tall el hammam
TRANSCRIPT
No responsible scholar goes out with a trowel in one hand and a Bible in the other.-Dr. William Dever, Wall St. Journal
is the bible geographically credible?
No responsible scholar goes digging in the Holy Land goes out without a trowel in one hand and a Bible in the other!
Dr. Steven Collins
4
Searching For Sodom
Right PLace
Right Time
Right Stuff
three Criteria:
“So Abram went up from Egypt to the Negev…and Lot went with him…From the Negev he went from place to place until he came to Bethel, to the place between Bethel and Ai…Lot looked up and saw that the whole plain of the Jordan was well watered, like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt, toward Zoar…So Lot chose for himself the whole plain of the Jordan and set out toward the east…Abram lived in the land of Canaan, while Lot lived among the cities of the plain and pitched his tents near Sodom.”
Genesis 13:1-12
RIGHT PLAce
“So Abram went up from Egypt to the Negev…and Lot went with him…From the Negev he went from place to place until he came to Bethel, to the place between Bethel and Ai…Lot looked up and saw that the whole plain of the Jordan was well watered, like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt, toward Zoar…So Lot chose for himself the whole plain of the Jordan and set out toward the east…Abram lived in the land of Canaan, while Lot lived among the cities of the plain and pitched his tents near Sodom.”
Genesis 13:1-12
RIGHT PLAce
What we translate as “the plain” of the Jordan should actually read “The Kikkar” (or “Disk”) of the Jordan
hakikkar“The Disk”
What we translate as “the plain” of the Jordan should actually read “The Kikkar” (or “Disk”) of the Jordan
The kikkar of the Jordan was well-watered like the garden of Yahweh (single river, springs), and like Egypt (annual river inundations depositing
new layers of water-laden silt).
8
here is a photo i took showing how, in the middle east, a very fertile, green plain would be ideal to build a civilization around
Bethel/Ai
NumeiraBab edh-Dhra
The Kikkar
Lot viewed the entire Jordan Disk from the area east of Bethel/Ai.
Bethel/Ai
Bab edh-Dhra Numeira
Lot traveled eastward from Bethel/Ai, pitching his tent toward Sodom.
Bethel/Ai
EAST
Bab edh-Dhra Numeira
Lot traveled eastward from Bethel/Ai, pitching his tent toward Sodom.
Bethel/Ai
EAST
Bab edh-Dhra Numeira
Lot traveled eastward from Bethel/Ai, pitching his tent toward Sodom.
Bethel/Ai
EAST
Bab edh-Dhra Numeira
Lot traveled eastward from Bethel/Ai, pitching his tent toward Sodom.
Tall el-Hammam
Start Digging Here
largest Bronze Age city on the eastern Jordan Disk
Tall el-Hammam
Start Digging Here
1000 BC
1500 BC
2000 BCRIGHT time
1000 BC
1500 BC
2000 BC
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE
IRON AGE I
RIGHT time
1000 BC
1500 BC
2000 BC
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE
IRON AGE I
Abram and Lot
LIKELY (BIBLICAL DATE)
RIGHT time
1000 BC
1500 BC
2000 BC
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE
IRON AGE I
Abram and Lot
LIKELY (BIBLICAL DATE)
NOT LIKELY
RIGHT time
16
Archaeologically and geographically, the biggest fortified Bronze Age city on the eastern Jordan Disk would be the “most likely” candidate for biblical Sodom.
4300-3300 BCE CHALCOLITHIC
3300-2350 BCE EARLY BRONZE 1, 2, & 3
2350-2000 BCE INTERMEDIATE BRONZE 1 & 2
2000-1550 BCE MIDDLE BRONZE 1 & 2
1000-332 BCE IRON AGE 2 & 3332 BCE-636 CE HELLENISTIC/ROMAN/BYZANTINE PERIOD
Tall el-Hammam Occupational Profile(periods with architectural presence)
4300-3300 BCE CHALCOLITHIC
3300-2350 BCE EARLY BRONZE 1, 2, & 3
2350-2000 BCE INTERMEDIATE BRONZE 1 & 2
2000-1550 BCE MIDDLE BRONZE 1 & 2
1000-332 BCE IRON AGE 2 & 3332 BCE-636 CE HELLENISTIC/ROMAN/BYZANTINE PERIOD
Tall el-Hammam Occupational Profile(periods with architectural presence)
5 TO 7 CENTURY OCCUPATIONAL GAP
MIDDLE BRONZE 2
MIDDLE BRONZE 2
IRON AGE 2
IRON AGE 2
IRON AGE 2
MIDDLE BRONZE 2
IRON AGE 2
IRON AGE 2
IRON AGE 2
GAP OF500-700
YEARS
RIGHT stuff
Tal El Hammam Stratum MB2
RIGHT stuff
a full meter of ash and destruction debris
Tal El Hammam Stratum MB2
RIGHT stuff
mudbrick, hard-firedby conflagration, MBA
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL ASH LAYER
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL ASH LAYER
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL ASH LAYER
HUMAN BONE SCATTER
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL ASH LAYER
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL DESTRUCTION
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL DESTRUCTION
HYPER-FLEXED TOES
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL DESTRUCTION
HYPER-FLEXED TOES BROKEN & CHARRED FEMURS
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE DOMESTIC PLAZA,
SKELETAL REMAINS, TERMINAL DESTRUCTION
HYPER-FLEXED TOES
HUMAN BONE
SCATTER
BROKEN & CHARRED FEMURS
is TAll El Hammam Sodom?
Right PLaceRight Time
Right Stuff
is TAll El Hammam Sodom?
Right PLaceRight Time
Right Stuff
Works for me
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