Tang & Song ChinaTang & Song China

Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang spreads Buddhism to Tibet

Post HanPost Han Period of disunityPeriod of disunity Decline of Confucian bureaucracyDecline of Confucian bureaucracy Buddhism enters & flourishes Buddhism enters & flourishes (why?)(why?)

Sui dynastySui dynasty – – return to dynastic return to dynastic imperialism / examsimperialism / exams

Brief & violent – assassinations of Brief & violent – assassinations of both main emperorsboth main emperors

Tang dynastyTang dynasty (618-907 CE) Li Yuan secures frontiers Li Yuan secures frontiers extends empire into Tibet, extends empire into Tibet,

Manchuria & Vietnam – impact?Manchuria & Vietnam – impact? Korea a tributary kingdomKorea a tributary kingdom Importance of Buddhism leads to Importance of Buddhism leads to

higher status for womenhigher status for women Chinese weaponsChinese weapons

Civil Servant systemCivil Servant system Rulers restored Confucian Rulers restored Confucian

imperial bureaucracyimperial bureaucracy Bureau of CensorsBureau of Censors evaluated all evaluated all

levels of bureaucracylevels of bureaucracy ExaminationsExaminations become more become more

regular & determine rankregular & determine rank (examinations on Confucian (examinations on Confucian

works)works)

Tang Religious issuesTang Religious issues Tang rulers patronized Mah. Buddhist Tang rulers patronized Mah. Buddhist

monasteries and Confucian schoolsmonasteries and Confucian schools Monasteries increased to 50,000!Monasteries increased to 50,000! Monasteries untaxed; housed anyoneMonasteries untaxed; housed anyone Resented by Daoists & ConfuciansResented by Daoists & Confucians LaterLater Emperor Wu Emperor Wu began began

suppressionsuppression of Buddhism & recovery of Buddhism & recovery of landsof lands

““The three teachings are one!”The three teachings are one!” Confucius, Confucius, Laozi, Laozi, BuddhaBuddha

(Zhu Xi – Neo-(Zhu Xi – Neo-Confucian Confucian philosophy)philosophy)

Developments TangDevelopments Tang Grand CanalGrand Canal * Li Bo - poet * Li Bo - poet Commercial shippingCommercial shipping Early Early JunksJunks Chang’anChang’an - Capital city of 2 million! - Capital city of 2 million! State funded irrigation & canalsState funded irrigation & canals Distribution of landsDistribution of lands to peasants to peasants Better status for womenBetter status for women

Tang declineTang decline Disruptions in royal familyDisruptions in royal family Empress WuEmpress Wu Later Emperor’s concubine issueLater Emperor’s concubine issue Confucian discontent with powerful Confucian discontent with powerful

womenwomen A failed rebellion – An LushanA failed rebellion – An Lushan Nomads…regional govts/warlords Nomads…regional govts/warlords

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Song Dynasty Song Dynasty (960-1279)(960-1279) PartialPartial restoration of empire restoration of empire Civil servants (scholar-gentry) limited Civil servants (scholar-gentry) limited

milit growth; Exams continued but milit growth; Exams continued but easiereasier Bureaucracy became larger & less Bureaucracy became larger & less

efficient though more open to lower efficient though more open to lower classesclasses

Public welfare: clinics, retirement homesPublic welfare: clinics, retirement homes Postal service; theaterPostal service; theater

Song DevelopmentsSong Developments GunpowderGunpowder Junks – more sophisticatedJunks – more sophisticated Compasses for sea navigationCompasses for sea navigation AbacusAbacus Landscape painting at heightLandscape painting at height Cartography/atlasCartography/atlas Astronomical clockAstronomical clock Paper banknotes (1Paper banknotes (1stst in the world) in the world)

Technology, science, and engineering Technology, science, and engineering

Measuring distance and mechanical Measuring distance and mechanical navigation navigation

Mathematics and cartography Mathematics and cartography Movable type printing Movable type printing Hydraulic engineeringHydraulic engineering Structural engineering and architecture Structural engineering and architecture Archaeology Archaeology floating pontoon bridges floating pontoon bridges

later Neo-Confucianismlater Neo-Confucianism Hostile to outside ideasHostile to outside ideas Tradition, social hierarchy, Tradition, social hierarchy,

gender distinction more rigid gender distinction more rigid – – Male dominanceMale dominance

Women – restricted to Women – restricted to household / no educationhousehold / no education

footbindingfootbinding emerges- esp. emerges- esp. among upper classamong upper class

Decline & recentering & fallDecline & recentering & fall Military weaknessMilitary weakness Neighboring kingdoms demanded Neighboring kingdoms demanded

tributetribute Chancellor Wang attempts reforms: Chancellor Wang attempts reforms:

tax, land, businessestax, land, businesses Govt conflict/struggleGovt conflict/struggle

Rise of Jin Empire Rise of Jin Empire (Jurchens/Manchurians)(Jurchens/Manchurians)

Conquered LiaoConquered Liao Attacked Song, capt. Kaifeng (capital)Attacked Song, capt. Kaifeng (capital) Established “Beijing” as capital of JinEstablished “Beijing” as capital of Jin Fought Song; forced treatyFought Song; forced treaty Jin elite who moved into N. China Jin elite who moved into N. China

became acculturatedbecame acculturated

Southern Song Southern Song (1127-1279)(1127-1279)

Retreats below the Yangtze river because Retreats below the Yangtze river because of the expansion of the Jinof the expansion of the Jin

shipbuilding & maritime trade / shipbuilding & maritime trade / permanent navy w/ catapults & permanent navy w/ catapults & gunpowder bombsgunpowder bombs

Eventually falls to the Mongols who Eventually falls to the Mongols who conquer the Jin, then the Songconquer the Jin, then the Song

Southern SongSouthern Song

((Next Unit Next Unit - Enter- Enter

the Mongols)the Mongols)

KoreaKoreaHow did China impact?How did China impact?

How did Korea develop How did Korea develop differently?differently?

KoreaKorea China –China – writing, Buddhism, writing, Buddhism,

Confucianism, wood block printing, Confucianism, wood block printing, movable typemovable type

Diff:Diff: writing system simplified to writing system simplified to syllabic symbolssyllabic symbols

Unified towards end of TangUnified towards end of Tang Koryo familyKoryo family Friendly with Song because of fear of Friendly with Song because of fear of

neighboring states (Liao)neighboring states (Liao)

VietnamVietnamHow did China impact?How did China impact?

How did Vietnam develop How did Vietnam develop differently?differently?

VietnamVietnam Eastern part of southeast Asia: Annam & Eastern part of southeast Asia: Annam &

Champa (parts developed with diff. influences)Champa (parts developed with diff. influences) ChinaChina Annam: Buddhism, Confucianism, Annam: Buddhism, Confucianism,

ricerice Diff:Diff:

ChampaChampa influenced by influenced by India & Malaysia India & Malaysia through Indian Ocean trade; contrib. “champa through Indian Ocean trade; contrib. “champa rice”rice”

Higher status for women – NO Higher status for women – NO FOOTBINDING!FOOTBINDING!

Early – tribute of Tang; later: friendly with SongEarly – tribute of Tang; later: friendly with Song

JapanJapan

How did China impact?How did China impact?

How did Japan develop How did Japan develop differently?differently?

JapanJapan ArchipelagoArchipelago; only 11% arable land!; only 11% arable land! ChinaChina: Buddhism (Zen), : Buddhism (Zen),

Confucianism, government structure, Confucianism, government structure, building techniques; Mandate of building techniques; Mandate of HeavenHeaven

Diff:Diff:Ceremonial emperor (Ceremonial emperor (tennotenno))No walled citiesNo walled cities

Medieval FeudalismMedieval FeudalismWestern Europe Pope?

King/kingdom

High lords/baronsCounts

Knights

Japan Emperor-ceremonial

Shogun/shogunate

Daimyo Bushi

Samurai

Chivalry & BushidoChivalry & Bushido What What common valuescommon values and and

expectationsexpectations did these 2 codes did these 2 codes of conduct have?of conduct have?

To whomTo whom did the codes apply? did the codes apply? WhyWhy did the codes develop? did the codes develop?

Samurai fighting the MongolsSamurai fighting the Mongols

義 – 義 – GiGi – Rectitude – Rectitude 勇 – 勇 – YūYū – Courage – Courage 仁 – 仁 – JinJin – Benevolence – Benevolence 礼 – 礼 – ReiRei – Respect – Respect 誠 – 誠 – Makoto Makoto or or 信 信 - - ShinShin– Honesty – Honesty 名誉 – 名誉 – MeiyoMeiyo – Honor, Glory – Honor, Glory 忠義 – 忠義 – ChūChū – Loyalty – Loyalty Others that are sometimes added to these:Others that are sometimes added to these:

孝 孝 - - KōKō - Filial piety - Filial piety 智 智 - - ChiChi - Wisdom - Wisdom 悌 悌 - - TeiTei - Care for the aged - Care for the aged --Translations from: Random House's Japanese-English, English-Japanese DictionaryTranslations from: Random House's Japanese-English, English-Japanese Dictionary

Influenced by Confucianism