tÁi cẤu trÚc nhtm viỆt nam

7/29/2019 TI CU TRC NHTM VIT NAM

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Chng 1: TNG QUAN H THNG NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM

1.1 Khi nim v chc nng ca ngn hng thng mi

1.1.1 Khi nim ngn hng thng mi

Ngn hng thng mi l mt nh ch trung gian ti chnh m hot ng ch yu v

thng xuyn l nhn tin gi ca khch hng vi trch nhim hon tr v s dng s tin

cho vay, thc hin nghip v chit khu v lm phng tin thanh ton.

Nh vy bn cht ngn hng thng mi l mt doanh nghip vi i tng kinh

doanh l tin t. Ngn hng thng mi c hai nhm nghip v chnh: nhm nghip v

kinh doanh tn dng v nhm nghip v trung gian thanh ton.

1.1.2 Chc nng ca ngn hng thng mi

Ngn hng thng mi c 3 chc nng chnh:

Ngn hng thng mi l trung gian tn dng:

Chc nng trung gian tn dng c xem l chc nng quan trng nht ca ngn hng

thng mi. Khi thc hin chc nng trung gian tn dng, NHTM ng vai tr l cu ni

gia ngi tha vn v ngi thiu vn. Vi chc nng ny, ngn hng thng mi vang vai tr l ngi i vay, va ng vai tr l ngi cho vay v hng li nhun l

khon chnh lch gia li sut nhn gi v li sut cho vay. Thng qua , ngn hng

thng mi gp phn to li ch cho tt c cc bn tham gia: ngi gi tin v ngi i

vay.

Ngn hng thng mi lm trung gian thanh ton v qun l cc phng

tin thanh ton:

y NHTM ng vai tr l th qu cho cc doanh nghip v c nhn, thc hin cc

thanh ton theo yu cu ca khch hng nh trch tin t ti khon tin gi ca h

thanh ton tin hng ha, dch v hoc nhp vo ti khon tin gi ca khch hng tin


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thu bn hng v cc khon thu khc theo lnh ca h. Cc NHTM cung cp cho khch

hng nhiu phng tin thanh ton tin li nh sc, y nhim chi, y nhim thu, th rt

tin, th thanh ton, th tn dng Ty theo nhu cu, khch hng c th chn cho mnh

phng thc thanh ton ph hp. Nh m cc ch th kinh t khng phi gi tin

trong ti, mang theo tin gp ch n, gp ngi phi thanh ton d gn hay xa m h

c th s dng mt phng thc no thc hin vic thanh ton. Do vy cc ch th

kinh t s tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph, thi gian, li m bo tnh an ton. Chc nng

ny v hnh chung thc y lu thng hng ha, y nhanh tc thanh ton, tc

lu chuyn vn, t gp phn pht trin kinh t.

Ngn hng thng mi to ra tin:

To tin l mt chc nng quan trng, phn nh r bn cht ca ngn NHTM. Vi

mc tiu l tm kim li nhun nh l mt yu cu chnh cho s tn ti v pht trin ca

mnh, cc NHTM vi nghip v kinh doanh mang tnh c th ca mnh hnh thnh

nn chc nng to tin cho nn kinh t. Chc nng to tin c thc thi trn c s hai

chc nng khc ca NHTM l chc nng tn dng v chc nng thanh ton. Thng qua

chc nng trung gian tn dng, ngn hng s dng s vn huy ng c cho vay, s

tin cho vay ra li c khch hng s dng mua hng ha, thanh ton dch v trongkhi s d trn ti khon tin gi thanh ton ca khch hng vn c coi l mt b phn

ca tin giao dch, c h s dng mua hng ha, thanh ton dch v Vi chc

nng ny, h thng NHTM lm tng tng phng tin thanh ton trong nn kinh t,

p ng nhu cu thanh ton, chi tr ca x hi.

1.2 Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng NHTM Vit Nam - Nhng thnh tu ca

h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam:

1.2.1 Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam:

Trc 1990, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam l h thng mt cp, khng c s tch bit

gia chc nng qun l v chc nng kinh doanh. Ngn hng Nh nc (NHNN) va

ng vai tr Ngn hng Trung ng va l ngn hng thng mi.

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Thng 5/1990, hai php lnh Ngn hng ra i (Php lnh Ngn hng Nh nc Vit

Nam v Php lnh Ngn hng, hp tc x tn dng v cng ty ti chnh) chnh thc

chuyn c ch hot ng ca h thng Ngn hng Vit Nam t mt cp sang hai cp. T

y, h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam chnh thc xut hin.

H thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam gm:

Ngn hng thng mi nh nc l ngn hng thng mi do Nh nc thnh lp

v nh nc nm gi 100% vn hoc mt t l ln chi phi, thc hin ton b cc

hot ng ngn hng v cc hot ng kinh doanh khc c lin quan vi mc tiu

va tm kim li nhun va thc hin cc chnh sch kinh t ca Nh nc. Tnh

n thng 06/2012, Vit Nam c 05 Ngn hng thng mi nh ncBng 1: Cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc hin nay

(Ngun: Ngn hng Nh nc)

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STT TN NGN HNG

Vn iu

l/vn c

cp (t ng)

1NH TMCP Ngoi Thng Vit Nam

Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam23.174

2NH TMCP Cng Thng Vit Nam

Vietnam Bank for Industry and Trade20.230

3

NH TMCP u T v Pht trin Vit Nam

Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and

Development of Vietnam

23.011

4

NH Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam

Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development 20.708

5Ngn hng Pht trin Nh ng Bng Sng Cu Long

Housing Bank of Mekong Delta3.055


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Ngn hng thng mi c phn (NHTMCP) l ngn hng thng mi thnh lp

di dng cng ty c phn trong c cc doanh nghip nh nc, t chc khc,

cc c nhn, cng gp vn theo quy nh ca NHNN.

Bng 2: Cc ngn hng thng mi c phn hin nay

STT TN NGN HNGVn iu l/vn c

cp (t ng)

1Nh H Ni

HABUBANK-HBB4.050

2Hng Hi

The Maritime Commercial Joint Stock Bank

8.000

3Si Gn Thng Tn

Sacombank10.740

4ng (EAB)

DONG A Commercial Joint Stock Bank4.500

5Xut Nhp Khu (Eximbank)

Viet nam Commercial Joint Stock12.355

6 Nam ( NAMA BANK)Nam A Commercial Joint Stock Bank

3.000

7 Chu (ACB)

Asia Commercial Joint Stock Bank9.376

8Si gn cng thng

Saigon bank for Industry & Trade3.040

9Vit Nam Thnh vng (VPBank)

5.050

10

K thng (TECHCOMBANK)

Viet Nam Technologicar and Commercial Joint Stock

Bank

8.788

11 Qun i (MB) 7.300

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Military Commercial Joint Stock Bank

12Bc

BACA Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

13Quc T (VIB)

Vietnam International Commercial Joint Stock Bank4.250

14ng Nam (SeAbank)

Sotheast Asia Commercial Joint Stock Bank5.334

15Pht trin TP.HCM (HDBank)

Housing development Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

16

Phng Nam

Southern Commercial Joint Stock Bank 4.000

17Bn Vit

Viet Capital Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

18Phng ng (OCB)

Orient Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

19Si Gn (SCB)

Sai Gon Commercial Bank10.584

20Vit (VIETA BANK)

Viet A Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.098

21Si gn H ni (SHB)

Saigon-Hanoi Commercial Joint Stock Bank4.815

22Du Kh Ton Cu

Global Petro Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

23

An Bnh (ABB)

An binh Commercial Joint Stock Bank 4.199

24

Nam Vit

Nam Viet Commercial Joint Stock Bank

3.010

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25Kin Long

Kien Long Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

26

Vit Nam Thng tn

Viet Nam thuong Tin Commercial Joint Stock Bank 3.000

27NH i Dng

OCEANCommercial Joint Stock Bank5.000

28Xng du Petrolimex

Petrolimex Group Commercial Joint Stock Bank2.000

29Phng Ty

Wetern Rural Commercial Joint Stock Bank

3.000

30

i Tn

Great Trust Joint Stock Commercial Bank

3.000

31i

Great Asia Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.100

32Bu in Lin Vit

LienViet Commercial Joint Stock Bank6.400

33Tin Phong

TienPhong Commercial Joint Stock Bank3.000

34Pht trin M Kng

Mekong Development Joint Stoct Commercial Bank3.750

35NH Bo Vit

Bao Viet Joint Stock Commercial Bank1.500


Hnh 1: S lng ngn hng thng mi qua cc nm

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Ci cch h thng ngn hng nm 1990 xo b c tnh cht c quyn nh nc,

gp phn a dng ho hot ng ngn hng v mt hnh thc s hu cng nh v s

lng ngn hng. C th, s lng NHTMCP tng ln nhanh chng. T nm 1991-

1993, s lng NHTMCP nhy vt t 4 ln 41 v t nh im l 51 vo nm 1997. Sau

cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t 1997, mt s NHTMCP do kinh doanh khng hiu

qu, b ph sn hoc rt giy php hot ng nn con s ny gim.

Bn cnh s tng trng v s lng, quy m hot ng ca h thng ngn hng cng

tng trng mnh m. Nm 2007, tng ti sn ton h thng tng ln hn 1.500 ngn

t ng, bng hn 130% GDP 2007. S tng trng h thng tp trung vo 2 mng hot

ng truyn thng l cho vay v huy ng.Hnh 2: Tng trng huy ng v tn dng ca h thng ngn hng giai on

2000 - 2012

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1.2.2. Nhng thnh tu ca h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam:

K t khi xut hin cho n nay, h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam c

nhng ng gp quan trng cho s n nh v tng trng kinh t nc ta trong nhiu

nm qua.

Th nht, h thng ngn hng thng mi gp phn thc y hot ng u t, pht

trin sn xut kinh doanh v hot ng xut nhp khu.

Th hai, tn dng ngn hng ng gp tch cc cho vic duy tr s tng trng

kinh t vi nhp cao trong nhiu nm lin tc.

Hnh 3: Tc tng trng GDP v tc tng trng tn dng ca Vit Nam

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Th ba, h thng ngn hng thng mi h tr c hiu qu trong vic to vic lm

mi v thu ht lao ng, gp phn ci thin thu nhp v gim ngho bn vng.

Th t, nhiu dch v tin ch (chi lng, thu chi h, thanh ton chuyn khon,

chuyn tin t ng, dch v ngn hng in t, dch v th) v nhiu sn phm mi

ca h thng ngn hng xut hin p ng nhu cu tiu dng ca dn c v sn xut

kinh doanh ca mi thnh phn kinh t Theo thng k ca Hi th ngn hng Vit

Nam, tnh n cui qu 3 nm 2012, s lng my ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)

ton th trng t 14.029 my, c 46 ngn hng thng mi tham gia pht hnh th vi

51 triu th thanh ton cc loi. Trong , th ghi n ni a chim t trng ln vi

92.92%, th quc t chim khong 7.07%.

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Chng 2: THC TRNG H THNG NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM

H thng ngn hng Vit Nam v ang ng vai tr rt trng yu trong h thng

cc t chc tn dng cung cp vn thc y nn kinh t pht trin khi m th trng

chng khon Vit Nam cn qu nhiu bt cp cha p ng nhu cu v vn ca cc

doanh nghip.

Tuy nhin chng ta cn nhn nhn li rng ci g cng c tnh hai mt ca n v h

thng ngn hng cng vy. Theo kinh nghim ca cc quc gia pht trin th khi suy thoi

hay khng hong xy ra chnh l lc m h thng ngn hng s bc l nhng im yu,

im mnh ca n v y l c hi chng ta iu chnh mt cch tng th. V th, cc

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quan im ci cch cho rng, khng hong ti chnh s thc y ci cch v l c hi tt

mt ngn hng hay mt h thng ngn hng tin hnh c cu li.

Vy mt cu hi t ra rng, h thng ngn hng Vit Nam v ang c thc trng

nh th no m phi tin hnh c cu li theo n 254 ca B ti chnh? Chng ta s tm

hiu v thc trng ca h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam ba kha cnh: nng lc

ti chnh, nng lc hot ng v nng lc qun tr tr li cho cu hi ny.

2.1. Thc trng v nng lc ti chnh:

Quy m v vn t c ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam:

Thc hin theo ngh nh 141/2006/N-CP n cui nm 2010 th vn iu l ca

cc NHTMCP phi t 3.000 t ng. Tuy nhin Th tng chnh ph chp nhn ginl trnh tng vn n ngy 31/12/2011. Song song ch trng ca Chnh ph l hn

ch cc Tp on, Tng cng ty, doanh nghip nh nc gp vn vo cc ngn hng.

iu ny cng lm cho cc ngn hng c bit l cc ngn hng nh cha c tn tui-

thng hiu trn th trng kh khn hn trong qu trnh huy ng vn p ng vn

php nh theo quy nh ca Chnh ph. Nh th cc ngn hng ch cn cch pht hnh c

phiu trn th trng chng khon. Tuy nhin, th trng chng khon lc by gi li

ang suy gim. Thm vo l ngun cung trn th trng qu nhiu trong khi lng cugn nh khng tng. Cc ngn hng phi cnh tranh nhau tng vn, ng thi cn phi

cnh tranh vi mt lot doanh nghip ln c IPO trong thi gian ny nh Tng cng ty

Thp (VNSteel), Tng cng ty Xng Du (Petrolimex), Tng cng ty Min Trung

(Cosevco) v hai ngn hng: Ngn hng u t Pht trin Vit Nam, Ngn hng Pht

trin Nh ng bng Sng Cu Long. Vi tnh hnh th trng nh vy, vic pht hnh c

phiu ca cc ngn hng cng chng my d dng. Mc d vy, vi s h tr t pha

Chnh ph, h thng ngn hng cng t c mc vn iu l p ng yu cu kp

thi hn.

Hnh 4: Tc tng trng vn iu l ca cc TCTD trong nm 2012 so vi

cui 2011

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(Ngun: Din n Kinh t Vit Nam VEF) H s an ton vn CAR:

Quy nh v t l an ton vn ca cc NHTM Vit Nam dn dn theo cc chun

mc quc t, t l ny theo quy nh l t 8% (theo quyt nh s 457/2005/Q-NHNN -

tip cn theo Hip c v vn, vit tt l Basel I) n 10% (theo Thng t s 07/2009/TT-

NHNN). Tuy nhin, thc t s liu hot ng ca cc ngn hng cho thy khng c nhiu

ngn hng ca Vit Nam t c t l ny. Cc ngn hng ln ca Nh nc t c tl ny c xu hng nhiu hn so vi khi cc NHTM c phn.

Hnh 5: T l an ton vn ca cc t chc tn dng

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T l an ton vn cao nht hin nay thuc v nhm cc qu tn dng trung ng khi

ln n gn 40%, tip n l ca nhm cc ngn hng lin doanh, nc ngoi. T l an

ton vn ca cc NHTMCP gim t mc 14,15% ti thi im cui thng 8 xung

13,95% vo cui thng 9.

Tuy nhin chng ta cn nhn rng t l an ton vn m cc ngn hng ln ca chng

ta ang t c l tnh ton theo chun mc k ton Vit Nam, nu tnh ton theo

chun mc k ton quc t th c s sai bit kh ln. Chng hn nh:

Bng 3: Ch s CAR ca ngn hng u t v Pht trin (BIDV) qua cc nm

2005 2009

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Ch tiu 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Ch s CAR (%) theo

VAS6,86% 9,1% - 8,94% 9,53%

Ch s CAR (%) theo

IFRS3,36% 5,9% 6,7% 6,5% 7,55%

Ngun: BIDV- Trch li t bi Gim st ngn hng theo Basel 2 v vic tun th ca

Vit nam (Tc gi: H Th Thiu Dao).

Do , vn t ra liu h s an ton vn m cc ngn hng Vit Nam ang cng b

c ng tin cy hay khng? C m bo c vic khc phc nhng kh khn bt ng do

ni ti nn kinh t v nhng bin ng ngoi mang li, m trc mt l bo v nhng

ngi gi tin v tng tnh n nh cho nn kinh t. y cng l mt thc trng m chng

ta cn lu tm i vi h thng ngn hng Vit Nam.

N xu:

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n n xu ca cc ngn hng tng cao l do

chnh sch tng vn php nh. Khi cc ngn hng tng vn iu l m bo mc vn

php nh, t sut sinh li ca ngn hng cng phi tng tng ng lm hi lng cc

nh u t. Cc nh qun tr ngn hng thc hin cho vay o t, khng nh gi ng

mc tnh hnh ca cc doanh nghip i vay. Nhng khon cho vay y ri ro nh vy

mang li cho ngn hng mc t sut sinh li cao, nhng ng thi cng mang li cho

ngn hng tnh trng n xu cao khi cc khon vay khng c tr ng hn.

Bng 4: ROA, ROE ca cc TCTD n ht qu II/2012

Nm 2010 Nm 2011Ngn hng ROA ROE ROA ROE

ACB 1,25 21,74 1,32 25,53

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CTG 1,12 22,21 1,40 25,29EIB 1,85 13,51 1,94 20,46HBB 1,42 14,04 0,88 8,46

NVB 0,81 9,84 0,85 6,86SHB 1,26 14,98 1,21 14,73STB 1,49 15,55 1,39 14,40VCB 1,50 22,66 1,34 18,30

Trung bnh 1,36 18,83 1,40 19,68

(Ngun:Ngun gc li nhun 2011 v n s 2012 tc gi H B

Tnh)

T l n xu ca h thng NHTM gim mnh khong trn 50% k t nm 2002

n 2007, tuy nhin sau li tng mnh cc nm 2008, 2009. Trong hai nm tr li

y, tnh trng n xu ca cc ngn hng ang c xu hng gia tng (nm 2011/2010 n

xu ca ACB, HBB, SHB ln lt tng mc cao l 2,5 ln, 2 ln, 1,5 ln... ), y

c coi l nhng thch thc ln khi tin hnh ti c cu ngn hng.

Hnh 6: T l n xu ca cc ngn hng hng thng mi

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(Ngun : http://cafe.vn)

Do vn n xu ca cc ngn hng Vit Nam ang l mt n s. Mc d theo

cc bo co ca ngn hng th mc n xu vn rt thp v nm trong tm kim sot, tuy

nhin chng ta li nhn ra mt nghch l rng n xu ca cc ngn hng ang gia tng

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http://cafe.vn/http://cafe.vn/


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trong khi trch lp d phng li khng tng tng ng, c nhng ngn hng cn gim so

vi trc. Chng hn nh khon trch lp d phng ri ro tn dng ca EIB nm 2011 ch

l 270 t ng, tng cha n 2% so vi nm trc. Tng t ca ACB l 280 t ng,

tng khong 23%, trong khi n xu (n nhm 3, nhm 4 v nhm 5) ca ACB li tng

gp ba ln ln 837 t ng. SHB ch trch lp d phng ri tn dng 101 t ng, thp hn

mc 150 t ng ca nm 2010, trong khi n xu li tng gn gp i.

ng lu trong bc tranh n xu ca cc ngn hng thi gian qua l nhm n c

kh nng mt vn (n nhm 5) m ngn hng phi trch d phng ri ro 100%. Theo bo

co ti chnh, hin nay t l n c kh nng mt vn trn d n cho vay khch hng ca

BaoVietBank ang mc cao nht vi 2,93%, tip n l ca LienVietPostBank vi1,46%; ca Vietcombank l 1,42%; ca BIDV l 1,22%; ca MB l 1,07%; ca

KienLongBank l 1,36%. N c kh nng mt vn ca cc ngn hng khc trong khi

cng xp x mc 1% trn d n cho vay khch hng nh Vietinbank l 0,86%; ca

Techcombank 0,99%; ca ACB l 0,81%; PGBank 0,83%...

Hnh 7: T l n c kh nng mt vn trn d n cho vay khch hng ti thi

im 30/9

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(Ngun: http// cafef.vn)

Theo nh gi ca Fitch Ratings, n xu ca Vit Nam khong 12-13% v theo mt

s nghin cu trong nc nh b phn nghin cu kinh t thuc Maritime Bank cho thy,

nu hch ton ng v p dng chun quc t v phn loi n, n xu ngn hng t nht l

10% (trn 10 t USD), chim gn 10% GDP ca Vit Nam hin nay. Nu ch da vo t

l n xu 10% v t trng ti sn cho vay/tng ti sn ca ton ngnh ngn hng l 60%,

th 10% n xu ang tc ng nghim trng n khong mt na tng vn ch s hu ca

ton h thng ngn hng Vit Nam. Hn na, nu khong 50% n xu c kh nng lm

mt vn cc ngn hng th tnh hnh n xu ca ton h thng c kh nng tiu hy

khong 1/3 vn ch s hu hin nay ca ton ngnh.Do , vn n xu ang l mt thch thc ln cho h thng ngn hng Vit Nam

trong thi gian sp ti. V vy vn t ra l gii quyt ngay cc khon n xu khng

nn ko di s nh hng n tc tng trng ca nn kinh t, khon chi ph gia

tng khi x l n, ci thin nng lc ti chnh ca h thng ngn hng.

Tnh thanh khon:

Tnh thanh khon ca h thng ngn hng ang c xu hng gim dn th hin t l

tng tn dng/tng huy ng tng lin tc tuy nhin ngun vn huy ng vo li c biu

hin gim. Theo nh kinh nghim ca cc quc gia chu u thp hn 80% trong khi

Vit Nam c lc ln n 130%, v vy m NHNN ban hnh thng tu 13. Tuy nhin

tnh hnh cho n nay vn cha gim. ng thi, t l tn dng cho vay/vn huy ng li

c xu hng tng ln, nm 2008 l 0,95%, nm 2009 l 1,01%, nm 2010 l 1,01% v

nm 2011 l 1,03%. Tn dng tng trng cao hn mc tng trng vn huy ng. Tnh

trng ny lm xu i tnh thanh khon ca ngn hng.

Ngoi ra tnh trng ngn hng s dng ngun vn ngn hn cho vay trung di hn

ngy cng tng. iu ny dn n nh hng khng tt cho h thng ngn hng trong

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trung v di hn v tnh thanh khon. Khi c mt ngn hng sp , cc ngn hng khc

trong h thng lp tc b nh hng theo.

Hnh 8: T l vn ngn hn cho vay trung di hn

(Ngun: Din n Kinh t Vit Nam VEF)

2.2. Thc trng v nng lc hot ng:

Hot ng ca ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam nhng nm gn y c nhiu thay

i hn so vi trc kia. Nu trc y tn dng NHVN lun t mc trn 20%, c bit

nm 2007 l 51.39% v tng trng tn dng thng cao hn huy ng. iu ny dn n

n xu ngn hng cao. Th tng trng tn dng bt u h nhit, theo bo co ca

NHNN gn cui nm 2012 mc tng trng tn dng t mc thp k lc, c tnh l 7%,

y l mc thp so vi 20 nm tr li y. Nguyn nhn chnh do nn kinh t ang kh

khn, tng cu suy gim dn n doanh nghip buc phi thu hp sn xut v n xu cxu hng tng nhanh cng buc cc ngn hng tht cht tn dng hn, kim sot cht

dng tin hn ch ri ro.

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Hnh 9: Tng trng tn dng ca NH Vit Nam


T nm 2007 chng kin nhng cuc ua v li sut huy ng v trong giai on kh

khn cuc chay ua ny y mc li sut cho vay cao nn kh nng tip cn ngun vn

vay ca DN cng thm tr ngi, nhng n gn cui nm 2012 dn n nh hn trong

li sut huy ng di hn cao hn ngn hn nh chnh sch iu chnh li sut ca

NHNN nhm n nh lm pht. Ngoi ra cc lnh vc u tin nh nng nghip, nngthn, xut khu, cng nghip h tr, doanh nghip va v nh c vay ngn hn vi

mc trn li sut l 13%. Tuy nhin do hng tn kho qu nhiu nn nhiu doanh nghip

trong nhm ny khng t iu kin cho vay.

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Th trng ti chnh

Hnh 10 : Qu trnh iu chnh li sut 2012


Hin nay cc sn phm ca NHTM Vit Nam c a dng nhiu hn nh: dch

v thanh ton in t (e-banking), bo lnh, ti tr xut nhp khu, dch v t vnTuy

nhin so vi cc ngn hng nc ngoi nh HSBC, ANZ th vn cn t, hn na cht

lng dch v cn nhiu hn ch nh s lng ATM vn cn hn ch v nhiu my lc

hu, h hng nng cn phi c bo tr, vic thc hin thanh ton qua POS cha c

ph bin mt phn do thi quen ca ngi dn bn cnh l t pha ngn hng nh linkt vi cc a im chp nhn thanh ton qua th cn hn ch, qung b gii hn

2.3. Thc trng v nng lc qun tr:

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Bn thn Ngn hng thng mi l doanh nghip c bit nn hot ng ca ngn

hng cng c nhng c th khc vi cc cng ty, l: s a dng v cc i tng

th hng nn kh qun l; ri ro ln, nhiu khon n ngn hn nn ri ro trong hot

ng l rt cao v rt d dn n ph sn; chu s qun l cht ch vi nhiu quy nh

kht khe v chi tit do tm quan trng trong h thng, nu v c th gy ra tn tht ln

v trn phm vi rng. c bit, cc nc ang pht trin, khi cc ngn hng l ngun ti

chnh bn ngoi rt ln ca doanh nghip, cht lng qun tr ngn hng khng ch tc

ng n gi tr ca ngn hng v m cn quyt nh n sc khe ca nn kinh t.

Nng lc qun tr ca cc NHTM Vit Nam c nhng bc pht trin nhanh. Nng

lc qun tr iu hnh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam c nng ln mt bc r rt so vigiai on trc. Nhiu TCTD p dng cc m hnh qun l hin i (qun l ri ro, qun

l tn dng, qun l ti sn n), tin gn hn n m hnh qun l ca cc ngn hng trn

th gii v ph hp hn vi bi cnh y bin ng ca th trng ti chnh trong v

ngoi nc.

C cu t chc ca b my hi ng qun tr, b my iu hnh, cc phng ban cc

ngn hng cng c t chc, sp xp li nhm xc nh r trch nhim, quyn hn

cc b phn, cc cp. Hot ng qun tr, iu hnh ca cc TCTD mang tnh chuynnghip hn, tip cn vi kin thc qun tr ngn hng tin tin t hot ng chuyn giao

cng ngh.

Tuy nhin, thc tin qun tr ngn hng Vit Nam thi gian qua bc l khng t

nhng hn ch m nu khng khc phc c th cc NHTM Vit Nam s rt kh cnh

tranh trong iu kin hi nhp ngy cng su rng nh hin nay.

Nghin cu ca IFC c thc hin trn 100 doanh nghip nim yt ln nht trnHSX v HNX, nh gi cht lng nng lc qun tr da theo mt nhm tiu ch, im s

cng cao th cht lng qun tr cng tt. Theo nh gi ca t chc ny, im s chung

ca Vit Nam l 42,7%, thp hn mc trung bnh ca IFC v thp hn nhiu nc trong

khu vc. Trong lnh vc ti chnh (bao gm c bt ng sn) vi 43%.

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Th trng ti chnh

Hnh 11: Chm im qun tr trong lnh vc ti chnh nm 2012

Xt trong ngnh ti chnh,im s qun tr ca cc ngn hng ch t 43.7%. Con s

ny th hin mc tn nhim v nng lc qun tr ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit

Nam l rt thp. iu ny hm nng lc qun tr cn nhiu yu km.

Nhng yu km c th k n l:

Th nht, thiu khun kh cho hot ng qun tr

C mt s tht kh tr tru l t trc ti nay, b lut lin quan trc tip ti cc hotng tn dng, hay t chc tn dng li khng h c mc no cp c th ti cc vn

t chc v qun tr. K c khi Lut Doanh Nghip mi c sa i vo nm 2005, vn

v qun tr doanh nghip ca NHTM dng nh vn b ng. Thc t, trong sut thi

gian qua, vn thiu hn mt h thng lut y trong cng tc qun l t chc v qun

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Th trng ti chnh

tr. Khng c lut, NHTM phi da vo cc Ngh nh t xy dng c ch qun tr.

Lut cc TCTD (mi) c Quc hi thng qua ngy 16/6/2010 v c hiu lc t ngy

01/01/2011 vi k vng s gii quyt c nhng vng mc cho hot ng qun tr ti

cc NHTM, tuy nhin n nay cc Ngh nh, Thng t hng dn Lut vn cha c

ban hnh.

Th hai, m hnh t chc v qun l hin ti bc l mt s nhc im

Thc t vai tr ca hi ng qun tr v ban iu hnh mt s NHTM cha c

phn tch r rng. Do vy, hi ng qun tr c th b ri vo trng hp: hoc l

khng tp trung c cc lung thng tin ch yu v hot ng ca ngn hng

xy dng, kim tra cc mc tiu chin lc v cc quyt nh phng nga ri ro;hoc li tham gia qu su vo cc hot ng thng ngy ca hot ng qun l.

M hnh t chc ca cc ngn hng cha hon thin. Vn cn tnh trng cc phng

ban nghip v t tr s chnh v chi nhnh c phn nhim theo nghip v v ct

khc theo a gii hnh chnh, cha ch trng phn nhim theo nhm khch hng

v loi dch v nh thng l quc t. y l hn ch ln nht v cu trc qun l

v pht trin sn phm mi i vi NHTM. iu ny lm hn ch kh nng phc

v v p ng nhu cu khch hng ca cc NHTM Vit Nam. Thiu cc b phn lin kt cc hot ng, cc quyt nh gia cc phng, ban

nghip v, to iu kin cho hi ng qun tr v ban iu hnh bao qut ton din

hot ng v tp trung nhn lc, ti lc vo cc nh hng chin lc. Ngoi ra,

c s d liu v phn tch, d bo mi trng kinh doanh, nh gi ngun lc v

xc nh tm nhn trung, di hn vn l cng c qun l c bn ca cc NHTM

hin i vn cn thiu, do vy, nhn chung cc NHTM cn kh lng tng trong

vic hoch nh chin lc pht trin di hn.

Th ba, vn qun tr ni b cha c quan tm ng mc

cc nc, vai tr ca qun tr ni b (qun tr ngun nhn lc, qun tr ti chnh n

qun tr khch hng, qun tr ri ro, qun tr thng hiu, qun tr th trng... ) ngn hng

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Th trng ti chnh

c nh gi rt cao v ngn hng l mt ngnh kinh doanh nhy cm v thng xuyn

i mt nhiu ri ro, c bit vn m bo kh nng thanh ton v cht lng dch v

cung cp. Vit Nam, qun tr ni b c quan tm nhiu hn trong thi gian gn

y. Song nhng bin ng bt thng thi gian qua khin cc nh ngn hng ch

trng hn n qun tr ni b.

Tuy nhin, cng c mt s nguyn nhn c bn lm cho vn qun tr ni b cha

pht huy c ht hiu qu:

H thng thng tin qun tr ca cc NHTM Vit Nam cha c tt. Nhiu NHTM

mua cc sn phm v qun tr cho ngn hng. Tuy nhin, thi quen s dng cc

thng tin v vic s dng trit cc tnh nng ca sn phm a ra cc quytnh qun tr cha cao;

H thng k ton qun tr cha hon thin, cha nh gi c hiu qu ca tng

sn phm, tng khi kinh doanh nn cha tnh c ri ro v li nhun ca

NHTM;

Cc gii php qun tr ri ro c a ra, tuy nhin, cch p dng vn cn cha

trit , na vi, do , vn cha em li hiu qu thit thc cho cng tc qun tr ri ro.

2.4. Tnh trng s hu cho trong h thng ngn hng:

- S hu cho xut hin khi mt cng ty A hay nh u t A u t vo cng ty B, sau

cng ty B u t li vo cng ty A hoc c cng ty A ln B u t vo cng ty C. Sau

cng ty C u t ngc tr li vo cng ty A v cng ty B. C th hiu n gin nh

vy. Trn thc t, c th chu trnh ca s hu cho cn phc tp hn th na.

V d:

Hu ht cc tp on kinh t, tng cng ty nh nc u s hu ngn hng. in hnh

l Tp on in lc Vit Nam s hu Ngn hng TMCP An Bnh, Tp on Vin thng

Qun i s hu Ngn hng TMCP Qun i (MB), Tp on Than - Khong sn Vit

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Th trng ti chnh

Nam v Tp on Cao su s hu Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn - H Ni, Tp on Du kh

Vit Nam s hu Ngn hng TMCP i Dng

Ngoi tr Ngn hng Pht trin nh ng bng sng Cu Long khng s hu ngnhng, cn li, Ngn hng TMCP u t v Pht trin Vit Nam (BIDV), Ngn hng

TMCP Ngoi thng Vit Nam (VCB), Ngn hng TMCP Cng thng (VietinBank) v

Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (Agribank) u s hu cc ngn hng

khc.

Trong khu vc kinh t ngoi quc doanh, s hu cho ph bin di hai hnh thc l

ngn hng s hu ln nhau v DN s hu ngn hng. Hin ti, Ngn hng TMCP HngHi (Maritime Bank) c s hu bi Agribank, trong khi Maritime Bank li ang s

hu MB v Ngn hng Pht trin M Kng (MDB). Phc tp hn, Ngn hng TMCP

Chu (ACB) ang s hu Ngn hng TMCP Xut nhp khu Vit Nam (Eximbank),

nhng Eximbank ng thi ang s hu Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn - Thng Tn

(Sacombank). Ngoi ra, ACB cng ang s hu cc ngn hng khc nh i , Kin

Long.

Qua thy tnh phc tp trong s hu cho ca h thng ngn hng ti Vit Nam.

S hu cho c mt tch cc l gp phn lm tng hiu bit gia ngn hng vi doanh

nghip, ng thi hnh thnh nn mt c cu s hu v qun tr n nh trong cc doanh

nghip, ngn hng.

Mt cu hi c ra vic s hu cho nh vy th c nhng ri ro g?

Th nht l quy nh v vn. Theo quy nh ca Ngh nh 141/2006/N-CP, vniu l thc gp ca cc ngn hng phi t 1.000 t ng vo nm 2008 v 3.000 t ng

vo nm 2010. Thng qua s hu cho, c ng Ngn hng A c th vay tin Ngn hng

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Th trng ti chnh

B gp vn vo Ngn hng A v ngc li. Hot ng i vay ny to ra tnh trng tng

vn o trong cc ngn hng.

Th hai, gii hn tn dng theo quy nh hin hnh b s hu cho lm v hiuha. Cc khon tn dng cp cho cc DNNN bi ngn hng thng mi nh nc vt

hn tn dng c chnh Ngn hng Nh nc ph chun l nhng v d in hnh.

Th ba, t kinh nghim cuc khng hong ti chnh ngn hng ton cu v theo Lut

Cc t chc tn dng nm 2010, cng nh Thng t 13/2010/TT-NHNN, hot ng ngn

hng u t phi c tch bch khi hot ng ca ngn hng thng mi. Theo ,

ngn hng khng c cp tn dng cho cng ty trc thuc hot ng kinh doanh chngkhon. Tuy nhin, thay v cho vay trc tip, Ngn hng A c th mua tri phiu ca Ngn

hng B (A ang s hu) Ngn hng B cho vay, hoc u t vo tri phiu ca cng ty

chng khon, cng ty qun l qu ca Ngn hng A.

Th t, cc quy nh v phn loi n v trch lp d phng ri ro ca Ngn hng Nh

nc c th b lm sai lch tinh thn bi s hu cho. Khi khch hng khng tr c n,

thay v xp khon vay thnh n xu v trch d phng ri ro theo quy nh, Ngn hng A

c th cho vay o n

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Th trng ti chnh

Chng 3: TI C CU H THNG NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM

3.1. Kinh nghim ti c cu ngn hng mt s quc gia

M:

Vo thp nin 1970, nn kinh t M b nh hng bi mt lot cc s kin chnh tr

ln. giai on ny, thm ht thng mi M tng, lm pht nh n, hot ng kinh

doanh nh tr, t l tht nghip tng khin cho nn kinh t suy yu i. Chnh bi lm

pht trm trng dn n h qu l thm ht ngn sch M ngy cng ln, dn n n

vay chnh ph tng ln, t t l li sut b y ln cao. Nhng n lc chng lm pht

ca chnh ph gn nh khng c hiu qu. Nn kinh t M trong trng thi tr tr nng n.

n 1982, s doanh nghip ph sn tng 50% so vi nm trc . Trong bi cnh nh

vy, ti c cu nn kinh t l yu cu tt yu. Ring th trng ti chnh, c th l h

thng ngn hng, hot ng M&A din ra rt si ni trong giai on 1980-1998 do ro

cn php l thp hn m trc y b cm hoc hn ch m rng (cho php ngn hng

cung cp dch v lin bang).

V d, ti Hoa K, c hai lut tiu bang v lin bang cm hoc hn ch gia cc tiu

bang ngn hng Hoa K cho n khi nhng nm 1980, khi lut nh nc mi cho php

cc ngn hng v cc cng ty ngn hng ang nm gi vt qua cc tiu bang xut

hin. Sau , vo nm 1994, Quc hi M thng qua Riegle Neal Interstate Banking

Act, cho php cc cng ty c mua li ngn hng trn ton quc. Nhng lut mi ca

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tiu bang v lin bang m cng ngn hng trn ton quc thc s xut hin ln u

tin trong lch s nc M.

Trong thi gian ny din ra hn 7.000 v sp nhp khin cho s lng cc ngn hng

gim mnh. Tuy vy, cc v M&A M khng lm gim mc cnh tranh trn th

trng ngn hng a phng v khng to ra cc ngn hng c quyn trong mi bang.

t c iu ny, c th k n 3 nguyn nhn sau y:

- Cc v M&A ch yu gia cc ngn hng nm trn cc bang khc nhau

- Ngn hng sau M&A c php cung cp nhng dch v mi

- Cc v M&A phi tun theo Lut chng c quyn.

mt v M&A c thc hin, Fed phi xem xt thng v theo mt quy trnh cht

ch:

- M&A phi da trn Lut v cng ty nm gi c phn cc ngn hng, Lut

chng c quyn Shernan v Clayton, Lut chng khon lin bang, Lut sp nhp

ngn hng,..

- Xc nh cc khu vc a l c kh nng b nh hng bi sp nhp; xc nh

ch s cnh tranh ca khu vc (HHI - c tnh da trn s lng ngn hng a

phng v s d tin gi ngn hng huy ng c) v m bo ch s ny nm

trong gii hn cho php; cn nhc thm mt s yu t khc nh s thay i v th

phn, sc cnh tranh tim nng, sc mnh ca ngn hng sau khi sp nhp, thay i v

mi trng kinh doanh tc ng ti hnh vi ca ngn hng. Fed thc hin phn tch

bng cch s dng rt nhiu cng c nh thc hin cc cuc iu tra trn ton quc,

gi in trc tip ti cc cng ty, doanh nghip v h gia nh trn a bn, thc hin

iu tra ti ch, thu thp s liu thng k v thu nhp, dn s, tng s d tin gi,..

Fed rt ra kinh nghim v mt s trng hp khng lm nh hng n mi trng

cnh tranh a phng: khi ngn hng b mua li khng phi l i th cnh tranh thc

s ca ngn hng sp nhp; ngn hng b mua li c t ti th trng suy gim.

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Th trng ti chnh

- Qu trnh phn tch chng c quyn lun c s phi hp vi S T php

bng cc hnh thc chnh thc v khng chnh thc.

- Hu ht cc ngn hng np n M&A u c chp thun v trc h

c Fed t vn cc chnh sch v tiu chun v M&A.

Chu u:

Hot ng M&A ngn hng chu u din ra mnh m vo thp nin 1990. T 1985

n 1999, s lng ngn hng gim khong 4.300 ngn hng, t l gim bnh qun l

5% / nm. n nm 2003, s lng cc ngn hng c gim gn 34%, Php v H

Lan hn 25%, Anh l 20%, xt c EU l 22%. S lng ngn hng tip tc gim trong

nm 2005, 2006. Chu u tr thnh khu vc c hot ng M&A din ra mnh m nhtch sau M. Nguyn nhn l do chu u cn to ra nhng t chc ti chnh ln mnh,

sc cnh tranh trn th gii; bn cnh l qu trnh xy dng mt cng ng chu u

thnh mt th trng duy nht, gn gi hn v mt php l v vn ha to iu kin

cho tin trnh sp nhp din ra mnh m hn.

Mt s thng v M&A ln c th k n l:

- Nm 2000, ti Php: ngn hng BNP mua ton b c phn ca ngn hng Paribas

hnh thnh nn tp on ti chnh hng u ca Php BNP Paribas.

- Nm 2002, ti c: cuc sp nhp gia ngn hng Dresdner v cng ty bo him

Allanz to nn mt tp on ti chnh xuyn quc gia,

- Nm 2006, ti chu u: ngn hng HVB (c) sp nhp vo tp on Uni Credit

Group ().

- Nm 2007: ngn hng Barclays PLC (Anh) mua li ngn hng ABN Amro NV (H

Lan).

Bn cnh vic cc ngn hng ch ng M&A vi nhau, mt xu hng khc trong thi

gian ny l nh nc b tin quc hu ha mt phn hoc ton b mt s ngn hng v t

chc ti chnh ln. Mt s v d cho xu hng ny l:

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- Ngn hng RBS b mua li bi HM Treasury

- Lloyds TSB Group PLC sp nhp vi ngn hng HBOS PLC

- Ngn hng Fortis Bank Nederland (H Lan) b tip qun bi chnh ph H Lan Thi Lan:

Nm 1997, nn kinh t Thi Lan ri vo khng hong, NHTW Thi Lan (BoT)

chuyn sang iu hnh chnh sch tin t theo c ch tin t mc tiu. Chin lc khn

cp lc ny l:

- Mt l, tng cng thanh tra gim st: Thnh lp C quan Ti c cu khu vc ti

chnh (FRA) v Cng ty Qun l ti sn (AMC).

- Hai l, ti cu trc h thng ti chnh: Thc hin gii th 58 chi nhnh ngn hng v

cng ty ti chnh, 7 ngn hng trong nc phi chuyn i theo hnh thc mua li hoc

sp nhp.

- Ba l, kim sot n xu: Thng 3/1998, BoT ban hnh cc quy nh phn loi n v

d phng ri ro theo tiu chun quc t cho h thng ngn hng ti chnh

Ti cu trc ngn hng Thi Lan da theo c ch th trng vi chng trnh trng

tm vo 3 vn : Gii quyt khng hong, n nh c s tin gi ca cc ngn hng, v

khi phc dng tn dng cho cc khu vc sn xut ca nn kinh t. K hoch ny gm 4

phn:

+ Tiu chun ha t l an ton vn (CAR): CAR phi duy tr mc 8,5% i vi cc

ngn hng (cao hn so vi tiu chun quc t Basel) v 8% cho cc cng ty ti chnh.

+ Thc hin cc cng c h tr v vn: Mc tiu ca cc chnh sch h tr vn l

khuyn khch cc NHTM v cng ty ti chnh c cu li ngun vn khi phc v duytr thanh khon.

+ Thnh lp cc cng ty qun l ti sn t hu

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+ Gii quyt cc t chc ti chnh yu km: BoT tip tc can thip thm vo 2 ngn

hng (UBB v Laem Thong Bank) v 5 cng ty ti chnh, nng tng s t chc ti chnh

cn can thip ln con s 18, trong c 6 ngn hng v 12 cng ty ti chnh.

Nht Bn:

Vo gia nhng nm 1980, vi cam kt ca Ngn hng Trung ng Nht Bn l s

gi n nh t gi ng yn. Vic to vn cho cc ngn hng gia tng sn xut khin

nn kinh t tng trng nhanh, mc u t ln (khong 30% GDP). Gi bt ng sn tng

nhanh lin tc, lm tng gi tr ti sn th chp. n nm 1990, nn kinh t b tng trng

qu nng v hu qu l bong bng bt ng sn v tung. Gi bt ng sn v c phiu

tt dc nhanh chng. Ch tnh n thng 3/1997, tng s n qu hn trong h thngngn hng ln ti trn 585 nghn t yn (khong 4 nghn t USD). T l n kh i

mt s ngn hng chim ti 13% tng d n. Trong h thng ngn hng Nht Bn lc

ny, c n 16 ngn hng hng u Nht Bn, bao gm Ngn hng Cng nghip Nht

Bn, Fuji, Sumitomo, Daiwa, Tokai, Yasuda Trust v c Sanwa tuyn b xin ti tr

gn 65 t USD gii quyt nhng khong trng do cc khon n kh i li. Ch c

Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi tuyn b l h c th t tng vn hn 2.130 triu USD thng

qua vic pht hnh. khc phc tnh trng ny, Nht Bn thc hin ti cu trc bngcch chia nhm cc ngn hng thnh 2 nhm: nhm th nht l cc ngn hng cho vay

lnh mnh, sp gii quyt dt im cc khon n kh i; nhm th hai l cc ngn hng

ang phi vt ln vi n xu. S phn chia ny, theo cc nh phn tch, s to ra s phn

cc r rng, nht l trong hot ng kinh doanh chng khon, m kt qu ca s phn cc

ny l cc ngn hng nh s ngy cng kh khn hn trn TTCK.

Bn cnh vic xin bm vn, cc ngn hng cng thnh lp cc lin minh. Chng hn,

Ngn hng Sumitomo Trust vi Cng ty Sumitomo; Daiichi Kangyo v Fuji sp nhp cc

cng ty con trong lnh vc ngn hng v c k hoch mua cng ty qun l ti sn ca

Yasuda Trust. Trc khi Ngn hng Tn dng Nht Bn b quc hu ha, h c k

hoch sp nhp vi Chuo Trust and Banking tr thnh mt ngn hng ton nng.

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Th trng ti chnh

Cc chnh sch cu tr cho h thng ngn hng Nht Bn trong nm ti chnh 1998

c ban hnh lin tc, cho thy Chnh ph Nht Bn tha nhn s yu km trong

h thng v cng chng t y l im nng nht v quyt tm ca Chnh ph trong

tin trnh ci cch h thng ti chnh nc ny.

3.2. Tnh hnh thc hin ti c cu NHTM Vit Nam

3.2.1. Mc tiu v nh hng c cu li h thng ngn hng thng mi c

phn (Quyt nh s 254/Q-TTg ngy 01/3/2012 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph

duyt n "C cu li h thng cc t chc tn dng giai on 2011 - 2015"):

Mc tiu:

C cu li cn bn, trit v ton din h thng cc t chc tn dng n nm2020 pht trin c h thng cc t chc tn dng a nng theo hng hin i, hot

ng an ton, hiu qu vng chc vi cu trc a dng v s hu, quy m, loi hnh c

kh nng cnh tranh ln hn v da trn nn tng cng ngh, qun tr ngn hng tin tin

ph hp vi thng l, chun mc quc t v hot ng ngn hng nhm p ng tt hn

nhu cu v dch v ti chnh, ngn hng ca nn kinh t.

Trong giai on 2011- 2015, tp trung lnh mnh ha tnh trng ti chnh v cng c

nng lc hot ng ca cc t chc tn dng; ci thin mc an ton v hiu qu hot

ng ca cc t chc tn dng; nng cao trt t, k cng v nguyn tc th trng trong

hot ng ngn hng. Phn u n cui nm 2015 hnh thnh c t nht 1-2 ngn hng

thng mi c quy m v trnh tng ng vi cc ngn hng trong khu vc.

Quan im tin hnh c cu li

Th nht, c cu li h thng cc t chc tn dng v tng t chc tn dng l mt

qu trnh thng xuyn, lin tc nhm khc phc nhng kh khn, yu km v ch ngi ph vi nhng thch thc cc t chc tn dng khng ngng pht trin mt cch an

ton, hiu qu, vng chc v p ng tt hn yu cu pht trin kinh t - x hi trong giai

on mi.

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Th trng ti chnh

Th hai, cng c, pht trin h thng cc t chc tn dng a dng v s hu, quy

m v loi hnh ph hp vi c im v trnh pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam

trong giai on hin nay. Nng cao vai tr, v tr chi phi, dn dt th trng ca cc t

chc tn dng Vit Nam, c bit l ngn hng thng mi nh nc tht s l lc lng

ch lc, ch o ca h thng cc t chc tn dng, ng thi c nng lc cnh tranh

trong nc v quc t.

Th ba, khuyn khch vic sp nhp, hp nht, mua li cc t chc tn dng theo

nguyn tc t nguyn, bo m quyn li ca ngi gi tin v cc quyn, ngha v kinh

t ca cc bn c lin quan theo quy nh ca php lut.

Th t, thc hin c cu li ton din v ti chnh, hot ng, qun tr ca cc tchc tn dng theo cc hnh thc, bin php v l trnh thch hp.

Th nm, khng xy ra v v mt an ton hot ng ngn hng ngoi tm

kim sot ca Nh nc. Qu trnh chn chnh, cng c v c cu li h thng cc t chc

tn dng hn ch ti mc thp nht tn tht v chi ph ca ngn sch nh nc cho x l

nhng vn ca h thng cc t chc tn dng.

nh hng

Chn chnh, sp xp li cc ngn hng thng mi c phn bo m hot ng an

ton, lnh mnh, hiu qu, ng php lut v cng vi cc ngn hng thng mi nh

nc gi cho h thng cc t chc tn dng n nh v pht trin vng chc. Cc t chc

tn dng (TCTD) phi cnh tranh lnh mnh v hot ng mt cch cng khai, minh bch,

ng thi p ng y cc chun mc v qun tr v an ton hot ng ngn hng theo

quy nh ca php lut. To iu kin cho cc TCTD lnh mnh pht trin v kin quyt

x l cc TCTD yu km. Kim sot quy m, tc tng trng v phm vi hot ngkinh doanh ca TCTD ph hp vi iu kin ti chnh v nng lc qun tr.

Trn c s nh gi thc trng ti chnh, hot ng v qun tr, c bit l cht lng

ti sn, cng n, vn t c v mc an ton ca TCTD, cc TCTD s c phn loi

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Th trng ti chnh

thnh 3 nhm (TCTD lnh mnh; TCTD thiu thanh khon tm thi v TCTD yu km)

c bin php x l thch hp.

TCTD cn c phng n c cu li ph hp vi mc ri ro, yu km v iu kin

c th ca TCTD. Ni dung c cu li cc TCTD yu km bao gm: (1) Lnh mnh ha

v ti chnh; (2) C cu li hot ng; (3) C cu li h thng qun tr; (4) C cu li

php nhn v s hu.

+ Gii php c cu li cc TCTD lnh mnh

- TCTD xy dng v trin khai phng n t cng c, chn chnh hot ng v nng

cao nng lc cnh tranh pht trin nhanh v quy m, hot ng, ti chnh v c trnh

qun tr, cng ngh tin tin.

- Khuyn khch v to iu kin cc TCTD sp nhp, hp nht, mua li theo nguyn

tc t nguyn tng quy m hot ng v kh nng cnh tranh.

- M rng quy m v phm vi hot ng; tch cc gia nhp cc th trng ti chnh

trong khu vc v trn th gii.

- Tham gia x l cc TCTD yu km v thiu ht thanh khon: Cho vay h tr thanh

khon i vi cc TCTD yu km v mt kh nng chi tr tm thi; mua li, sp nhpTCTD yu km.

+ Gii php c cu li cc TCTD thiu thanh khon tm thi

- Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ti cp vn i vi TCTD thiu ht thanh khon

tm thi bo m kh nng chi tr ca TCTD v c th tr li hot ng bnh thng.

- TCTD xy dng v thc hin Phng n phc hi kh nng chi tr; TCTD phi hn

ch tng trng tn dng, tch cc huy ng vn tr n Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Namv tng kh nng chi tr.

- Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam gim st cht ch tnh hnh ti chnh v hot ng

ca TCTD c ti cp vn.

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Th trng ti chnh

- TCTD phi thc hin chn chnh, cng c ti chnh, hot ng v qun tr bo

m an ton v hiu qu kinh doanh, trong bao gm x l n xu, ci thin kh nng

chi tr, gim h s n v h s s dng vn.

- Khuyn khch v to iu kin cho cc TCTD thuc nhm ny sp nhp, hp nht

vi nhau v sp nhp, hp nht vi TCTD lnh mnh.

- Ty theo tnh cht, mc ri ro, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam p dng cc bin

php x l sau y:

+ Hn ch TCTD m rng phm vi, quy m v a bn hot ng.

+ Bt buc TCTD phi thc hin mt hoc mt s t l an ton cao hn mc quy nh

chung.

+ Gii php c cu li cc TCTD yu km

- Bo m kh nng chi tr ca TCTD yu km. Tp trung h tr thanh khon bo

m kh nng chi tr ca TCTD yu km thng qua cc bin php sau y:

* Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam ti cp vn cho TCTD thiu thanh khon trn c s

h s tn dng c cht lng tt vi mc ti a tng ng vn iu l ca TCTD c

ti cp vn.

* TCTD yu km phi chu s gim st c bit mt cch cht ch, ton din ca

Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam v qun tr, iu hnh, ti chnh v hot ng.

* Ngn hng thng mi nh nc v ngn hng thng mi c phn lnh mnh mua

li cc ti sn v khon n c cht lng tt ca TCTD thiu thanh khon thanh ton

cc ngha v n n hn.

* t TCTD vo tnh trng kim sot c bit khi cn thit.

* Hn ch TCTD chia c tc, li nhun; kim sot cht ch vic chuyn nhng c

phn, vn gp v ti sn ca TCTD; gim d n tn dng v hn ch m rng quy m

hot ng.

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Th trng ti chnh

* nh ch, tm nh ch, min nhim chc v ngi qun l, ngi iu hnh ca

TCTD.

* Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam v t chc tn dng khc cho vay c bit i vi

TCTD yu km theo quy nh ca php lut.

- Sp nhp, hp nht, mua li TCTD yu km

Sau khi p dng cc bin php bo m kh nng chi tr, TCTD yu km c x l

nh sau:

* TCTD yu km c sp nhp, hp nht, mua li trn c s t nguyn. Nu khng

th thc hin c mt cch t nguyn, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam s p dng cc

bin php sp nhp, hp nht, mua li trn c s bt buc i vi TCTD yu km.

* Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam yu cu TCTD yu km phi chuyn nhng vn

iu l hoc vn c phn; c ng ln, c ng nm quyn kim sot, chi phi ca TCTD

yu km phi chuyn nhng c phn.

* Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam trc tip mua li vn iu l hoc c phn ca

TCTD yu km chn chnh, cng c, lnh mnh ha mt bc TCTD, sau sp nhp,

hp nht vi t chc tn dng khc hoc bn li cho cc nh u t iu kin.

* Xem xt, cho php t chc tn dng nc ngoi mua li, sp nhp TCTD yu km

ca Vit Nam v tng gii hn s hu c phn ca t chc tn dng nc ngoi ti cc

ngn hng thng mi c phn yu km c c cu li.

+ C cu li ti chnh, hot ng v qun tr ca TCTD

Cc TCTD yu km v cc TCTD khc phi trin khai mt s hoc tt c cc gii

php di y nhm lnh mnh ha ti chnh, c cu li hot ng v h thng qun tr,iu hnh.

- C cu li ti chnh

* X l n xu thng qua cc bin php sau y:

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Th trng ti chnh

Tin hnh nh gi li cht lng ti sn, kh nng thu hi v gi tr ca n

xu.

Bn n xu c ti sn bo m cho Cng ty Mua bn n v Ti sn tn ng

doanh nghip (DATC) ca B Ti chnh.

Bn n xu cho cc doanh nghip khng phi t chc tn dng, cng ty mua

bn n t nhn v cng ty mua bn n ca cc ngn hng thng mi;

Xa n bng ngun d phng ri ro; x l ti sn bo m thu hi n;

Chuyn n thnh vn gp, c phn ca doanh nghip vay;

Cc khon n xu pht sinh khng c ti sn bo m, khng c kh nng thu

hi do thc hin cho vay theo ch o hoc ch trng, chnh sch ca Chnhph s c Chnh ph xa n bng ngun vn ngn sch nh nc;

i vi mt s loi cng trnh, bt ng sn th chp vay ngn hng sp hon

thnh hoc hon thnh nhng cha bn c, Chnh ph xem xt mua li

cc bt ng sn phc v cho mc ch an sinh x hi v hot ng ca

cc c quan nh nc.

* Tng quy m v cht lng vn t c ca TCTD: Bo m mc vn t c khng

thp hn mc theo quy nh ca php lut v p ng y t l an ton ti thiu theo

quy nh ca php lut thng qua:

* Tng vn iu l: (i) Pht hnh c phiu b sung, tng vn gp t cc c ng,

thnh vin gp vn hin hnh v cc nh u t trong nc, ngoi nc; (ii) Chuyn n

thnh vn gp, c phn ca TCTD c c cu li;

* TCTD phi t mc vn t c b p ri ro tn dng, ri ro th trng v ri

ro tc nghip theo quy nh ca Basel II n cui nm 2015.

- C cu li hot ng

Cng vi vic lm sch v c cu li bng cn i k ton theo hng lnh mnh,

TCTD phi trin khai cc gii php cng c, chn chnh li hot ng:

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Th trng ti chnh

* Tp trung cng c, pht trin cc hot ng kinh doanh chnh v loi b cc lnh

vc kinh doanh ri ro, km hiu qu.

* Tp trung tn dng ngn hng vo cc ngnh, lnh vc thuc 3 khu t ph chin

lc trong Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi giai on 2011 - 2020 v u tin vn tn

dng cho sn xut, phc v pht trin nng nghip, nng thn, xut khu, cng nghip

ph tr, sn xut - ch bin, doanh nghip nh v va.

* Tng bc chuyn dch m hnh kinh doanh ca cc ngn hng thng mi theo

hng gim bt s ph thuc vo hot ng tn dng v tng ngun thu nhp t hot

ng dch v phi tn dng.

* a dng ha dch v ngn hng, trong tp trung nng cao cht lng dch v

ngn hng truyn thng v pht trin nhanh cc dch v ngn hng hin i (dch v thanh

ton, ngoi hi, u t, qun l ti sn, qun l ri ro cho khch hng,).

* Pht trin nhanh dch v thanh ton mt cch an ton, hiu qu, c bit l cc sn

phm, dch v th thanh ton trn c s y mnh hin i ha cng ngh, h thng thanh

ton v tng cc tin ch th thanh ton, im chp nhn th.

* M rng phm vi v quy m hot ng ngn hng khu vc nng thn; pht trinmng li chi nhnh, im giao dch ti cc khu vc nng thn, vng su, vng xa; gim

cc chi nhnh, im giao dch hot ng km hiu qu;

* Nng cao tnh n nh v bn vng kh nng chi tr ca cc TCTD: Tng mc

n nh ngun vn theo hng tng t trng ngun huy ng c k hn di; ci thin s

cn i, hp l v k hn v ng tin gia ngun vn v s dng vn; tng bc gim t

l d n tn dng so vi huy ng vn v n cui nm 2015 t mc bnh qun ton h

thng khng qu 85%.

- C cu li h thng qun tr

Cng c v i mi h thng qun tr ngn hng ph hp hn cc thng l chun mc

quc t, trong bao gm cc gii php:

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Th trng ti chnh

* Tng tnh minh bch ha hot ng ngn hng thng qua vic p dng c ch mi

v cng b thng tin ca cc TCTD.

* Nim yt c phiu cc ngn hng thng mi c phn trn th trng chng khon.

* Tng tnh i chng ca ngn hng thng mi c phn v tng s lng cc nh

u t, c ng trong cc t tng vn iu l.

* Cc tp on kinh t, tng cng ty nh nc l c ng hoc c vn gp ti cc

TCTD phi c k hoch hp l thoi vn u t v chm dt kinh doanh trong lnh vc

ngn hng.

* Hn ch s chi phi, thao tng ca c ng ln i vi ngn hng thng mi c

phn; kin quyt x l i vi cc c ng ln, ngi c lin quan vi phm quy nh v

gii hn s hu c phn ti ngn hng thng mi c phn v cc TCTD s hu vn cho

ln nhau. C ng, nh u t, t chc tn dng vi phm quy nh v gp vn, mua, s

hu vn, c phn phi c x l theo quy nh ca php lut. Trng hp t chc tn

dng mua li c phiu, vn gp ca t chc tn dng c cu li theo ch nh ca Ngn

hng Nh nc Vit Nam dn n vt qu gii hn quy nh s c x l trong thi

hn chm nht l 5 nm k t khi thc hin.

* Nng cao cc iu kin, tiu chun v nng lc qun tr, kinh nghim cng tc v

trnh chuyn mn i vi cc chc danh lnh o, qun l ch cht ca cc TCTD

(Ch tch hi ng qun tr/hi ng thnh vin, Tng Gim c/Gim c, Thnh vin

hi ng qun tr/hi ng thnh vin,).

* Xy dng k hoch, chin lc kinh doanh mi.

* Trin khai cc quy trnh, chnh sch kinh doanh ni b lnh mnh; p dng c hiu

qu cao cc phng thc qun tr, iu hnh tin tin ph hp vi thng l, chun mc

quc t v quy nh ca php lut.

* Pht trin cc h thng qun tr ri ro ph hp vi cc nguyn tc, chun mc ca

y ban Basel, trong tp trung vo cc h thng qun tr ri ro thanh khon, ri ro tn

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Th trng ti chnh

dng, ri ro th trng (gi c, li sut, t gi) v ri ro tc nghip; pht trin cc h thng

xp hng tn dng ni b; thc hin phn loi n, trch lp d phng ri ro ph hp vi

thng l quc t v mc ri ro tn dng; nng cao nng lc nh gi, thm nh tn

dng v qun l, gim st ri ro tn dng ca TCTD.

* i mi v nng cao hiu qu h thng kim sot, kim ton ni b.

* C cu, sp xp li cc b phn chc nng kinh doanh, qun tr, iu hnh; sp xp,

b tr hp l cn b v pht trin i ng cn b qun l v kinh doanh ngn hng c trnh

cao, thc trch nhim v o c ngh nghip tt.

* Hin i ha h thng cng ngh; Pht trin h thng thng tin qun l ni b, h

tng cng ngh thng tin v h thng thanh ton ni b ca cc ngn hng thng mi;

Nng cp h thng ngn hng li ph hp vi quy m, mc phc tp hot ng v yu

cu qun tr, iu hnh ca TCTD.

* Nng cao vai tr, v tr chi phi ca cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc; bo m

cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc tht s l lc lng ch lc, ch o ca h thng

cc t chc tn dng, c quy m ln, hot ng an ton, hiu qu v c nng lc qun tr

tin tin, kh nng cnh tranh trong nc v quc t. Phn u n nm 2015 hnh thnh

c 1 - 2 ngn hng thng mi nh nc t trnh khu vc v quy m, qun tr, cng

ngh v kh nng cnh tranh.

- L trnh thc hin

Nm 2011 - 2012:

- nh gi, xc nh thc trng hot ng, cht lng ti sn v n xu ca cc t

chc tn dng;

- Tin hnh nh gi v phn loi t chc tn dng;

- Xy dng v trin khai phng n c cu li t chc tn dng yu km v t chc

tn dng khc;

- Tp trung h tr thanh khon bo m kh nng chi tr ca cc t chc tn dng;

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Th trng ti chnh

- Hon thnh cn bn pht hnh c phiu ln u ra cng chng ca cc ngn hng

thng mi nh nc (tr Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam);

- Trin khai sp nhp, hp nht, mua li t chc tn dng;

- Tng vn iu l v x l n xu ca cc t chc tn dng;

- C cu li hot ng v h thng qun tr.

Mc tiu: Kh nng chi tr ca ton h thng cc t chc tn dng v c bn c

bo m, ng thi xc nh, kim sot c tnh hnh ca t chc tn dng yu km

lm c s cho vic p dng cc bin php c cu li giai on sau.

Nm 2013:

- Hon thnh sa i, b sung cc quy nh an ton hot ng ngn hng;

- Tip tc trin khai lnh mnh ha ti chnh ca cc t chc tn dng, bao gm x l

n xu v tng vn iu l;

- Trin khai c cu li hot ng v qun tr;

- Hon thnh cn bn c cu li s hu, php nhn ca ngn hng thng mi c phn

yu km;

- Hon thnh c cu li cc cng ty ti chnh v cng ty cho thu ti chnh.

Mc tiu: Nguy c v h thng cc t chc tn dng c loi b. Cc t chc tn

dng yu km c x l v c bn. K cng, k lut trong lnh vc ngn hng c lp

li v cng c.

Nm 2014:

- Hon thnh cn bn c cu li ti chnh ca t chc tn dng;

- Cc t chc tn dng p ng y mc vn iu l thc v cc chun mc, gii

hn an ton hot ng ngn hng theo quy nh php lut;

- Tip tc trin khai c cu li hot ng v qun tr;

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Th trng ti chnh

- Tip tc sp nhp, hp nht, mua li theo nguyn tc t nguyn.

Nm 2015: Hon thnh c cu li hot ng v qun tr.

Mc tiu: Ti chnh v hot ng kinh doanh c cng c, chn chnh v lnh mnh

ha; h thng qun tr c ci thin mt bc quan trng. Cc t chc tn dng p ng

cc yu cu v vn v tiu chun an ton hot ng ngn hng.

Trin khai quyt lit, ng b cc gii php cng c, chn chnh v c cu li cc t

chc tn dng nu trn, n nm 2015 h thng cc t chc tn dng Vit Nam c lnh

mnh ha mt bc quan trng v ti chnh v hot ng, gim bt s lng t chc tn

dng nh, yu km v hnh thnh mt s ngn hng thng mi c quy m ln hn, c

kh nng cnh tranh mnh hn, c bit tng cng c quy m v v tr chi phi cacc ngn hng thng mi nh nc trong h thng ngn hng. Qu trnh cng c, chn

chnh, c cu li h thng cc t chc tn dng c tin hnh vi chi ph thp nht, loi

tr nguy c v ngn hng ngoi tm kim sot, bo m gi vng s an ton, n nh

ca h thng, ng thi khng gy tc ng tiu cc n s n nh kinh t v m, an ninh

chnh tr v trt t x hi. n khng bao gm Ngn hng Chnh sch X hi v Ngn

hng Pht trin Vit Nam.

3.2.2. Tnh hnh thc hin ti cu trc ngn hng trong thi gian va qua

Theo thng tin t Ngn hng Nh nc, trong 9 ngn hng thuc din phi ti cu

trc trong nm 2011, c 3 ngn hng min Nam l Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

(Navibank), Ngn hng TMCP i Tn (TrustBank) v Ngn hng Phng Ty (Western

Bank). min Bc, c 3 ngn hng l Ngn hng Du kh Ton cu (GP.Bank), Ngn

hng TMCP Tin Phong - TienPhongBank, Ngn hng Nh H Ni (Habubank) cng

vi ba ngn hng Nht (Ficombank), Vit Nam Tn Ngha (TinNghiaBank) v SiGn (SCB). Trong 9 ngn hng ny, Ficombank, TinNghiaBank, SCB thc hin hp

nht v vn ang qu trnh ti c cu. Habubank sp nhp vi SHB. Chi tit tnh hnh

ca cc ngn hng sp nhp s c trnh by trong phn bn di.

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Th trng ti chnh

- Hp nht ba ngn hng: Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn (SCB), ngn hng

Nht (FCB) v ngn hng Vit Nam Tn Ngha (TNB):

Trc khi hp nht:

Quy m tng ti sn, th phn huy ng v th phn tn dng

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

Quy m tng ti sn 77.985/13 58.939/18 17.105/35

Th phn huy ng 1.59%/13 1.15%/17 0.12%/42

Th phn tn dng 1.48%/12 1.17%/15 0.12%/42

Nhn vo bng, SCB vi tng ti sn tnh n qu 3/2011 l 77.985 t ng, ng v

tr th 13 trong h thng ngn hng thng mi. Th phn huy ng v th phn tn dng

ca SCB ln lt l 1,59% v 1,48%; Tn ngha l 1,15% v 1,17%; nht l 0,12% v

0,12%. SCB ng v tr th 13 ton h thng v th phn huy ng, v tr th 12 v th

phn tn dng. Tng t, TNB ng v tr th 17 v 15; FCB ng cui bng i vi c

hai ch s. SCB, TNB, FCB tnh trng quy m vn khng thp nhng kh nng huy ng

v cho vay hn ch do vic tng vn ch yu p ng yu cu ngh nh 141 v vn

iu l ti thiu ch khng xut pht t nhu cu ni ti m rng kinh doanh, th phn.

Tnh hnh huy ng

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

2009 31% 212% -32%

2010 16% 285% 395%

Bng trn m t tc tng trng tin gi ca 3 ngn hng trong 2 nm 2009, 2010.Trong ba ngn hng hp nht, SCB thng duy tr tc tng trng tin gi khch hng

kh n nh trong khong hai nm. Trong khi , TNB c tc tng trng tin gi

khch hng ln n gn 285% trong nm 2010 v 212% trong nm 2009. Tc tng trng

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Th trng ti chnh

huy ng tin gi khch hng ti FCB ln n gn 395% trong nm 2010, mt con s bt

ng so vi s st gim tin gi khch hng trong nm trc ti ngn hng ny l gn

32%.

Tnh hnh cho vay

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

2009 35% 145% 38%

2010 4.60% 172% 138%

Bng trn m t tc tng trng cho vay khch hng ca 3 ngn hng trong 2 nm

2009, 2010. Tc tng trng cho vay ny khng n nh qua cc nm. Mc st gimny rt ng k i vi TNB khi trong nm 2010, ngn hng ny t tc tng trng

cho vay khch hng ln n hn 172% so vi nm trc. i vi FCB th kt qu trong

nm 2010 cng tng t nh TNB vi mc tng trng cho vay khch hng cng ln n

trn 138%. Nh vy, i vi hai ngn hng FCB v TNB, vic tng trng huy ng v

cho vay khch hng qu cao nh vy trong nm 2010 t ra mt tn hiu cnh bo v

nguy c n xu trong nhng nm tip sau. Trong khi , i vi SCB, vic mt cn i

gia tng trng huy ng vn v cho vay cng l mt tn hiu v s thiu bn vngtrong tng trng ca ngn hng ny.

Xt trn th trng lin ngn hng, 3 ngn hng thng ng vai tr l ch th i vay

rng. Vn ch ngun vn huy ng t khch hng c tnh thng xuyn v n nh

th vic vay vn trn th trng lin ngn hng ch nhm h tr kh khn thanh khon v

nhu cu vn kh dng tm thi ca ngn hng. V vy, ngn hng cng khng th kim

thu nhp v pht trin bn vng c nu da ch yu vo th trng lin ngn hng.

Hot ng kinh doanh

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Th trng ti chnh

Nhn chung, trong s nm hot ng kinh doanh chnh th c ba hot ng (kinh

doanh ngoi hi, mua bn chng khon kinh doanh v mua bn chng khon u t) hon

ton khng l th mnh ca c ba ngn hng.

Hiu qu

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

2008 1.20% 0.34% 3.90%

2009 0.57% 1.19% 4.00%

2010 0.58% 0.83% 1.38%

Bng trn m t t s ROA ca 3 ngn hng. FCB c ROA bng 1,38% ng v tr

th 6 ton h thng, cao hn trung bnh ton ngnh l 1,09%. Hai ngn hng cn li ng

v tr th 30/42 (TNB vi ROA bng 0,83%) v th 40/42 (SCB vi ROA bng 0,46%).

Bnh qun ROA ca nhm G12 l 1,1%, cng tng ng vi mc bnh qun ca ton

ngnh. ROA nm 2010 ca FCB v tr cao so vi ton ngnh nhng so vi chnh mnh

th sut sinh li trn tng ti sn ca FCB c xu hng gim st vi t l 3,91% nm

2008, 4% nm 2009. SCB cng c tnh trng tng t vi ROA gim dn qua cc nm.

ROA ca ngn hng TNB t n nh, tri st t 0,3% nm 2008, ln li 1,2% nm 2009

ri gim xung 0,8% nm 2010.

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

2008 16.50% 2.80% 8.56%

2009 6.90% 5.30% 6.06%

2010 5.90% 9.90% 5.04%

Qu 3/2011 8.20% 11.30% -

Bng ny th hin t s ROE ca 3 ngn hng tnh n thi im trc khi st nhp.

Trong ba ngn hng ny, TNB c sut sinh li trn vn ch s hu ROE cao nht. Tuy

nhin, nu nhn c qu trnh 5-6 nm tr li y th SCB vn d hiu qu hn TNB viROE ln lt l 15,1% nm 2006; 16,5% nm 2008 trong khi con s tng ng ca TNB

ch l 0,2% v 2,9%. Ba nm tr li y (2008 2010), trong khi ROE ca TNB lin tc

ci thin, t 5,3% nm 2009 ln 9,9% nm 2010 v 11,3% trong ba qu u 2011 th ROE

ca SCB li gim t 6,9% nm 2009 xung 5,9% nm 2010. Qu 3 nm 2011, ROE ca

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Th trng ti chnh

SCB t 8,2% thp hn mc 8,4% cng k nm 2010. Tng t nh SCB, ROE ca FCB

cng trn i xung t 8,56% nm 2008 xung 6,06% nm 2009 v 5,04% nm 2010.

Vic ngn hng FCB c ROA cao nhng ROE li thp cho thy t l vn ch s hu

trn tng ti sn ca ngn hng ny kh cao. iu ny cng ph hp vi nhn nh trn

y v tnh trng ngn hng c quy m vn khng nh nhng th phn tn dng v th

phn cho vay thp.

An ton vn v n xu

T l an ton vn

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

T l an ton vn CAR 10.32% - 43.54%

Nhn chung cc NHTM Vit Nam u cng b t l an ton vn (CAR) t tiu

chun v thm ch vt xa so vi t l an ton vn ti thiu do NHNN quy nh l 9%. T

l CAR bnh qun ca ton ngnh vo cui 2010 l 15,25%. Ngn hng SCB cng s t l

CAR ca mnh vo cui 2010 l 10,32%. Con s ny ca FCB ln n 43,54%. Trong khi

, nhm G12 c t l CAR trung bnh l 10,74%.

T l n xu

Ngn hng SCB TNB FCB

2008 0.57% 10.38% 3.72%

2009 1.28% 1.72% 2.43%

2010 11.40% 0.83% 1.14%

T l n xu (NPL) ca cc NHTM c tnh theo Tiu chun K ton Vit Nam(VAS) v Quyt nh 493 ca NHNN vi thng tin t thuyt minh bo co ti chnh. Vo

cui nm 2010, SCB c t l n xu ln n 11,40%, cao nht ton h thng v cch kh

xa so vi Gia nh, ngn hng c t l n xu cao th hai ton ngnh (4,07%). Tn ngha

v nht ln lt c t l n xu cng b l 0,83% v 1,14%. T l n xu trung bnh

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Th trng ti chnh

ca nhm G12 l 1,68%, thp hn bnh qun 1,73% ca ton ngnh. im ng lu l

xu hng gia tng n xu ca cc ngn hng thi gian gn y. N xu ca SCB tng t

0,57% ln 1,28% nm 2009 v t bin ln mc k lc 11,4% nm 2010. Ngc vi

SCB, n xu cng b ca TNB mc cao 10,38% nm 2008 gim xung cn 1,72% nm

2009 v cn 0,83% nm 2010. Nhng cui qu 3/2011, n xu ca TNB cng b tng tr

li l 1,7%. N xu ca FCB c xu hng gim dn nhng vn mc cao, t 3,72% nm

2009 xung 2,43% nm 2009 v cn 2,2% nm 2010. Theo bo co ca NHNN, n xu

ca ton ngnh c xu hng gia tng r rt. n cui thng 9/2011, n xu ca nhm

NHTMNN l 3,62%, nhm NHTMCP l 2,44%. NHNN cng ghi nhn l theo s liu ca

c quan Thanh tra v gim st ngn hng, tnh n cui thng 6/2011, t l n xu thc t

ca h thng cc TCTD l 6,62% tng d n tn dng (so vi mc 3,31% t bo co ca

cc TCTD).

Nhn chung, tnh hnh 3 ngn hng trc khi sp nhp vi quy m khng phi l nh

nhng th phn khng nhiu, hiu qu hot ng gim st, li nhun ch yu t hot ng

cho vay, t l n xu gia tng mnh. Vi tnh hnh khng my kh quan nn vic sp nhp

vi nhau l cn thit nhm m bo hiu qu kinh doanh, cng nhau vt qua kh khn

trong giai on kinh t ang b suy thoi.

Sau khi hp nht:

Tuy sp nhp c hn mt nm, nhng tnh hnh ca SCB cng khng c r

rng, cha c bo co ti chnh chnh thc nhm nh gi hiu qu ca vic sp nhp. V

vy nh gi hiu qu ca sp nhp ni ring v ti c cu h thng ni chung, chng

ta vn cn phi c thm thi gian cho qu trnh nh gi ny.

- Sp nhp Habubank (HBB) vo ngn hng TMCP Si Gn H Ni(SHB):

Thng v gia Habubank v SHB c xem l v sp nhp nh m tip theo trn

th trng ngn hng, sau v hp nht 3 nh bng ti TP.HCM vo cui nm 2011. Sp

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Th trng ti chnh

nhp SHB v Habubank l gii php hiu qu gim bt s lng cc t chc tn dng

yu km, tng bc hnh thnh mt h thng t chc tn dng a nng, hin i, an ton,

hiu qu, c kh nng cnh tranh ln hn nhm p ng tt hn nhu cu v dch v ti

chnh, ngn hng ca nn kinh t.

Chiu 25/4, 3 ngy trc i hi c ng thng nin, Ngn hng c phn Nh H

Ni (Habubank) cng b d tho n sp nhp vo Ngn hng Si Gn - H Ni (SHB).

C th, k t ngy sp nhp: Habubank s chuyn giao ton b ti sn, quyn, ngha v,

lao ng v li ch hp php ca mnh sang SHB; ng thi chm dt s tn ti ca

Habubank. SHB s k tha ton b cc quyn, li ch hp php, ng thi chu trch

nhim v mi ngha v ti sn, cng n, lao ng v cc ngha v khc ca Habubank.Phng n s dng lao ng cng c cp rt r: Tt c cn b, nhn vin hai bn

u hot ng bnh thng. K t ngy sp nhp, ton b lao ng Habubank s tr thnh

lao ng ca SHB v SHB c trch nhim tr lng, quyn li khc cho lao ng ca

Habubank. y c coi l iu khon rt quan trng n nh tm l ngi lao ng

ca hai bn, nht l vi Habubank khi cc bn tin hnh thng v sp nhp.

Ngy 7/8/2012, Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc va c Quyt nh s 1559 chnh

thc chp thun vic sp nhp Ngn hng Nh H Ni (Habubank) vo Ngn hng SiGn - H Ni (SHB). Ngy 28/8 ny, Quyt nh ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc c

hiu lc, Habubank phi bn giao ton b ti sn, quyn, ngha v v li ch hp php cho

SHB v chnh thc mt tn trn th trng ti chnh.

Sau y bi vit trnh by nhng so snh s lc tnh hnh SHB trc v sau khi st

nhp HBB

V tng ti sn: thc hin vic sp nhp, SHB pht hnh thm c phiu hon i s c phn ca HBB. Theo n ny, c hai c phiu SHB v HBB u s c

chuyn i sang c phiu ca ngn hng sp nhp vi t l ln lt l 1:1,21 v 1:0,75.

y l gii php ti u cho tt c cc bn lin quan bi SHB tng c quy m hot ng

(vn, tng ti sn, mng li, nhn s...) m khng phi mt thm chi ph qu ln (bng

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Th trng ti chnh

cch pht hnh thm c phn), cn HBB c c i tc x l cc tn ti ti chnh vt

qu sc ca mnh. V pha NHNN v Chnh ph, do y l hai trng hp sp nhp t

nguyn nn Nh nc khng phi chi ph ti chnh ti cu trc cc ngn hng. Do ,

cc c quan ny ch cn thc thi trch nhim gim st qu trnh thc hin giao dch sp

nhp ng cc quy nh php lut.

Theo , Tng ti sn ca ngn hng sp nhp t mc 103.785 t ng, vn iu l

8.866 t ng.. y l quy m ca cc ngn hng thuc nhm G12 trong h thng ngnhng Vit Nam.

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Th trng ti chnh

Kt qu hot ng kinh doanh, sau khi sp nhp HBB, SHB c mt k bo co

l khng. Tnh n ngy 30/9, SHB l ly k ti 1.105 t ng. Khon l 1.105 t ca

SHB trong 9 thng u nm bao gm li t cc n v SHB c l 610 t ng cn cc n

v kinh doanh thuc HBB c m 1.715 t ng. Khi xem xt bo co ti chnh qu 3 ca

SHB, c th thy nguyn nhn chnh ca cc khon l ny phn ln l do trch lp dphng ri ro tn dng, chng khon nhiu v SHB tha hng t HBB, cc khon n

thuc cc n v kinh doanh ca HBB c nh gi li v thc hin phn loi n v trch

lp d phng ri ro ln n 1.092 t ng ch trong qu 3.

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Th trng ti chnh

An ton vn v n xuN xu ca SHB thi im 30-9-2012 t hn 6.200 t ng, chim 13,23% tng

d n, trong khi u nm trc khi sp nhp, t l n xu ca SHB ch mc 2,23%.

Do SHB trch lp d phng y cc khon n qu hn, n xu nn kt qu hot

ng kinh doanh ca SHB s kh quan hn trong thi gian ti. C th, k t thi im

30/9/2012 sau khi trch lp d phng ri ro n ngy 1-11-2012, SHB thu hi c

hn 1.200 t ng n qu hn, n xu. S tin thu hi n xu ny s c tnh vo hon

nhp d phng ri ro tn dng gip SHB gim l.

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Th trng ti chnh

c bit SHB sau sp nhp c h s an ton vn CAR l 11,39%, t tiu chun quc

t, khng nh tnh an ton, bn vng ca SHB sau sp nhp (so vi trc sp nhp h

s CAR tnh theo phng n trch lp d phng ca HBB l 4,24% v SHB l

14,45%). ng thi, tng vn d tha kh dng ca SHB n 30-9-2012 (bao gm tin

mt, tin gi NHNN, tri phiu chnh ph) m bo thanh khon ngay t 8.579 t ng.

Ch tiu ny n 31-10-2012 c duy tr hn 10.600 t ng, m bo thanh khon tt.

V huy ng vn v cho vay

Chnh bi s t nguyn sp nhp, nn ngay sau khi HBB tr thnh mt phn ca

SHB, hot ng ca SHB lp tc vn hnh n nh. Trong bi cnh NHNN hn ch

cc NHTM m chi nhnh mi, vic nhn sp nhp HBB s gip SHB c ngay h thng

cc chi nhnh hnh thnh mng li kinh doanh rng hn. Mng li kinh doanh SHB

s c trn 240 chi nhnh, phng giao dch trn c nc v 2 chi nhnh SHB ti

Campuchia, Lo, gn 5.000 cn b nhn vin trong c nhiu nhn s c chuyn mn

cht lng cao c o to chuyn nghip c kinh nghim.

Tnh ly k t thi im sp nhp 28.8 - 28.9.2012, s lng khch hng c nhn ti

SHB tng thm l 9.611 khch hng; s lng khch hng t chc tng thm l 182 khch

hng; s lng ti khon c nhn tng thm l 115.592 ti khon v tng thm 2.713 ti

khon ca cc t chc kinh t.

Huy ng vn ca ngn hng SHB sau sp nhp t hn 86.086 t ng, tng gn

26% so vi thi im 30-6.

D n cho vay t chc kinh t v c nhn t 47.080 t ng, tng 53,4% so vi thi

im 30-6-2012.

Ch tiu Q3 - 2012 Q2 - 2012 Q1 - 2012 Q4 - 201

Tin gi ca cc

TCTD khc 20,801,403 23,558,009 19,186,579 15,909,0

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Th trng ti chnh

Tin gi ca khch

hng 65,285,012 44,733,939 41,879,378 34,785,6

Tng tin gi 86,086,415 68,291,948 61,065,957 50,694,6

Cho vay khch hng 47,082,255 30,695,797 31,560,979 29,208,1

- Nguyn nhn ca s chm tr trong qu trnh ti c cu cc ngn hng

Mc d NHNN rt tch cc v t c nhiu kt qu kh quan trn l trnh ti cu trc

cc ngn hng yu km, nhng trn thc t, x l c mt ngn hng yu km hon ton

khng h n gin. Thm ch, ngay sau khi thc hin xong bc u tin v mt th tc

hp nht, sp nhp th cn c mt qu trnh di c cu li ti chnh, nng cao nng lc i hi

rt nhiu ngun lc, cng sc v con ngi. Vic chm tr ny c th gii thch bi cc l do

sau y:

- Nguy c v ngn hng c gii ta. Cui 2011 u 2012, lc lng thanh tra

Ngn hng Nh nc khoanh vng c nhng ngn hng yu km, nh hng

khc phc, ngn chn kh nng lan rng ca nhng hot ng hoc biu hin tiu cc,

bt n trc . Cng vi vic khoanh vng, hn ch nhng bt cp, NHNN thc hin h

tr thanh khon cho nhm ny theo nguyn tc c bn m theo thng c Nguyn Vn

Bnh, l "nm chut khng c v bnh", c ngha khng mt ngn hng thng mi no

c php ph sn. Qu trnh h tr bc u c xem l chun b cho k hoch tic cu, ngn hng trnh c b vc v, cc ch s an ton dn ci thin, vn huy

ng lin tc tng. Song, khi tm qua cn him ngho, sc i n bc quyt nh

ca k hoch ti c cu li ln hn v gy ra tm l rng ngn hng ng vng qua

thi k nguy him trong khi tng lai sau hp nht hoc sp nhp l cha r s nh th

no, v c thi ch xem tm cch gi v tm kim nhng li ch ln nht cho mnh

- Kh tm kim i tc hp nht v st nhp. Cc ngn hng ln khng mun sp nhp

vi cc ngn hng nh theo tinh thn t nguynv s gnh nhng khon n xu ca ngn

hng nh lm nh hng n li nhun trc thu cng nh bo co ti chnh ca ngn

hng

- Li ch nhm an xen.C nhng ngn hng ch do 1, 2 c ng hoc 1 nhm c ng

chi phi, d n ngn hng c n 70 - 90% phc v cho nhm c ng . Do , khi st nhp

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Th trng ti chnh

vi ngn hng khc, c quyn ny b hn ch do phi cng khai minh bch hn nn ngn hng

cng khng mun st nhp

3.2.3. Nhng ngn hng tip theo cn ti c cu theo n ca ngn hng nh

nc

Trong cuc hp bo gn y, i din Ngn hng Nh nc (NHNN) chnh thc

xc nhn Ngn hng Du kh Ton cu (GP.Bank), Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit

(Navibank), Ngn hng TMCP i Tn (TrustBank) v Ngn hng Phng Ty (Western

Bank) trong din ti c cu t nay n ht nm 2012.

NHNN cho hay, s d cc ngn hng thng mi trn lt vo danh sch ti c cu, bi

tnh hnh thanh khon yu km. D theo bo co ca cc ngn hng ny, n xu ch trndi 2%, song theo kim tra ca thanh tra NHNN v kim ton c lp, n xu ca cc

ngn hng ny ln ti hng chc phn trm, c bit c ngn hng n xu ln ti 60%, mt

c vn iu l.

im chung ca 4 ngn hng trong din ti c cu trn l tnh minh bch thng tin rt

thp. D vy, phng n ti cu trc ca Western Bank v Navibank phn no r rng.

Navibank l ngn hng t chc i hi c ng thng nin nm 2012 sm nht

trong s 4 ngn hng trn. Theo kt qu kinh doanh qu II/2012 m ngn hng ny cng

b, t l n xu ti thi im ngy 30/6 l 3,14%. Li nhun sau thu 6 thng u nm t

91,5 t ng, gim nh so vi cng k nm 2011.

Vi Western Bank, hot ng ca ngn hng ny tim n ri ro rt ln do dnh qu

nhiu vn vay cho cc c ng ni b v cng ty sn sau. Bo co ti chnh hp nht nm

2011 c kim ton ca Western Bank cho thy, nm 2011, tng trng tn dng ca

ngn hng ny ln ti 123,5%. Tuy nhin, li nhun ca ngn hng ny kh khim tn,sut sinh li trn vn ch s hu bnh qun ch t 4,84%.

Trong khi , thng tin v GP.Bank v Trustbank li rt him hoi trn th trng.

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Th trng ti chnh

Vi GP.Bank, sau 7 nm thnh lp, GP.Bank vn l mt ngn hng quy m nh.

Khng thng tin no v kt qu hot ng cng nh c cu c ng c cng b cng

khai, ngoi tr bo co thng nin nm 2010. Theo bo co ny, t l n xu trong nm

2010 ca GP.Bank ch 1,83%. Tuy nhin, do khng minh bch, nn khng th khng

nh, y c phi l s liu chnh xc hay khng.

Vi TrustBank, bo co ti chnh hp nht nm 2011 c kim ton ca ngn

hng ny cng khng my kh quan: li nhun sau thu gn 164 t ng, n xu t nhm

3 n nhm 5 ln ti gn 200 t ng. C cu c ng tnh n ngy 31/12/2011 ca ngn

hng ny cng kh m c: Cng ty c phn Bo him Hng Vng (11%), Cng ty

c phn Chng khon i Vit (10,52%), Cng ty c phn a c Lam Giang (11%),Cng ty TNHH Ph M (10%), Cng ty c phn Ph M (9,5%), Cng ty c phn u

t v Kinh doanh vng Vit Nam (6%)

Sau y xin im qua tnh hnh hot ng ngn hng tiu biu: s t ti cu trc

Navibank

Ngn hng TMCP Nam Vit (Navibank) tin thn l Ngn hng TMCP Nng thn

Sng Kin c thnh lp nm 1995. Hot ng vi vai tr ca ngn hng bn l, hin

Navibank ang hot ng vi 3 mng chnh: huy ng vn, s dng vn v dch v thanh

ton. Navibank thuc nhn ngn hng c quy m ti sn, vn v mng li hot ng

mc trung bnh. n ht nm 2009 ngn hng c 1 tr s chnh, 12 chi nhnh v 68

phng giao dch trong c nc. Trong mng li hot ng ch yu tp trung hai

khu vc min Bc v min Nam.

Navibank l 1 trong 4 ngn hng trong din phi ti c cu trong nm nay v quy m

nh b v thanh khon yu km.

V quy m: Navibank s hu mt mc vn iu l kh khim tn. Tnh n ngy

30/9/2012, Navibank thng bo c vn iu l l 3.010,2 t ng. Song mi y, theo kt

qu thanh tra t NHNN, th Navibank li c tn trong danh sch cc ngn hng c vn

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Th trng ti chnh

iu l di mc quy nh ti thiu (3.000 t ng). C th, sau khi yu cu Navibank

phi trch lp d phng ri ro b sung v n xu tng, ti sn m bo cha hon tt th

tc php l, d phng cc khon tin gi lin ngn hng, th vn ch s hu thc ca

Navibank ch cn 2.513 t ng, thp hn mc quy nh.

Navibank cho bit, thc hin kt lun ca C quan Thanh tra gim st, NH ny

trin khai thc hin mt s gii php nh: Gim mt s khn n xu theo kt lun ca

thanh tra, phi hp vi khch hng hon tt th tc php l lin quan n ti sn m bo,

yu cu khch hng b sung thm ti sn m bo, mi n v nh gi c lp nh

gi li cc ti sn bo m lm cn c tnh v trch lp d phng ri ro b sung...

Do , sau khi hon tt cc ni dung trn, i chiu gii trnh vi C quan Thanh tragim st, s d phng ri ro phi trch b sung ca Navibank gim so vi s d phng

ri ro phi trch theo kt lun ca C quan Thanh tra gim st. Theo , vn ch s hu

ca Navibank tnh n thi im 30.9 l 3.027 t ng, ch cao hn mc vn php nh

27 t ng.

V ri ro hot ng v thanh khon: Cc hot ng ngoi tn dng kh m m.

Hot ng trong mng ngoi hi v cc mng khc u i xung hoc thua l. C th:

Hot ng dch v qu 3/2012 t hn 2 t ng, gim 63% qu 3 nm trc. Mng kinh

doanh ngoi hi qu ny ca NVB l 4,6 t ng, 9 thng l 17,75 t ng trong khi cng

k 2011 ngn hng ny l kinh doanh ngoi hi hn 66,6 t ng. Mng mua bn chng

khon u t l hn 668 triu ng trong qu 3, 9 thng l 1,17 t ng. Nhn trn BCTC

th kinh doanh ca NVB ch yu da vo hot ng tn dng, chim hn 97.99% tng thu

nhp. ng lu , hot ng tn dng ny c tn dng ti tr cho cc doanh nghip

c quan h h hng. Trong khi tnh hnh kinh t kh khn ang y n xu tng cao,

vic qun tr cht lng tn dng cha ph hp c th khin n xu trn thc t cao hn

nhiu so vi s sch.

Ch tiu Q3-2012 Q2-2012 Q1-2012 Q4-2011

Thu nhp t H tn 133,492 190,934 204,962 213,527

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Th trng ti chnh

dng (triu )

Tng thu nhp (triu ) 136,236 194,199 205,972 195,326

T l % 97.99% 98.32% 99.51% 109.32%

Ngoi ra, khi tn dng l hot ng chnh, li ch yu cho cc t chc kinh t vay, th

ri ro n xu rt cao. Theo thuyt minh BCTC qu III/2012 th n xu chim 3,97% tng

d n cho vay khch hng, tng 40% so vi u nm 2012.

Trong , n c kh nng mt vn ln n 312,07 t chim n 63% trong t l n

xu. y l mt mi lo ngi rt ln trong hot ng tn dng ca Navibank.

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Th trng ti chnh

NVB phi tip tc trch d phng ri ro tn dng hn 31 t ng trong 9 thng u

nm, nhng con s ny c st vi thc trng n xu ti NVB khng, vn l mt n s.Trong khi , tin gi ca khch hng NVB n ch yu t khch hng c nhn

chim 79.18% so vi tng ti sn. Hot ng vay li t cc t chc tn dng khc ca

NVB st gim mnh hn 98% so vi u nm. Nu NVB bt ng cn lng tin ln

th vi quy m vn nh, hot ng tn dng l ch yu, li kh xoay s vn t th trng

lin ngn hng, NVB rt d gp ri ro thanh khon.

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Th trng ti chnh

Ch tiu Q3-2012 Q2-2012 Q1-2012 Q4-2011

Tng ti sn20,915,

725

22,542,8

44

23,849,6

87

22,573,

309

Tin gi t c nhn16,561,

501

17,915,1

56

18,728,1

92

14,822,

283

Tin gi v cho vay

ca cc TCTD khc

54,

802

703,3

30 -

3,475,

828

Quy m vn nh, doanh thu ph thuc vo hot ng tn dng, n xu cao, ri ro

thanh khon ln cho thy vn ti c cu ngn hng Navibank l cn thit.

c bit, ti i hi c ng ca ngn hng, ng ng Thnh Tm, thnh vin

thng trc HQT Navibank khng nh, Navibank s s dng ni lc, c th l ngun

li nhun cha phn phi, t ti cu trc, cng c ti sn m bo v tng cng nng

lc ti chnh. i din ngn hng nh nc chi nhnh TPHCM cng khng nh cho php

Navibank t ti cu trc bng ngun lc ca mnh v khng cn phi sp nhp vi ngn

hng khc.

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Th trng ti chnh

Chng 4: KIN NGH KHI THC HIN TI CU TRC NHTM VIT NAM

4.1 Kin ngh i vi ngn hng Nh nc

Nhn tng th, chng ta thy nhng tin trin trong tin trnh ti cu trc h thngngn hng trong nm 2012 chm hn so vi yu cu t ra nhm xy dng nn tng bn

vng cho tng trng cao hn trong tng lai. Trong khi thanh khon trong h thng

ngn hng kh di do nhng tng trng tn dng (TTTD) li rt thp. iu ny phn

nh cc vn kh khn v c cu trong h thng ngn hng, trong c vn n xu

mc cao v cn c gii quyt.

Bn cnh vic x l cc ngn hng yu km, vn n xu cn c gii quyt trn

tinh thn ci m, minh bch v ton din ti cc NHTM k c c phn v Nh nc. Vic

thnh lp cng ty qun l ti sn gii quyt vn ny l mt bc i ng hng.

Tuy nhin, NHNN cn tng cng mnh m kh nng gim st i vi cc NHTM, trin

khai hiu qu quy nh v hng dn hin ti v hn ht, cn x l mnh m i vi cc

ngn hng khng p ng c cc yu cu v chun mc an ton. V vy:

- Ti c cu ngn hng cn c hon thnh mt cch nhanh chng v qu trnh ti

c cu din ra cng chm th nguy c khng hong tn dng cng ln v hu qucng nghim trng. Cc ngn hng yu km s c th vn tip tc cho vay cc

doanh nghip v lm gia tng nguy c n xu, nh hng n c h thng ngn

hng.

- i mi chnh sch bo him tin gi bng vic nng cao hn mc chi tr hay bo

him ton b s tin gi, v y l yu t trc tip tc ng n quyn li cng nh

nim tin ca ngi gi tin. Ti cu trc h thng cc TCTD nu khng hiu qu

c th dn n vn nim tin cng chng b suy gim, v ngi dn thng ngh

ngay ti vic ngn hng ang lm vo tnh trng ph sn hay chun b v nn

mi tin hnh ti cu trc.

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Th trng ti chnh

- Chnh ph phi r sot li ton b h thng qun tr ri ro cc NHTM hot ng

c hiu qu hay khng, quy ch th no, x l ri ro ra sao; v cc hot ng kim

sot gim st ti ch ca cc NHTM.

4.2 Kin ngh i vi ngn hng thng mi

Nhng ngn hng sau khi sp nhp cn ci thin hot ng, qun tr v tng vn

t gip cng c bng cn i k ton, ci thin li nhun cng nh p ng y cc

quy nh m bo an ton hot ng ca NHNN. Bn cnh cn mt s vn khc cn

gii quyt.

Th nht, cc NHTM cn chp nhn v mc n xu thc s ca h. Vic o n

cc khon vay qu hn khng phi l gii php cho vn ny v iu khng lm

thay i kh nng tr n ca khch hng vay. iu ny ch lm cho cc vn chm c

gii quyt v c th cn tr nn trm trng hn.

Th hai, mt khi bc tranh v mc n xu thc s c nhn din th cc ngn

hng cn c nhng iu chnh, bao gm c trch lp d phng cho cc khon vay ny, a

n xu ra khi bng cn i k ton ni bng v gim vn. Sau cc ngn hng c th

cn huy ng vn mi m bo cc chun mc v an ton.

Th ba, vic gii quyt n xu s cn phi s dng cc ngun lc cng. y l iu

chng ta cn chp nhn v kinh nghim ti mt s nc gp phi cc vn tng t

cho thy s cn thit ny. iu quan trng y l cc hot ng x l n xu cn c

tin hnh mt cch hiu qu, minh bch.

Mt im cng cn lu l iu kin ti chnh ca cc ngn hng s khng th c

ci thin nu khng quan tm st sao n cc khch hng. Mt phn ln cc khon cho

vay ca khu vc ngn hng l cho vay n cc Tp on kinh t v cc DNNN. Do

vic ci cch cc tp on kinh t v cc DNNN cng rt quan trng.

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