 23

Oral diseases 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 16

District Total 62 1326 309 172 287 1,764 301 4,221

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

Kilindi district has largely contributed to the Region mortality contributing to 41.79 percent of all

deaths in 2006. A peculiar observation was done in the Region, whereby HIV/AIDS has appeared

Figure 17: Comparison of large causes of morbidities 1998 and 2006

47.06

16.14

8.70

5.60 6.42 5.56

2.19

44.32

18.07

8.37 7.89

3.12 4.446.35

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Malaria ARI Pneumonia Intestinal

worms

Diarrohoea Anaemia Eye infections

Diseases

Year 2006 Year 1998

% prop

roportion

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among the top ten diseases causing mortality in Tanga Region. Such an observation is not only an

indicator of the rate of HIV/AIDS infection, but also an alarm to both health managers, policy makers

and the community at large.

Voluntary testing registers have been realized to be the reliable source of HIV /AIDS infection

information. During the year 2006, the study of HIV / AIDS prevalence among family blood donors

showed that out of 14,997 blood donor samples, there were 864 blood samples which were HIV

positively in Tanga Region (Table 4.4). The statistics simply translate that for every 100 blood

donated samples, there were 5.67 percent six blood samples which were HIV positive in Tanga

Region. The highest rate was observed in Pangani (7.61 percent), while the lowest rate was witnessed

in Handeni district (2.06 percent).

Table 4.4: Results of Family Blood Donor Test Tanga Region 2006

District Number of

Blood sample

Number

blood sample

HIV+

Percent

HIV +

Pangani 1,892 144 7.61

Muheza* 2,716 166 6.11

Korogwe *** 1,752 122 6.96

Tanga 4,601 284 6.17

Handeni 1,502 31 2.06

Kilindi 1,336 37 2.76

Lushoto 1,198 80 6.68

Total 14,997 864 5.76

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

As shown in Table 4.5, 2006 was the year with the least proportion of blood donated to be HIV

positive. However, as show in the same Table, Tanga Region has an average of 8.09 percent of blood

samples being HIV positive during the period starting from the year 1999 to 2006. During the same

period, Lushoto district had the highest proportion of blood donated being HIV positive. During 2006,

Kilindi had been the district with less of its blood samples tested HIV positive.

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Fig.18:Results of family blood donors test for

HIV by District in 2006

1892

2716

1752

4601

15021336

1198

144 166 122284

31 37 80

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe ***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Poulation(in numbers)

Blood Sambles

HIV+

Table 4.5: Trend, results for family blood donor test, Tanga Region 1999 to 2006

District

Year Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi

Region

average

1999 11.90 7.90 9.00 7.40 6.80 10.30 - 8.50

2000 10.70 7.40 9.10 10.60 5.50 4.80 - 8.90

2001 8.90 6.30 9.30 9.40 5.60 5.80 - 8.30

2002 11.40 7.50 6.30 8.60 4.40 4.30 - 7.60

2003 11.35 6.72 17.30 8.96 5.52 6.17 - 8.44

2004 11.06 17.90 7.57 8.99 4.65 3.43 - 8.26

2005 11.06 17.90 7.57 8.99 4.65 3.43 - 8.93

2006 6.68 6.96 6.11 6.17 7.61 2.06 2.77 5.76

Average 10.38 9.82 9.03 8.64 5.59 5.04 2.77 8.09

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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It has been proposed that apart from voluntary testing registers, the number of new HIV / AIDS cases

has to be analyzed and interpreted with caution considering other factors which may have influenced

the magnitude of the data. However, the data collected through new AIDS cases reported for the

period starting from 1998 to 2006 can show the trend of the disease in respective districts (see Table

4.6). While the highest number of HIV/AIDS cases over the period of 1998-2006 was registered in

Tanga district (36.7 percent), the lowest number was registered in Pangani district (2.7 percent).

Table 4.6: New HIV/AIDS Cases reported by District, Tanga Region, 1998 to 2005

District

Name

Year District

Total

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Pangani 45 22 56 58 61 50 58 106 456

Muheza* 41 347 172 267 869 348 951 1823 4,818

Korogwe

***

106 - 71 79 - 141 262 180 839

Tanga 260 208 245 277 211 296 1621 2965 6,083

Handeni 103 271 331 413 463 527 562 648 3,318

Lushoto 99 67 149 114 223 184 127 77 1,040

Kilindi - - - - - - - - -

Year

Total

654 915 1,024 1,208 1,827 1,546 3,581 5,799 16,584

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

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Fig.19:Yearly HIV cases reports from 1998 t0

2005

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Years

Population

Year Total

4.1.2 Health Facilities

The dispensary is the medical station where first aid and other routine medical treatment are given.

Dispensaries had been the major outlet for health facilities making 85 percent of all health facilities in

Tanga Region during 2006 (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7: Ownership and distribution of health facilities 2006

No. of Hospitals No. of Health

Centres

No. of Dispensaries District

Total

District

Name

Public Private Public Private Public Private

Pangani 1 0 1 0 11 2 15

Muheza* 0 1 4 2 49 10 66

Korogwe

***

1 1 3 1 37 8

51

Tanga 1 2 3 3 28 15 52

Handeni 1 1 3 0 22 4 31

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Kilindi 0 0 1 2 18 1 22

Lushoto 1 1 6 1 32 11 52

Facility

Total 5 6 21 9 197 51 289

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

During 2006, there was a sum of 248 dispensaries in Tanga Region, 78 percent of all dispensaries

were owned by the public. Following dispensaries were health centres (11 percent) and hospitals (6

percent). Muheza district had most of the health facilities in the Region (20 percent), while Pangani

district had least health facilities (5 percent).

As seen in Table 4.8, Pangani, Muheza and Tanga had been the districts with most available health

facilities having 3 and 2 of them serving a population of 10,000. As shown in the same Table, Handeni

district has been the least in the same aspect, having one health facility serving a population of 9,062.

Table 4.8: Population per health facility, Tanga Region, 2006

District Population

Estimate

Number of

Health

facilities

Population

per health

facility

Health

Facilities per

10,000

population

Ranking

Pangani 45,885 15 3,059 3.37 1

Muheza* 294,326 66 4,460 2.2 2

Korogwe

***

272,956

51

5,352 1.61 5

Tanga 261,613 52 5,031 2.07 3

Handeni 280,927 31 9,062 1.10 7

Kilindi 165,005 22 7,500 1.61 4

Lushoto 437,379 52 6,190 1.16 6

Total 1,758,091 289 6,089 1.54

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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Fig.20:Distribution of health facilities by

District in 2006

15, 5%

66, 22%

51, 18%

52, 18%

31, 11%

22, 8%

52, 18%

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe ***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

During the year 2006, there have been a total of 2,050 beds located in various health centers and

hospitals in Tanga Region (Table 4.9). Regional wise, there was an average of 857 units of population

per bed.

Table 4.9. Population per hospital beds, Tanga Region, 2006

District Estimate

Population

Health

Centre

beds

Hospitals

Beds

Total Beds Population

per Bed

Pangani 45,885 18 104 122 376

Muheza* 294,326 148 270 418 704

Korogwe *** 272,956 119 195 314 869

Tanga 261,613 115 463 578 452

Handeni 280,927 72 180 252 1,114

Kilindi 165,005 73 0 73 2,260

Lushoto 437,379 100 193 293 1,492

Total 1,758,091 645 1,405 2,050 857

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

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Fig.21:Distribution of population per bed in

the region by district in 2006

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe ***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Total

District

Population

Total beds

Popn per bed

The trend of the ratio of beds to prevailing population is a useful indicator for human development.

While the situation was the best in Pangani, the least populated district, having 76 units of population

per bed, the situation was worse in Kilindi District, whereby one bed is ought to serve 2,260 units of

the same.

Comparing the number of hospital/health centres bed for the year 1995 and 2005 and their ratios to the

population was necessary in understanding trend of availability of health services to the residents of

Tanga Region during the past decade (Table 4.10).

Table 4.10: Comparison between number of health facilities and beds, Tanga Region, 1995 and 2005

Year

1995 2005

% Changes 2005 to

1995

District

Popn. est.

Number

of

health

facilities

Number

of beds

Popn/health

facilities Popn/beds

Popn/health

facilities Popn/beds Popn/health

facility Popn/bed

Pangani 41,450 2 110 20,725 377 2,967 365 -86 -3

Muheza* 256,811 54 366 4,756 702 5,075 672 7 -4

Korogwe*** 246,310 65 417 3,789 591 6,227 1,470 64 149

Tanga 222,825 70 716 3,183 311 4,828 485 52 56

Handeni 299,376 46 295 6,508 1015 9,090 1,110 40 9

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Kilindi - - - - - 6,226 2,684 - -

Lushoto 416,040 41 451 10,147 922 8,652 1,477 -15 60

Total 1,482,812 278 2,355 5,334 630 6479 930 21 48

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

The positive sign connotes that there is an increase of population per health facility/ bed. The negative

sign shows that the situation is getting better since there were more utilities available to the population

during 2005 as compared to 1995. In overall, the situation has not been better during 2005 as

compared to 1995. Regional wise, the percentage change of populations to be served by health

facilities and beds shows that more people have to be served by the respective utilities by 21 percent,

and 48 percent. The great stride has been witnessed in Pangani where the population per health facility

and bed has been reduced by 86 percent and 3 percent respectively. Korogwe had been the district

most failing to catch up with population growth having it population per health facility and bed being

increased by 64 percent and 149 percent respectively in 2005 as compared to 1995.

As the Government holds a pivotal role in assuring better health services to the public at large,

assessing the performances of the Governments health facilities and the way people look at them is

deemed to be necessary. While the case fatality rates indicates the percentage of in-patients loosing

their life, the bed occupancy rate indicates how people trust obtaining such services in Government

hospital. Table 4.11 displays the case fatality rates for inpatients during the period starting from the

year 1999 to 2005.

Table 4.11: Case Fatality Rate of In-patients in District Hospitals, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005

District Region

Year Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi average

1999 3 4 13 2 3 2 - 5

2000 5 3 9 4 2 2 - 5

2001 4 2 6 4 1 2 - 3

2002 3 2 2 1 5 3 - 2

2003 3 3 1 2 4 2 - 3

2004 4 3 2 1 4 2 - 2

2005 4 3 2 1 4 2 - 3

% Changes 19 -29 -86 -52 30 -1 - -42

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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While the negative sign connotes that there have been reduction of In-patients deaths during 2005 as

compared to 1999, the positive sign connotes the opposite. Regional wise, the fatality rate of In-

patients was found to drop by 42 percent during 2005 as compared to 1999. It has been in Pangani and

Lushoto Districts, where there have been increased deaths for In-patients during 2005 as it was in

1999. Although the rates can indicate on the quality of services provided, still they are relatively low

showing that the services provided in such hospitals are worthy.

As mentioned before, the bed occupancy rate indicates the average frequency the hospital bed have

been occupied annum. When the bed occupancy rate in Government hospital is below 60, it is

normally translated that less people go to obtain such services from the government hospitals. There

might be several reasons for this, among them being availability of other preferable options, or

services provided by district hospitals are not worthy. The overall trend for a Region shows that

people have been using the government facilities increasingly showing how the later are increasing

their utilities (Table 4.12).

Table 4.12: Bed Occupancy rate in District Hospitals, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005

District Region Year

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi average

1999 66 45 130 - 37 28 - 74

2000 61 76 115 16 35 51 - 58

2001 85 73 127 46 63 67 - 76

2002 46 60 89 50 52 49 - 61

2003 52 60 109 48 60 79 - 56

2004 70 102 57 - 49 96 - 72

2005 70 102 57 - 49 96 - 75

District / Region

average 64 74 98 40 49 66 - 67

% change(1999 to

2005) 5 130 -56 - 31 249 - 2

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

In summary, both the low case fatality rate for In-patient and high bed occupancy rates in the district

hospitals shows that the government is still playing its role in ensuring quality health services are

made available in Tanga Region.

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Comparing the number of doctors per population between the years 1995 and 2005, there were more

doctors available to the population in 2005. As shown in Table 4.13, there were a total of 48 doctors

serving an estimated population of 1,482,812 making a ratio of 1doctor to 30,892 units of population

during 1995. In the year 2005 there was a total of 108 doctors serving an estimated population of

1,801,100 making a ratio of 1doctor to 16,524 units of population being served. Regional wise, the

changes remark a decrease of 47 percent of the population to be served by one doctor during 2005 as

compared to 1995, indicating significant progress in a respective human development concern.

Table 4.13: Doctors available to the population, Tanga Region, 1995 and 2006

District Number of Doctors Population estimate

Population per

doctor

1995 1998 2002 2005 2006**** 1995 2006 1995 2006

Pangani 4 2 3 5 9 41,450 45,885 10,363 5,098

Muheza* 12 10 13 24 17 256,811 294,326 21,401 17,313

Korogwe*** 5 5 5 10 17 246,310 272,956 49,262 16,056

Tanga 19 34 41 52 47 222,825 261,613 11,728 5,566

Handeni 4 2 2 6 8 299,376 280,927 74,844 35,115

Kilindi - - - 1 - 165,005 - 165,005

Lushoto 4 14 13 11 13 416,040 437,379 104,010 33,644

Total

48 67 77 108 112 1,482,812

1,758,091 30,892 15,697

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

**** This includes MDs and AMOs

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

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Fig.22:Distribution of doctors per district in

selected years

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Districts

Number of doctors

1995

1998

2002

2005

2006****

Among all districts in Tanga, it was only Lushoto which had the increase of population per doctor (4

percent) in 2005 as compared to 1995. During 1995 and 2005, Lushoto had one doctor serving

104,010 and 33,644 units of population respectively.

4.1.3 Maternal and Child Health

The delivery / availability of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) are a necessary component in having

a health community. While carrying children and child bearing is a risky process, special attention to

the health of a child after being born is necessary for having a well developed and individual health. A

child therefore requires special attention from the period of his/her birth to when he/she reaches the

age of five where vulnerability for childhood diseases is at its lesser extent. The attendance of women

who are expecting birth in percent is a measure or indicator on how the expecting women understand,

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trust and utilizes the Ante Natal Clinics (ANC) services. As shown in Table 4.14, the coverage of

expected birth for the period starting from 1999 to 2005 had been on the average of 98.8 percent

Region wise. Therefore the coverage indicates significant utilization of ANC services by expecting

women.

Table 4.14: Percent coverage for ANC First Attendances of expected birth, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005

Year District Region

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi

1999 83.0 96.0 98.0 83.0 83.0 77.0 86.1

2000 76.1 134.9 103.1 74.7 79.5 122.5 99.7

2001 86.5 129.5 99.0 109.2 84.8 121.4 106.3

2002 92.0 121.4 88.9 109.9 93.6 90.6 98.5

2003 110.6 121.2 112.9 118.1 87.1 109.6 108.5

2004 88.6 111.9 96.1 101.8 84.7 92.5 96.3

2005 88.6 111.9 96.1 101.8 84.7 92.5 - 95.9

Average 158.0 118.1 99.1 99.8 85.3 100.9 98.8

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

Since there is a great risk during delivery, the expectant mothers need vaccination for tetanus. As

shown in Table 4:15, the Region managed to achieve 113 percent of their immunization target by

immunizing 22,257 women, exceeding the target of 19,660 expecting women. Pangani district has

been the last district to achieve the target managing to immunize 81 percent of their entire target.

Having 101 percent of the target reached, Tanga Region has shown progress in 2006 as compared to

1998 where 89 percent of the target was met.

Table 4:15: Protection rate of Ante Natal Clinics (ANC) clients’ women against Tetanus, Tanga Region, 1998, 2002

and 2006

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage District

Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006

Pangani 3,292 2,131 1,693 1,554 1,718 1,395 65 92 81

Muheza* 12,665 12,589 11,157 4,321 11,816 7,108 99 39 60

Korogwe*** 12,123 10,034 15,589 9,134 13,235 13,267 83 59 100

Tanga 9,727 7,726 9,743 11,171 10,239 9,499 79 115 93

Handeni 13,575 16,998 15,253 18,001 12,099 17,387 125 118 144

Kilindi NA NA NA NA 6,604 7,536 - - 114

Lushoto 17,919 14,873 19,470 17,659 19,660 22,257 83 91 113

Average 11,550 10,725 12,151 10,306 10,767 11,207 89 85 101

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Fig.23:Protection rate of ANC against tetanus

per district in 2006

Targeted

Actually vaccinated

Understanding the place of delivery is a necessary indicator towards assessing accessibility of health

services to the public. As shown in Table 4:16, 54.3 percent of all registered births in Tanga Region

happened either in the health facility or under administration of the Tradition Birth Attendants (TBA)

during 2006.

Table 4:16: Percent proportion deliveries with medical assistance, including

Trained TBAs, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2006

Year District Region

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni** Kilindi average

1999 27 48 51 60 79 41 - 44

2000 24.2 48.5 48.8 48.9 76.0 47.8 - 42.3

2001 21.5 49.3 52.3 58.8 65.0 49.4 - 43.8

2002 30.9 56.4 51.6 34.3 69.9 44.2 - 34.8

2003 35.5 42.1 55.6 62.5 70.0 49.9 - 46.9

2004 87.0 48.8 55.6 62.2 70.6 47.4 - 61.7

2005 87.0 48.8 55.6 62.2 70.6 47.4 - 61.9

2006 44 50.2 61.9 73.6 83.9 42.2 57.7 54.3

*Includes Mkinga district

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**Includes Kilindi District

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

Having large proportion attending births at health facilities and trained TBAs has been a progressive

indicator. During 1999, only 44 percent of all deliveries in Tanga were administered in the Health

facilities and trained TBA respectively. While Lushoto witnessed the highest proportion of births (87

percent) taken under professional assistance, things were at its opposite in Handeni where only 47.4

percent of all births were supervised by the same during 2005.

From birth, a new born goes through an immunization process against childhood disease such as

Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertusis, Tetanus, Polio and Measles. The child at the age of nine months

takes her last inoculation which is that of measles. Table 4:17, 4:18, 4:19 and 4:20 display the

coverage for BCG, DPT3, OPV3 and Measles immunization to children by districts of Tanga Region

respectively.

Table 4.17: BCG Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998 ,2002, 2006

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage District

Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006 Pangani 1,745 1,727 1,812 1,571 1,917 1,788 99 87 93 Muheza* 10,701 10,320 11,157 10,924 11,816 11,632 96 98 98 Korogwe*** 9,981 9,881 10,474 9,804 11,854 11,356 99 94 96 Tanga 9,727 8,897 9,743 9,888 10,424 10,977 91 101 105 Handeni 13,575 12,253 15,253 15,257 12,100 20,644 90 100 171 Kilindi - - - - 6,604 8,838 - - 134 Lushoto 17,793 11,921 16,768 16,869 17,353 16,520 67 101 95 Total 63,522 54,999 65,207 64,313 72,068 81,755 Av. 87 Av. 99 Av. 113

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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Table 4.18: DPTHb3 Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998,2002, 2006

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

Table 4.19: OPV 3 Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998 to 2006

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage

District

Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006

Pangani 1,745 1,541 1,812 1,638 1,917 1,768 88 90 92

Muheza* 10,701 10,128 11,157 10,946 11,816 11,589 95 98 98

Korogwe*** 52,907 54,787 10,476 7,941 11,820 11,293 104 76 96

Tanga 9,727 8,741 9,743 8,870 10,424 9,271 90 91 89

Handeni 13,575 9,422 15,253 14,636 12,100 17,097 69 96 141

Kilindi - - - - 6,604 6,245 95

Lushoto 17,712 10,627 16,800 16,364 17,354 16,252 60 97 94

Total 106,367 9,5246 65,241 60,395 72,035 73,515 Av.90 Av.93 Av.102

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

Table 4.20: Measles Vaccination of Children under One Year, Tanga Region, 1998 to 2006

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2005 % Coverage District

Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006

Pangani 1,745 1,541 1,812 1,638 1,917 1,768 88 90 92

Muheza* 10,701 10,555 11,050 10,873 11,816 11,712 99 98 99

Korogwe

***

7,663 5,824 9,614 8,787 11,855 11,359

76 91 96

Tanga 9,727 8,308 9,743 8,062 10,424 9,949 85 83 95

Handeni 13,573 9,435 15,253 12,970 12,100 14,826 70 85 123

Kilindi - - - - 6,604 7,377 112

Lushoto 17,955 15,800 16,806 16,335 17,353 16,079 88 97 93

Total 61,364 51,463 64,278 58,665 72,069 73,070 Av.84 Av.91 Av.101

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 % Coverage District

Name: Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated Target Vaccinated 1998 2002 2006

Pangani 1,745 1,575 1,812 1,621 1,917 1,768 90 89 92

Muheza* 10,701 10,146 11,157 10,946 11,816 11,589 95 98 98

Korogwe*** 7,740 59,598 10,470 9,758 11,500 10,689 770 93 93

Tanga 9,727 8,741 9,743 8,870 10,424 9,271 90 91 89

Handeni 13,575 9,740 15253 11,324 12,100 14,639 72 74 121

Kilindi - - - - 6,604 6,245 - - 95

Lushoto 17,724 11,166 16,819 14,296 17,353 16,241 63 85 94

Total 61,212 100,966 65,254 56,815 71,714 70,442 Av.165 Av.87 Av.98

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As the immunization trend has shown, Tanga Region has been performing well in vaccination of

children under one year through out the period while the year 2006 has witnessed most of the

impressing records.

Measles, the last vaccine provided to the child at the age of nine months can be used to indicate the

proportion of children who have managed going through and complete the vaccination circle. Table

4.21 displays the percent of proportion of children who got vaccinated against measles and hence

completed the vaccination circle from the year 1999 to 2005.

Table 4.21: Trend for Measles Vaccination to children under one year, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2006

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

As seen in Table 4.21, there has been a great stride done Regional wise whereas 98 percent of the

children expected to be vaccinated against Measles were vaccinated of the same during 2005. Looking

back in 1999 only 79 percent, of the children expected to be vaccinated against measles were

vaccinated against it. In short the current findings reveal that in 2005, 98 percent finished the

vaccination circle while only 79 percent of the children managed to do so during 1999. Simply this can

tell that there has been significant improvement of efficiency among the health and immunization

stakeholders, the thing deserving applauding.

% Proportion of children vaccinated by District Year

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi

Region

1999 78 77 92 68 81 64 - 76

2000 89 89 96 66 83 82 - 85

2001 92 92 96 79 99 86 - 90

2002 97 96 97 83 88 82 - 91

2003 89 100 91 77 87 108 - 95

2004 104 96 96 87 85 104 - 98

2005 104 96 96 87 85 104 112 98

2006 92 95 96 95 94 98 120 98

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Family planning is one of the key development aspects since it is a necessary act in controlling human

population growth. However, it requires a social negotiation to the community involved. Campaigning

for family planning has been done and significant proportion of all couples in the district has been

increasingly responding to family planning programs. Table 4.22 shows the proportion of couples in

the district who attending family planning programs in the respective years.

Table 4.22: Couple Year Protection, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005

% proportion of Couples protected by District Year

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi

Region

average

1999 11.9 19.0 18.4 28.0 22.8 9.6 - 16.3

2000 14.6 19.6 31.6 29.1 21.1 13.3 - 20.3

2001 17.5 23.2 34.6 27.2 25.0 17.2 - 22.9

2002 29.5 24.4 39.4 31.4 29.0 16.9 - 27.6

2003 16.7 27.0 41.0 37.6 28.5 15.7 - 22.4

2004 26.7 28.2 44.3 40.0 30.9 16.6 - 25.3

2005 26.7 28.2 44.3 40.0 30.9 16.6 - 31.1

2006 39.7 37.3 45 42.5 32 22.8 6.47 32.1

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

As seen in Table 4.22, there has been more couples engaged in family planning programs during 2005

(31.1 percent) as compared to (16.3 percent) during the year 1999. The trend has also been increasing

in a linear progression showing that there have been serious works done on the ground in making the

population aware and persuade with such programs. Again, this has been an initiative showing that the

stakeholders in the respective agenda are having their job well done.

Proper nutrition and health care is necessary to health, growth and development of children.

Monitoring of children’s weight starts from when the child is born and continues through out to the

age of five. The nutritional status indicators are categorized in three standard indices which are

a. Height for age (stunting)

b. Weight for height (wasting) and

c. Weight for age (underweight).

According to the Tanzanian Demographic and Health Survey 2004 – 05 preliminary reports, Tanga

was found to have 15.9 percent, 0.3 percent and 5.5 percent of their children stunted, wasted and

underweighted respectively. Scrutinizing the weight for children less than one year can be used to

indicate for children’s nutrition status. While 0.96 percent of the children were reported to be severely

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malnourished during 2005, 1.60 percent of the same were reported during the year 2000 in Tanga

Region (see Table 4:23). Similarly, across all the Districts of Tanga Region, there has been remarkable

improvement by having fewer children who are severely underweighted (stunted).

Table 4.23: Distribution of Children under 5 who were severely underweight During Measles

Vaccination, Tanga Region, 2000 to 2005

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

An overall Weight and Age measurement to children who are attending clinic (under five) also shows

that there has been a significant nutritional improvement among children of the same age category

(See Table 4.24). Scrutinizing or assessing nutritional status for children who are up to five years old

is necessary to clear the doubt for factors influencing nutrition status of the child. Since children who

are more than six months and probably over two years old are out of the exclusive breastfeeding stage

and are already weaned respectively, it is easy to assess the other food factors apart from mother’s

milk.

Table 4.24: Proportion of children with severe malnutrition, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005

Year Proportion of children who are severe malnourished by District Region

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni Kilindi

1999 5.40 6.00 3.80 6.50 2.80 4.90 - 5.10

2000 5.10 4.80 3.70 0.60 2.00 5.50 - 4.30

2001 3.00 3.80 3.20 2.90 1.60 4.00 - 3.20

2002 2.80 3.80 0.70 1.40 2.30 1.40 - 1.80

2003 2.14 1.61 2.30 1.18 0.96 1.60 - 1.79

2004 2.36 3.09 3.98 0.31 1.07 3.12 - 2.68

2005 2.36 3.09 3.98 0.31 1.07 3.12 - 2.32

2006 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.17

Key: Severe malnourished children have Weight / Age under 60 %

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

Year 2000 Year 2002 Year 2005 % severely

underweight

2000 2002 2005

District

Total

Weighed

Severely

Underweight

Total

Weighed

Severely

Underweight

Total

Weighed

Severely

Underweight

Pangani 1,902 38 4,337 41 9,587 23 2.00 0.95 0.24 Muheza* 12,675 464 52,273 368 53,962 406 3.66 0.70 0.75 Korogwe*** 9,499 454 9,912 376 32,171 369 4.78 3.79 1.15 Tanga 6,723 96 8,062 95 9,144 105 1.43 1.18 1.15 Handeni 75,004 644 39,391 550 18,413 236 0.86 1.40 1.28 Kilindi - - - - 7377 118 - - 1.60 Lushoto 20,750 1,054 55,201 1,549 60,029 1,100 5.1 2.81 1.83

Total 126,553 2,750 169,176 2979 190683 2357 2.2 1.76 1.2

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The levels for Infant Mortality Rates (IMR), under five Mortality Rates (U5MR) and Maternal

Mortality Rate (MMR) have been used as indicators for human development. With regards to the

census of 1978, 1988 and 2002 there have been an improvement in Infant and under five Mortality

rates in Tanga Region (see Table 4.25).

Table 4.25: Infant and under five mortality rates, Tanzania, 1978, 1988 and 2002.

Region Infant Mortality Rate Under five Mortality rate

1978 1988 2002 % change

1988 -

2002

1978 1988 2002 % change

1988 -

2002

Dodoma 133 132 114 -13.64 225 222 191 -13.96

Arusha 108 75 41 -45.33 179 179 58 -67.60

Kilimanjaro 76 67 46 -31.34 119 104 67 -35.58

Tanga 112 106 98 -7.55 187 176 162 -7.95

Morogoro 140 125 100 -20.00 236 211 193 -8.53

Pwani 121 113 101 -10.62 204 189 166 -12.17

DSM 108 105 79 -24.76 179 173 123 -28.90

Lindi 151 140 129 -7.86 255 136 217 59.56

Mtwara 161 138 126 -8.70 267 233 212 -9.01

Ruvuma 145 113 104 -7.96 245 188 171 -9.04

Iringa 152 130 102 -21.54 257 220 166 -24.55

Mbeya 161 124 101 -18.55 267 209 165 -21.05

Singida 137 96 82 -14.58 231 153 132 -13.73

Tabora 140 101 83 -17.82 236 166 133 -19.88

Rukwa 170 131 106 -19.08 283 221 175 -20.81

Kigoma 163 115 92 -20.00 269 192 148 -22.92

Shinyanga 150 110 92 -16.36 252 183 149 -18.58

Kagera 133 130 110 -15.38 225 219 182 -16.89

Mwanza 139 185 87 -52.97 233 192 139 -27.60

Mara 140 125 113 -9.60 236 211 188 -10.90

Manyara - 75 69 -8.00 - - 107

North

Unguja

132 130 103

-20.77

223 220 170

-22.73

South

Unguja

120 120 87

-27.50

200 200 141

-29.50

Urban/West 112 113 70 -38.05 187 188 109 -42.02

North

Pemba

128 123 101

-17.89

218 206 166

-19.42

South

Pemba

123 119 95

-20.17

206 200 154

-23.00

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

While there has been a slight decrease in IMR during 2005 as compared to 2002, there is a significant

decrease in under five Mortality Rate in 2005 as compared to 2002. By the year 2002, life expectancy

at birth for Tanga Region was 49 and 47 for female and males respectively. The Infant Mortality Rate

and under five Mortality Rate in various districts of Tanga Region for the years 2002 and 2005 are

displayed in Table 4.26.

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Table 4.26: Infant and Under five Mortality Rates, Tanga Region, 2002 and 2005

District IMR/1000

2002

Estimated

IMR/1000

2005

U5MR/1000

2002

Estimated

U5MR/1000

2005

Pangani 105 100 173 140

Muheza* 96 92 158 150

Korogwe *** 115 86 192 184

Tanga 75 73 118 158

Handeni 104 99 172 140

Kilindi 108 105 179 40

Lushoto 91 90 147 23

Regional 98 96 162 140

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 1. Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office. 2. 2002 Population and Housing Census

The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) was found to be varying from year to year in Tanga Region (see

Table 4.27). While the lowest MMR was witnessed in 2001, the highest MMR was observed in the

year 1999. During 2005, Pangani had the highest MMR while Lushoto had the least MMR. During the

year 1999, Muheza had the biggest MMR while Handeni had the least MMR in the Region.

Table 4.27: Maternal Mortality Rate, Tanga Region, 1999 to 2005

Year MMR among reported deliveries, HF + TBA per 100,000 by District Region

Lushoto Korogwe*** Muheza* Tanga Pangani Handeni** Kilindi average

1999 200 300 600 280 300 100 - 300

2000 154.3 139 607 244.6 194.3 114.5 - 245.6

2001 106 84 287 311 225 48 - 170

2002 184 266 633 52 238 112 - 262

2003 186.2 214.8 621.0 391.6 899.0 106.5 - 249.3

2004 58.4 133.3 408.6 444.9 606.1 64.8 - 196.3

2005 58.4 133.3 408.6 444.9 606.1 64.8 - 286.0

Total 947.3 1,270.4 3,565.2 2,169 3,068.5 610.6 0

*Includes Mkinga district

** Contains Kilindi district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

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4.2 EDUCATION SECTOR

The education sector reforms began in 1995. The overall objectives of introducing education reforms

together with other policy initiatives is to ensure growing and equitable access to high quality formal

education and adult literacy through facilities expansion, efficiency gains and quality improvement,

accompanied with efficient supply and use of resources. Therefore in early 1997 the Tanzania

Government developed a Basic Education Master Plan (BEMP) to guide development in basic

education provision. In response to the Local Government Reforms agenda, an action plan for

transferring responsibility to local school committees has been prepared (refer local Government

Reform Act of 1998).

Tanga Region education sector is structured into Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

education levels. This profiling will only stipulate the data for the first three. In all these levels, efforts

have been made to improve both access and quality. Statistics show that, enrolment rate for standard

one in most Tanga districts is increasing yearly. This is associated with the introduction of Primary

Education Development planning (PEDEP).

4.2.1 Pre-School Education

According to the Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania 2006, the enrolment into pre-primary school

in Tanga Region is dominated by the government as it is about four times of the enrolment in the

private pre-primary schools. Table 4.28 shows the total enrolment into Pre-Primary school with

respect to age and sex in Tanga Region.

4.28 Total Enrolment in Pre-Primary Education by Age, Sex and Region, Tanga Region, 2006 Category Under 5 years 5 years 6 years Total

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Both Govt

Non-Govt. Pre-

Primary 679 663 1,342 8,252 8,094 16,346 12,118 12,626 24,744 21,049 21,383 42,432

Govt. Pre-

Primary 383 385 768 7,557 7,621 15,178 6,078 6,755 12,833 14,018 14,761 28,779

Non-Govt. Pre-

Primary 186 163 349 285 112 397 2 5 7 473 280 753

For the Government and Non government schools the data are only for first year.

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

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Fig.24:Enrollment of Pre- Primary school by

sex in the region in 2006

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Govt. Pre-

Primary

Non-Govt. Pre-

Primary

Nature of Pre-school

Percentage of

enrollment

Girls

Boys

The above table presents the data for total enrollment in pre-primary Schools in Tanga Region. The

majority of the children are enrolled in government owned schools as compared to non government

ownership (Table 4.29). The sex ratio in these schools is revealed to be almost equally proportional.

As shown in the same table, pre-primary schools have been on the increase in Tanga Region.

Table 4.29: Distribution of Pre-Schools by Ownership and Enrolment in the Region by District

Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2006

Centers

Pupils Centers Pupils Centers Pupils

District Name

Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr Pu Pr

Pangani 15 0 57 0 16 0 1,190 0 21 1 754 110

Muheza* 73 0 0 0 151 0 5,516 0 167 3 5,314 332

Korogwe *** 31 0 0 0 31 0 30 0 28 0 138 0

Tanga 16 9 433 113 38 9 575 237 76 14 2,320 905

Handeni 92 1 4,252 0

Kilindi

73 0

ND

0

73 0 ND

0 84 0 3,725 0

Lushoto 97 0 9,111 0 188 0 12,041 0 228 1 16,024 0

Total 305 9 9,601 113 497 9 19,352 237 696 20 32,527 1,347

Pu-Public, Pr-Private, ND-No Data

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

In urban areas, most of the children enrolled in primary education have gone through pre primary

education as compared to the rural areas. Although they are still few in numbers, their contribution in

complementing primary education is significant.

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Table 4.30: Distribution of Primary Schools by Ownership in the Region by District 1998, 2002 and 2006

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 District Name:

Pubic Private Public Private Public Private

Pangani 25 0

27 1 30 1

Muheza* 151 0 151 0 167 3

Korogwe *** 141 0 144 1 158 2

Tanga 63 0 65 8 77 14

Handeni 0 127 0

Kilindi

120

0

151

0

84 0

Lushoto 184 0 206 151 232 0

TOTAL 684 0 744 161 875 20

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006.

4.2.2 Primary Education

Tanzania's success in getting many more children into the schools is seen in many of her Regions

including Tanga Region. Mainly these successes are noticed in Primary school education, where

enrolment was stuck at around 50 per cent for several years. Abolition of school fees from 2001 has

resulted in an increase in the number of children enrolled in primary school from 4.4 million in 2000

to 7.5 million in 2005. Countries wise, more than 95 % of children aged 7 to 13 are now enrolled in

primary schools. Tanga Region has 880 primary schools being an improvement as the number has

increased from 727. Table 4.31 displays the distribution of primary schools among the population and

villages and districts by the year 2006.

Table 4.31: Distribution of Primary Schools among the Population and the Villages, by District Tanga Region, 2006

District Estimated

Population

2006

Number of

Primary

Schools

Average

Population Per

School

Number of

Villages

Average Number of

School per Village

Pangani 45,885 31 1,480 33 0.9

Muheza* 294,326 170 1,731 175 1.0

Korogwe*** 272,956 159 1,717 135 1.2

Tanga 261,613 91 767 23 4.0

Handeni 280,927 127 2,103 176 1.1

Kilindi 165,005 84 648 64 1.3

Lushoto 437,379 218 2,006 162 1.3

Total

1,758,091 880 1,638 714 1.3

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

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Fig.25:Distribution of Primary Schools per

District in the Region,2006

31, 4%

170, 19%

159, 18%

91, 10%127, 14%

84, 10%

218, 25% Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

As shown in Table 4.32, there has been an improvement with regards to the average population per

school. During 2001 and 2006, the average population per school was 2226 and 1997 respectively.

Table 4.32: Trend in Average Population per Primary School, Tanga Region, 2001, 2003 – 2006

Years Estimated

Population

Number of

Primary Schools

Average Population per

School

2001 1,618,632 727 2,226 2003 1,665,733 746 2,233 2004 1,695,716 823 2,060 2005 1,726,239 855 2,019

2006 1,758,091 880 1,997

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

4.2.2.1 Primary School Enrolment

Table 4.33, shows that pupils enrolment into primary schools was 226,215, 420,132 and 427,934 in

1995, 2005 and 2006 respectively. This leads to an average of 244 pupils per 1000 population for year

2006. Pangani and Lushoto districts, the least and most populated district in the Region have been the

one with lowest and highest enrolment in the Region respectively.

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Table 4: 33 Total Enrolments in Public Primary School in the Region by Sex and District

Year 1995 Year 2003 Year 2006 District

Name Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

Pangani 3,311 3,149 4,717 4,658 5,298 5,162

Muheza* 19,339 18,425 36,281 32,842 39,544 35,481

Korogwe*** 19,618 19,917 29,960 28,579 28,016 26,419

Tanga 16,719 16,481 24,498 23,677 30,394 29,965

Handeni** 19,687** 16836** 36,185** 3,211** 32,523 28,964

Kilindi NA NA NA NA 16,698 15,085

Lushoto 39,218 33515 52,055 104,073 66,946 67,439

Total 117,892 108,323 219,881 200,251 219,419 208,515

* Includes Mkinga district

** Both Handeni + Kilindi *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

Fig.26:Enrollment of Students in Government

primary schools by District in 2006

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe***

Tanga

Handeni**

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Students

Boys

Girls

The total enrollment ratio has been increasing by 53.72 percent and 51.95 percent for boys and girls

respectively. During 1995, the enrollment per year was (117892 boys, 108323 girls) and during the

year 2006 the enrolment ratio was 219,419 boys and 208,515 girls. The population group aged 7 years

to 13 years is the primary school age population. Table 4.34 gives the proportion and the number of

this group in Tanga Region by districts as given by the 2002 population census. This is an important

factor to be considered whenever planning for any improvement of primary education infrastructure.

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On average, there population aged 7 to 13 years old constitutes 18.9 % of the total population in Tanga

Region.

Table 4.34: Distribution of 7 to 13 years olds by District and by Sex, Tanga Region 2002

Seven to Thirteen year olds

District

Total 2002

Population Number Percentage of Total

Population

Pangani 43,920 7929 18.1

Muheza* 278,405 52788 19.0

Tanga 242,640 21664 8.9

Handeni 248,633 54445 21.9

Kilindi 143,792 28432 19.8

Korogwe *** 260,238 49871 19.2

Lushoto 418,652 94773 22.6

Total 1,636,280 309,902 18.9

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

In the year 2002 Population Census, 3.2% of the Tanga Region population was 7 years of age. This

population is of children who were principally meant to be enrolled into standard one during the same

year. During 2006, the actual number of pupils who were enrolled into STD I were 75859 while the

proportion of 7 years old age population was estimated to be 58870 (3.37 %) of the Tanga Region

population. This shows that the enrollment exceeded the target. While Table 4.41 shows the

distribution of seven years olds in the population, Table 4.35 shows the population aged 7 to 13 years

old for the year 2002 and 2006.

Table 4.35: Distribution of Seven year olds in the population, by District and Sex,

Tanga Region 2002 and 2006 projections

District Population

2002

Number of

seven year olds

2002

Estimated

population

2006

Number of

seven year olds

2006

Pangani 43,920 1,337 45,885 1,415

Muheza* 278,405 8,507 294,326 12,853

Korogwe *** 260,238 7,919 272,956 7,442

Tanga 242,640 6,725 261,613 7,667

Handeni 248,633 8,403 280,927 9,025

Kilindi 143,792 5,160 165,005 5,336

Lushoto 418,652 14,484 437,379 15,132

Total 1,636,280 52,535 1,758,091 58,870

* Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

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Table 4.36: Estimated Distribution of Children of 7-13 Years in the Population, by District an in

The Region 2002 and 2006

District Population

2002

Number of 7 – 13

year olds 2002

Estimated

population 2006

Number of

7 – 13 year olds

2006

Pangani 43,920 7,928 45,885 8,891

Muheza* 278,405 52,788 294,326 75,025

Korogwe *** 260,238 49,871 272,956 52,308

Tanga 242,640 21,664 261,613 24,697

Handeni 248,633 54,445 280,927 58,472

Kilindi 143,792 28,432 165,005 30,535

Lushoto 418,652 9,773 437,379 99,012

Total 1,636,280 309,901 1,758,091 348,940 *Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

It is from the seven years old age group that recruitment into primary Schools is usually done.

However, enrolment above target indicates that enrolment to standard one involves those below 7

years age or from above 7 years old age groups. Such estimate is therefore necessary in planning

primary school education.

Population growth reflects to itself to the society involved. For instance, the number of pupils enrolled

in standard one has been increasing year after year reflecting population growth. Table 4.36 shows

standard one enrolment for the year 2001, 2002 and 2006. Table 4.37 shows the total enrollment for

primary schools in the district of Tanga Region. Table 4.38 shows number of pupils by district, school

and village in the year 2006.

Table 4.37: STD One Enrolment in Public Primary Schools by Sex and District 2001, 2002 and 2006

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2006 District

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

Pangani 719 878 879 893 738 772

Muheza* 3,654 3,657 9,068 84,954 6,176 6,236

Korogwe *** 3,366 3,328 9,291 8,691 4,420 4,152

Tanga 2,673 2,719 6,261 5,877 3,919 3,728

Handeni 7,130 6,494

Kilindi

6,912

6,214

9,395 8,480 3,977 3,747

Lushoto 8,601 7,426 15,093 14,903 10,911 10,614

TOTAL 25,206 24,222 49,987 123,798 37,271 35,743

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Table 4.37: Enrolment of STD I to VI Pupils by District and by Sex, Tanga Region, 2006

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Table 4.38: Distribution of Pupils by District, by School and by Village, Tanga Region, 2006

District Number

of School

Number of Village Total Number

of Pupils

Number of

Pupils per

School

Number of

Pupils per

Village

Pangani 31 33 10,628 343 322

Muheza* 167 175 75,023 449 429

Korogwe *** 131 129 54,435 416 422

Tanga 91 23 village + 60 streets 54,359 597 655

Handeni 127 117 61,487 482 549

Kilindi 84 64 31,783 378 497

Lushoto 232 176 131,899 568 749

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office, 2006

Considering the trend of pupils per 1000 population, there has been a gradual increment of number of

students per 1000 units of population. During 2001 and 2006 the number of pupils per 1000

populations was 150 and 247 respectively. The trend resulted from facilitation efforts of centralizing

the education sector and facilitating all non government efforts.

Table 4.39: Distribution Trend of Pupils in the Population, Tanga Region 2001, 2003 to 2006

Years 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006

Estimated Total population 1,568,632 1,665,733 1,695,716 1,726,239 1,758,091

Total Number of Pupils enrolled 242,702 357,581 387,514 407,841 434,856

Pupils per 1000 Population 150 215 229 236 247

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST), 2006

Pupils Enrolled District

Boy Girls Total

Enrolment Sex ratio

Boys: Girls

Pangani 4,790 4,656 9,446 1 : 0.97

Muheza* 39,544 35,481 75,025 1 : 0.89

Korogwe *** 25,753 24,276 50,029 1 : 0.94

Tanga 26,332 26,891 53,223 1 : 0.98

Handeni 30,416 27,094 57,510 1 : 0.89

Kilindi 15,836 14,365 30,201 1 : 0.97

Lushoto 66,946 64,953 131,899 1 : 0.97

Total 209,617 197,716 407,333 1 : 0.97

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4.2.2.2 Primary School Dropouts

Scrutinising the primary school dropout from 2001 to 2006 (shown in Table 4.47), the data indicate

the trend of school dropouts falling from year to year. During 2001 the dropouts were 4,329, thereafter

dropped to 1673 by 2006, being a drop of 159 %. Truancy was seen to lead as the main reason for

pupil’s dropping out of school. In every year there were more boys dropping out of school than girls.

Table 4.40: Pupils Drop Outs in the Region by Reason and Sex, 2001-2006

Sex Year Reason

Boys Girls

Total

Death 56 44 100

Lack of school needs 0 0 0

illness 49 48 97

Parent/Guardian illness 0 0 0

Pregnancy 0 106 106

Truancy 2,145 1,881 4,026

2001

Total 2,250 2,079 4,329

Death 95 82 177

Lack of school needs 0 0 0

illness 158 124 282

Parent/Guardian illness 0 0 0

Pregnancy 0 101 101

Truancy 1,302 1,155 2,457

2003

Total 1,555 1,462 3,017

Death 98 113 211

Lack of school needs 0 0 0

illness 0 0 0

Parent/Guardian illness 74 85 159

Pregnancy 0 152 152

Truancy 681 470 1151

2004

Total 853 820 1673

Death 83 76 159

Lack of school needs 80 71 151

illness 80 71 151

Parent/Guardian illness 80 71 151

Pregnancy 0 230 230

Truancy 660 409 1,069

2005

Total 823 786 1,609

Death 115 87 202

Lack of school needs 22 20 42

illness 34 33 67

Parent/Guardian illness 1 2 3

Pregnancy 0 295 295

Truancy 592 472 1,064

2006

Total 764 909 1,673

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioner’s Office.

Pregnancy has been the leading reason for dropouts across the districts among girls in primary school.

Other reasons includes; death, lack of school needs, and illness, parent/guardian illness.

4.2.2.3 Primary School Leaving Examinations

In Tanga Region, the primary school leaving examination performance has gradually been increasing

yearly. However, as compared to other Regions, the Regional rank has been falling as compared with

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other Regions. The number of candidates who sat for the final exam also has been increasing as the

percent of those who passed the examination increases too. During 2000, 21837 candidates sat for the

examination and only 22.98 percent of all candidates passed. During 2006 candidates who sat for the

examination increased to 33,706 and 69.97 % among these passed the examination.Out of these who

passed the examinations,a total of 21,791 (92.39 percent) students were selected to join Form One in

various Government schools (see table 4.41 below).

Table 4.41: Primary school leaving Exam Results and Grades Tanga Region, 2005

Year Sex A B C D E %Total Total %

Passed

(A+B+C)

Total

%

Failed

(D+E)

Candidate

Sat

Rank

M 0.13 6.07 22.82 47.82 23.17 100 29.01 70.99 10379 15

F 0.01 2.33 15.18 50.31 32.17 100 17.52 82.48 11458

2000

T 0.06 4.11 18.81 49.13 27.89 100 22.98 77.02 21837 15

M 0.10 7.47 23.33 50.11 18.99 100 30.90 69.10 10485

F 0.01 3.44 13.73 54.47 28.35 100 17.18 82.82 11625

2002

T 0.05 5.35 18.28 52.40 23.91 100 23.69 76.31 22110

M 0.06 11.25 27.96 47.57 13.16 100 39.27 60.73 11703 18

F 0.02 6.53 20.84 55.21 17.41 100 27.38 72.62 12745

2003

T 0.04 8.79 24.25 51.55 15.38 100 33.03 66.93 24448

M 0.11 14.58 34.46 43.54 7.31 100 49.15 50.85 11994

F 0.04 8.67 29.77 51.22 10.30 100 38.48 61.52 12289 17

2004

T 0.07 11.59 32.08 47.42 8.83 100 43.75 56.25 24283

M 0.05 17.05 48.31 31.44 3.15 100 65.41 34.59 11666

F 0.02 11.98 43.24 39.84 4.93 100 55.24 44.76 11472

2005

T 0.03 14.53 45.80 35.60 4.03 100 60.37 39.63 23138

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST 2001-2006) Regional Data

The gradual increase of the performance of Primary school leaving examination is an obvious

implication that there is need for increased places in the secondary schools to be able to absorb

increased numbers of pupils who complete and pass Standard VII examinations.

Table 4.42: Number of students sat for STD VII examinations and selected to join Form One by sex and

District, Tanga region 2006

SAT FOR STD VII

EXAMS

PASSED STD VII

EXAMINATIONS

SELECTED TO JOIN

FORM ONE

NOT SELECTED

FOR FORM ONE

% to

form

One

DISTRICT

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total

HANDENI 1886 1747 3633 1,466 1,130 2,596 1,466 1,130 2,596 0 0 0 100

KILINDI 815 730 1,545 641 509 1,150 641 509 1,150 0 0 0 100

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KOROGWE

TOWN

COUNCIL

623 605 1,228 562 539 1,101 445 441 886 117 98 215 80.5

KOROGWE

DISTRICT

COUNCIL

2,190 2,097 4,287 1,778 1,614 3,392 1,511 1,498 3,009 267 116 383 88.7

LUSHOTO 4,706 5,260 9,966 3,054 3,105 6,159 3,053 3,105 6,158 1 0 1 99.98

MUHEZA 1,945 1,917 3,862 1,534 1,492 3,026 1,342 1,328 2,670 192 164 356 88.2

MKINGA 1,205 999 2,204 936 732 1,668 722 720 1,442 214 12 226 86.45

PANGANI 566 575 1,141 386 327 713 329 326 655 57 1 58 91.9

TANGA 2,971 2,869 5,840 2,197 1,584 3,781 1,749 1,476 3,225 448 108 556 89.0

TOTAL 16,907 16,799 33,706 12,554 11,032 23,586 11,258 10,533 21,791 1,296 499 1,795 92.39

From Table 4.42 above it is very clear that Handeni and Kilindi districts were number one in sending

all (i.e 100 percent) students to form one (Secondary schools) followed by Lushoto (99.98 percent),

Pangani (91.9 percent), Tanga (89.0 percent), Korogwe District Council (88.7 percent), Muheza (88.2

percent), Mkinga (86.45 percent) and the last was Korogwe Town Council with 80.5 percent of

students who passed the std VII exams joining secondary schools.It is also seen that only 1,795 (7.61

percent of all who passed exams) students who passed std VII exams didn’t get chances to join Form

One.

4.2.2.4 Primary School Facilities

Inadequacy in education facilities is a national issue that has received national attention. For primary

school education, classrooms, school toilets, water tanks, teachers houses, desks, tables, cupboards,

chairs, text books and other learning and teaching materials are highly needed as their supply are in

shortfall. Accordingly, the government has called for concerted efforts among stakeholders to build

more secondary schools. At community level, there is widely felt need for assistance in terms of

personnel, budget allocation, infrastructure, teaching and leaning materials. Tanga Region School

facilities data information at Regional and district level are provided in the Table 4.43.

Table 4.43: Status of Primary School Facilities in the Region by District 1998, 2002 and 2006

Year 1998 Year 2002 Year 2006 District

Name/Facility

Required Actual Required Actual Required Actual

School

Pangani 27 25 35 28 42 31

Muheza* 216 150 231 151 246 167

Korogwe *** 161 142 234 145 268 160

Tanga 67 65 67 65 96 91

Lushoto 194 184 206 206 237 232

Handeni 179 120 239 153 136 127

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Kilindi 89 84

Classrooms

Pangani 203 167 240 172 292 213

Muheza* 912 611 1,623 784 1,726 926

Korogwe *** 677 600 790 778 1,360 791

Tanga 731 497 1,066 619 1,336 792

Handeni

Kilindi

856 571 1673 616 1775 862

Lushoto 1,525 1,193 2,980 1,193 3,141 1,964

Toilet Holes

Pangani 296 71 409 103 469 274

Muheza* 1,564 397 3,363 422 3,643 432

Korogwe *** 1493 396 1,741 1,096 2,363 1,259

Tanga 1254 429 2,019 631 2,375 1,133

Handeni 2,867 1,027

Kilindi

1430 442 2,217 396

1,474 634

Lushoto 2,678 2,124 3,832 2,195 5,651 3,120

Teacher’s

Houses

Pangani 276 41 278 50 295 64

Muheza* 1208 115 1579 105 1746 215

Korogwe *** 1,307 126 1,307 138 1447 196

Tanga 713 4 1,058 40 1,058 42

Handeni 1,570 195

Kilindi

1,108 223 1,403 133 799 111

Lushoto 1,650 104 2,662 153 3,141 280

Teacher’s

Offices

Pangani 54 13 55 24 60 31

Muheza* 300 214 362 150 529 167

Korogwe *** 143 53 157 53 269 169

Tanga 138 79 165 102 205 110

Handeni 408 188

Kilindi NA 166 83

201 120

Lushoto 368 225 374 293 464 330

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

In all districts, there are shortfalls of primary school facilities notably, the number of classrooms,

desks, toilets and teachers’ houses. In most cases, the number of teachers is small compared to the

number of students. This is below the National Education Policy recommendation of ratios of 1

teacher to 40 pupils, two pupils per desk and 15 – 25 boys per toilet hole or 10 girls per toilet hole.

Table 4.44 displays the primary school facilities for both Government and Private primary schools

respectively.

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Table 4.44: Permanent Buildings/Furnitures in Government and Non-government Primary

Schools, Tanga Region, 2006

Government Private Total Type of

building /

furniture Actual Required Shortage Actual Required Shortage Actual Required Shortage

Staff houses 1,035 1,0561 9,526 2 123 121 1,037 10,684 9,647

Staffrooms 1,194 1,968 774 27 40 13 1,221 2,008 787

Stores 547 1507 960 22 31 9 569 1,538 969

Toilets 8,374 17,232 8,858 180 161 -19 8,554 17,393 8,839

Classrooms 5,745 10,404 4,659 130 130 0 5,875 10,534 4,659

Cupboards 5,008 14,056 9,048 57 124 67 5,065 14180 9,115

Desks 134,816 182,960 48,144 1,817 1,864 47 136,633 184,824 48,191

Tables 10,482 21,090 10,608 1,017 1,078 61 11,499 22,168 10,669

Chairs 11,915 20,629 8,714 1,535 1,488 -47 13,450 22,117 8,667

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data

General Regional data for school facilities are as presented in the data above showing a great number

of short falls in each facility, implying a need of great efforts to minimize the number of shortfalls so

as to achieve quality education. It could be noticed that there has been an increase of enrolment of

pupils to primary schools which is not proportionally with the increase of facilities.

Generally, inTanzania mainland Tanga Region ranked 16th in terms of having many number of streams

(11950) in government primary schools as compared to other Regions. Lindi rank the last Region by

having very few streams (3816). Only Mwanza, Mbeya, Shinyanga, Kilimanjaro and Iringa have more

streams in primary school (see Table 4.45).

Table 4.45: Number of Streams by Grade and Region in Govt Primary Schools, 2005

NUMBER OF STREAMS Region

I II III IV V VI VII Total Rank

Lindi 703 615 612 676 475 393 342 3816 1

Pwani 907 945 923 1010 741 606 445 5577 2

Manyara 1071 1070 1116 1108 747 494 410 6016 3

Mtwara 1164 1096 1073 1069 778 782 570 6532 4

Arusha 1148 1110 1153 1199 764 692 586 6652 5

Rukwa 1384 1188 1167 1521 783 469 399 6891 6

Mara 1074 1158 1291 1639 938 791 655 7548 7

Tabora 1740 1342 1337 1430 780 663 538 7830 8

Dodoma 1834 1459 1356 1244 947 971 586 8397 9

Kigoma 1480 1421 1630 1734 1041 786 445 8537 10

Ruvuma 1221 1412 1445 1934 1185 918 712 8827 11

Singida 913 1022 1085 1148 867 785 624 9424 12

Morogoro 1758 1595 1619 1668 1148 1078 782 9628 13

D’Slaam 1481 1522 1623 1829 1617 1211 918 10201 14

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Kagera 2486 2242 2084 2096 1081 908 820 11717 15

Tanga 2098 2136 2188 2127 1389 1176 836 11950 16

Iringa 2224 2162 2157 2229 1672 1477 1191 13112 17

K’njaro 1777 1977 2182 2292 1773 1783 1402 13166 18

Shinyanga 2364 2327 2364 2477 1604 1248 887 13271 19

Mbeya 2368 2607 2271 2246 1357 1376 1383 13608 20

Mwanza 2950 2900 3104 3671 1998 1777 1352 17842 21

Grand

Total

34145 33396 33780 36347 23665 20344 15363 197540

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2005(BEST); Regional Data

Regional wise, Tanga Region in 2005 had the average of 47 students per one stream. Handeni and

Kilindi have the least number of students per stream (36 streams). Muheza had an average of 45

students per stream (see Table 4.46).

Table 4:46: Distribution of Pupils among Streams by District Tanga Region, 2005

District Number of

streams 2005

Total Pupils

Enrolment 2005

Average Pupils

per Stream

Pangani 263 10460 40

Muheza* 1667 75025 45

Korogwe *** 1350 54435 40

Tanga 1411 60390 43

Handeni 1732 61487 36

Kilindi 873 31783 36

Lushoto 2856 114261 40

Total 10,152 407,841 40

* Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Regional Commissioner’s Office, Tanga, 2006

4.2.2.5 Primary School Teachers

Teachers along with the classrooms are the two most important pre-requisites for good primary

education. Between 2001 and 2006 there was an upgrading of teachers quality required for primary

schools. As compared to 2005, there were significant increase graduate teachers in 2006.

Table 4.47: Teaching Staffs by year, sex and Qualification 2001, 2003 -2006

GRADE B/C GRADE A DIPLOMA DEGREE TOTAL Year

M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T

2001 2773 2822 5595 1355 1313 2668 54 14 68 0 0 0 4182 4149 8331

2003 2867 3054 5291 1435 1495 2930 72 27 99 0 0 0 4374 4576 8950

2004 1485 1605 3090 1591 1762 3353 82 30 112 0 0 0 3158 3397 6555

2005 1383 1506 2889 2007 2432 4439 91 44 135 10 5 15 3481 3982 7463

2006 1351 1430 2781 2265 2831 5096 1 2 3 95 39 134 3712 4302 8014

Total 9859 10417 19646 8653 9833 18486 300 117 417 105 44 149 3712 4302 8014

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006 (BEST); Regional Data

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Table 4.48 shows the distribution of primary school teachers and teachers’ house by Region for

Tanzania Mainland. Assessing houses available to teachers, there has been the ratio of 10 teachers per

one house in Tanga Region indicating a non conducive environment to teachers in the Region.

Table 4:48: Distribution of Primary School Teachers and Teachers’ House by Region,

Tanzania Mainland, 2005

Region Number of

Teachers

Number of

Teachers’ House

Teachers per

House

Ranking

Iringa 7720 3425 2 1

Manyara 4017 1322 3 2

Mbeya 9139 3544 3 3

Rukwa 4112 1531 3 4

Singida 4134 1316 3 5

Lindi 2921 707 4 6

Mara 6549 1569 4 7

Mtwara 4586 1055 4 8

Pwani 4238 1139 4 9

Ruvuma 6500 1731 4 10

Arusha 5997 1309 5 11

Kigoma 4876 1073 5 12

Morogoro 7089 1425 5 13

Dodoma 6437 1002 6 14

Mwanza 10754 1733 6 15

Shinyanga 8788 1590 6 16

Kagera 7566 1061 7 17

Tabora 4691 647 7 18

Tanga 7478 786 10 19

Dar es salaam 9267 749 12 20

Kilimanjaro 8171 696 12 21

Total 135013 29410 5 (AV.)

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data

Tanga Region ranks number nineteen in making available housing for teachers. Iringa rank the first by

having two teachers per house, followed by Manyara having three teachers per house. Kilimanjaro and

Dar es Salaam ranks twenty and twenty one respectively in the country by having twelve teachers per

house ratio.

4.2.3 Secondary Schools Education

Primary education in Tanzania education structure is an elementary stage, followed by secondary

education. All strategies to improve secondary education are to focus on the millennium development

goals and Tanzania vision 2025. Each Region has been striving to ensure that it organizes all her

resources and stakeholders to increase the number of student selected to join secondary school

education each year. However, the demand for secondary school is still pressing in Tanga Region as it

has only 131 secondary schools with 739 streams compared to 877 primary schools with 10765

streams for both Non-government and government schools.

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4.49: Number of Schools and Streams in Govt. and Non-Government Sec. – Tanga Region

Streams

Category No. of

schools Form

I

Form

II

Form

III

Form IV Form V Form VI Total

Govt. Sec. School 99 162 163 74 76 15 16 506

Non-Govt. Sec.

School

32 61 60 51 50 6 5 233

Total 131 223 223 125 126 21 21 739

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006 (BEST); Regional Data

Table 4.49 displays the enrolment by sex and level / grade in both government and non government

schools in Tanga Region.

Table 4.50: Enrolment by Sex and Level/Grade in Govt and Non-Govt Sec. Tanga Region 2006

Form I Form II Form III Form IV Form V Form VI Form V-

IV

Form V-

VI

Form I - VI

Categor

y B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G B G B G T

Got Sec

(2006)

6550

6480

13030

4976

5065

10041

2380

1859

4239

1435

1048

2483

708

252

960

272

151

423

15341

14452

980

403

16321

14855

12470

Non-

Govt.

Sec.

(2006) 598

793

1391

720

853

1573

549

644

1193

461

552

1013

130

210

340

103

151

254

2328

- 233

361

2561

3203

5764

Govt.

Sec

(2001) 1458

1340

2798

1380

1299

2679

993

777

1770

966

918

1884

275

121

396

287

144

431

4792

4334

562

265

5359

4599

18234

Non-

Govt

(2001) 754

948

1702

789

760

1549

653

659

1312

462

524

986

70

130

200

131

192

323

2658

2891

201

322

2859

3213

6072

Key : B = boys, G = girls, T = total

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data

The Tanga Region data shows that the enrolment into secondary school education has increased

rapidly from 16030 year 2001 to 36940 year 2006, this being a 43.39%. The enrolment to both sex has

been improved by 43.52% and 43.26% to boys and girls respectively.

The comparison of number of pupils enrolled into form one secondary school is 13,030 in government

secondary schools and 1,391 for non-government secondary schools, leading to a total of 14,421

students in the year 2006. Recollecting the data of pupils who sat for STD VII leaving examination

which was 23, 138 pupils, implies that there are no opportunities for all students who sat for STD VII

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leaving examination to enroll into form one in secondary education. That is to say efforts are to be

made to improve and increase the number of secondary schools.

In Tanga Region, the student per teacher ratio was observed to be 34 and 15 for private and public

schools respectively (see Table 4:51). The number of students per stream has been 50 for Tanga

Region as well.

Table 4.51: Status of Secondary Schools, Tanga Region 2006 Form I – VI

Public Private Total Number of School Sex

99 32 131

Boys 16,321 2,561 18,882

Girls 14,855 3,203 18,058

Total Number

Student Total 31,176 5,764 36,940

Number of Streams 506 233 739

Number of Teachers 922 397 1,319

Students per School 315 180 495

Students per Streams 62 25 50

Students per Teachers 34 15 28

Enrolment Sex Ratio - - -

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data

There is an improvement of qualified teachers across years. Comparing the number of graduate

teachers between 2001 and 2006 there has been an increase of 58.2 % (see Table 4.52). Recalling the

increase of secondary schools and number of streams in existing secondary schools, there is a need for

the rate to increase even more to cope with the current situation.

Table 4.52 Secondary School Teachers by Qualification and Year, Sex Tanga Region 2006

Govt Non - Govt Total Year Teacher’s

Qualifications M F T M F T M F T

BSc. (Ed) 22 6 28 16 5 21 38 11 49

BA (Ed) 17 4 21 26 7 33 43 11 54

Dip. Science 114 54 168 64 18 82 178 72 250

Dip. Arts 121 85 206 69 33 102 190 118 308

Grade A 13 7 20 2 1 3 15 8 23

2001

Others 18 5 23 31 4 35 49 9 58

BSc. (Ed) 24 4 28 14 3 17 38 7 45

BA (Ed) 20 7 27 29 4 33 49 11 60

Dip. Science 151 63 214 47 12 59 198 75 273

Dip. Arts 135 134 269 73 27 100 208 161 369

Grade A 12 7 19 9 6 15 21 13 34

2003

Others 14 3 17 51 8 59 65 11 76

BSc. (Ed) 18 6 24 22 3 25 40 9 49

BA (Ed) 26 6 32 33 6 39 59 12 71

Dip. Science 189 76 265 43 16 59 232 92 324

2004

Dip. Arts 186 178 364 73 27 100 259 205 464

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Grade A 10 6 16 9 5 14 19 11 30

Others 20 6 26 73 16 89 93 22 115

BSc. (Ed) 29 8 37 23 4 27 52 12 64

BA (Ed) 24 4 28 26 8 34 50 12 62

Dip. Science 180 93 273 68 16 84 248 109 357

Dip. Arts 236 212 448 78 32 110 314 244 558

Grade A 11 26 37 7 2 9 18 28 46

2005

Others 25 8 33 81 17 98 106 25 131

BSc. (Ed) 38 12 50 31 3 34 69 15 84

BA (Ed) 34 14 48 36 9 45 70 23 93

Dip. Science 175 89 264 50 12 62 225 101 326

Dip. Arts 246 227 473 60 139 199 306 366 672

Grade A 15 9 24 9 4 13 24 13 37

2006

Others 47 16 63 34 10 44 81 26 107

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data

Like it was in primary schools, the main reason for secondary school dropouts in Tanga Region is

truancy. Pregnancy has been the second most important reason for dropout in secondary schools in

Tanga (See Table 4.53).

Table 4.53: Dropout by Sex, Form, Reason and year 2001 – 2006 Tanga Region

Form I Form II Form III Form IV Form V Form VI Total

Reason B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T B G T Death 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lack of

School needs

2 2 4 10 2 12 7 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 9 28

Illness 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3

Pregnancy 0 18 18 0 24 24 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 46 46

Truancy 25 16 41 67 91 15

8

22 1

3

35 9 4 1

3

0 0 0 0 0 0 12

3

124 247

Others 7 2 9 18 32 50 13 7 20 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 38 45 83

Source: Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania, 2006(BEST); Regional Data

4.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

4.3.1 Water Supply

Tanga Region has different types of water supply sources including charco dam, springs, rivers,

shallow wells and boreholes. As shown in Table 4.54, shallow wells are the leading water source in

Tanga Region.

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Table 4.54: Number of Rural Water Schemes in the Region by District, 2006 Charco Dam Spring Shallow Well Rainwater

Harvest

Bore holes District Name

W NW W NW W NW W NW W NW

Pangani 0 0 6 0 16 5 0 0 7 1

Muheza 14 1 14 3 267 49 11 0 26 3

Korogwe *** 0 0 23 2 111 60 2 0 11 2

Tanga 0 0 17 0 16 5 0 0 8 0

Handeni 27 4 0 0 40 21 56 0 7 0

Kilindi 8 1 2 1 45 31 0 0 2 1

Lushoto 0 0 62 1 36 39 0 0 0 0

Total 49 6 124 7 531 210 69 0 61 7

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region

Table 4.55 shows the estimated population that is covered by water supply schemes in the Region by

district. It shows that Tanga district is leading with a total estimated coverage of 76 percent of its

population. Korogwe district follows with estimated coverage of 69 percent. Kilindi district is the

least in terms of population supplied with water from existing schemes with only an estimated 27

percent population coverage.

Table 4.55 Rural Water Supply Coverage in the Region by District, 2006

District Name

Estimated Total

Population

Estimated Population

Coverage

% of

Coverage

Pangani 45,885 14,700 32

Muheza* 294,326 161,880 55

Korogwe *** 272,956 188,340 69

Tanga 261,613 198,825 76

Handeni 280,927 162,900 58

Kilindi 165,005 43,690 26

Lushoto 437,379 223,063 51

Total 1,758,091 993,398

56.5

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006

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Fig.27:Rural water Supply coverage in the

region by district,2006

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe ***

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

District

Population

Total Popn

Estimated Popn

Village communities have been involved in the inception, construction and running rural water supply

schemes in various districts of the Region. This is depicted by having the village water committees

and village water funds which are mainly owned and managed by the village / rural committees. Table

4.56 shows the number of village water committees, membership and village water funds in the

Region. It shows that Lushoto district is leading in terms of having a large number of village water

committees and funds. Tanga district is the least in this aspect probably due to its urban nature with

few villages.

Table 4.56 Number of Village Water Committees and Village Water Funds in the Region by

District as at 2006

No

Distict/

Council

Estimated

Population

as at

31.12.2006

Estimated

Population

getting clean

and safe

water

Percentage

of popn

getting water

Number of

Village

Water

Committees(

VWC)

Number of

Village

Water Funds

(VWF)

Revenue

collected from

VWF (TSHs)

1.

MUHEZA

177,947

99,650

56.0

100

80

5,267,000

2.

MKINGA

116,379

61,681

53.0

86

63

3,221,800

3.

LUSHOTO

437,379

223,063

51.0

160

88

10,659,704

4.

KOROGWE

216,152

149,145

69.0

124

67

7,043,171

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5.

KOROGWE

MJI

56,804

39,081

68.8

20

18

4,667,312

6.

HANDENI

280,927

139,615

48.0

86

86

15,076,850

7.

TANGA

Urban

200,353

186,346

93.0

19

19

1,235,700

8.

TANGA

Rural

62,260

53,676

86.2

0

0

0

9.

PANGANI

45,885

30,284

66.0

33

31

5,750,801

10.

KILINDI

165,005

27,705

16.7

22

12

12,200,319

Regional total

1,758,091

1,010,246

57.4

650

464

65,122,657

Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region, 2006

Table 4.57 shows the households’ main source of drinking water in the Region as revealed by 2002

Housing and Population Census. It shows that the dominant source of drinking water supply in the

Region is piped water and the least source is rain water. Tanga district is leading in terms of household

using piped water as the main source. Pangani and Kilindi districts are the least in this aspect.

Table 4.57 Households’ Main Source of Drinking Water by District in the Region 2002

Main source of

Energy for

looking

Pangani Tanga Korogwe*** Muheza* Lushoto Handeni Kilindi Total

Piped water 5,188 45,692 17,972 11,358 20,521 17,822 4,891 123,444

Protected Well 701 2,048 9,123 5,805 5,700 3,975 2,597 29,949

Unprotected well 2,324 4,953 7,447 24,010 3,679 22,381 7,996 72,789

Protected Spring 1,511 40 5,586 2,946 16,249 172 1,037 27,540

Unprotected

spring

417 124 4,396 1,826 15,483 220 3,233 25,699

River/Stream 1,025 798 14,438 13,884 29,372 4,217 6,687 70,420

Pond/Dam 240 94 53 1,747 554 3,756 3,392 9,836

Lake 22 - 7 730 - 44 - 802

Rain water 5 5 18 26 12 232 - 298

Water vendors 1 116 221 589 13 192 - 1,131

Total 11,434 53,870 59,261 62,921 91,583 53,011 29,833 361,908

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Tanzania

4.3.2 Sanitation

Sanitation is the best indicator of environmental health awareness and development in both rural and

urban settings. Table 4.58 shows the households’ types of toilet facility by district in the Region. It

shows that traditional pit-latrines are the main toilet facility in the Region. Flush toilets are mainly

found in Tanga and Korogwe districts.

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Table 4.58 Households’ Types of Toilet Facility by District in the Region

Type of Toilet

Facility

Pangani Tanga Korogwe*** Lushoto Muheza

*

Handeni Kilindi Total

Flush toilet 713 10,870 3,338 884 732 234 185 16,955

Traditional Pit-

Latrine

7,693 36,659 52,805 84,278 50,350 43,802 21,878 297,464

Ventilated Pit-

Latrine

305 455 567 2,286 472 2,412 174 6,671

Other 3 23 60 - 17 6 257 366

No facility 2,720 5,862 2,491 4,133 11,349 6,555 7,339 40,449

Total 11,434 53,869 59,261 91,582 62,921 53,010 29,833 361,905

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: URT 2002 Population and Housing census volume IV – Tanga Region District

However, the information in the table shows that a significant number of households in the Region

(11.18 percent) had no toilet facilities by the year 2002. This unappealing situation indicates that there

is a need for the Government and other development stakeholders to undertake special initiatives to

rescue this situation which puts the health of the population in the Region at risk.

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SECTION V

OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

5.1 WOMEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION

In 2002, the Population and Housing Census revealed that women formed 51.1 percent of the total

Tanzania Mainland population. In Tanga Region the same census showed that women constituted

about 51.5 % percent of the total population.

Tanga Region is one of the Regions in Tanzania which has continued to empower women through

various initiatives. Women are encouraged to participate in various economic and political activities

including leadership at various levels. Gender equality is also widely advocated for. The Region

supports various policies passed at national level aiming at containing gender discrimination and

exploitation. Women are also encouraged to form economic groups so that they can access credits

from various financial institutions including NGOs.

Furthermore, the district councils in the Region are collaborating with the Government to administer

the Women Development Fund. Table 5.1 shows the number of active women economic groups in the

Region which have benefited from the Women Development Fund.

Table 5.1: Active Women Groups in the Region District, 2006

District Name No. of

Groups

Total

Membership

No. of Group

Loaned

Total Loaned

(Tshs)

Pangani 60 290 60 18,100,00

Muheza* 200 2000 24 3,500,00

Korogwe Town

Council

15 75 8 2,750,000

Korogwe

District Council

58 416 25 7,600,000

Tanga City 476 4897 476 1,339,974,975

Handeni 320 1600 ND ND

Kilindi 30 161 27 4,000,000

Lushoto 88 440 88 24,450,000

Total 1,247 9,879 708 1,378,774,975

* Includes Mkinga district

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners’ Office, 2006.

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5.2 YOUTH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Youth is an economic group which most communities pay attention to its needs. Tanga Region has

shown attention to this group by encouraging them to form economic groups so that they can access

various services including financial credits. Table 5.2 shows the number of economic groups,

membership and the amount loaned to these groups. It shows that there are 292 economic youth

groups in the Region in six districts of the Region with a total of 6,392 members. Working together in

economic groups increase the chances of accessing credit funds by youth groups. In the year 2006,

there were 98 youth groups that have secured loans amounting to Tshs. 19, 996,422/-. While Muheza

district is leading by having more groups, Tanga district is leading in terms of large number of

membership

Table 5.2: Active Youth Economic Group in the Region by District, 2006

District Name No. of Group Total Membership No. of Group Loaned Total Loaned (Tshs)

Pangani 58 288 30 5,940,000

Muheza * 100 900 9 3,500,000

Korogwe

Town Council

12 72 4 1,115,000

Korogwe District

Council

75 675 - -

Tanga 87 4664 44 4,756,422

Handeni 10 50 - -

Kilindi 22 415 - -

Lushoto 15 75 15 5,800,000

Total 379 7,139 102 21,111,422

*Includes Mkinga district Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region, 2006.

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Fig.28:Active Youth Economic groups in the

Region,2006

4%

13%

1%0%

9%

65%

1%6% 1%

Pangani

Muheza *

Korogwe

Town Council

Korogwe District

Council

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

5.3 CO-OPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT

Throughout history, humankind has sought to work together to achieve mutual goals. In many parts of

the world, self-help and primitive co-operation were the foundations of society. In turn,

co-operatives have consequently developed within a vast array of belief systems that have greatly

influenced co-operators and, co-operators around Regions have developed and expressed views of

what is good, desirable and worthy for improving human living conditions especially the low income

earners.

In Tanzania, cooperatives have a long and proud history. Co operatives were particularly strong in the

first decade of independence. Since then, however, the outlook has been less positive. For a time,

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cooperatives became a tool for top-down government policies and were effectively integrated into

state structures. When trade liberalization was introduced in the 1990s, the cooperatives became

unresponsive as they were unprepared for competition from the private sector. At the present Tanzania

cooperatives are re-establishing themselves through member empowerment and increased commercial

viability.

The existence of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) in the Region is among the

factors contributing to development especially for low income families or individual. Most of the

SACCOS members have access to financial services than before. In Tanga Region, almost each

district has a number of SACCOS. Table 5.3 shows the distribution of (SACCOS) in Tanga Region by

districts. It also shows membership, funds and loans loaned to members. As it can be observed, the

number of SACCOS is still very low as compared to the existing population in each district. Tanga

district is leading by having a good number of SACCOS as compared to other districts

Table 5.3: Active SACCOS in the Region by District, 2006

District Name No. of SACCOS Total Membership Total Funds

SACCOS A/C as at

31.11.2006

Total Loaned to

Member (Tshs)

Pangani 11 814 68,778,000 41,016,500

Muheza* 15 1850 301,850,440 411,332,006 Korogwe Town

Council

17 2243 739,262,823 167,049,937

Korogwe District

Council

18 1791 41,487,038 195,645,250

Tanga 36 4233 1,217,733,864 2,032,074,036

Handeni 7 1,587 338,737,050 1,072,293,000

Kilindi 7 920 88,000,000 100,000,000 Lushoto 31 2623 550,892,375 240,500,000

Mkinga 6 986 128,000,000 326,965,000

Total 148 17,047 3,474,741,590 4,586,875,729

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners’ Office, 2006.

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5.4 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS AND COMMUNITY

BASED ORGANISATIONS

Tanga Region as other Regions in Tanzania has had a proliferation of Non Governmental

Organisations (NGOs) over the past forty years or so. Many of these are aimed at providing aids in

the development process of communities. Table 5.4 shows the number of active NGOs, number of

beneficiaries and their types of programmes/activities in the Region by district.

Table 5.4: Active NGO’s in the Region by District, 2006

District Name No. of

Organization

No. of

Beneficiaries Types of Programmes/Activities

Pangani 7 44,000 HIV, Orphans, Youth

Muheza* 15 3,000 HIV/AIDS

Korogwe Town

Council

11 373 Education to Orphans, Education of HIV/AIDS to

community, support to PLWHAs.

Korogwe District

Council

8 Community HIV/AIDS, Environmental Conservation and school

construction

Tanga 69 Community Handeni 25 500 HIV/AIDS, Environmental Conservation, Refugees

Kilindi 1 Community School construction, environment & Health

Lushoto 43 Community Orphanage, Education, and conservation of Natural resource

Total 160

*Includes Mkinga district

Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) and Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) are also operating in

the Region. Table 5.5 shows a number of CBOs in the Region by Districts. It shows that most of the

Fig.29:Active SACCOS in the Region by

District,2006

11, 7%

15, 10%

17, 11%

18, 12%

36, 25%

7, 5%

7, 5%

31, 21%

6, 4%

Pangani

Muheza*

Korogwe Town

Council

Korogwe District

Council

Tanga

Handeni

Kilindi

Lushoto

Mkinga

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programmes performed by the organizations are for empowering low income people mainly for

HIV/AIDs. While Tanga district is leading by having a large number of CBOs, Pangani district is

leading in terms of the number of beneficiaries.

Table 5.5 Active CBO’s in the Region by District, 2006 District

Name

No. of

Organization

No. of

Beneficiaries

Types of Programmes/Actives

Pangani 4 44,000 HIV though drama

Muheza* 30 5,000 HIV/ AIDS

Korogwe

Town

Council

7 255 HIV/ AIDS education,Orphans,Widows,PLWHAs

support

Korogwe

District

Council

7 Community HIV/AIDS,Orphans,Environmental conservation and

natural resources

Tanga 116 580 Gardening, tailoring, food processing, dairy keeping

Handeni 5 2,000 Loans, HIV/ AIDS Environment Conservation

Kilindi 24 Community AIDS control Programme

Lushoto 30 600 HIV/AIDS, Environment

Total 223

*Includes Mkinga district

Source: Tanga Regional Commissioners Office, 2006.

Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) are also among the development stakeholders in the Region. Apart

from their spiritual functions, the organizations also play an important role in the process of socio-

economic development of communities in the Region Table 5.6 shows the number of FBOs in the

Region by district, beneficiaries and type of economic activities undertaken.

Table 5.6 Active FBOs in the Region by District, 2006

District

Name

No. of

Organisation

No. of

Beneficiaries

Types of Programmes/Actives

Pangani 1 41,800 Islamic religion matters

Muheza* 10 600,000 Faith, HIV/ AIDS

Korogwe

Town

Council

7 2,115 Community HIV/AIDS awareness creation

Korogwe

District

Council

5 Community HIV/AIDS,Orphans,Widows and Youths

Handeni 13 12,000 Worship, HIV/AIDS, Loans, Environmental

Conservation

Lushoto 4 200 HIV/AIDS activities

Total 40 654,000

*Includes Mkinga district Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Tanga Region, 2006.

Currently, Tanzania Regions are experiencing the impact of Faith based organizations working with

the community. Tanga Region as any other Regions has several FBOs and most of them are dealing

with HIV / AIDS

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5.5. HOUSING AND ASSETS OWNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS

Housing and assets ownership by households are among the major development indicators in any

society. The 2002 Housing and Population Census indicated that most of the houses in Tanga Region

are of temporary nature. This is shown by the fact that most of the households live in houses

constructed by using temporary materials. Table 5.7 shows that only 24.3 percent of the households

lived in main buildings with floor made of permanent materials. Table 5.8 shows that most households

lived in houses with walls made up by temporary materials such as poles and mud, timber, and grass.

Table 5.7: Floor Material of the Main Building by Households and Districts in the Region, 2002.

Floor material Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total

Cement 3443 8042 8616 37988 12347 15821 1827 88,084

Mud 7978 44788 82199 15676 50278 43169 27944 272,032

Timber 2 143 763 76 289 258 56 1,587

Tiles - 27 5 30 2 7 - 71

Other 10 9 - 100 6 4 5 134

Total 11433 53009 91582 53869 62921 59260 29832 361,908

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV

Table 5.8 Wall Material of the Main Building by Households and Districts in the Region, 2002.

Wall

material

Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total

Stones 176 37 71 3,922 444 141 5 4,796

Cement

bricks

2,511 3744 1480 31,057 5879 7,798 191 52,660

Sun-Dried

bricks

319 1248 11597 1122 5364 7,226 4,619 31,495

Baked bricks 376 941 2602 154 1886 4,301 1,735 11,995

Poles and

Mud

7,484 46,834 75,577 17,363 48773 39,473 22,875 258,379

Timber 4 51 71 10 186 91 10 423

Grass 545 138 86 175 387 225 205 1,761

Other 18 16 98 67 2 9 190 400

Total 11,434 50,010 91,582 53,869 62,921 59260 29,832 358,908

*Includes Mkinga district

*** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council

Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV

Table 5.9 shows that most of households lived in houses roofed by temporary materials such as grass,

and grass and mud. Table 5.10 shows that few households owned valuable assets such radio, bicycle,

iron and electricity. Most households owned hand-hoes which is the main tool for land cultivation.

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Table 5.9: Roof Materials of the Main Building by Households and Districts in the Region, 2002

Floor material Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total

Iron Steels 2,067 15,220 56,636 32,721 19,396 28,214 7,544 161,798

Tiles 1,294 1,879 137 1,928 990 1,989 10 8,227

Concrete 16 0 1 621 135 49 - 821

Asbestos 80 35 97 658 49 839 - 1,758

Grass 7,833 29,819 24,316 17,806 41,840 26,701 16,782 165,097

Grass/Mud 141 6,025 7,068 115 394 1,464 5,496 20,703

Other 4 32 3,327 21 116 4 - 3,504

Total 11,434 53,010 91,582 53,869 62,921 59,260 29,832 361,906

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV

Table 5.10: Assets Ownership by Households

Asset Pangani Handeni Lushoto Tanga Muheza* Korogwe*** Kilindi Total

Radio 6,810 23,788 43,397 37,880 31,567 29,396 12,209 185,047

Telephone 181 597 400 7,078 1,213 1,274 36 10,779

Bicycle 4,991 19,588 11,679 23,612 19,724 15,949 10,305 105,848

Hand hoe 1,004 45,549 73,547 33,035 52,660 47,173 26,928 279,896

Wheel Barrow 1,714 3,792 3,112 27,279 3,624 3,384 1,314 44,219

Charcoal/

Electric iron

189 1,298 2,884 2,457 1,148 1,417 246 9,639

Electricity 1,225 2,529 1,389 19,733 3,632 4,624 21 33,153

Total 16,114 97,141 136,408 151,074 113,568 103,217 51,059 668,581

*Includes Mkinga district *** Includes Korogwe Town Council and Korogwe District Council Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census, Volume IV

5.6 DEVELOPMENT PATNERS

Over the period of recent years Tanga Region various partners have collaborated and assisted the

Region in its various development activities. The development partners and the activities in which

they provided assistance are as hereunder mentioned.

Sector Donors and Programs

Natural resources and

management

SIDA, FINIDA, EU, NORAD, IRELAND AID, SEEGAAD, Zanzibar

Agroseaweed, Corporation Limited (ZASCOL),Kingsway International

Seaweed Corporation Ltd, Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), Integrated

Coastal Management (IPM), Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG),

East Usambara Conservation Area Management Program (EUCAP),

Agriculture Tanga Dairy Development Program (TDDP), Tanga Dairy Trust (TADAT),

National Agriculture Extension Project (NAEP), Capricon Consultant Ltd,

Tsetse Challenge Areas / Farming in Tse fly Controlled Area (CCL/FITCA),

SUA TARP II), Anglican church,

Human settlement NORICIL,

Health and Family

Planning

Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), National Malaria

Control Programme, Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI), Maternal

Health and Family Planning (MCH/FP), African Women Aids Working

Group (AFRIWAG), Tanga Aids Working Group

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Education Mradi wa Elimu ya Ukimwi Mashuleni Mkoani Tanga (MEUSTA), COBET,

Vocational Education Training Institute (VETA), Primary Education

Development Program (PEDEP), Secondary Education Development

Program (SEDEP), UNESCO

Finance Credit for Women (CREW),

Various Development

Issues

(Tanga Integrated Rural Development Program (TIRDEP), Pangani

Development Association, Pangani Women Development Association

(PAWODEA), Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)

Refugee Resettlement UNHCR

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SECTION VI

POTENTIAL INVESTMENT AREAS

Tanga Region has abundant potential resources that can be utilized for development. The resources

include good climate with two rain seasons, fertile land suitable for agriculture activities and livestock

keeping, natural resources which include forests, minerals, game reserves and national parks with a

variety of wildlife. The Region is also served by a variety of transport infrastructure such as roads and

railways. The infrasturucture include Tanga airport and Tanga Port which is one of the best in East

Africa. The Region has a long shore along the Indian Ocean which has abundant marine resources.

Furthermore, all districts in the Region are connected to the national grid of electric power supply.

These factors combine to make the Region one of the regions with great development potentials in

Tanzania.

This section of the report highlights the potential investment areas in the Region. The main investment

opportunities for every district of Tanga region are detailed in the respective District Investment

Profiles which are available in every district in the Region.

6.1 AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the backbone of the Region’s economy. The Region has an extensive land suitable for

rain fed agricultural development. The Region also has rivers that can be utilized for irrigation

agriculture. The main rivers include Pangani, Mkomazi and Lwengera.

Potential investment areas. More than 76 percent of the population in this Region is engaged in

agriculture. Cash crops grown include sisal, tea, cashew nuts, coffee, coconuts, oranges, mangoes,

temperate fruits (plums, apples, avocado, passion fruits, and peaches), cardamoms, cotton, betel nuts,

spices, cocoa and tobacco. Food crops grown include maize, cassava, bananas, beans, paddy, potatoes,

fruits and vegetables. Maize is the main food in the district and is grown in all eight districts of the

Region.

Potential investment areas in the sector include:

(i) Growing cash and food crops: Investment in this area is worthy given favorable climate of

the region and the fact the region still has an ample land currently not utilised for

agriculture. Also markets for crops are available for the Region is well connected to the

rest of the country by adequate transportation infrastructure. The Region is also connected

to neighbouring countries through its well developed port and airport. The neighbouring

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country which is Kenya is also an important potential market for the Region’s agricultural

products. Fruits and vegetable farming such as green beans, baby carrots, baby corn,

cauliflower, cabbage and tomatoes, have the greatest potential for investment.

(ii) Investment in crop marketing: Currently and in coming years the region is expected to

continue growing in terms of agricultural production. Marketing of the products is

therefore worthy investment given a well developed transportation infrastructure conneting

the region to potential customers in all Regions of Tanzania, neighbouring countries and

abroad.

(iii) Small-holder farmers’ development: Agriculture is mainstay of the majority of the

Region’s population and the economy of the Region. However, currently agriculture is

facing a variety of problems which need special attention in the efforts to boost this sector

include soil erosion in districts with a big of population such as Lushoto and Tanga. In

Lushoto district crop farming is carried out in steep slopes. Other problems including

heavy dependency on rain-fed agriculture; customary and lease hold systems of land

ownership which limit land utilization especially in districts with plantation agriculture

such as sisal estates as most of the fertile land is in the hands of the few. Where land is

abundant for small-holder farmers especially in Handeni, Kilindi, Korongwe and Pangani

districts, the problem remains that of using traditional farming methods such as hand-hoe in

land cultivation and poor crop husbandry. These problems lower the production levels of

small-holder farmers.

To respond to these problems, effort should be done to introduce farm input credit systems

and improve extension services so as to boost the production levels of small-holder

farmers. Also, agricultural land suitable for irrigation farming should be put under

production. Efforts should be done to attract investors in this area so as to boost the

Region’s economy.

6.2 LIVESTOCK

Livestock keeping is another economic activity with great potential for development and expansion in

the Region. It is estimated that about 1,588,935 hectares of land in the Region is suitable for livestock

grazing. Currently the land used for this purpose is estimated to be only 488,493 hectares. In this

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Region, cattle, goats and sheep are the most grazed livestock. At present, the traditional method of free

range grazing dominate over the zero grazing method which is mainly found in urban areas.

Great potential for the livestock sector development in the Region lies on the extensive area available

for grazing animals and willing labour force ready to participate in this sector. Potential areas worthy

for investment in this sector include:

(i) Beef ranching and diary farming. These are potential areas where investment can be done

with great earnings and profits given the land availability, favourable climate and markets

for products.

(ii) Sheep farming. This is another potential area for large scale investment. Currently,

indigenous sheep keeping is practiced mainly for family uses or ceremonies. Mutton is very

scarce in many areas of the Region and neighbouring regions. As such the market is readily

available.

(iii) Small-holder livestock keepers’ development. Given the fact that currently livestock

keeping is practiced by small-holder and offers them a means of livelihood. Effort should

be done by the Government and other development stakeholders in the Region to

encourage livestock farmers to practice modern methods of livestock keeping and where

possible grazing should be done in land zoned for this landuse. Livestock keepers should

be assisted in terms of credits to purchase necessary inputs such as pesticides and medicine.

Also, extensive services to farmers are of paramount importance to livestock keepers for

acquiring necessary skills in modern livestock keeping. Livestock keepers should be

assisted in acquiring reliable markets for their produces such as milk which are mainly

located in urban areas.

Furthermore, land use planning at the village level is very important as it will reduce

conflicts between crop farmers and livestock farmers. Likewise, government and other

stakeholders in this sector should assist livestock keepers to control tsetse fly especially in

areas which are facing this problem. Also, the efforts to boost this sector should include

reviving existing cattle dips and constructing new ones.

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6.3 NATURAL RESOURCES

6.3.1 Forestry

Tanga Region has an extensive forest cover of about 2,470 Km². Despite its importance in the

livelihoods of the majority of the population and Region’s economy, this sub sector is currently under

threat of extinction from various human activities including land clearing for farming, livestock

grazing, excessive tree cutting for firewood and charcoal making, and other uses such as construction

materials. Potential areas for investment in this sub-sector include:

(i) Environmental conservation and tree planting campaigns should be enhanced so as to

sensitize communities on the importance of forests and encourage them to plant trees

where deforestation has occurred. The current national campaign of tree planting and

environmental conservation should also be enhanced.

(ii) Commecial forestry. For quite a long time now forestry has been regarded only as a

Government activity.

The private sector has been hestating to invest in this area. However, the current opportunities

brought by regional integration and globalization, calls for serious investment in this sector.

The market for forestry products such timber and logs is global. As such given the existing

infrastructure such as the Tanga Port, this area offers a great potential for investment and

prosperity.

6.3.2 Bee Keeping

The extensive forest cover in Tanga Region provides necessary and important ground for bee-keeping

economic activities to take place and flourish especially in Handeni, Kilindi and Pangani districts.

Investment in this important sector can boost production levels of honey and bee-wax and therefore

raise income levels and the well-being of the communities involved in this sector. The market for bee

products such as honey and bee-wax is world wide. Potential investors in this sector are of two types:

(i) Medium scale investors. These are private companies or individuals with adequate

resources who can invest profitably in this sub sector by using modern technology. These

kinds of investors should be encouraged so as to tape the full potential of this sector.

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(ii) Smallscale bee keepers. These include individual households in the Region. These could be

developed by being trained in modern bee-keeping a practice which involves the use of

modern beehives instead of the traditional ones which are currently mostly used. Likewise,

the Government and other development stakeholders in the Region should think of

introducing micro-credit schemes to bee-keepers so as to enable them purchase modern

beehives and other necessary gear for this important economic activity,

The Government and other prospective investors should think of constructing bee products processing

factories in the districts where bee-keeping is a prominent economic activity. This goes together with

the revival of the existing honey and bee-wax processing factory in Handeni which is currently not

working. This will greatly boost the performance of this sub-sector in the Region.

6.3.3 Fisheries

Tanga Region has great potential of developing the fishing sub-sector. Currently fishing is mainly

done in Korogwe, Pangani and Tanga districts. While in Korogwe and Pangani districts fishing is done

in both, rivers such as Pangani and its tributaries and along the coast of Indian Ocean, in Tanga

district, fishing is only done along the Coast Belt. In Lushoto district limited fishing activities are

carried out in the existing few all weather streams. Two types of investors that can be encouraged to

invest in this sector exist.

(i) Large and medium scale investors. These are investors with needed capital and necessary

gear in terms of equipment and machinery for carrying out modern fishing preferably in

deep sea. This kind of investor is to be incouraged for both the Region’s and national

economy.

(ii) Small scale investors. These are investors with small capital. But given the fact that the

activity adds to their economy and the Region’s development in general, they should be

assisted by the government and other development stakeholders so that they can carry out

this activity commercially and profitably.

Small scale fishermen be assisted to change from traditional fishing methods such as use of

shark nets and gill nets especially in rivers and streams and locally made vessels such as

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canoes. The use of modern equipment such as motor canoes and boats could greatly boost

their fish production. Furthermore, introduction of fish-farming in man-made water ponds

can also increase production levels especially in areas which are located far from rivers and

stream or in districts with no perennial rivers and streams such as Kilindi and Handeni.

Also, small-holder fishermen could be assisted by providing with them micro credits for

purchasing modern fishing gear. Trainings in modern fish-farming skills through extension

services are also of paramount importance.

6.3.4 Wildlife and Tourism

6.3.4.1 Wildlife

Tanga Region is endowed with a National Park and a sizable number of Game Reserves which

harbour a variety of wildlife capable of attracting local and international tourists. The Region has the

Saadani National Park which is located in Pangani district. The Game Reserves include Amani Nature

Reserve in Muheza District, Mkomazi, Umba Game Reserves and Kalimawe in Lushoto district, Lake

Manka in Korogwe district and Handeni game controlled area in Kilindi district.

Potential investment areas in this sub sector lie in putting in place modern wildlife conservation and

management systems. This could be achieved through investment partnership between the government

and the private sector with needed experience and expertise in managing the wildlife sector

sustainably.

6.3.4.2 Tourism

Tanga Region has enormous potential for the tourism sector to grow and flourish. As discussed above,

they include national park and game reserves, attractive sand beaches, and unique ecological and

cultural sites.

Potential areas of investment that can enhance the tourism industry in the Region include

(i) Conservation activities in the areas which are potential for tourist attraction. These areas

include game reserves and controlled areas which have a variety of wildlife including

elephants, giraffes, buffalos, hyenas, zebra, lions, leopards, reedbucks, eland, impala,

hippopotamus, crocodile and kudus. They also include sand beaches along the Coast belt

and the ecological and cultural sites. The on going conservation activities in western

Usambara mountains and Pangani basin should be enhanced.

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(ii) Hotels: The tourist sector in the Region is currently facing a problem of adequate hotels

that can accommodate tourists especially during the peak season. As such investment in

hotels is a worthy investment as there is a ready market which needs to be taped.

(iii) Camping sites: Currently there are inadequate camping facilities around the nature

conservation areas such as game reserves, national park and beaches. Investment in this

sector could greatly promote local and foreign tourism especially that of game seeing,

cultural sites seing, photography and hunting.

6.4 EDUCATION

Tanga Region as is the case with other Regions in Tanzania is facing a challenge of growing young

population that require education at all levels including pre-primary, primary and secondary education.

At present the regional authorities are making all efforts to encourage communities to contribute in

building classrooms and purchasing furniture that can suffice the requirements of primary schools in

the Region. Also, the Region is responding well to the call by the government to construct the ‘Ward’

secondary schools which will accommodate all primary school levers who pass their examinations.

The Region is also encouraging private investors in this sector.

Therefore, potential areas for investment in the education sector include the construction of primary

and secondary schools. Also, investment potentials exist in tertiary level education sector such as

construction of vocational training centres and teachers training colleges which are still very

inadequate in the Region.

6.5 HEALTH

Tanga Region currently has a limited number of health facilities in all districts. The range of facilities

currently available is as outlined in section 4.1 of this profile. They include government hospitals at

the regional and district level hospitals and limited number of health centres and dispensaries in

isolated locations. Also the Region has private hospitals which are mostly owned by Christian

missions, in Muheza, Lushoto, Handeni and Tanga districts. The Region is facing staff inadequacy of

different professional skills at all levels.

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Therefore, the Region has numerous opportunities for investment in the health sector. They include

hospitals, rural and urban health centers and dispensaries. Also, another opportunity of investment

exists in pharmacy, shops, and laboratory facilities and services in both urban and rural areas.

6.6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Tanga Region is one of the country’s major centres for manufacturing industries. Currently, the

Region has a sizable number of industries which are operating as outlined in section 2.5.5 of this

profile. The most important industrial establishments in existence include cement, textile, sisal

processing, tea processing, soap making, and furniture making factories and industries. Others are

involved in the production of crafts, plastics, poly bags, soft drinks, lime, leather, cosmetics, steel

rolling, sea products and food processing. The potential for industrial investment is high due to the

existence of good infrastructure which includes roads, power supplies, habour, air port, water and

reliable communication facilities such as telephone, fax, e-mails and post offices. Furthermore, Tanga

City has been nominated by the Government as one of the areas for establishing Export Processing

Zone (EPZ) industries in the country.

Investment potential areas in the manufacturing sector in the Region therefore include:

(i) Agricultural processing industries:

Agricultural products available for processing are many and varied. These are capable of

supplying adequate raw materials for established industries throughout the year.

Agricultural products available for processing include cashew nuts, sisal, vegetable,

coconut, maize, paddy, meat, milk, tea, spices and many types of fruits. Furthermore,

natural resources products such as honey, bee-wax, fish and timber also offer potential

opportunities for manufacturing industries investment.

(ii) Salt processing: This is another area of worthy investment pontential. Tanga Region has

very huge deposits of salt which can supply raw materials for salt-processing industries

throughout the year. Processed salt has a very wide market in East Africa and neighbouring

countries. Over 50 percent of of Tanzanians depend on locally unprocessed salt mined in

Tanga. The greatest potential in the salt industry lies in processing and packing it.

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(iii) Lime processing: The Region has huge deposits of limestone especially in Tanga district.

Investment in lime factories is worthy because of the availability of adequate raw materials

and large potential market for this product locally and internationally.

6.7 MINING

Tanga Region is rich in mineral resources which are not yet adequately exploited. Section 2.5.4

outlines various types of minerals that exist in the districts of the Region. They include various types

of gemstones, industrial/building materials and precious minerals such as gold. Gemstones include

rhodolite, ruby, red garnet, green garnet, tourmaline, bauxite, amethyst, zinon, komerupine, etc. The

industrial/building minerals include limestone, gypsum, mica, iron, kyanite and calcite. Salt mining

and processing is also arrived out in the Region.

Potential investment areas in this sector include:

(i) Limestone mining: This is a potential investment area because of huge deposits that exist in

the Region and large market for the product.

(ii) Salt mining: This important resource also exists in large amount. Currently the business of

salt mining is carried out at small scale. Investment in mining industry has potentials for

growth due to available adequate market for the product.

(iii) Gemstones and minerals mining: The Region is endowed with large amounts of germstones

and minerals deposits. Investment in this sector could be promoted among the locals and

foreign nationals.