1. also called ping pong) it is a sport in which two or four players hit alightweight ball back and forth using a table tennisracket. The game takes place on a hard table divided bya net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow aball played toward them only one bounce on their sideof the table and must return it so that it bounces onthe opposite side. Points are scored when a player failsto return the ball within the rules. Play is fast anddemands quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters itstrajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving thehitter a great advantage. When doing so the hitter hasa good chance of scoring if the spin is successful.

2. The game of table tennis probablydescended from the game of RoyalTennis also known as Real Tennis or CourtTennis which was played in the medievalera.The game became popular in Englandand the United States in the late 19thcentury. 3. Some sources claim that the sport wasonce known as indoor tennis, and wasplayed in the early 1880s by British armyofficers stationed in India and South Africa.The game has its origin in England as anafter-dinner amusement for upper-classVictorians in the 1880s. 4. The popularity of the game led gamemanufacturers to sell the equipmentcommercially. Early bats were often piecesof parchment stretch upon a frame, andthe sound generated in play gave thegame its first nicknames of whiff-whaffand ping-pong. A number of sourcesindicate that the game was first brought tothe attention of Hamleys of Regent Streetunder the name Gossima. The nameping-pong was wide in use before Englishmanufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltdtrademarked in 1901. 5. 1880s the game had becomefashionable among the upper classes inEngland. 1887 According to the ITTF website, thefirst use of the name table tennisappeared on a board and dice gamemade by J.H Singer of New York. 1890 the earliest existing evidence of atable tennis game is a set made byDavid Foster, patented in England, whichincluded table version of Lawn Tennis,Cricket and football. 6. 1891 John Jacques of Londonintroduced their Gossima game,which used drum-type paddles, a 50mmweb wrapped cork ball, and a 30cmhigh net. 1890s Parker Brother began making anindoor tennis kit which included aportable net, a small ball covered innetting, and paddles. 1900 Englishman James Gibb iscredited with bringing hollow celluloidballs back to England from USA,although some other sources claim theywere plastic balls. 7. 1901 Jhon Jacques registered ping-pongas a trade name in England. TheAmerican rights to the name are sold toParker Brothers. 1901 On the 12th December 1909, thetable tennis Association was formed inEngland. 1902 Englishman E.C Goode is creditedwith putt king pebbled rubber racket,which will dominate table tennis until1952. 8. 1903 on the first may 1903, the TableTennis and the Ping-Pong Associationamalgamate, forming The United TableTennis and Ping-Pong Association. Thisassociation will later revert its name toThe Table Tennis Association, beforebecoming defunct in 1904. 1920s in the early 1920s the gamebegan to revive in England and Europe. 1926 The International Table TennisFederation is formed. 9. 1935 the American Ping-pongAssociation, US Amateur Table TennisAssociation and National Table TennisAssociation merge to form the US TableTennis Association ( which wasrenamedUSA table tennis in 1994. 1938 the ITTF lowered the net from sixand three quarter inches to six inches,and band the fingerspin serves used withdevasting effect by American players, 1940-1946 no World Championshipwere held in World War. 10. 1950s there was the introduction of a newstroke. It was really an exaggerated to spinwhere there was a greater preparation,follow-through and wrist action. 1952 Hiroji Satoch of Japan becamesnotorious for his use of a wooden racketand spin rather than the conventionalpimpled rubber rackets. He wons the 1952World Championships over Koczian ofHungary, and begins a period of Asianmale domination in the sport which wouldlast until Sweden rose to supremacy from1989 into the early 1990s. 11. 1959-1960 the ITTF standardized thethickness of ordinary pimpled rubber andsponge rubber. 1960s- in the early 1960s, the loop drivewas invented and became populararound the world. 1960s- in the early 1960s, Xiang Xi Lin ofChina used a Yin-Yan bat with normalrubber on one side, and long pimples onthe other the first recorded instance ofsuccessful combination bat play 12. 1971- china returned to InternationalCompetition at the 1971 WorldChampionships. 1971- the US Table Tennis Team took aPing-pong Diplomacy trip to china, ina worlds first effort to use sport toestablished and improved diplomaticrelations. 1971- Jean-Paul Weber of France usedthe first anti-spin rubber in the WorldChampionships in Nagoya, Japan, andenjoyed some success with its use. 13. The table is 2.74 m (9.0 ft.) long, 1.525 m (5.0ft.) wide, and 76 cm (2.5 ft.) high with anycontinuous material so long as the tableyields a uniform bounce of about 23 cm(9.1 in) when a standard ball is droppedonto it from a height of 30 cm (11.8 in), orabout 77%. The table or playing surface isuniformly dark colored and matte, dividedinto two halves by a net at 15.25 cm (6.0 in)in height. The ITTF approves only woodentables or their derivate. Concrete tableswith a steel net or a solid concrete partitionare sometimes available in outside publicspaces, such as parks. 14. The international rules specify that thegame is played with a sphere having amass of 2.7 grams (0.095 oz.) and adiameter of 40 millimeters (1.57 in). The rulessay that the ball shall bounce up 2426 cm(9.410.2 in) when dropped from a height of30.5 cm (12.0 in) onto a standard steelblock thereby having a coefficient ofrestitution of 0.89 to 0.92. The 40 mm ballwas introduced after the 2000 SummerOlympics. 15. A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower andspins less than the original 38 mm one.The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filledcelluloid or similar plastics material,colored white or orange, with a mattefinish. The choice of ball color is madeaccording to the table color and itssurroundings. A white ball is easier to seeon a green or blue table than it is on agrey table. 16. The net shall be suspended by a cordattached at each end to an upright post15.25 cm high, the outside units of a postbeing 15.25cm outside the side line. Thetop of the net along its whole length shallbe 15.25 cm above playing surfacealong its whole length and the end ofthe net shall be as close as possible tothe supporting posts. 17. A table tennis racket (also called a"bat" or "paddle") is used by tabletennis players. The "racket" is usuallymade from laminated woodcovered with rubber on one or twosides depending on the player'sgrip. The USA generally uses theterm "paddle" while Europe uses theterm "bat" 18. Inverted RubberThis best suits for putting spin on a ball dueto its breadth of contact surface with a ball. Short Pips-Out RubberThis is not easily affected by the opponentsspin due to its narrowness of contactsurface with a ball. It will knock a ball away. 19. Long Pimples Rubber (with Sponge)This will serve a ball with unexpected spindue to the various movements of pimplesin hitting a ball Long Pimples Rubber (without Sponge)This is light and easy to handle. It doesnthave much elasticity, so you can shut thepower of explosive Top-spin balls down. Anti RubberThis is a kind of inverted rubber but has littlefriction. It is not easily affected by theopponents spin. 20. In top-flight competition, service isdecided by a coin toss. At lower levels itis common for one player (or theumpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one orthe other hand ( usually hidden underthe table), allowing the other player toguess which hand the ball is in. thecorrect or incorrect guess gives thewinner the option to choose to serve orto choose which side of the table to use. 21. In game play, the player serving the ballcommences a play. The server first stands withthe ball held on the open palm of the handnot carrying the paddle, called the freehand,and tosses the ball directly upward withoutspin, at least 16 cm (6.3 in) high. The serverstrikes the ball with the racket on the ball'sdescent so that it touches first his court andthen touches directly the receiver's courtwithout touching the net assembly. In casualgames, many players do not toss the ballupward; however, this is technically illegal andcan give the serving player an unfairadvantage. 22. The ball must remain behind the end lineand above the upper surface of the table,known as the playing surface, at all timesduring the service. The server cannot use hisbody or clothing to obstruct sight of theball; the opponent and the umpire musthave a clear view of the ball at all times. Ifthe umpire is doubtful of the legality of aservice they may first interrupt play and givea warning to the server. If the serve is aclear failure or is doubted again by theumpire after the warning, the receiverscores a point. 23. If the service is "good", then the receivermust make a "good" return by hitting theball back before it bounces a second timeon receiver's side of the table so that theball passes the net and touches theopponent's court, either directly or aftertouching the net assembly. Thereafter, theserver and receiver must alternately make areturn until the rally is over. Returning theserve is one of the most difficult parts of thegame, as the server's first move is often theleast predictable and thus mostadvantageous shot due to the numerousspin and speed choices at his or herdisposal. 24. Any hitting of the ball must be done suchthat the ball passes over or around thenet. If the ball is struck such that it travelsaround the net, but still lands on theopponents side of the table, the bit islegal and play should be continued. Ifthe opponent cannot return it over (oraround) the net and make it bounce onyour side, then you win the point. 25. Allowing the ball to bounce on onesown side twice. Not hitting on g the ball after it hasbounced on ones own side. Having the ball bounce on ones ownside after hitting it Hitting the ball before it has bounced onones own side of the table 26. Double hitting the ball. Note that the handbelow the wrist is considered part of the batand making a good return of ones hand orfinger is allowed, but hitting ones hand orfingers is allowed, but hitting ones hand orfingers and subsequently hitting the bat is adouble strike and an error. Allowing the ball to strike anything otherthan the bat. Causing the ball not to bounce on theopponents half (i.e., not making a goodreturn) 27. Placing ones free hand on the playingsurface or moving the playing surface. Offering and failing to make a goodservice ( i.e., making a service toss andfailing to strike the ball into play) Making an illegal serve: (e.g., onepreceded by a players hiding the bailor his failing to toss the ball at least 16cm(six inch.) in the air). Hitting the net with bat or any body part,or moving the table. 28. Service alternates between opponents every twopoints (regardless of winner of the rally) until the endof the game, unless both players score ten points orthe expedite system is operated, when thesequences of serving and receiving stay the samebut each player serves for only one point in turn. Theplayer serving first in a game receives first in the nextgame of the match. After each game, players switch sides of the table. Inthe last possible game of a match, for example theseventh game in a best of seven matches, playerschange ends when the first player scores five points,regardless of whose turn it is to serve. If the sequenceof serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends isnot changed, points scored in the wrong situation arestill calculated and the game shall be resumed withthe order at the score that has been reached. 29. After each game, players switch sides ofthe table and in the fifth or seventhgame for the match, players switchsides when the first player scores 5 points,regardless of whose turn it is to serve. Incompetition play, matches are typicallybest of five or seven games. 30. Some recreational players may chooseto use a volleyball styles system ofscoring and play. Such variation include,but are not limited to, allowing the letserve, not requiring the server to hit theball on his half of the table first (but stillallowing it), 31. In addition to games between individualplayers, pairs may also play table tennis.Singles and doubles are both played ininternational competition, including theOlympic Games since 1988 and theCommonwealth Games since 2002.[40]In 2005, the ITTF announced that doublestable tennis only was featured as a partof team events in the 2008 Olympics. 32. ServiceA line painted along the long axis of thetable to create doubles courts bisects thetable. This line's only purpose is to facilitate thedoubles service rule, which is that service,must originate from the right hand "box" insuch a way that the first bounce of the servebounces once in said right hand box andthen must bounce at least once in theopponent side's right hand box (far left box forserver), or the receiving pair score a point. 33. Players must hit the ball. For example, if A ispaired with B, X is paired with Y, A is the serverand X or Y is the receiver. The order of playshall be AX or Y & BX or Y & vice versa. Therally proceeds this way until one side fails tomake a legal return and the other side scores. At each change of service, the previousreceiver shall become the server and thepartner of the previous server shall become thereceiver. For example, if the previous order ofplay is AX or Y & BX or Y, the orderbecomes XB or A & YB or A or XB or A &YA or B after the change of service. 34. 3. In the second or the latter games of amatch, the game begins in reverse order ofplay. For example, if the order of play isAX or Y & BY or X at beginning of thefirst game, the order begins with XA or B &YA & B in the second game dependingon either X or Y being chosen as the firstserver of the game. That means the firstreceiver of the game is the player whoserved to the first server of the game in thepreceding game. In each game of adoubles match, the pair having the right toserve first shall choose which of them will doso. The receiving pair, however, can onlychoose in the first game of the match. 35. If a game is unfinished after 10 minutes' play andfewer than 18 points have been scored, theexpedite system is initiated. The umpire interruptsthe game, and the game resumes with playersserving for one point in turn. If the expedite systemis introduced while the ball is not in play, theprevious receiver shall serve first. Under theexpedite system, the server must win the pointbefore the opponent makes 13 consecutive returnsor the point goes to the opponent. The system canalso be initiated at any time at the request of bothplayers or pairs. Once introduced, the expeditesystem remains in force until the end of the match.A rule to shorten the time of a match, it is mainlyseen in defensive players' games. 36. When a pair reaches 5 points in the finalgame, the pairs must switch ends of thetable and change the receiver toreverse the order of play. For example,when the last order of play before a pairscore 5 points in the final game isAXBY, the order after change shallbe AYBX if A still has the secondserve. Otherwise, X is the next server andthe order becomes XAYB. 37. Competitive table tennis players griptheir rackets in a variety of ways. Themanner in which competitive playersgrip their rackets can be classified intotwo major families of styles. One isdescribed as penhold, and the othershakehand. The Laws of Table Tennis donot prescribe the manner in which onemust grip the racket, and numerousvariations on gripping styles exist. 38. Penhold styles have suffered in recent yearsdue to their inherent weakness on thebackhand side. This weakness makes it muchharder for penhold beginners to perform wellagainst their shakehand counterparts.However, this has not stopped the top penholdplayers from winning the World Championships,the World Cup and the Olympic gamesregularly, as the backhand weakness can becovered adequately with excellent footwork,or supplemented with the recent reversepenhold backhand loop innovation. 39. The Shakehand grip is so-namedbecause one grips the bat way oneperforms a handshake. The grip issometimes colloquially referred to as atennis grip or a western grip. theshakehand grip is most popular amongplayers originating in Western nations. 40. An experimental style being developed inChina, it is held by forming a "V for victory"sign and gripping the blade between theforefinger and middle finger while havingthe other fingers rest under and on top ofthe handle; it requires a modified blade togrip successfully. This grip produces anoticeable spin benefit due to the longerlever and mechanics utilized in theforehand 41. A grip that was made by DannySeemiller, an American champion. Thisgrip is a variation of the shakehand grip.In this grip the forefinger and thumb areplaced on the same side of the bat,which allows the backhand andforehoand shots to the same side of therubber. This grip also has a nicknamewindshield wiper due to the motion ofthe backhand and forehand. 42. In table tennis, the stroke break downinto generally offensive (producingtopspin) and defensive ( producingbackspin). Spin exceptions are thesmash, block, and lob. The types ofstrokes include backhand and forehand. 43. Speed drive the bat is primarilyperpendicular to the direction of stroke,and most of the energy applied to the ballresults in speed rather than spin, creating ashot that does not are much, but is fastenough that it can be difficult to return. Aspeed drive is used mostly for keeping theball in play, applying pressure on theopponent and potentially opening up anopportunity for more powerful attack. 44. Loop drive- it is essentially thereverse of the speed drive.That the bat is much moreparallel to the direction of thestroke ( closed )and the batthus grazes the ball, resulting ina large amount of topspin. 45. The loop- called as ultra-topspin. Producesa more pronounced loopy are with a highertrajectory and extreme topspin, but istypically slower. The rush- produced a flatter trajectory thana typical loop but carries much strongertopspin than a rectangular speed-drive. The hook- similar to a regular loop, butcarries a tilted topspin or is referred as thetop-side. 46. Usually, a counter attack against drives(normally high loop drives). You have toclose the bat and stay close to the ball.Try to predict its path close. The bat isheld closed and near to the ball which ishit with a short movement off thebounce (before reaching the highestpoint) so that the ball travels faster to theother side. 47. When a player tries to attack a ball that hasnot bounced beyond the edge of thetable, the player does not have the room towind up in a backswing. The ball may stillbe attacked, however, and the resultingshot is called a flick because the backswingis compressed into a quick wrist action. Aflick is not a single stroke and can resembleeither a drive or a loop in its characteristics.What identifies the stroke is the backswing iscompressed into a short wrist flick. 48. The offensive trump card is the smash. A player willtypically execute a smash when his or her opponenthas returned a ball that bounces too high or tooclose to the net. Smashing is essentially self-explanatorylarge backswing and rapidacceleration imparting as much speed on the ball aspossible. The goal of a smash is to get the ball tomove so quickly that the opponent simply cannotreturn it. Because the ball speed is the main aim ofthis shot, often the spin on the ball is something otherthan topspin. Sidespin can be used effectively with asmash to alter the ball's trajectory significantly,although most intermediate players will smash theball with little or no spin. An offensive table tennisplayer will think of a rally as a build-up to a winningsmash; 49. is usually used for keeping the point alive and creatingoffensive opportunities. A push resembles a tennis slice:the racket cuts underneath the ball, imparting backspinand causing the ball to float slowly to the other side ofthe table. While not obvious, a push can be difficult toattack because the backspin on the ball causes it todrop toward the table upon striking the opponent'sracket. In order to attack a push, a player must usuallyloop the ball back over the net. Often, the best optionfor beginners is to simply push the ball back again,resulting in pushing rallies. Against good players, it maybe the worst option because the opponent will counterwith a loop, putting the first player in a defensiveposition. Another response to pushing is flipping the ballwhen it is close to the net. Pushing can haveadvantages in some circumstances, such as when theopponent makes easy mistakes. 50. A chop is the defensive, backspin counterpart to theoffensive loop drive. A chop is essentially a bigger,heavier push, taken well back from the table. Theracket face points primarily horizontally, perhaps alittle bit upward, and the direction of the stroke isstraight down. The object of a defensive chop is tomatch the topspin of the opponent's shot withbackspin. A good chop will float nearly horizontallyback to the table, in some cases having so muchbackspin that the ball actually rises. Such a chop canbe extremely difficult to return due to its enormousamount of backspin. Some defensive players canalso impart no-spin or sidespin variations of the chop. 51. The block is a simple shot, but nonetheless can bedevastating against an attacking opponent. A block isexecuted by simply placing the racket in front of the ballright after the ball bounces; thus, the ball rebounds backtoward the opponent with nearly as much energy as itcame in with. This is not as easy as it sounds, because theball's spin, speed, and location all influence the correctangle of a block. It is very possible for an opponent toexecute a perfect loop, drive, or smash, only to have theblocked shot come back at him just as fast. Due to thepower involved in offensive strokes, often an opponentsimply cannot recover quickly enough, and will beunable to return the blocked shot. Blocks almost alwaysproduce the same spin as was received, many timestopspin. Depending on the spin of the ball, the blockmay be returned to an unexpected side of the table. Thismay come to your advantage, as the opponent may notexpect this. 52. The defensive lob is possibly the most impressive shot, since itpropels the ball about five metres in height, only to land onthe opponent's side of the table with great amounts of spin.to execute, a defensive player first backs-off the table 46meters; then, the stroke itself consists of lifting the ball to anenormous height before it falls back to the opponent's side ofthe table. A lob is inherently a creative shot, and can havenearly any kind of spin. Top-quality players use this to theiradvantage in order to control the spin of the ball. Forinstance, though the opponent may smash the ball hard andfast, a good defensive lob could be more difficult to returndue to the unpredictability and heavy amounts of the spin onthe ball. Thus, though backed off the table by tens of feetand running to reach the ball, a good defensive player canstill win the point using good lobs. However, at theprofessional level, lobbers will lose the point most of the time,so the lob is not used unless it is really necessary. 53. High level players may use what is calledpush block or active block, addingspeed to the ball (with a small topspinmovement). When playing in thePenhold Grip, many players use pushblock as they literally push theirbackhand forward, instead of simplyblocking it. 54. This spin is alternatively used as adefensive and offensive maneuver. Thepremise of this move is to put a spin onthe ball either to the right or the left ofthe bat. The execution of this move issimilar to a slice, but to the right or leftinstead of down. 55. Is a high level stroke, used as anothervariation for close-to-table . You have toposition the body close to the ball andjust let the ball touch the bat ( withoutany hand movement) in a way that theball stays close to the net with almost nospeed and spin and touches the otherside of the table more than twice if theopponent doesnt reach it.