tahir ahmed
TRANSCRIPT
IMMUNITY/IMMUNIZATION:
Presented By:
Tahir Ahmed Shaikh4th Year
MBBS
IMMUNOLOGY:IMMUNOLOGY: Deals with complex defense mechanism of
the body & also with equally complex invading agent.
IMMUINITY:It is the defense mechanism of the body.Resistance to a given disease or organism ,
or the reaction of the body towards any foreign substance
IMMUNOLOGY
TYPES OF IMMUNITY: INNATE IMMUNITY:It is present in all the living being ,initiated
immediately against any invader without any previous contact.
Innate immunity also known as Non Specific Immunity.
TYPES OF IMMUNITY:ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:The body reacts specifically with the
corresponding antigen & time is required to build up against the attack.
It is associated with evaluation of lymphoid tissue.
Acquired Immunity also known as Specific Immunity.
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY:It is associated with sensitized lymphocytes &
produced in response to viral , fungal & bacterial infections ,
as well in rejection of foreign graft.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
In this type of immunity antibodies are synthesized & secreted by plasma cells in extra
cellular fluid.Also known as Antibody Mediated Immunity.
ANTIGEN:ANTIGEN:A substance w/c when introduce into the
body stimulate specific immune response.
ANTIGENCITY:The capability of agent to produce a
systemic or a local immunological reaction in the host.
ANTIBODY:It is protein molecule produced in response
to a foreign substance e.g. microorganism responsible for infection.
Antibody has capacity to bind specifically to foreign substance that draws out its
production , thus supplying a mechanism for production against infectious disease.
HERD IMMUNITY:
It is the resistance of a group to an invasion & spreads of an infectious disease.
• It is the immunity of a group of people where the proportion of non-susceptible is greater
then susceptible.
IMMUNIZATION
IMMUNIZATION:Define as protection of susceptible
individuals from communicable disease by administration of vaccine or performed antibodies.
Immunization is of two types.
• Active ImmunizationPassive Immunization
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION:Immunization done by administration of a living
modified agent “live attenuated vaccine” , a suspension of killed organism or an inactivated toxin” toxoid”.
Passive Immunization:Temporary passive immunization produced by
administration of preformed antibody in the form of immune globulin or antiserum.
Immunizing agents are vaccine , immunoglobulin's & antisera.
VACCINE
VACCINES:An immuno-biological substance designed to
produce specific protection against a given disease.
Mode of Action:It stimulate the production of antibodies & other
immune mechanism.
Types:Live attenuated vaccineInactivated or Killed vaccineToxoidsCombined preparations.
LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINED:Prepared from live attenuated organisms w/c
have lost their capacity to induce full blown disease but retained their immunogenicity.
Live attenuated vaccine are ;Bacterial:BCG”bacilli-calmette guerin” , typhoid &
plague vaccine.Viral:Oral polio vaccine , yellow fever ,measles ,
mumps & influenza.
INACTIVATED OR KILLED VACCINE:
These are the vaccine in w/c organism are killed by heat or chemicals in such a way that their antigenicity is retained w/c when injected into the body stimulate active .
TOXOIDS:Produced by detixicating exotoxin produced
by certain organism in such a way that toxicity is destroyed bun antigenicity is retained.
Examples are Tetanus & Diphtheria Toxoid.
COMBINED VACCINE:More then one kind of immunization agent
included in vaccine ; aim is to simplify administration , reduce cost & minimize the number of visits.
Examples:DPT”Diphtheria-pertusis-Tetanus”MMR”Measles-mumps-rubella”DPTP”DPT plus inactivated Polio”
IMMUNOGLOBULINS:These are the agent for passive
immunization. TYPES:Normal Human ImmunoglobulinSpecific Human Immunoglobulin
ANTISERA:It is a serum containing antibody or
antibodies obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by injection of antigen into the body or by infection with microorganism containing the antigen.
TYPES:MonovalentPolyvalent
EXPENDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION:
The global expanded programme of immunization “EPI” was launched following resolution of World Health Assembly in 1974 for the control of six communicable disease
w/c have high mortality & morbidity in childrens.
Six communicable disease are Diphtheris , Measles,Poliomyelitis , Tuberculosis , Tetanus
& Pertusis.
EXPENDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION:Pakistan started this programme in june-july
1978 with the help of WHO & UNICEF.Vaccinationof hepatitis B was started in
pakistan in nov 2001 in selected districts on pilot basis.
This has made part of routine immunization in EPI since july 2002.
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CHILDREN UNDER 2
YEARS OF AGE:AGE VACCINE TO BE
GIVENROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
At Birth BCGOPV
Intra-DermalOral
At 6 weeks DPT 1OPV 1HBV 1
Intra-MuscularOralIntra-Muscular
At 10th week DPT 11OPV11HBV11
Intra-MuscularOralIntra-Muscular
At 14 week DPT111OPV111HBV111
Intra-MuscularOralIntra-Muscular
At 9th month Measles Sub-cutaneous
20-24 monthBOOSTER
DPTOPV
Intra-MuscularOral
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF VACCINE:There are few contraindication of routine
vaccinations.
GENERAL CONTRAINDICATION:Any acute illness,severe malnutrition & in known case
of immune defciency.
RELATED TO GROUPS OF VACCINES:During pregnancy,steroid therapy & radiation therapy.INDIVIDUALS VACCINES:BCG contraindicated in extensive dermatosis
VACCINATION SCHEDULE OF TETANUS TOXOID FOR WOMEN “15-45”YEARS:
DOSE TIME
TT1 At first contact or as early as possible during pregnancy
TT2 4 weeks after TT1
TT3 6-12 montha after TT2
TT4 At least 1 year after TT3
TT5 At least 1 year after TT4
COLD CHAIN:It is a system of protection against high
envoirmental temperature for the heal liable vaccine,antisera & other biological preparation & their storage & transport at the correct cold temperature “0 to 8”centigrade from the site of manufacture to the actual vaccination site.
From the manufacture to the person to be immunized the vaccine will only survive when they maintained at the correct temperature.
GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE:In 1988 the Forty-First World Health Assembly
launched a global initiative to eradicate polio by the end of year 2000.
Prior to certification by the WHO of a country/region to be polio free three conditions must be satisfied.
At least 3years of zero polio cases due to wild polio virus.
Excellent certification standard surveillance.
Each country must illustrate the capacity to detect , report & respond to imported polio cases.
POLIO ERADICATION PROGRAMME PAKISTAN:The activities includeImprove routine immunization.National immunization days “NIDs-1994”Other supplementary activities “SNIDs-1999”Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis”AFP”The strategy is to report & investigate all
cases of AFP.
Thanks