taks vocabulary
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TAKS Vocabulary. Scientific Method. Mass. The amount of stuff in an object. Measured in grams, g ; or kilograms, kg . Volume. The amount of space something takes up. Measured in If a solid: cubic meters, m 3 ; cubic centimeters, cm 3 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TAKS Vocabulary
Scientific Method
Mass
The amount of stuff in an object.Measured in grams, g ; or
kilograms, kg.
Volume
The amount of space something takes up.
Measured in If a solid: cubic meters, m3 ; cubic centimeters, cm3
If a liquid: liters, L ; milliliters; mL
Inertia
A property of matter that resists a change in motion.
The bigger the mass, the more inertia it has.
The property of matter to keep doing what it is doing.
DensityDensity is the state or quantity of being
dense; compactness; closely set together or crowded.
Density = mass per unit volume.Units: grams per cubic centimeter,
g/cm3 ; kilograms per cubic meter, kg/m3 ; grams per milliliter, g/mL; kilograms per liter, kg/L.
How much stuff is crammed into a volume.
The density of water is 1 g/cm3
Viscosity
Viscosity is the internal friction of a fluid, produced by the movement of its molecules against each other.
Viscosity causes the fluid to resist flowing.
The property of resistance of a fluid to flow.
The thickness of a fluid.Cold honey flows slower than
water.Viscosity changes with
temperature.
Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the upward force that keeps things afloat. When an object is placed in water, an object will float if its buoyancy is greater than its weight, and will sink if its weight is greater than its buoyancy.
The density of water is 1. Objects with a density less than 1 float, and greater than 1 sink.
Chemistry
Periodic Table
Periodic Table: Columns
Columns are groups or families. They have similar chemical
properties. They have the same number of
valance electrons.The last column (#18) are full
and are called the Nobel Gases or Inert gases.
Periodic Table: Rows
Rows are called periods.They are energy levels; Where
the electrons are.There are 7 periods (rows)
Periodic Table: The Element
29
CuCopper63.546
Atomic numberNumber of
protonsIdentifies element
Name of element
Chemical Symbol
Atomic Mass (most abundant)
64 – 29 = 35 neutrons
Polarity
Polarity in chemistry is when a molecule is arranged so that the molecule has a positive side (pole) and a negative side (pole). The molecule acts like a magnet due to the arrangement of its composing atoms.
Water is a polar molecule.Water is called the “Universal
Solvent” because of its molecular make up.
Water is Polar.
H2O
Dissolve
To become absorbed in a liquid solution, or make a solid do this.
To fade away gradually and disappear or make something do this.
To break up into smaller or more basic parts or make something do this.
Solvent
A substance in which other substances are dissolved, often a liquid. But not always.
Sugar dissolves in water. Sugar is the solute, water is the solvent.
CO2 is dissolved in soda pop. CO2 is the solute, soda pop is the solvent.
O2 is dissolved in water. O2 is the solute, water is the solvent.
Solute
Solute is the stuff dissolved in the solvent.
Sugar dissolves in water. Sugar is the solute, water is the solvent.
CO2 is dissolved in soda pop. CO2 is the solute, soda pop is the solvent.
O2 is dissolved in water. O2 is the solute, water is the solvent.
Solution
In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.
Usually the substance present in a greater amount is considered as the solvent. The solution that forms has the same physical state as the solvent.
Types of solutions
Liquids: Oxygen in water
CO2 in water Alcoholic beverages
Petroleum Sugar in water
Body fluids
Solids: Steel Brass Alloys Polymers
Gas: Air
Homogeneous
Homogeneous of the same kind.Having the same kind of
constituent elements, or being similar in nature.
Having uniform composition.Being the same throughout.Smoooooth
Heterogenerous
Heterogeneous consisting of dissimilar parts.
Consisting of parts that are unrelated or unlike each other.
Chunky
Physical Change
Change of phase: Solid , Liquid, Gas from one to another.
Phase change words: melt, freeze, evaporate, condense, boil, sublime, deposit.
Mixtures and solutions are considered physical changes.
The substance keeps its chemical composition. Steam, water and ice are all forms of H2O.
Chemical Change
Something new is made. Chemical composition is changed.Signs:
Color change Light or energy given off Fizzes or bubbles or gas forms Precipitate forms Gets hot or cold Makes an odor
Atomic Number
The number of protons an atom has.
It’s the identifying number that identifies the element.8
OOxygen
15.9994
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass or Atomic WeightThe number of protons plus the
number of neutrons in an element.
Most elements can have different numbers of neutrons so there can be different atomic masses for the same element. These are called isotopes.
The most abundant mass is what is reported on the periodic table.
Atoms or Elements The atom is the basic unit of matter
consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons in discrete energy levels.
The nucleus is dense and contains protons and neutrons.
Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutron have no charge (they are neutral).
The word atom is Greek and means uncuttable or indivisible, something that cannot be divided further.
These make up the Periodic Table.
MoleculeA molecule is two or more atoms
connected together by ionic or covalent bonds that make up a identifying substance.
The two atoms can be the same element. Diatomic molecules: O2; H2; N2
The molecule can be made of two or more different elements, Polyatomic: CO; NO; NaCl ; HCl ; CO2; H2O; C6H12O6 ; H2SO4
Valance Electrons
Electrons in the outer most energy level of an atom.
Valance electrons determine how the atoms combine to make molecules.
Rule of 8.
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons giving it a net positive or negative charge.
An ion is an atom that has too many or too few electrons (compared to its protons).
Electrolytic
In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that makes the substance able to carry electricity (an electric current).
In most cases we are referring to a liquid, but it is not limited to liquids.
pH pH is used to measure acidity(H+)
and basicity (OH−) It measures the concentration of
dissolved hydrogen ions. Acids are from 1 to 7, bases are from
7 to 14; 7 being neutral. The farther from 7 the stronger the acid/base.
Acids turns litmus paper red, bases turn it blue.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Reactants - Products
In a chemical equation (formula)The reactants are what you start
with. They are on the left side of the equation.
The products are what they (the reactants) make. They are on the right side of the equation. The arrow points to the products.
Physics
Newton’s First law of MotionAn object in motion will stay in
motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
A body persists in a state of uniform motion or of rest unless acted upon by an external force.
A body keeps doing what its doing unless forced to change.
AKA: the law of inertia.
Newton’s Second Law of MotionForce equals mass times
acceleration.net F = ma (formula sheet)AKA: F = ma
Newton’s Third Law of MotionTo every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction.AKA: Action – Reaction LawAction reaction pairs:
If John hits Joe. Joe hits John.
Force
A force is a push or a pull.Force is measured in Newtons, N ,
(n).Weight is a force due to the pull
of Earth’s gravity.Weight = mass x acceleration due
to gravityAcceleration due to Earth’s
gravity = 9.8 m/s2
Weight
Weight is a force due to the pull of Earth’s gravity.
Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
Acceleration due to Earth’s gravity = 9.8 m/s2
Weight is measured in Newton’s; N, (n)
Friction
A force that acts against motion. Measured in Newtons, N, (n)
Convection
A form of heat transfer through liquids and gases (fluids).
Heat is transferred by currents in the fluids.
Heat moved by fluid motion.
Conduction
Heat transferred by vibrating neighboring molecules.
Heat transferred through solids.Heat moves from hot to cold.
Radiation
Heat transferred by waves.Heat from our Sun reaches us
through waves.
Reflection
When a wave hits a barrier it bounces off at the same angle it hits the surface.
When you look in the mirror you see your reflection.
The law of reflection is the angle of the incoming ray equals the angle of the out going ray.
Refraction
When a light ray changes mediums it bends. The bending of alight ray is refraction.
When a wave changes mediums it refracts.
The change of direction of a ray of light, sound, heat, or the like in passing from one medium into another due to the change in the speed of the wave.
Diffraction
The change in a wave as it passes by an obstacle or through an opening.
The spreading out of a wave as it passes by a barrier.
Resonance
Also called sympathetic vibrations.
Something starts to vibrate or shake because something else is vibrating.
Period, T
The amount of time it takes to do something once.
The amount of time to make one wave.
Period, T , is measured in seconds, s.
Frequency, f
Frequency, f , is how many things happen in one second.
How many waves are made in 1 second.
Frequency , f , is measured in Hertz, Hz.
Wavelength, λ
The length of one wave is called the wavelength.
It’s the distance from crest to crest, trough to trough, or from corresponding part to like corresponding part.
Wavelength, λ , is .measured in meters, m
Amplitude
The height of a wave from equilibrium, or the depth of the wave from equilibrium.
Amplitude is usually measured in meters, m.
Sound Sound is a longitudinal wave. It travels at around 340 m/s (constants
chart) The note or pitch of a sound wave is its
frequency. The loudness of the sound wave is its
amplitude. Sound needs a medium to travel
through, this medium is air. Sound are waves that our ears can pick
up.
Light
Light is a transverse wave. It is also an electromagnetic wave.
Light does not need a medium to travel through.
It travels at a maximum speed of 3 x 108 m/s, the speed of light (constants chart)
This speed is also called c.White light has all the colors in
the rainbow. Roy G Biv.
Light
The primary colors of light are Red, Green, & Blue. RGB
Light colors are different frequencies (or wavelengths) of light.
Light we see is called the visible spectrum.
Light wavelengths are very small.
Medium
The stuff that carries the wave. Sound travels in air. Water waves travel in water. Earth quakes travel in dirt (earth)
Light travels in empty space (light is an electromagnetic wave and does not need a medium)
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion. If an object is moving it has
kinetic energy.There is a formula for kinetic
energy.Energy is measured in Joules, J.
Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy.
For TAKS, It is energy due to an object’s height.
There is a formula for potential energy.
Energy is measured in Joules, J.Changes in potential energies
are important.
Work, W
Work is defined as force acting over a distance.
The force must move the object.There is a formula for work.Work, W , is measured in Joules,
J.
Momentum, p
Momentum is moving mass.Momentum is mass times its
velocity.Momentum, p, is measured in
either: kg m/s or g cm /s
There is a formula for momentum.
Conservation of Mass
The total mass before equals the total mass after.
Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
Conservation of Energy
The total energy before equals the total energy after.
Energy can change forms.Work is a form of energy.
Conservation of MomentumThe total momentum before
equals the total momentum after.
In dealing with momentum, directions matter.
Biology & Interdependence
Biotic
Living stuff or has been living stuff.
Plants, animals, etc.
Abiotic
Non living stuff.Air, dirt, water, temperature,
wind, etc.
Biomass
The total mass of living or been living stuff.
Biodiversity
A variety of life.Different animals and different
plants.
Symbosis
Living together.
Commensalism
A living relationship between two where one benefits and the other is unaffected.
Commensal means sharing of food
Mutualism
A living relationship where both benefit.
Parasitism
A living relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Parasite: the one who benefits.Host: the one the parasite eats
on.
Predation
The predator feeds on the prey.Predator: the one who hunts and
eats.Prey: the one who is hunted and
is eaten.
Competition
Organisms that compete for food, space, light, water, etc.
Can be animals or plants. Any and all living organisms can
be in competition.
Detritivors
Animals or plants that consume dead organic material (detritus).
Scavangers
Animals that consume dead animals (corpses or carrion)
Vultures, beetles, blowflies, yellowjackets, raccoons, hyenas, lions,
Decomposers
Organisms that consume organic materials, plant and animal.
Trophic levels
Feeding levels: Trophic means food or feeding T1: Producers Autotrophs T2: Primary Consumers; 1st level
consumer T3: Secondary Consumers; 2nd level
consumer T4: Tertiary Consumers; 3rd level
consumer T5: Quaternary Consumers; 4th level
consumer
Autotroph
ProducersProduce their own food by using
the energy from the Sun and the environment to make sugar through photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs
ConsumersOrganisms that feed on other
organisms.
Niche
A descriptive term for a relational position of a organism’s species.
A place where it belongs and can thrive.
Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals
Carnivores
Eat animals
Herbivores
Eat only plants
Graphic Feeding RelationshipsFood ChainFood WedFood PyramidEnergy Pyramid
The arrow points to who eats.
The arrow points in the direction the energy flows
Chains, Webs, & PyramidsThe ultimate energy source is
the Sun. (it is not considered part of )
Decomposers, Scavengers, & Detritivors are not parts either.
10% rule: 10% of any level is passed to the next level and the 90% remaining is used at that level to carry on life processes and/or is lost to heat.
Classification
Kingdom KingPhylum PhillipClass CameOrder OverFamilies ForGeneis GreatSpecies Sex more specific more alike
Kingdoms
Archaebacteria harsh environmentsEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
Viruses are not included because they cannot reproduce without a host.
ATP
Energy made through cell respirtation.
Mutation
A mistake in the genetic code. A mistake in the code letters in
either DNA (T – A , G – C ) or RNA (U – A , G – C )
The change changes the codon, which in turn may make a different amino acid, so a new protein may be made; but may not.
Mutations may be good, bad, or have no affect.
Osmosis
It is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration).
Semi-permeable membrane it’s a flexible container that lets some stuff pass through it while keeping larger things contained.
Adaptation , Evolution
Changes over time an organism makes due to the environment so it can thrive.
Survival of the fittest.
Ecosystem
The biotic and abiotic elements in a living environment.
Helper T Cells
T helper cells are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte) that play an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system.
The AIDS virus attacks the T Cells so they cannot fight infections.
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ROCKS
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock (from the Latin ignis meaning born of fire) is one of the three main rock types (the others being sedimentary and metamorphic rock).
Igneous rock is formed by magma (molten rock) cooling and becoming solid.
Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rock is formed by sedimentation of
material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution.
Particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, sediment was formed by weathering and erosion in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, mass movement or glaciers.
Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rock is the result of the
transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".
The protolith is subjected to heat and pressure causing profound physical and/or chemical change.
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have "morphed" into another kind of rock.
GENETICS
Genotype Punnet Square
Punnet Squares
Punnet Square
Punnet Square
Pedigree Chart
Pedigree Chart
PLANTS
Why we need plants.
Leaf Parts
Flower Parts
Flower Parts
Flower Parts
Flower Parts
Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
Heterozygous ; Homozygous
Genes: Units of heredity information that consist of DNA and are located on chromosomes.
Genes can exist in alternative forms called alleles.
An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait.
Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait.
DNA & RNA
Replication
The way DNA makes exact copies.
It splits down the bases and makes exact copies of itself.
Transcription
When DNA gets changed into mRNA
Translation
The mRNA goes to the ribozones and tRNA makes amino acids then proteins.
DNA
DNA
Codon Chart
Cells
Homeostatis
To keep the same. In the human body, the body
systems work to keep the body in homeostasis, to keep things the same.
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components.
Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3)
ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus (7)
Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria
(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13)
centrioles
Chromosomes A chromosome is an organized structure
of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA
containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.
The chromosomes are located in the nucleus.
Humans have 23 pairs.
Gene
A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism.
All living things depend on genes.
Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.
Genes are located on the chromosomes.
Organelles
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane.
A very small organ. It has a specific job to do.
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus.
Nucleus
the nucleus is sometimes referred to as the "control center“ of the cell, is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins to form chromosomes.
It holds the instructions for the cell.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from amino acids.
They are located outside the nucleus.
mRNA travels to the ribosomes to meet with tRNA to make amino acids and then protiens.
Vesicle
A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell.
More technically, a vesicle is a small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells.
Cisternae may also refer to flattened regions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
ER is like the plumbing.
Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus (also called the
Golgi bodies, Golgi complex The primary function of the Golgi
apparatus is to process and package macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids, after their synthesis and before they make their way to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. The Golgi apparatus forms a part of the cellular endomembrane system.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm that is made out of protein.
The cytoskeleton is present in all cells.
It gives the cell form, support, and structure.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the part of a cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is one biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment.
The cell membrane surrounds all cells and it is semi-permeable, controlling the movement of substances in and out of cells.
Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumThe smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.
Mitochondria A mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a
membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of (ATP) adenosine triphosphate, used as a source of the chemical energy.
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.
LysosomesLysosomes are the cells' garbage
disposal system.Lysosomes are spherical organelles
that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases).
They break up food so it is easier to digest.
They are found in animal cells. Lysosomes digest excess or worn-
out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Chloroplasts (only in Plant Cells)Chloroplasts are organelles found in
plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.
The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek words chloros, which means green, and plast, which means form or entity
Cell Wall (only in Plant Cells)A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible
but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells.
It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.
A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell.
Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls.
Cilia & Flagella
Cilia: little hair like structures that helps cells move.
Flagella: a long hair like structure that helps cells move.
Equipment
The most accurate and most precise instrument is the one that has the smallest (most) markings.
Cycles, Diagrams, & Drawings
Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle 2
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycle
Water Cycle
Oxygen – CO2 CycleWhy we need plants.
Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Units
Units:
Length or distance (d): meters m kilometers km centimeters cm millimeters mm
Units:
Time (t) seconds s hours h minutes min
Mass (m) kilograms kg grams g
Units:
Volume (V)Solid:
cubic meters m3
cubic centimeter cm3
Liquids: liters L ; l milliliters mL ; ml
Units: Force (F)
Newtons N
Work (W); Energy (E) , (KE) and (PE) Joules J
Power (P) Watts W kilowatts kW
Units:
Frequency (f) Hertz Hz
Electricity Voltage (V) Volts V Current (I) Amperes ; Amps A
Resistance (R) Ohms
Units: Density (D) mass per volume
kg/m3 g/cm3 kg/L g/mL
Velocity (v) speed distance per time m/s km/h cm/s
Acceleration (a) distance per time per time m/s/s m/s2 cm/s/s cm/s2
Units:
Momentum (p) mass times velocity kg m/s g m/s g cm/s
Work (W) Force times distance N m J
Power (P) Work per time N m/s J/s W
Units:
Heat (Q) calories cal Joules J
Acceleration due to gravity (g) 9.8 m/s2
Safety Symbols
Wear a blast shield, protect your face & eyes.
MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet
Fire Extinguishers
Fire Extinguishers