Tanaka (2007) Experimental Model of Lacunar Infarction in the Gyrencephalic Brain of the

Miniature Pig

EzineMark.com 07/22/11

What is Stroke?

Ischemic Stroke

Hemorrhagic Stroke

The Current State of Stroke

Number one cause of long term disability

Number three cause of death in the U.S.

800,000 individuals per year in the U.S. alone suffer a stroke

Young, J.A. et al. Top Stroke Rehabil, 2009;Towfighi, A., B. et al. Stroke, 2010;

Hess, D.C. et al.. Expert Rev Neurother, 2008

Kirk Douglas

Cary Grant

Grace Kelly

Elizabeth Taylor

Sharon Stone Dick Clark

Limited Treatment for Stroke

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is the ONLY FDA approved treatment for stroke

•Limited window of treatment •No regenerative potential

Why is there such a limited number of treatments?

Over 700 drugs have gone to clinical trial for stroke and only one has been FDA approved

Sharma, V.K., et al. Stroke Res Treat, 2010; Lapchak, P.A.,

Transl Stroke Res, 2010;Serbest, G., et al. FASEB J, 2006.

Why is there such a limited number of treatments?

An assessment of failed treatments by the Stem Cell

Therapies as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke (STEPS) group,

an assembly of leading stroke experts, has resulted in the

identifying 2 major needs of the research community:

1)a translational animal model more similar to humans for testing treatments

2)a regenerative cell therapy that will not only protect cells from ischemic injury but

replace the lost and damaged tissues

Stem Cell Therapies as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke (STEPS): bridging basic and clinical

science for cellular and neurogenic factor therapy in treating stroke. Stroke, 2009.

Savitz, S.I., et al., Stem Cell Therapy as an Emerging Paradigm for Stroke (STEPS) II. Stroke,

2011.

Differences in the Rodent Brain Relative t to Human Brain

Rodent Brains: 1.White Matter

2.Size

3.Lissencephalic Vs Gyrencephalic

Stem Cell Therapies as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke (STEPS): bridging basic and clinical science for cellular and

neurogenic factor therapy in treating stroke. Stroke, 2009; Nakamura, M., et al. J Neurosurg Pediatr, 2009; Kuluz, J.W.,

et al. Stroke, 2007; Tanaka, Y., et al. Stroke, 2008; Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical

neuroprotective and restorative drug development. Stroke; DeFelipe, J. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 2011.

Functionally, stroke treatments developed in rodents demonstrated significant decrease in efficacy in primate studies.

What is the overarching hypothesis of this paper?

Why miniature pigs?

Why bother with the clipping method if most of the data is from the permanent occlusion?

1. What is the overall conclusion of this paper?