tacit knowledge

• Tacit Knowledge

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Activity theory - Learning and tacit knowledge

1 Activity theory has an interesting approach to the difficult problems of

learning and, in particular, tacit knowledge


Activity theory - Learning and tacit knowledge

1 Internalisation has subsequently become a key term of the theory of

tacit knowledge and has been defined as a process of embodying

explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge


Tacit knowledge

1 Tacit Knowledge, Trust and the Q of Sapphire Social Studies of

Science' pp


Tacit knowledge

1 While tacit knowledge appears to be simple, it has far reaching

consequences and is not widely understood.


Tacit knowledge - Definition

1 According to him, not only is the knowledge that cannot be

adequately articulated by verbal means, but also all knowledge is rooted in tacit knowledge in the

strong sense of that term.



1 Tacit knowledge, practical intelligence, general mental ability, and job knowledge



1 Some examples of daily activities and tacit knowledge are: riding a

bike, playing the piano, driving a car, and hitting a nail with a

hammer.Engel, P. J. H. (2008). Tacit knowledge and Visual Expertise in

Medical Diagnostic Reasoning: Implications for medical education. Medical Teacher, 30, e184–e188.

DOI: 10.1080/01421590802144260.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-tacit-knowledge-toolkit.html


1 Tacit knowledge is not easily shared. Although it is that which is used by all people, it is not necessarily able to be easily articulated. It consists of beliefs, ideals, values, schemata and mental

models which are deeply ingrained in us and which we often take for granted.

While difficult to articulate, this cognitive dimension of tacit knowledge shapes the

way we perceive the world.



1 In the field of knowledge management, the concept of tacit knowledge refers to a

knowledge possessed only by an individual and difficult to communicate to others via

words and symbols. Therefore, an individual can acquire tacit knowledge

without language. Apprentices, for example, work with their mentors and

learn craftsmanship not through language but by observation, imitation, and practice.



1 The key to acquiring tacit knowledge is experience. Without some form of shared experience, it is extremely difficult for people to share each other's thinking processesLam, A.

(2000). Tacit Knowledge, Organizational Learning and Societal

Institutions: An Integrated Framework. Organization Studies

21(3), 487–513.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-tacit-knowledge-toolkit.html


1 Tacit knowledge has been described as “know-how” – as opposed to

“know-what” (facts), “know-why” (science), or “know-who”

(networking)



1 Tacit knowledge vs. Explicit knowledge:Lam, A. (2000). Tacit

Knowledge, Organizational Learning and Societal Institutions: An

Integrated Framework. Organization Studies 21(3), 487–51.



1 Although it is possible to distinguish conceptually between explicit and

tacit knowledge, they are not separate and discrete in practice. The interaction between these two modes of knowing is vital for the creation of new knowledge.Giulio

Angioni|Angioni, G., Fare, dire, sentire: l'identico e il diverso nelle culture, Il Maestrale, 2011, 26–99


Tacit knowledge - Differences with explicit knowledge

1 Tacit knowledge can be distinguished from explicit knowledge Polanyi, M,

(1958) Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-67288-

3in three major areas:



1 * 'Codifiability and mechanism of transferring knowledge:' while explicit knowledge can be codified, and easily transferred without the

knowing subject, tacit knowledge is intuitive and unarticulated knowledge that cannot be communicated, understood or used without the ‘knowing subject’. Unlike the transfer of

explicit knowledge, the transfer of tacit knowledge requires close interaction and the

buildup of shared understanding and trust among them.



1 * 'Main methods for the acquisition and accumulation: 'Explicit

knowledge can be generated through logical deduction and acquired

through practical experience in the relevant context. In contrast, tacit knowledge can only be acquired

through practical experience in the relevant context.



1 * 'Potential of aggregation and modes of appropriation: 'Explicit knowledge can be aggregated at a single location, stored in objective forms and appropriated without the participation of the knowing subject. Tacit knowledge in contrast, is personal contextual. It is distributive, and cannot

easily be aggregated. The realization of its full potential requires the close involvement

and cooperation of the knowing subject.



1 The process of transforming tacit knowledge into explicit or specifiable knowledge is known as codification,

articulation, or specification


Tacit knowledge - Transmission models for tacit knowledge

1 The technical remedy is to attempt to substitute brute-force methods

capitalizing on the computing power of a system, such as those that

enable a supercomputer programmed to play chess against a grandmaster whose tacit knowledge

of the game is broad and deep.


Tacit knowledge - Transmission models for tacit knowledge

1 In that model tacit knowledge is presented variously as uncodifiable

(tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified) and codifiable (transforming tacit

knowledge into explicit knowledge is known as codification)


Tacit knowledge - Examples

1 * One of the most convincing examples of tacit knowledge is facial

recognition. ‘‘We know a person’s face, and can recognize it among a thousand, indeed a million. Yet we

usually cannot tell how we recognize a face we know, so most of this

cannot be put into words.’’ When you see a face you are not conscious

about your knowledge of the individual features (eye, nose,

mouth), but you see and recognize the face as a whole



1 * Another example of tacit knowledge is the notion of language

itself – it is not possible to learn a language just by being taught the

rules of grammar – a native speaker picks it up at a young age almost

entirely unaware of the formal grammar which they may be taught

later



1 Collins argues that laboratory visits enhance the possibility for the transfer of tacit

knowledge.



1 To learn this tacit knowledge, a member of the software

development team, Ikuko Tanaka, decided to volunteer herself as an

apprentice to the head baker of the Osaka International Hotel, who was reputed to produce the area’s best

bread


Tacit knowledge - Knowledge management

1 Knowledge management can be considered the dynamic process of

creating new knowledge, identifying sources of this new knowledge and

the elicitation and distribution of this knowledge. The identification of tacit knowledge sources and the creation of knowledge through tacit to tacit

knowledge sharing and tacit to explicit knowledge sharing are fundamental to this process.



1 According to Kamran Parsaye|Parsaye, there are three major

approaches to the capture of tacit knowledge from groups and

individuals. They are:



1 Interviewing experts can be done in the form of structured interviewing or

by recording organizational Narrative|stories. Structured

interviewing of experts in a particular subject is the most commonly used technique to capture pertinent, tacit

knowledge. An example of a structured interview would be an exit

interview.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-tacit-knowledge-toolkit.html


1 Some other techniques for capturing tacit knowledge are:



1 All of these approaches should be recorded in order to transfer the tacit

knowledge into reusable explicit knowledge.



1 Professor Ikujiro Nonaka has proposed the The SECI Model|SECI

(Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) model, one of the most widely cited theories

in knowledge management, to present the spiraling knowledge processes of interaction between

explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge .



1 * The IRG Solution - hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it argued that tacit knowledge was

essentially a property of social networks and that much tacit knowledge was held in, and

communicated by this informal lateral communication between

network members.


Organizational Memory System - The difference between explicit and tacit knowledge

1 In business terms, tacit knowledge is a passive misnomer for active

sharing of knowledge to make an organization more effective.


Organizational Memory System - The difference between explicit and tacit knowledge

1 Both are designed to extract tacit knowledge in an easily accessible

format that also generates the lessons of history


Knowledge sharing - Tacit Knowledge Sharing

1 Tacit knowledge sharing occurs through different types of

socialization. Although tacit knowledge is difficult to identify and codify, relevant factors that influence

tacit knowledge sharing include:


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