talk will be available at lab website google: skelly yale
TRANSCRIPT
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Talk will be available at Lab Website
Google: Skelly Yale
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Global Amphibian Decline
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Take Home Points
• Upland Conversion Eliminates Amphibian Populations
• Isolation Fosters Extinction
• Most Amphibians Are Specialists– Successful conservation requires a diversity
of dynamic wetlands
Context Matters.
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Yale Forest Tolland Manchester
0.3 inds / ha* 1.3 inds / ha 7.8 inds / ha
85% Forested 78% Forested 37% Forested
5% Impervious 8% Impervious 20% Impervious
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Species Disappear from Developed Wetlands
Skelly Unpublished
Lost DiversityAcross 60ConnecticutWetlands
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Undeveloped Suburban Urban
Landscape
Sp
ecie
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Gibbs 2000
Land Conversion: Wetland Size & Isolation
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Land Conversion: Wetland Isolation
Gibbs 2000
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Land Conversion: Wetland Isolation
Gibbs 2000Gibbs 2000
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Fragmentation: ‘Rural’ to Urban
Transect 10 x 2 km
Orange, CT295 People/sq km
Milford, CT846 People/sq km
Gibbs 1998
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Fragmentation: ‘Rural’ to Urban
Gibbs 1998
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Fragmentation Leads to Local Extinction
Gibbs 1998
Species LossIn Intact ForestPatches
Species Differ
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Species are frequently missing from vernal ponds in deforested landscapes
Homan et al. 2004
% of pondsoccupied by spottedsalamanders ishigher when uplandsare intact forest
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Isolated Wetlands are less likely to have persistent amphibian populations
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Never Invaded Extinct Stable
Population Status
Isol
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Skelly et al. 1999
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Whole Pond Experiment: Yale-Myers Forest
Manipulated canopy in 6 wetlands in late 2001then monitor population & community Responses
At each wetland: ca. 25 overstory stems removed on S upland
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Canopy & Temperature
Open
Closed
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
GSF
oC
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Reduced Canopy Tends to Increase Number of Species
Skelly Unpublished
Following Cutin late 2001,new specieshave tended to move intoCut ponds.
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Altered Canopy Does Not Affect Wood Frog Abundance
Skelly Unpublished
Following Cutin late 2001,wood frogshave remainedabundant
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Spotted Salamanders May be Even More Abundant with Altered Canopy
Skelly Unpublished
Following Cutin late 2001,spotted salamandersmay have Increased.
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Amphibians as Canopy Specialists
Threshold – Most SpeciesGeneralist – Few Species
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Average Light Level (GSF)
% W
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Most species that can tolerate low light can occupy more wetlands
Data for 8 Species
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Spotted Salamander
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Average Light Level (GSF)
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Marbled Salamander American Toad
Closed Canopy Specialist Open Canopy Specialist
Canopy Generalist
No single wetland typeprovides habitat for allamphibian species
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How can we conserve Wetland Dwellers?
• Protect Wetland and Upland Units
• Develop Proactive Landscape Level Plans
• Avoid Use of Mitigated Wetlands– Bigger is not better– Stormwater catchments are typically poor habitats
• Allow/Foster Wetland Dynamics– Wetland Diversity in Space and Time– Beaver– Selective Cutting
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Take Home Points
• Upland Conversion Eliminates Amphibian Populations
• Isolation Fosters Extinction
• Most Amphibians Are Specialists– Need a diversity of dynamic wetlands
Context Matters.
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Amazon.com Sales Rank:
#202,658
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References• Gibbs JP 1998. Distribution of woodland amphibians along a forest fragmentation gradient
Landscape Ecology 13: 263-268.
• Gibbs JP 2000. Wetland loss and biodiversity conservation Conservation Biology 14: 314-317.
• Halverson, M. A., D. K. Skelly, J. M. Kiesecker, and L. K. Freidenburg. 2003. Forest mediated light regime linked to amphibian distribution and performance. Oecologia 134:360-364.
• Semlitsch RD 2000. Principles for management of aquatic-breeding amphibians Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 615-631.
• Semlitsch RD, Bodie JR 2003. Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles Conservation Biology 17: 1219-1228.
• Semlitsch, R. D. and D. K. Skelly. 2007. Ecology and conservation of pool breeding amphibians. Pages 127-148 in Vernal Pools: Ecology and Conservation of Seasonal Wetlands in Northeastern North America (A. Calhoun and P. deMaynadier, Editors). CRC Press. ISBN 0849336759
• Skelly, D. K., E. E. Werner, and S. A. Cortwright. 1999. Long-term distributional dynamics of a Michigan amphibian assemblage. Ecology 80:2326-2337.
• Skelly, D. K., M.A. Halverson, L. K. Freidenburg, and M. C. Urban. 2005. Canopy and amphibian biodiversity in forested wetlands. Wetland Ecology & Management. in press.