tamil influences in malaysia, indonesia and philippines
TRANSCRIPT
TAMIL INFLUENCES TAMIL INFLUENCES in in
MALAYSIA,MALAYSIA,INDONESIA INDONESIA
and and PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES
The Kshatriya or Aristocrat TheoryR.C. Majumdar proposed in his book Ancient Indian
Colonies in the Far East (1944) following finding by the Archaeologist of ancient Indian inscriptions and religious icons in the said regions.
The kings of the latter region had adopted Sanskrit names such as Sri Vijaya, Majapahit.etc.
COEDES“The Indianized countries of
Southeast Asia were never political dependencies of India but rather cultural colonies”
The Brahmin or Sacerdote Theory
COEDES the first historian to synthesize the
history of Indianized state of Southeast Asia.
SANSKRITa scholarly language that served
and still serves to enrich the vocabulary of the native languages with a considerable number of words.
BRAHMIN THEORYsupports the evidence at hand that is to
account for the Sanskrit language influence as well as the names and tittles of the kings of Southeast Asia.
INDIANIZATIONexpansion of an organized culture that
was founded upon the Indian Conception of royalty, was characterized by Hinduist or Buddhist Cults.
synonymous with Brahmanization.
HISTOIRE ANCIENNE DES ETATS HINDOUISES D’EXTREME-ORIENT
a book where comprises all his findings regarding the history of the Indianized part of Southeast Asia.
“Ancient history of the Hinduized states of the extreme-orient”.
BUDDHISMa culture rival to Brahmanism.
SACERDOTESthe spiritual leaders of the Hindu
Settlers and could have served as counsels to the few kings that followed Hinduism.
INDIAthis word is the Greek and Latin
adaptations of the Persian word Hindu-At first, even the British use the word “Gentoo” for the adherents of the Hindu religion.
COEDESdid not take any other aspects of
culture or way of life into consideration in order to find the history relationship between the Indian and Indianized Southeast Asia.
was not an ethnologists or a cultural anthropologists.
BRAHMINShave been given exaggerated credit
by Coedes.
The Vaisya Or Traders/Proletariat TheoryNILAKANTA SASTRIa Brahmin historian from Madras,
South India.
R.C. MAJUMDARa Brahmin historian from Calcutta,
Bengal, Eastern India.
COEDESsaid that Madras claims for Tamils
and Bengal claims for Bengalis.never anti Tamils.
TAMIL NADUdeserves the greatest credit for the
spread at Indian elements through peaceful settlements.
L . WILLIAMS & M . OSBORNEhave suggested that the importation of
Indic culture was not solely or indeed primarily the task of the Brahmans and monks & that merchants could have very well been the camers of a “greater civilization”.
TAMIL INSCRIPTIONemanating from South India have been
found in Southeast Asia.
2 Question/Problems Against the Traders
Theory:1. Regarding sanskrit words found in the
local language of Southeast Asia.2. Regarding the existence of Indianized
communities that live in the mountainous or interior areas.- communities carrying Dravidian clan names: Chera, Chola, Pandiya, Malayala and Pallarya.R .Hein – Geldern’s reminders – should be kept in mind when accounting for the Indianization of Indonesia.
Study of InscriptionsTAMIL INSCRIPTIONrelate to the Tamil-Southeast Asian
cultural contacts during historic times.
3 Inscriptions in the Malayan peninsula: in Takuapa, in Tambralinga and in Ligor
1 inscription in Sumatra, in Labu Tawa1 inscription in Bale1 inscription in Burma, in Pagan2 inscription in Tanjore
INDIANIZED STATE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
mentions only about the Takuapa, Ligor and Sumatra inscription.
JUAN FRANCISCOFilipino Indologist, has been very critical
of the possibility of historical Tamil influences in Southeast Asia.
Philippines and Indiathe early historians who recognized
Tamil’s efforts in spreading their culture.
Inscription of Malay Peninsula
MALAY PENINSULAthe only document that can be
attributed of the first half of the ninth century was found at Takuapa.
AVANI-NARANAMdug by nangur-udaiyan.names of individual who possessed
a military fief at Nangur and who was famous for his abilities as a warrior.
MANIKKIRAMAMa merchant guild.
AVONI-NARAYANA - surname of the pallaba king Nandivarman III.
MAJAPISIDESA- a bronze image of ganesa bearing a Tamil inscription .
LIGOR – another Tamil inscription dated last quarter of the 9th century A.D.
DITARMASENAPATHY – according to the order, the record is one of some charity in favor of Brahmins.
INSCRIPTION FOUND IN SUMATRA- dated in the month Masi of the saka year 1010.- engraved on a stone found at Laboe to wewa, Baros Sumatra and it records a gift by a body of person who style themselves “the one thousand-five hundred”.
INSCRIPTION of BURMAthis relates to the settlement of
vaishnava soldiers from South India.
INSCRIPTION of BALIits mention the sivan temple that
have been erected in that place.the village organization in Bale
remains one of the Pallaba-Chola village organization.
INSCRIPTION of TANJOREdated 1030 A.D is about the victory
of Rajedra CholanI over the Southern countries.
State Literatures of Thailand
TAMIL – the official language of the Court Brahmins in Thailand.
RAMESWARAM – Southern part of the Tamil country.
SANSKRIT INSCRIPTION FOUND IN MALAYA and INDONESIA PALLABA GRANTHA letters and ASOKA PALI language – also Sanskrit inscription than by the Tamils themselves.
JEAN FILLIOZAT: “If Tamilians have very often written their inscription in Sanskrit and not Tamil, it is because Sanskrit, before Persian and english , was commonly used as a link language…”
H.B Sarkar(1971)points out that the Pallava-Grantha
script was a development of a part of the Tamil country which was ruled by the Pallvas.
PRAKRITthe court language of South India
until the 4th century A.D.PALLAVA-GRANTHA SCRIPTwas a linguistic result of the political
conglomeration of the Northern part of Tamil country and Southern parts of Kamataka and Andhra.
Inscription Found in Funan/CambodiaFUNANnot part of Malaya and Indonesia.JEAN FILLIOZATexplains that the said hero is a Tamil
king of the Pandayan Empire.INSCRIPTION FOUND IN LIGORrefers to the trade relationship
between the Tamil country in Malaya.INSCRIPTION FOUND IN KEDAHleft by kulothunka CholanI.shows the commercial contacts the
Chola Empire had with Malaya.
Inscription Found in Borneo
KUNDUNGANa Tamil name, hence it is supposed
that his princely family migrated from Tamil Nadu and established kingdom in the bland in Borneo.
TAMIL INSCRIPTIONat least 4 centuries posterior to the
Sanskrit inscription.found dates to the early 9th century
A.DSANSKRIT INSCRIPTIONfound (in Malaya and Indonesia) is
dated to the 5th century A.D