taking vanet to the clouds

Old Dominion University

T ki VANET t th Cl dTaking VANET to the Clouds

M. AbuelelaS. Olariu


W k t d b NSF t CNS 0721586

MoMM 2010, Paris, France, November 2010 1 11/19/2010

Work supported by NSF grant CNS 0721586.


Outline

• What is VANET?

Wh t i l d ti ?• What is cloud computing?

• Why vehicular clouds?

• Potential applications

• Research challenges

• A call to action

MoMM 2010, Paris, France, November 2010 11/19/20102


VANET – the dream

MoMM 2010, Paris, France, November 20103

F. Doetzer, Privacy Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

11/19/2010


VANET – the killer app• Huge potential societal impact• Huge potential societal impact• An overnight success with

automotive industryyvarious government agencies (USDOT, FCC, etc)standardization bodies: ASTM, IEEE, SAE, ISO

f• Emergence of projects and initiativesCar-2-Car communication consortium Vehicle Safety ConsortiumVehicle Safety ConsortiumVehicle Infrastructure IntegrationNetworks on Wheels


11/19/2010


VANET – in a nutshell

• Main characteristicsuses vehicles as network nodesvehicles move at will relative to each other butvehicles move at will relative to each other butwithin the constraints of the road infrastructure

• CommunicationsVehicle-to-Vehicle (2V)

zero-infrastructureVehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)

roadside devicesWAVE/DSRC/802.11p


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In case you haven’t noticed

• Vehicles are becoming more sophisticatedpowerful on board computing capabilitiespowerful on-board computing capabilitiestons of on-board memorysignificant communication capabilitiesno power limitations

• Computations capabilities supported byhosts of sensors and actuatorshosts of sensors and actuatorson-board radar and GPS



Smart vehicles are upon us



Cloud computing – the idea

• Basic idea: “why buy when you can rent?”exactly what you needexactly when you need itexactly when you need it

• An IT paradigm shift suggested bya better understanding of virtualizationlow cost high-speed Internetadvances in parallel and distributed databases excess hardware/software/middleware capacityexcess hardware/software/middleware capacity

• Very appealing to startups and other playerslittle upfront investment


virtually no maintenance costs

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Look Ma who’s playing• The cloud computing paradigm offers new opportunities for• The cloud computing paradigm offers new opportunities for

developers and infrastructure providers• The idea of decoupling computational assets from physical

i f h h llinfrastructure poses numerous research challengesthink on-line service delivery + security+ privacy

• Key players• Key playersAmazonMicrosoftGoogleDellIBM

• Who is running cloud services?


initially it was mostly the SMB but this is no longer the case11/19/20109


Cloud computing services

• There are three broad ways of viewing cloud computing-y g p gbased services

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS)( )Software as a Service (SaaS)Platform as a Service (PaaS)

A l d ti i l i b l d b d th• As cloud computing is evolving by leaps and bounds the boundaries between the services are nebulous and still evolving



Infrastructure as a Service – IaaS

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): also knows as Hardwareas a service HaaS

suggested by a better understanding of virtualizationa provision model in which an organization outsources its own equipment to support client operations, including storage, hardware, servers and networking componentsthe service provider owns the equipment and is responsible for housing, running and maintaining itthe client typically pays on a per-use basise.g. desktop virtualization that offer fully customized desktop computers along with software for standard applications


p g pp

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Software as a Service – IaaS

• Software as a Service (SaaS)also known as software on demandwith SaaS, a provider licenses an application to customers as a service on demand or pay-as-you-goenables users to access applications remotely over the Web

• Advantages includeopen-source APIspre-configured software solutionspre configured software solutions helps automate many aspects of running a business

sales force automation, customer management, etc



Platform as a Service – PaaS

• Platform as a Service (PaaS): Involves the delivery of a computingplatform and solution stack as a service

PaaS facilitates the deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software PaaS provides the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering web applications and servicesPaaS may include

facilities for application design, application development, testing, deployment and hosting as well as application services such as team collaboration, web service integration , database integration, security, scalability, storage, etc



Cloud computing – a broader picture

• Virtualization + excess capacity implies that cloud servicescan give the user on-demand (virtual) computer resources

• More generally when you have excess capacity consider• More generally, when you have excess capacity consider lending it out to whose who need it (are ready to pay for it!)

• What are the big issues that shape adoption?securityprivacyreliabilityoperational control



Vehicular clouds – motivation

• It is expected that in the near future (most of) the vehicles willhave a quasi-permanent Internet presenceO b d biliti lik l t i d tili d b• On-board capabilities are likely to remain under-utilized byroad-safety applications

• Thus, VANET will start to support other services in order to, ppachieve the full potential of capabilities

• What are people talking about?location specific services to the travelerlocation-specific services to the travelermultimedia content deliveryp2p applications


• Can we be bolder than that?

11/19/201015


Vehicular clouds

• To keep things simple, we focus on vehicular IaaS• In the next few slides we illustrate our vision by discussing

applications that are feasible today• In the first two scenarios the resources are mostly static• In the first two scenarios the resources are mostly static• In the others, the resources are more dynamic



A cloud in your parking lot

• Consider the parking lot of a typical enterprise on a typical workday

• hundreds/thousands cars gounused for hours on end

• Why rent computational/storageWhy rent computational/storageresources elsewhere?• you have them in your own backyard• they are yours to waste!



Data center at the mall• US statistics show that the average shopper spends between

two and three ours at the mall• 65% spend more than two hoursp

• The shopping mall may decideto provide pay-as-you-gocomputing servicescomputing services• by using the resources of the

parked cars• The shoppers cars get free• The shoppers cars get free

parking + other perks in return



Dynamically rescheduled traffic lights• Imagine a sporting event attended by thousands of peopleg p g y p p• When the game is over, everyone tries to get home as fast

as possible• It would be nice to reschedule

traffic lights to help mitigate congestion

• Who are the players?• Who are the players?• The municipality

has the authority and the codedoes not have the hardwaredoes not have the hardware

• The cars have the computational powerl k th th it d th d


lack the authority and the code


Dynamic HoV lane designation

• A major US-DOT initiative• The idea is to schedule HoV

lanes in real time as requiredlanes in real time as required by traffic flow

• As beforethe municipality has the authority and the codethe vehicles (stuck) in traffic have the computational power to make things happen


From trekearth.com


Planned evacuations (1)

• In cases of predicted disasters, massive planned evacuations are often necessary in order to minimize the impact on human lives

• Once an evacuation is underway finding available gasolineOnce an evacuation is underway, finding available gasoline, drinking water, shelter and medical facilities quickly becomes an issueThe 2005 h rricane e ac ations in Ne Orleans and Ho ston• The 2005 hurricane evacuations in New Orleans and Houston have confirmed that there is no room for mistakes or misjudgment here



Planned evacuations (2)

• We anticipate that the vehicles involved in the evacuation will be organized into one or several inter-operating VC that will work hand in hand with the emergency management centerg y g

• In the course of this interaction, the emergency managers can upload information about openupload information about open shelters to the central server



Network as a Service – Naas

• Sending adds to vehicles proved to be big business

• Vehicles with Internet accessVehicles with Internet access can be used as a network cloud to reach thousands of customers on the movecustomers on the move

• This is not all bad• People can subscribe to email, p

Internet access or location-specific services in a pay-as-you-go fashion


y g


Storage as a Service (1)

• It is expected that computers in cars will have multiple Terabytes of storage attached to them

• This is mainly because of two reasonsThis is mainly because of two reasonsfirstly, persistent storage is becoming less expensive over time, a Terabytes of storage costs less than $40 now, a negligible cost compared to the cost of the vehicle itselfpsecondly, cars have plenty of space to accommodate multiple hard drives even with today’s technology and sizes.needless to say that having a huge unused persistent storage sittingneedless to say that having a huge unused persistent storage sitting idle is a waste of resources



Storage as a Service (2)

• This available storage can then be used in many applications in the vehicular cloud

• Referring back to the data center on the mall that weReferring back to the data center on the mall that we discussed earlier , this available storage can be rented by the mall management for customers over the InternetAnother e ample is to se that storage in content deli er• Another example is to use that storage in content delivery and p2p applications where a file is decomposed into several pieces, and the blocks distributed across nodes of th t k Th i t t d ll t diff t bl k tthe network . The interested users collect different blocks to reconstruct the file again



VC – vehicular cloud

• Vehicles are ideal candidates for nodes in clouds of various resources

• Vehicular Cloud (VC)a group of vehicles whose corporate computing, sensing, communication and physical resources can be coordinated and dynamically allocated to authorized users

• How are VCs different from the classic clouds?mobilitymobilityagilityautonomy



How are VCs different?

• Mobility: the presence of vehicles in close proximity to an event is often un-planned

pooling of the resources in support of mitigating the event must occur spontaneously

• Agility: refers to the ability of VCs to tailor the amount of shared resources to the actual needs of the situation in support of which the VC was constituted

agility does not exist in conventional clouds and is an important defining g y p gcharacteristic of VCs

• Autonomy: refers to the decision of each vehicle to participate in the VC


in the VC


How is an VC set up?

• The formation of an VC involves the followinga broker elected spontaneously will attempt to form an AVCthe broker will secure a preliminary authorization from a higher (city) forumthe broker will inform the vehicles in the area of the received authorization and will invite participation in the VC.the cars will/or will not respond to the invitation on a purely autonomous basisthe broker decides if a sufficient number of vehicles have volunteered and will then announce the formation of the VCthe cars in the VC will pool their computational resources to form a powerful supercomputer that using a digital map of the area will produce a proposalsupercomputer that, using a digital map of the area, will produce a proposal schedule to the higher (city) forum for approval and implementationonce the proposal has been accepted and implemented, the VC is dissolved



Possible AVC Architecture

Authorithy

APAP

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VC research challenges

• To make VCs reality research is needed along the followingTo make VCs reality, research is needed along the following three engineering dimensions

architectural f i lfunctional operational and policy



VC architectural challenges

• Elastic mobile architectureVC networking and protocol architecture must be developed to accommodate changing application demands and resource availability on the move

• Resilient architectureVC basic structural and composed building blocks must be designed and engineered to withstand structural stresses induced by the inherent instability in g y ythe operating environment.

• Service-oriented network architecturecontemporary layered network architectures, (e.g. the TCP/IP stack) havecontemporary layered network architectures, (e.g. the TCP/IP stack) have proven inadequate in face of evolving applications and technologieswe envision the adoption of service-oriented component-based network architectures with intrinsic monitoring and learning capabilities



VC functional challenges

• Enabling VC autonomyresearch is needed on developing a trustworthy base, negotiation and strategy, efficient communication protocols, data processing and decision support p , p g ppsystems, etc.

• Managing highly dynamic cloud membershipthere is a critical need to efficiently manage mobility resource heterogeneitythere is a critical need to efficiently manage mobility, resource heterogeneity, trust, and vehicle membership

• Cyber-Physical controlAVCs can be defined by their aggregated cyber and physical resources TheirAVCs can be defined by their aggregated cyber and physical resources. Their aggregation, coordination and control are non-trivial research issues.

• Cooperation between VCs



VC policy challenges• Trust and trust assuranceTrust and trust assurance

research is needed on developing a trustworthy base, negotiation and strategy formulation methodology, efficient communication protocols, data processing

• Contract-driven versus ad hoc VC• Contract-driven versus ad hoc VCwe anticipate that the bulk of VCs will be contract-driven, where the owner of the vehicle or fleet consents to renting out some form of excess computational or storage capacityor storage capacityin addition to the contract-based form of VC, there should be possible to form a AVC in an ad hoc manner as necessitated by dynamically changing situations

• Effective operational policiesEffective operational policiesIn order for the AVCs to operate and inter-operate seamlessly, issues related to authority establishment and management, decision support and control structure, the establishment of accountability metrics, assessment and


yintervention strategies, rules and regulations, standardization, etc.

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A call to action

• We expect cloud computing to see a phenomenal adoption rate and penetration of the IT market

• As cloud computing takes root it will be emulated by other areas

• It is only a matter of time before it will be extended toIt is only a matter of time before it will be extended to• vehicular assets from individual vehicles to entire fleets• cell phones and other commodity consumer products

• Are we ready for this paradigm shift?



The Dump



A possible AVC architecturep

authorithyHigher

authorithy

APAP

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InVeNet

• InVeNet = VANET + Intelligent Transportation Systemsto improve traffic safety and reduce congestion

• Vehicles may provide• Vehicles may provideweather warningsroad conditions collision warningcongestion warningintersection assistance

k h


From trekearth.com


TRANSIT

CENTRAL CONTROL CENTER

DSRC AND OTHER COMMUNICATIONS

DYNAMIC SIGNAL CONTROLEN-ROUTE TRAFFIC ADVISORIES

AND ASSISTANCE

911 OR OTHER911 OR OTHER CALL CENTERPRE-TRIP PLANNING

TRAVELER ASSISTANCEVARIABLE MESSAGE

SIGNS

COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS



InVeNetSmart VehiclesSmart Vehicles

On-board GPS, digital mapsVehicle-based environment sensorsSignificant computation, storage, communication capability

Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)

communication capabilityNot power constrained

5.850-5.925 GHzV2V, V2R communication802.11p protocol7 channels, dedicated safety channel

USDOT Vehicle Infrastructure Integration I iti ti

6- 27 MbpsUp to 1000 m tx range

InitiativePublic/private partnership“Establishment of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication capability nationwide”


capability nationwideImprove safety, reduce congestion

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Evacuation Issues

Available Resources

Travel TimeContraflow



Possible AVC Architecture

Authorithy

APAP

AP


taking vanet to the clouds

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