table of contents · trade reports from china continue to produce differences in export volumes to...

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 3

MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES

U.S. - Trade ......................................................................................... 12

Iran - Trade .......................................................................................... 22

Turkey - Trade...................................................................................... 28

Syria - Exports ..................................................................................... 34

MAJOR NON-PRODUCING IMPORTING AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES

China - Trade ....................................................................................... 36

Hong Kong - Trade .............................................................................. 40

Germany - Trade .................................................................................. 45

The Netherlands - Trade ...................................................................... 50

United Arab Emirates - Trade ............................................................... 54

Vietnam - Trade ................................................................................... 56

Other Pistachio Trading Countries

ASIAN COUNTRIES

India - Imports ....................................................................................... 58

Japan - Imports ..................................................................................... 59

South Korea - Imports ........................................................................... 60

Russia - Imports ................................................................................... 61

Thailand - Imports ................................................................................. 64

Singapore - Trade ................................................................................. 65

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Belgium - Trade ................................................................................... 70

Cyprus - Imports .................................................................................. 76

France - Trade ..................................................................................... 77

Italy - Trade .......................................................................................... 83

2 Schramm, Williams & Associates, Inc

Luxembourg - Trade ............................................................................ 89

Spain - Trade ....................................................................................... 91

Switzerland - Imports ........................................................................... 95

Ukraine - Imports ................................................................................. 97

United Kingdom - Trade ....................................................................... 98

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

Israel - Imports .....................................................................................103

NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Morocco - Imports ................................................................................ 105

NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Canada - Imports ................................................................................. 107

Mexico - Imports .................................................................................. 109

SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Brazil - Imports ..................................................................................... 111

Chile - Imports ...................................................................................... 120

Venezuela - Imports ............................................................................. 121

SOUTH PACIFIC COUNTRIES

Australia - Imports ................................................................................ 123

New Zealand - Imports ......................................................................... 125

CURRENTLY APPLIED TARIFFS

Table 1 ................................................................................................. 128

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ 134

APPENDICES

FAS GAIN Report - European Union-28 Tree Nuts Report 2018 Appendix - A

FAS GAIN Report - Turkey Tree Nuts Report 2018 ................... Appendix - B

FAS GAIN Report - China Tree Nuts Report 2018 ..................... Appendix - C


Introduction

The 2018 World Pistachio Trade Report identifies major producing, importing, and

exporting trading countries in order to clarify movement of pistachios traded

internationally. The report’s statistics, for most countries, include calendar years 2009 to

2017. The United States export trade data is reported quarterly in the American

Pistachio Growers’ APGPower.org newsletter, which can be found by accessing their

website at:apgpower.org/resources. The Administrative Committee for Pistachios1

(ACP) provides monthly U.S. domestic and export shipments from the states of

California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

In calendar year 2017 the U.S. pistachio industry exported approximately 461 million in-

shell equivalent pounds (209,000 MT) and imported 2.9 million pounds (1,300 MT).

Pistachio Producing Countries The United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran) are the global leaders in the

production and cultivation of pistachios. The Republic of Turkey2 (Turkey) and the

Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) follow the United States and Iran in pistachio production.

While Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Israel, Italy, Morocco,

Spain, Tunisia and the Mediterranean Islands also produce pistachios, most are locally

consumed, with minor exports.

Pistachio producing nations are not typically thought to be importers, yet statistics show

that the United States and Iran both import. Reverse trade for the United States is

typically a result of re- imported domestic product that was exported for the purpose of

separating the pistachio nut from its shell. This process allows producers to take

advantage of lower labor rates in other nations, such as China. Other instances of re-

imported product can be attributed to rejected shipments based on quality standards.

https://www.apgpower.org/resources/


Major Pistachio Importing Countries The largest pistachio import markets are Hong Kong/People’s Republic of China,

Vietnam, and Germany. Not all countries import directly from pistachio producing

countries. Transshipments may occur for the following reasons: strategic trading

purposes; quality issues; or evasion of domestic and foreign laws and regulations.

1 ACP is a Federal Marketing Order (7 CFR Part 983) that regulates the handling of pistachios grown in

California, Arizona, and New Mexico. 2 Most of Turkey’s pistachios are sold for ingredient or confectionary purposes.


Major Non-Producing Pistachio Importing/Exporting Countries

Hong Kong3 occupies a key position in the world trade of pistachios as the largest

transshipper of pistachios, with most of its imports being re-exported into Vietnam.

Germany, the United Arab Emirates, the Netherlands, and Vietnam also import and re-

export a significant percentage of the world trade of pistachios.

Pistachio Trade Reporting Sources

Several government sources were researched for this report: The United States

International Trade Commission (USITC); Eurostat, the European Union’s government

database; Economia, a Mexican government trade database; the United Nations (UN)

Comtrade database; the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (as reported

by the Iran Pistachio Association); and the United Arab Emirates’ Federal

Competitiveness and Statistics Authority. The UN database is the source for the vast

majority of the import and export data detailed in this report.

The United Nations obtains statistical trade data by requesting individual countries to

report what they have imported and exported. Due to this methodology, discrepancies

sometimes occur when comparing what one country reports as imported product with

what a partner country reports as exports. These discrepancies can occur due to the

exporting country reporting the destination, but the importing country not reporting the

shipment as imported due to transshipments to a third country. The discrepancies can

also occur if data is improperly reported to the UN by a reporting government or if

transshipments of products are misreported.

Statistical Observations Throughout this report there are instances of large trade volumes that occur between

non- traditional or non-historical trading partners. Where possible we attempt to note

these occurrences or provide explanation for trade exports that do not match trade


volume imports and vice versa. Additionally, with each update of this report we revisit

and sometimes revise previous years’ data to correct errors that occur from incomplete

or partial data reporting by countries to the reporting sources listed above.

For the 2015 through 2017 editions of this report, we note discrepancies with U.S.

exports to Europe, that is, exports that do not match their country to country

corresponding import volumes. This trend of European Union discrepancies is not

present in the most recent data. Generally, in 2017, the 28 members of the European

Union report importing a combined 132 million pounds of raw pistachios from the United

States, while the United States reports exports of only 2 million pounds less or 130

million pounds. Additionally, according to Eurostat, European imports of U.S. pistachios

are significantly up, from 82 million pounds in 2016 to 132 million in 2017. U.S. data

reports a more moderate increase from 95 million pounds to 130 million pounds.

3 While Hong Kong is recognized as a territory of China, statistically it is regarded as a separate entity due

to its historic position as a transshipment point for large volumes of trade.


Trade reports from China continue to produce differences in export volumes to the

United States. In 2016, China exported 1.7 million pounds of pistachios to the United

States (765 MT), while the United States reported zero imports from China. It is a

common practice for U.S. producers of pistachios to ship in-shell closed pistachios that

have not naturally opened to China to be artificially opened by local workers. It is

assumed a percentage of the opened nuts are then exported back to the United States.

According to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, this product should be classified

under HTS number 0802.51 or 0802.52, as the act of cracking, shelling, and sorting

does not change the condition and/or value of the pistachios; U.S. statistical services do

not report imports of the product when it is returned to the United States.

Iranian data is sourced from the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. The

export trade is reported on the Islamic crop calendar year that runs from September 23

to September 22 of the following year. Iran’s September 2018 export data have not yet

been released so for the purpose of capturing a complete 12 month period, this most

recent report covers August 23, 2017 to August 22, 2018. Nearly 298 million pounds

were exported during these months; although this manner of reporting creates an

overlap of 4.6 million pounds with 2016 export data. Iranian data also indicates that

some 22.8 million pounds were exported to the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) (10,338

MT) and 9.4 million pounds to Turkey (4,280 MT). In recent years, Turkey has never

reported imports from Iran. Iranian data, however, notes that both the U.A.E. and

Turkey are re- export points. The U.A.E. is not a producer of pistachios but is

traditionally a re-distributor of pistachios.

Significant Changes in World Trade The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has imposed tariffs in retaliation to the U.S.

Section 232 (national security) and Section 301 (intellectual property rights) actions.

Since July 6, 2018, the PRC tariff on raw in-shell and shelled (HTS 802.51.00 and

802.52.00) increased to 45 percent ad valorem. The existing China tariff on U.S.

roasted pistachios was 5 percent. On September 24, 2018, China increased the tariff on


roasted pistachios to 15 percent ad valorem (HTS 2008.19.99).

In July 2018, China imposed customs measures to prevent almonds entering China

through Vietnam duty-free; it has not been determined if the same action was taken for

pistachios. U.S pistachios are the highest valued specialty crop exported to China.

Informed industry members have stated that product enters from Hong Kong to

Vietnam, as a transshipment point between Hong Kong and China, in order to avoid the

Chinese tariff on pistachios. While China’s tariff on pistachios was only 5 percent,

Vietnam enjoys duty-free access to China under the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) tariff agreement. Total Vietnamese imports of pistachios for 2017

were approximately 102 million pounds. This is predominately due to Hong Kong, which

supplied 90 percent of Vietnam’s pistachio imports. This trade activity makes Vietnam a

significant transshipper of pistachios.

In line with the previous year, U.S. exports to China continue to grow. They were nearly

double the volume from 2016 to 2017, increasing from 32 million pounds to 62 million

pounds according to Chinese import reports. U.S. export data differs from China and

Hong Kong’s data; when China and Hong Kong export data is combined, they imported

248 million pounds from the U.S., while the U.S. only reports exporting 213 million

pounds to those destinations. Regardless of the differing sources, China/Hong Kong

was without question the top market for

U.S. pistachios in 2017.

Future Trade Prospects According to China and Hong Kong reports, in 2017, U.S. pistachios made up 82

percent of their combined pistachio imports. In the event of lost market share resulting

from increased tariffs by China, it will be difficult to fill the demand with other

competitors due to limited substitutable suppliers.4 While Iran is the second largest

pistachio supplier to China, it experienced a sharp production decline, which will likely

limit it as an effective substitute exporter in marketing year 2018/19.


China’s increased tariffs on pistachios can be observed in the section entitled: Current

Applied Tariffs Raw and Roasted Pistachio Tariffs on page 128.

Tariff Nomenclature Prior to January 2012, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (formerly known as U.S.

Customs) reported pistachio trade for three Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS)

numbers: HTS# 0802.50.20.00 (raw in-shell), HTS# 0802.50.40.00 (raw shelled), and

HTS# 2008.19.30.20

(roasted in-shell and kernels). In January 2012, the United States incorporated tariff

schedule changes recommended by the World Customs Organization for several

commodities including those for raw pistachios. As such, raw in-shell pistachios have

moved from 0802.50.20.00 to 0802.51. Likewise, raw shelled pistachios have been

moved from 0802.50.40.00 to 0802.52. The HTS number for roasted pistachios

(2008.19), included with several other roasted tree nuts, remained unchanged. Six

years of data are now available and this report provides, where possible, raw in-shell

and raw shelled imports and exports as well as combined raw pistachio trade.

Tariff Levels

Under the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement, each country committed to limit tariff rates

for commodities to a specific level. These tariffs are also specific to each country and

are known as bound tariff rates. Since that time, individual countries have unilaterally

adjusted their tariff levels on commodities in order to spur trade or discourage imports.

Tariff rates that are lower than a country’s bound rate are known as currently applied

tariffs.

4 China first imposed retaliatory tariffs against the United States on April 2, 2018 for its imposition of tariffs

on steel and aluminum products, which the U.S. justified through Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act

of 1962. The trade war escalated with China imposing additional rounds of tariff increases in response to


U.S. Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974; tariffs that went into force due to China’s intellectual property

theft and unfair trade practices.

A number of countries have been selected that represent key and potential export

markets for pistachios and are organized in a table that includes details on their tariff,

tax, and other duty information. The tariff data is the most up-to-date applied tariffs data

available.

Possible and Future Tariff Rate Adjustments As foreign tariffs are either imposed or eliminated, the World Trade Organization

multilateral negotiations continue, and free trade agreements are negotiated with

Mexico, Canada, Japan and Europe, the tariff table on page 128 of this report will be

updated to reflect the currently applied tariffs as agreements are finalized and

implemented.

Aflatoxin Levels According to Codex’s report on the Fourth Session of the Committee on Contaminates

in Food, April 2010, the maximum aflatoxin level for “ready-to-eat” tree nuts is 10 µg/kg,

whereas maximum level for tree nuts for further processing is 15 µg/kg. While some

countries follow aflatoxin levels as established by Codex, others have set their own

maximum aflatoxin limit at levels either higher or lower than Codex’s standard.


Major Pistachio Producing Countries


Source: United States International Trade Commission.

U.S. - Exports (all raw and roasted)

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Qua

ntity

in M

etri

c T

ons


Source: United States International Trade Commission.

NOTE: The United States is the only country that tracks the trade of roasted pistachios. All other countries exclusively report in shell

and shelled pistachio data

U.S. - Exports (all raw and roasted) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Hong Kong 25,898 26,960 31,902 57,052 55,983 33,992 15,484 70,320 90,486

Germany 7,073 6,446 5,833 5,610 9,163 8,615 6,942 6,222 16,634

Belgium 19,103 15,088 10,223 13,261 11,693 16,761 17,704 17,100 16,345

Canada 4,984 8,626 13,502 14,825 17,205 16,850 14,413 12,213 11,054

The Netherlands

12,515 11,850 8,933 10,580 7,607 11,048 8,473 7,715 8,936

China 11,244 8,113 10,607 16,199 11,100 4,294 3,511 3,792 5,951

Turkey 278 547 2,729 1,812 1,527 2,189 878 1,116 5,221

Saudi Arabia 138 127 401 576 1,068 1,196 848 1,211 5,017

Israel 2,420 4,572 4,208 3,348 3,199 4,401 2,238 2,716 4,077

Australia 1,974 3,000 4,414 4,265 5,257 5,528 3,470 1,629 3,953

Spain 4,191 2,697 1,931 2,804 3,686 3,415 1,817 2,278 3,823

France 5,082 5,064 4,205 3,929 3,205 4,342 4,185 3,816 3,520

Italy 3,664 2,373 3,789 2,415 2,282 2,525 2,267 1,886 3,384

Mexico 3,635 3,069 3,675 4,092 4,146 3,966 3,041 2,712 3,201

Vietnam 202 47 68 34 459 1,195 902 3,945 3,185

U.K. 2,654 2,682 2,058 1,704 2,288 2,352 1,733 1,632 2,768

U.A.E. 2,123 1,104 1,649 2,706 2,628 1,568 1,156 582 2,231

Luxembourg 4,736 4,950 1,999 3,917 6,176 1,554 2,317 1,486 1,799

Japan 2,593 3,202 3,167 2,722 2,907 3,572 2,479 1,665 1,692

South Korea 709 681 1,377 1,130 1,394 1,249 926 669 1,075

Russia 1,695 654 1,603 2,276 3,682 1,528 0 0 1

Other 12,670 11,061 10,843 10,724 12,739 12,658 7,838 6,918 14,303

Total 129,581 122,913 129,116 165,981 169,394 144,798 102,622 144,705 208,656


U.S. - Exports (roasted - 2008.19.30.20) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Canada 3,665 6,764 10,703 12,867 14,498 14,336 12,661 11,256 10,311

Mexico 1,596 1,759 2,663 3,138 3,442 2,640 1,836 1,666 1,564

Australia 57 143 305 887 2,119 2,229 1,573 722 912

China 316 741 825 151 295 439 561 251 251

New Zealand 23 73 69 0 208 337 235 127 192

Japan 215 178 415 453 561 467 385 367 153

Norway 363 293 251 0 0 0 0 244 148

Korea 19 23 211 141 171 185 150 92 115

Hong Kong 1,488 3,075 3,339 3,097 5,084 3,290 881 360 104

Colombia 3 51 24 160 526 322 22 108 103

Turkey 0 160 346 480 420 1,149 349 0 98

Taiwan 0 52 21 27 281 590 328 301 81

Philippines 20 20 55 27 13 30 203 254 66

U.A.E 127 21 14 191 566 99 2 3 66

South Africa 11 26 114 98 227 33 93 41 58

Costa Rica 9 48 11 22 72 21 88 73 47

Brazil 44 28 43 232 253 171 109 17 35

India 110 0 7 129 14 27 59 0 31


U.S. - Exports (roasted - 2008.19.30.20)

(in metric tons)

Panama 10 31 6 14 43 37 77 76 25

France 1,594 346 20 64 440 465 0 0 24

Guatemala 14 34 14 29 77 63 76 79 23

Dominican Rep 19 88 7 23 16 33 23 21 23

Spain 42 64 0 39 160 474 10 4 20

Honduras 12 17 7 6 39 42 22 24 17

Vietnam 124 26 28 0 32 43 69 23 13

El Salvador 7 6 2 12 27 32 31 27 7

Saudi Arabia 22 27 0 32 179 215 0 0 7

Venezuela 65 46 0 88 5 71 10 9 6


U.S. - Exports (roasted - 2008.19.30.20) (in metric tons)

Belgium 509 79 709 1,964 873 37 212 0 3

United Kingdom 413 434 326 319 1,079 529 298 0 1

Chile 83 113 15 184 144 129 1 64 0

Israel 92 141 471 187 200 120 194 0 0

Qatar 0 0 0 0 149 69 3 0 0

Iraq 41 0 34 0 0 193 0 0 0

Netherlands 1,211 248 259 43 150 190 0 0 0

Switzerland 97 327 319 56 184 86 0 0 0

Oman 0 17 68 51 148 15 0 0 0

Libya 0 0 94 83 202 0 0 0 0

Italy 644 119 58 42 54 0 0 0 0

Luxembourg 0 0 0 116 0 0 0 0 0

Russia 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0

Germany 2,971 3,487 1,531 12 0 0 0 0 0

Jordan 0 200 137 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ukraine 70 39 31 0 0 0 0 0 0

Greece 19 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Romania 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 307 204 168 202 452 270 193 161 4,394

Total 16,512 19,568 23,720 25,746 33,403 29,478 20,754 16,370 14,705


Source: United States International Trade Commission


U.S. - Imports (in metric tons)

Country Description 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Turkey

Raw In- shell

Pistachios

84 52 48 84 62 113 169 201 160

Italy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Canada 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 26

Thailand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Greece 0 0 0 12 18 0 55 24 22

Other 0 0 0 447 19 0 3 15 16

Subtotal 92 52 48 543 99 113 227 279 224

Turkey

Raw Shelled

Pistachios

7 28 73 86 98 39 110 118 108

Italy 9 16 0 0 1 1 1 12 61

Canada 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

Thailand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Greece 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

Other 162 415 1 86 3 0 26 34 38

Subtotal 178 459 74 172 102 42 138 165 209


U.S. – Imports Con’t

(in metric tons)

Turkey

Roasted Pistachios

94 124 192 192 275 170 166 208 443

Italy 51 109 136 161 153 208 179 155 143

Canada 30 54 31 106 39 16 240 116 115

Thailand 37 12 68 29 29 24 21 106 100

Greece 1 1 1 1 2 2 18 7 13

Other 5 10 17 22 23 62 77 42 55

Subtotal 218 310 445 511 521 482 711 634 869

Turkey

Total Pistachios

185 204 313 362 435 322 451 527 711

Italy 60 125 136 161 154 209 183 167 347

Canada 38 54 31 106 39 18 240 155 141

Thailand 37 12 68 29 29 24 22 106 100

Greece 1 1 1 14 20 2 74 32 37

Other 167 425 18 554 45 62 97 91 109

Total 488 821 567 1,226 722 637 1,067 1,078 1,302 Source: United States International Trade Commission.


European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 4,171 3,831 4,142 5,681 8,989 12,239 9,187 5,101 15,320

Luxembourg 9,672 19,092 11,264 7,984 9,149 14,825 20,987 8,252 11,829

Belgium 9,562 5,619 6,131 6,708 6,128 4,783 6,347 7,637 9,148

The Netherlands

11,951 9,683 7,381 8,880 7,879 7,646 8,522 6,822 8,175

Italy 2,796 1,898 2,701 2,650 2,558 2,706 1,962 1,392 4,384

France 3,827 4,408 3,219 4,591 3,660 3,869 3,135 2,860 3,492

Spain 3,342 2,456 1,766 2,548 2,853 1,890 2,082 1,819 3,342

U.K. 1,684 1,482 1,328 1,155 1,226 1,541 1,266 1,258 2,449

Lithuania 59 80 20 20 100 298 320 260 650

Poland 77 59 217 77 52 263 131 133 233

Bulgaria 172 173 150 116 107 118 87 64 178

Cyprus 191 274 186 156 61 98 34 30 158

Portugal 206 113 186 154 64 79 71 188 139

Greece 1,872 1,912 517 232 96 165 35 35 70

Sweden 152 152 472 654 251 112 177 25 43

Latvia 20 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 21

Croatia 1 n/a 59 92 55 75 22 13 0

Slovakia 0 0 0 344 340 729 0 0 0

Other 61 4 20 5 10 0 0 20 6

Total 49,816 51,236 39,759 42,066 43,578 51,437 54,635 35,909 59,677 Source: Eurostat.


European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 4,518 8,545 11,746 8,914 5,101 14,627

Belgium 6,614 5,960 4,687 6,242 7,653 11,627

Luxembourg 7,984 9,149 14,825 20,987 8,123 9,148

The Netherlands 8,541 7,847 7,629 8,470 6,786 8,078

Spain 2,428 2,791 1,789 1,747 1,819 3,316

Italy 2,060 2,173 2,127 1,599 1,392 3,117

France 3,968 3,261 3,221 2,543 2,860 3,007

U.K. 1,034 1,194 1,332 1,037 1,258 2,183

Lithuania 20 100 298 320 260 650

Poland 77 53 263 131 133 233

Bulgaria 116 107 118 87 64 178

Cyprus 88 57 80 34 30 158

Portugal 154 65 79 71 188 139

Greece 188 57 134 19 35 37

Sweden 585 238 100 162 25 32

Latvia 19 0 0 0 0 21

Croatia 89 55 75 21 13 0

Slovakia 344 340 729 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 20 45

Total 38,827 41,992 49,231 52,384 35,760 59,596 Source: Eurostat.


European Union 28 - Imports from U.S. (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 1,162 444 494 273 39 693

Belgium 89 174 95 105 471 202

Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 0

The Netherlands 338 32 17 52 0 97

Spain 120 62 101 335 0 26

Italy 590 385 580 363 1 1,267

France 623 399 648 592 139 485

U.K. 121 32 209 229 0 266

Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0

Poland 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bulgaria 3 0 0 0 0 0

Cyprus 68 4 19 0 241 0

Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0

Greece 44 39 31 16 4 33

Sweden 69 13 12 15 0 11

Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0

Croatia 4 0 1 1 430 0

Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 5 0 0 0 208 1



Source: Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration.

NOTE: Data reported above is from September 23 to September 22 of the following year as reported by the Iran Pistachio

Association. This range does not apply for 2017.

*NOTE: 2017 data covers 12 months - August 23 to August 22 which is inclusive of all data available during the publishing of this

report. This period includes an overlap in data with 2016 as July 23 to August 22 is included in both periods.

Iran - Exports (in-shell and shelled)

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017*

Qua

ntity

in M

etri

c T

ons


Iran – Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons) Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017*

Vietnam 5,026 6,274 5,358 6,391 9,465 19,492 18,317 19,133 25,254

Hong Kong 37,742 60,952 28,732 53,731 32,887 58,331 41,170 24,298 18,713

Germany 13,877 10,897 9,948 6,464 7,745 9,936 11,083 9,890 12,859

U.A.E.** 20,361 16,364 15,540 16,314 15,518 17,885 14,395 9,806 10,338

India 3,392 5,171 2,483 4,270 4,872 4,667 6,116 6,843 8,920

Pakistan 2,757 4,348 3,050 2,474 2,209 3,470 3,986 5,045 7,385

Iraq 5,705 6,768 6,915 5,078 6,271 7,342 6,166 5,890 6,894

Kazakhstan 988 816 1,457 5,221 11,233 6,906 5,549 6,541 5,627

Turkey** 1,597 4,801 2,202 2,377 10,665 10,916 5,306 4,811 4,280

Russia 8,149 14,549 14,691 7,306 1,885 1,981 1,403 1,823 3,843

Lebanon 2,656 2,573 2,187 2,357 2,063 2,867 2,728 3,125 3,111

Spain 2,450 3,170 420 96 126 1,366 2,323 2,571 3,020

Italy 183 118 99 37 392 551 864 2,571 2,338

Jordan 194 94 94 378 628 1,488 1,498 1,686 2,011

Afghanistan 850 1,285 924 1,535 2,121 1,958 2,073 1,685 1,636

Kuwait 948 995 448 626 632 867 1,500 1,711 1,574

Taiwan 2,203 3,090 1,194 962 971 1,472 1,404 1,244 1,455

Greece 173 0 0 229 273 431 1,632 1,039 1,193

Slovakia 501 681 184 403 382 390 932 700 1,016

Canada 908 693 733 336 295 479 753 702 892

Kyrgyzstan 684 381 624 839 706 571 377 692 892

Qatar 95 155 141 363 340 315 607 643 839

Azerbaijan 250 236 286 240 408 376 218 92 823

Uzbekistan 488 141 635 704 802 1,044 615 828 701


Iran – Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Syria 6,273 4,122 2,680 79 313 289 168 418 670

Poland 352 88 11 62 43 338 433 454 553

Ukraine 1,213 1,609 1,046 1,075 864 209 137 196 513

TheNetherlans 522 1,382 1,028 477 468 1,134 1,036 451 436

Singapore 101 173 181 239 203 306 436 375 404

Lithuania 234 420 419 449 317 344 342 451 363

Japan 206 290 310 177 100 227 231 285 278

China 341 1,334 1,083 197 277 91 392 468 273

Belgium 1,757 1,978 1,597 1,267 72 120 358 352 260

France 212 355 751 888 286 37 171 188 232

Australia 480 460 230 250 127 155 375 231 226

Malaysia 59 92 82 128 192 144 375 162 183

Mexico 174 310 73 72 121 216 267 50 175

Tajikistan 1,078 1,300 1,184 807 968 628 263 107 168

Egypt 2,193 1,052 1,042 617 299 542 470 115 134

Romania 376 347 283 43 109 105 38 63 89

Tunisia 505 338 220 171 25 166 165 99 85

Turkmenistan 310 266 293 275 426 435 207 179 30

Croatia 113 50 0 0 0 0 20 0 12

Saudi Arabia 112 869 746 598 1,245 2,063 571 0 0

Other 1,005 854 600 586 717 1,026 1,586 274 4,435

Total 129,793 162,241 112,204 127,188 120,061 163,676 139,055 118,324 135,133

Source: Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. NOTE: Data reported above is from September 23 to September 22 of the following year as reported by the Iran Pistachio Association. This range does not apply for 2017. *NOTE: 2017 data covers 12 months - August 23 to August 22 which is inclusive of all data available during the publishing of this report. This period includes an overlap in data with 2016 as July 23 to August 22 is included in both periods. ** NOTE: Reported as a re-export market.


European Union 28 - Imports from Iran (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 12,227 13,428 12,692 10,506 11,871 12,559 13,168 12,685 11,622

Spain 481 2,607 1,755 1,307 1,416 1,514 2,330 2,854 2,553

Italy 56 291 216 286 169 1,036 1,030 1,844 2,109

Greece 98 123 0 0 237 321 696 1,801 1,166

Slovakia 438 547 352 247 446 358 626 917 709

The Netherlands 199 669 1,827 1,155 436 713 1,105 972 664

Poland 352 308 22 10 62 87 316 471 485

Lithuania 437 363 417 392 402 356 337 438 322

Belgium 3,142 1,734 1,833 1,496 1,358 1,343 958 872 304

France 314 188 314 896 676 236 62 131 180

Romania 331 354 317 204 33 153 156 49 56

Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 33 11

Sweden 0 0 0 1 23 0 1 1 0

Luxembourg 322 173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 60 50 14 6 0 0 0 142 31


NOTE: Eurostat reported no data for Portugal.


Europe - Imports from Iran (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 8,305 10,182 9,784 10,324 9,813 9,134

Spain 1,248 1,391 1,472 2,284 2,840 2,502

Italy 178 10 366 355 1,111 1,169

Greece 0 237 304 601 1,718 1,090

The Netherlands 1,155 436 713 1,105 972 664

Slovakia 243 438 323 547 783 626

Poland 9 62 87 316 471 485

Lithuania 392 402 356 337 438 322

Belgium 1,496 1,109 1,166 839 731 273

Romania 204 32 153 121 48 53

France 441 434 32 0 1 17

Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 33 11

Sweden 1 9 0 1 1 0


Other 6 0 0 0 141 19



Europe - Imports from Iran (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 2,201 1,689 2,775 2,844 2,872 2,488

Spain 59 25 42 46 14 51

Italy 108 159 670 675 733 940

Greece 0 0 17 95 83 76


Slovakia 4 8 35 79 134 83

Poland 1 0 0 0 0 0

Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0

Belgium 0 249 177 119 141 31

Romania 0 1 0 35 1 3

France 455 242 204 62 130 163


Sweden 0 14 0 0 0 0


Other 0 0 0 0 1 12



Turkey - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 342 252 549 638 1163 429 1,180 1,787 880

Germany 126 91 96 154 279 188 404 418 427

Saudi Arabia 212 3 69 42 151 28 243 861 370

Israel 105 104 107 468 86 29 349 324 168

Jordan 66 14 1 12 103 27 182 63 112

U.S.A. 26 19 57 160 74 3 93 117 90

Iraq 2 2 0 95 157 0 8 1 87

U.A.E. 11 5 4 27 26 0 51 85 69

Turkmenistan 8 0 23 13 7 10 2 55 30

Greece 183 n/a n/a n/a 122 n/a 47 100 19

Libya 0 0 0 5 318 0 25 0 5

Egypt 212 53 7 147 155 4 94 76 0

Other 1,331 179 275 388 707 110 532 713 449

Total 2,376 717 1,160 2,328 3,879 818 3,155 4,690 2,321 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


Turkey - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 10 176 0 16 20 16

Germany 0 29 0 2 4 2

Saudi Arabia 15 59 n/a 50 587 78

Israel 282 48 20 267 116 87

Jordan 9 49 4 10 0 45

U.S.A. 45 9 11 5 6 6

Iraq 36 5 0 0 0 6

U.A.E. 3 0 0 0 4 2

Turkmenistan 12 0 24 0 52 30

Greece 0 15 0 0 0 0

Libya 1 132 0 24 0 0

Egypt 2 59 0 32 0 0

Other 248 966 12 135 107 116

Total 663 1,547 51 541 896 388 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


Turkey - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 628 987 429 1,164 1,767 864

Germany 154 250 188 402 414 425

Saudi Arabia 27 259 n/a 193 273 292

Israel 185 103 8 82 208 81

Jordan 3 106 0 172 63 67

U.S.A. 115 77 17 88 111 84

Iraq 59 69 3 8 1 81

U.A.E. 24 25 0 51 81 67

Greece n/a n/a n/a 47 100 19

Turkmenistan 17 11 6 2 3 0

Libya 4 11 6 1 0 5

Egypt 144 44 27 62 76 0

Other 304 458 85 341 607 333

Total 1,664 2,400 769 2,613 3,794 2,318 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


European Union 28 - Imports from Turkey (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 396 220 615 709 1,327 425 1,088 1,973 1,028

Germany 123 102 87 114 252 160 392 420 487

Greece 126 0 0 10 15 0 32 89 25

France 2 1 26 3 47 2 33 12 21

U.K. 14 7 15 23 11 1 5 8 17

Belgium 484 104 151 50 59 17 111 49 0

Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 15 3 0 47 0

Spain 1 0 4 0 73 144 13 13 0

Romania 0 0 0 0 178 0 0 9 0

Other 51 4 16 34 12 6 11 37 40

Total 1,197 438 914 938 1,989 758 1,685 2,657 1,618 Source: Eurostat.


Europe - Imports from Turkey (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 17 177 0 16 38 13

Germany 13 30 1 21 26 18

Greece 10 15 0 0 4 0

France 0 0 2 0 2 16

U.K. 7 5 1 3 1 1

Belgium 19 6 2 10 10 0

Bulgaria 0 15 3 0 0 0

Spain 0 60 144 12 2 0

Romania 0 167 0 0 9 0

Other 0 0 2 8 24 12

Total 61 473 155 70 116 60 Source: Eurostat.


Europe - Imports from Turkey (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 692 1,150 425 1,072 1,935 1,015

Germany 101 223 159 371 394 469

Greece 0 0 0 32 85 25

France 3 47 0 33 10 5

U.K. 16 6 0 2 7 16

Belgium 31 53 15 101 39 0

Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 47 0

Spain 0 13 0 1 11 0

Romania 0 11 0 0 0 0

Other 34 13 4 3 13 28

Total 877 1,516 603 1,615 2,541 1,558 Source: Eurostat.


Syria - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Jordan 2,998 2,324 1,308 1,279 1,749 437 894 1,110 615

Algeria n/a n/a 0 0 25 0 0 378 287

Egypt 418 149 84 0 0 5 100 129 145

Italy 312 20 253 315 317 69 24 10 89

Sweden 10 34 2 6 15 22 21 42 40

Saudi Arabia 204 128 133 724 1,419 363 503 n/a n/a

U.A.E 0 0 0 129 759 16 73 111 0

Greece 14 n/a 0 20 174 35 0 8 0

Canada 2 9 0 1 37 0 0 5 0

Tunisia 148 26 40 56 64 27 17 n/a 0

Lebanon 2 410 413 748 940 121 0 n/a 0

Belgium 12 280 128 13 28 12 0 n/a 0

Spain n/a n/a 0 0 160 0 0 n/a 0

Kazakhstan n/a n/a 0 0 33 0 0 n/a 0

India 14 5 7 14 29 0 0 n/a 0

Other 1,430 1,662 79 294 72 18 1 37 4

Total 5,564 5,047 2,447 3,599 5,821 1,125 1,633 1,830 1,180 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.

NOTE: Data for years 2011 to 2017 was reported by the importing country.


Major Non-producing Pistachio Exporting

and Importing Countries


China - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 15,922 17,203 18,992 21,781 11,658 7,281 6,233 14,541 28,264

Iran 5,102 35,366 5,362 5,158 1,265 2,523 4,387 2,880 657

Australia 518 210 541 399 224 241 216 252 351

Other 3 2 57 26 24 6 60 6 2

Total 21,545 52,781 24,952 27,364 13,171 10,051 10,896 17,679 29,274

China – Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 21,139 11,194 6,570 5,790 13,917 27,655

Iran 5,146 1,249 2,507 4,373 2,858 634

Australia 377 224 241 216 250 351

Other 27 24 6 56 6 2

Total 26, 689 12,691 9,324 10,435 17,025 28,642

China - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 642 464 711 443 627 609

Iran 12 16 16 14 22 23

Australia 21 0 0 0 2 0

Other 0 0 0 4 0 0

Total 675 480 727 461 651 632 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


China - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,744 1,045 2,653 6,664 1,112 903 694 318 765

Hong Kong 67 244 1,260 1,055 2,900 633 452 288 474

Australia 362 56 160 188 145 250 129 184 155

Malaysia 21 n/a 105 59 14 52 65 124 109

Belgium 0 1,258 271 138 n/a n/a n/a 0 96

Singapore 8 72 86 34 7 62 72 98 60

Italy n/a n/a 34 140 n/a 40 n/a 121 57

Indonesia n/a n/a 121 92 n/a 47 55 0 44

France 0 0 63 389 n/a n/a 19 0 33

Russian Federation

84 29 66 489 88 51 9 54 17

Spain n/a n/a 40 120 n/a 21 45 0 0

Germany 0 0 119 277 91 n/a n/a 176 n/a

United Kingdom

19 19 60 100 n/a n/a n/a 20 n/a

Other 164 459 140 32 5 9 45 24 24



China - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 5,967 567 28 n/a n/a n/a

Hong Kong 944 2,771 546 381 210 427

Australia 14 7 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Malaysia 59 8 46 56 110 100

Belgium 138 n/a n/a n/a n/a 96

Singapore 34 n/a 58 72 98 50

Italy 140 n/a n/a n/a 80 57

Indonesia 92 n/a 477 55 n/a 44

France 332 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Russian Federation 489 88 51 9 54 17

Spain 120 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Germany 277 91 n/a n/a 730 n/a

U.K. 100 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Other 252 0 47 56 n/a 4

Total 8,866 3,532 776 574 730 795 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database


China - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 697 545 875 694 318 765

Hong Kong 111 129 87 71 78 47

Australia 174 138 250 129 184 155

Malaysia 0 n/a n/a n/a 14 9

Belgium 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Singapore n/a 7 4 n/a n/a 10

Italy 0 n/a 40 n/a 41 n/a

Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

France 56 n/a n/a 19 n/a 33

Russian Federation n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Spain 0 n/a 21 45 n/a n/a

Germany n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

U.K. n/a 6 6 10 20 n/a

Other 33 5 14 44 22 20

Total 1,071 830 1,292 1,012 676 1,039 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database


Hong Kong - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 23,732 29,334 35,620 53,381 64,361 29,674 21,914 68,295 84,155

Iran 25,639 61,594 34,219 43,595 30,488 58,800 46,202 35,743 22,635

China 227 549 1,414 1,118 2,906 582 558 94 236

U.A.E. n/a 174 506 161 1,703 1,442 185 0 0

Turkey 0 0 0 120 636 30 45 12 12

Vietnam 25 23 n/a 933 174 0 50 n/a 0

Other 636 966 186 726 460 214 225 255 92


Hong Kong - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 53,362 64,361 29,674 21,894 68,289 84,152

Iran 43,457 30,472 58,787 46,173 35,684 22,520

China 1,103 2,769 579 524 53 234

U.A.E 161 1,703 1,442 185 0 0

Turkey 120 636 30 45 12 12

Vietnam 933 174 0 50 n/a 0

Other 703 458 185 171 251 86

Total 99,839 100,573 90,697 69,042 104,289 107,004


Hong Kong - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 19 0 0 20 1 3

Iran 138 16 13 29 58 115

China 15 137 3 34 41 2

U.A.E. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 0

Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 23 2 29 54 11 6



Hong Kong - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Vietnam 10,727 4,618 22,106 42,157 26,381 51,789 40,793 66,145 41,871

China 13,585 40,021 18,725 13,181 7,541 5,867 6,373 13,056 20,749

India 364 370 961 1,763 1,603 332 458 76 328

U.A.E. 45 0 299 1,002 709 226 94 364 165

Germany 0 0 0 49 407 628 0 253 114

Thailand 200 10 0 70 36 102 19 23 17

U.S.A. 31 295 156 376 0 1,066 371 743 0

Russian Federation

134 153 0 1,089 2,135 1,836 468 103 0

Australia 0 13 84 62 386 130 90 39 0

Turkey 0 0 0 0 272 0 24 25 0

France 0 299 0 470 257 332 0 0 0

Ukraine 0 0 50 403 87 25 0 0 0

Other 229 204 1,473 293 646 494 436 496 715



Hong Kong - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Vietnam 41,473 26,261 51,789 40,785 66,140 41,871

China 13,181 7,451 5,867 6,332 13,052 20,740

India 1,751 1,603 332 458 57 328

U.A.E. 1,002 709 226 94 364 165

Germany 49 407 628 0 254 114

Thailand 70 36 102 12 6 5

U.S.A. 376 0 1,066 371 743 0

Russian Federation 1,089 2,135 1,836 468 103 0

Australia 62 368 130 78 30 0

Turkey 0 272 0 24 25 0

France 470 257 332 0 0 0

Ukraine 403 87 25 0 0 0

Other 2,508 921 1,407 434 456 713

Total 62,434 40,507 63,740 49,056 81,230 63,935 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


Hong Kong - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Vietnam 684 120 0 9 5 0

China 0 0 0 40 4 9

India 11 0 0 0 0 0

U.A.E. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thailand 0 0 0 7 17 12

U.S.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0


Australia 0 18 0 12 10 0

Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 0

France 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 16 6 0 2 16 2



Germany - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 20,544 17,246 14,763 16,775 18,166 19,216 15,699 16,216 28,009

Iran 12,691 13,738 24,998 18,903 13,735 11,628 5,284 5,039 8,668

Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 98 892 474 1,148

Italy 319 115 538 1,346 1,289 974 699 810 548

Turkey 172 140 85 95 260 156 349 424 485

France 9 3 14 7 2 13 9 24 1

Other 770 2,431 1,152 189 5 112 1,080 182 183



Germany - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 7,388 12,234 13,868 10,860 10,092 22,181

Iran 15,363 11,757 8,819 3,951 3,123 6,353


Italy 311 404 324 425 537 208

Turkey 5 30 2 26 38 18

France 2 0 0 0 24 0

Other 90 4 34 145 179 90

Total 23,159 24,432 23,047 15,407 13,973 28,850

Germany – Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 9,387 5,931 5,348 4,839 6,124 5,828

Iran 3,540 1,977 2,809 1,333 1,916 2,315

Luxembourg 0 0 892 474 474 1,134

Italy 1,035 885 650 274 273 340

Turkey 90 231 154 323 376 467

France 5 2 13 8 0 1

Other 99 1 78 935 24 93



Germany - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Spain 2,145 2,738 3,342 1,960 1,953 2,554 2,910 4,302 3,252

Italy 1,804 3,051 3,293 1,635 2,172 2,793 3,585 3,846 3,108

Poland 137 214 254 354 212 560 229 934 1,277

The Netherlands

939 1,470 626 1,287 1,720 1,379 1,794 1,404 1,142

U.K. 427 600 621 653 540 1,055 966 2,284 1,134

France 1,086 1,236 1,002 864 1,304 1,511 1,501 1,731 1,076

Hungary 303 484 546 446 384 305 624 487 415

Lithuania 137 71 254 277 156 279 297 333 346

Sweden 56 34 56 47 0 140 132 231 199

Switzerland 100 160 124 104 158 148 158 155 171

UAE 0 0 17 0 0 269 20 251 53

Russian Federation

19 28 97 20 267 128 275 1 4

Other 6,108 8,542 5,150 2,989 763 1,595 1,272 933 221



Germany - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Spain 1,960 1,953 2,554 2,910 3,944 3,062

Italy 1,635 2,172 2,793 3,585 3,321 2,326

Poland 354 212 560 229 836 1,217

The Netherlands 1,287 1,720 1,379 1,794 1,058 700

U.K. 653 540 1,055 966 1,588 750

France 864 1,304 1,511 1,501 1,219 576

Hungary 446 384 305 624 475 411

Lithuania 277 156 279 297 310 274

Sweden 47 n/a 140 132 162 155

Switzerland 104 158 148 158 139 3

UAE 0 n/a 269 20 213 52


Other 2,989 763 1,186 823 593 533



Germany – Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Spain 251 137 245 485 357 190

Italy 424 315 697 605 525 782

Poland 95 100 83 128 98 60

The Netherlands 262 121 212 323 346 442

U.K. 250 208 426 548 696 384

France 333 297 545 426 512 500

Hungary 25 26 3 6 11 4

Lithuania 1 2 60 27 23 72

Sweden 31 61 65 70 70 44

Switzerland 91 116 127 122 131 168

UAE 0 0 13 38 38 1

Russian Federation 0 11 33 n/a 0 2

Other 901 239 258 129 227 221



The Netherlands - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 11,951 9,683 7,194 8,838 7,879 7,646 8,453 6,822 8,175

Germany 1,663 1,910 534 1,280 1,249 2,244 586 394 702

Iran 199 669 1,722 1,155 436 713 1,102 972 663

Greece 0 10 0 n/a 36 13 4 120 172

France 2,129 2,298 913 1,424 343 44 27 36 28

U.K. 104 0 2 n/a 57 0 10 0 21

Other 379 214 112 74 25 69 200 227 170



The Netherlands - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 8,499 7,847 7,629 8,401 6,822 8,078

Germany 901 1,101 950 412 227 502

Iran 1,155 436 713 1,102 972 663

Greece n/a 0 13 4 120 172

France 1,327 340 28 4 1 19

U.K. n/a 0 0 7 0 12

Other 44 9 61 152 149 89

Total 11,926 9,733 9,394 10,082 8,291 9,535

The Netherlands - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 338 32 17 52 0 97

Germany 378 148 1,294 174 167 200

Iran 0 0 0 0 0 0

Greece n/a 36 0 0 0 0

France 96 3 16 23 35 9

U.K. n/a 57 0 3 0 9

Other 34 15 8 48 78 81

Total 846 291 1,335 300 280 396 Source: Eurostat.


The Netherlands - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 9,089 7,398 5,353 7,088 5,613 4,676 4,941 6,832 5,724

France 2,535 3,279 3,363 2,283 1,939 1,867 2,199 1,976 2,570

Poland 623 2,391 778 747 908 668 535 609 594

U.K. 570 3,849 1,027 1,140 1,079 751 1,124 383 291

Belgium 59 652 139 26 13 38 38 13 42

Denmark 17 88 128 18 11 4 6 6 13

Romania 62 78 93 130 20 114 6 9 7

Switzerland 1 5 6 4 15 12 4 3 2

Serbia 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0

Other 295 589 322 96 35 512 162 187 244

Total 13,251 18,329 11,209 11,532 9,653 8,642 9,015 10,028 9,487 Source: Eurostat


The Netherlands - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 7,048 5,609 4,676 4,934 6,832 5,706

France 2,226 1,926 1,867 2,199 1,974 2,562

Poland 625 710 628 535 525 492

U.K. 1,133 1,046 697 1,074 351 250

Belgium 10 3 5 23 5 25

Denmark 1 1 1 5 3 4

Romania 130 20 0 1 5 3

Switzerland 2 4 0 0 1 0

Serbia n/a 20 0 0 0 0

Other 66 9 56 45 133 133

Total 11,241 9,348 7,930 8,816 9,829 9,175

The Netherlands - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 39 3 0 2 10 18

France 57 12 0 7 2 8

Poland 122 198 40 0 84 102

U.K. 6 34 54 47 32 41

Belgium 16 11 33 10 8 17

Denmark 17 10 3 1 3 9

Romania 0 1 114 4 4 4


Serbia n/a n/a 0 0 0 0

Other 32 26 456 64 54 111



United Arab Emirates - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009* 2010* 2011* 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017***

Iran 12,124 13,998 12,741 12,623 7,361 14,417 16,379 12,665 7,401

U.S.A. 1,004 283 387 2,515 2,076 1,469 1,212 831 2,164

Hong Kong 0 0 0 1,002 709 226 0 0 165

Turkey 5 17 2 27 26 0 56 115 69

Germany 0 0 0 0 82 270 0 0 53

Madagascar 0 0 0 0 4,000 0 0 0 0

Syria 14 18 25 0 0 0 73 111 n/a

Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0 5 178 105 n/a

Lebanon 0 1 10 34 8 0 7 19 n/a

Saudi Arabia

0 0 0 0 0 356 22 11 n/a

Other 0 10 2 5 24 0 145 814** n/a


*NOTE: Data was sourced from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, United Arab Emirates.

**NOTE: Data listed as other for 2016 include 505MT from Yemen and 261MT from Afghanistan.

***NOTE: Data reported by the exporting countries.


United Arab Emirates - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009* 2010* 2011* 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017**

Oman n/a n/a n/a 114 291 260 327 399 383

India 729 654 758 654 920 712 958 943 54

Jordan 85 250 235 0 211 913 764 304 35

Kuwait 189 99 350 121 187 321 307 181 17

Saudi Arabia 4,311 5,415 4,492 1,039 3,276 6,154 6,418 2,266 n/a

Iraq n/a n/a n/a n/a 23 328 882 2,337 n/a

Yemen 52 61 91 37 198 552 235 0 0

Germany 464 518 376 25 997 326 146 130 0

Russian Federation

62 208 117 n/a 311 264 0 0 0

Hong Kong 50 49 n/a 101 1,703 1,667 0 0

Egypt 754 1,095 526 204 1,000 663 491 24 n/a

Algeria 174 277 537 220 214 303 344 103 n/a

Tunisia 529 606 594 196 304 304 132 89 n/a

Iran 362 319 397 n/a 378 153 125 124 n/a

Bangladesh 39 72 107 12 25 10 27 40 n/a

Libya 78 37 90 30 458 309 22 104 n/a

Qatar 47 177 91 6 9 698 21 17 n/a

Other 1,027 637 255 n/a 1,508 1,495 898 1,746 n/a

Total 8,952 10,474 9,016 8,292* 12,013 15,432 12,097 8,807 489 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.

*NOTE: Data was sourced from the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority, United Arab Emirates.

**Reported by the imported countries.


Vietnam - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017*

Hong Kong 0 0 0 42,157 26,261 51,389 40,793 66,145 41,871

U.S.A. 0 24 22 34 427 1,152 833 3,922 3,172

Madagascar 0 0 0 1,509 9,660 0 0 3,007 1,322

China 24 23 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 1 2 3 24 36 12 1 4 46

Total 25 49 28 43,724 36,384 52,553 41,627 73,078 46,411 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.

*NOTE: Data from 2012 to 2017 was reported by the exporting country. Vietnam reports small quantities of pistachio imports as

seen in years 2009 to 2011. Hong Kong, however, reports exports in very high quantities (see page 40). It can be assumed that

some of Hong Kong’s reported exports are being transshipped through Vietnam to China.


Asian

Pistachio Trading Countries


India - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Iran 2,499 4,042 4,674 4,003 3,487 7,297 7,514 7,195 5,125

U.S.A. 2,434 2,030 1,955 3,160 2,399 1,478 831 401 2,644

Afghanistan 2,500 1,306 1,293 436 775 1,467 2,383 1,789 1,654

UAE 35 40 33 28 4 0 45 263 25

Turkey 10 0 0 16 143 24 28 10 0

Other 334 64 863 614 33 31 40 52 5



Japan - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,674 1,946 1,889 2,020 2,080 1,895 1,524 1,077 1,393

Iran 138 238 237 161 226 191 333 208 183

Italy 25 20 18 20 26 24 20 21 22

Other 1 14 7 1 1 7 20 25 2

Total 1,838 2,218 2,151 2,202 2,333 2,117 1,897 1,331 1,600

Japan - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,924 1,965 1,750 1,403 953 1,176

Iran 59 88 38 101 61 73

Italy 0 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Other 0 0 7 17 22 0

Total 1,983 2,053 1,795 1,521 1,035 1,249

Japan - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 96 115 145 145 124 217

Iran 102 139 153 153 148 110

Italy 20 26 24 24 21 22

Other 1 0 0 0 3 2

Total 219 280 322 376 296 351 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database


South Korea - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 231 327 251 787 1,019 845 570 482 858

Iran 11 20 26 10 13 18 13 26 17

Other 49 1 0 0 0 9 5 0 0

Total 291 348 277 797 1,032 872 588 508 875

South Korea - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 646 958 761 495 408 728

Iran 0 0 0 0 4 0

Other 0 0 7 0 0 0

Total 646 958 768 495 412 728

South Korea - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 141 61 84 75 74 130

Iran 10 13 18 13 22 17

Other 0 0 2 5 0 0



Russian Federation - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Iran 7,836 11,570 15,690 13,774 6,857 416 2,096 1,589 3,117

China 107 53 67 499 88 332 104 14 115

Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 100 3,973 0 643 20

Belarus 0 0 0 79 258 0 10 0 0

U.A.E 0 0 0 0 0 1,588 0 0 0

Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 0 1,487 0 0 0

U.S.A. 3,763 1,660 2,373 3,909 5,528 1,454 0 0 0

The Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 436 0 0 0

Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0 314 0 0 0

Germany 0 0 1 0 0 180 0 0 0

U.K. 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 0 0

Turkey 0 2 0 22 32 140 0 0 0

Argentina 0 0 0 20 60 0 0 0 0

Other 70 69 16 8 31 207 60 10 22



Russian Federation - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Iran 13,719 6,800 384 2,049 1,561 3,088

China 499 88 332 104 14 115

Kazakhstan 0 100 3,973 0 628 20

U.A.E 0 0 1,574 0 0 0

Czech Republic 0 0 1,487 0 0 0

U.S.A. 3,812 5,452 1,417 0 0 0


Hong Kong 0 0 314 0 0 0

Germany 0 0 172 0 0 0

U.K. 0 0 160 0 0 0

Turkey 22 32 140 0 0 0

Argentina 20 60 0 0 0 0

Other 79 284 200 41 10 21



Russian Federation - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Iran 54 56 32 47 28 29

China 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 15 0

U.A.E 0 0 14 0 0 0


U.S.A. 97 76 37 0 0 0


Hong Kong 0 0 0 0 0 0

Germany 0 0 8 0 0 0

U.K. 0 0 0 0 0 0

Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 3

Argentina 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 9 6 7 29 0 1



Thailand - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 268 403 503 557 677 462 577 394 622

China 16 16 16 48 16 65 33 57 72

Iran 77 43 75 48 14 131 73 275 54

Other 0 9 11 0 2 0 1 105 0

Total 361 471 605 653 709 658 684 831 748

Thailand – Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 536 677 462 577 390 580

China 42 16 53 15 40 60

Iran 34 8 131 73 270 43

Other 0 2 0 0 104 0

Total 612 703 646 665 804 683

Thailand – Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 21 n/a n/a n/a 4 42

China 6 n/a 12 18 17 12

Iran 14 6 0 0 5 11

Other 0 0 0 1 1 0


*NOTE: Data reported by the exporting country.


Singapore - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 71 22 93 96 274 286 177 225 422

Iran 111 159 n/a 219 223 280 382 491 398

Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0

China 121 172 87 85 119 49 25 8 0

Indonesia n/a n/a 3 n/a 10 6 5 0 0

Thailand n/a n/a n/a 9 6 6 n/a n/a 0

Other 18 12 224 7 5 3 66 30 57

Total 321 365 407 416 637 630 655 777 877 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


Singapore - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 30 197 271 162 210 385

Iran 203 205 248 312 402 372


China 85 73 47 25 0 0

Indonesia 9 10 6 5 0 0

Thailand 2 6 6 0 0 0

Other 3 2 1 57 23 46

Total 332 493 579 561 635 803

Singapore - Imports (in-shell - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 66 77 15 16 16 37

Iran 16 18 32 70 89 26


China 0 0 0 0 8 0

Indonesia n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0

Thailand 0 n/a n/a n/a 0 0

Other 2 3 2 9 7 11



Singapore - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

India 33 29 26 26 40 56 31 61 91

Malaysia 128 217 105 100 163 75 70 86 57

Brunei 1 8 29 0 0 12 13 42 33

Ecuador 12 13 12 9 12 11 11 1 15

Hong Kong 7 0 6 27 14 n/a 2 1 10

Indonesia 29 8 27 20 12 4 12 32 0

Other 9 13 32 17 3 27 24 6 22



Singapore - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

India 10 40 44 26 61 87

Malaysia 92 101 56 34 68 40

Brunei 0 0 12 13 42 32

Ecuador 3 10 11 11 1 15

Hong Kong 3 7 n/a n/a 0 5

Indonesia 9 12 4 12 1 0

Other 15 2 14 20 1 14

Total 132 175 129 103 174 193

Singapore - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Malaysia 9 62 19 36 18 17

India 16 0 12 5 0 4

Brunei 0 0 0 0 0 1

Indonesia 11 0 0 0 31 0

Ecuador 6 2 n/a n/a 0 0

Hong Kong 23 7 n/a 2 0 5

Other 2 1 13 4 6 8



European Pistachio Trading

Countries


Belgium – Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 9,560 5,619 6,158 6,708 6,999 4,783 6,347 7,790 11,829

Luxembourg 210 371 504 628 554 387 380 302 333

Iran 3,142 1,734 1,960 1,496 1,572 1,343 958 871 304

Italy 56 54 64 232 64 67 294 101 116

France 178 413 550 50 59 33 110 53 64

Germany 185 365 275 40 105 69 209 85 54

Turkey 492 104 151 40 95 17 759 49 0

Spain 76 29 39 3 40 14 0 25 0

China n/a n/a n/a 208 35 3 57 n/a 0

Syria 12 280 128 13 28 12 0 0 0

Other 116 47 33 79 43 151 193 59 80



Belgium - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 6,614 6,832 4,687 6,242 7,652 11,627

Luxembourg 347 350 362 371 302 328

Iran 1,496 1,321 1,166 839 731 273

Spain 40 105 14 207 21 26

Italy 13 59 12 n/a 1 23

France 205 7 10 5 7 6

Germany 192 57 41 256 26 5

Turkey 19 6 2 10 10 0

Syria 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0

China n/a 40 n/a n/a n/a 0

Other 71 28 32 28 26 53

Total 8,999 8,805 6,326 7,958 8,776 12,341


Belgium - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 94 167 95 105 140 202

Iran 0 251 176 119 137 31

Luxembourg 281 204 25 9 0 5

Spain 0 n/a 0 2 4 22

Italy 27 36 55 759 100 93

France 3 28 24 52 46 58

Germany 40 7 28 38 59 49

Turkey 31 53 15 100 39 0

Syria 11 28 12 n/a n/a 0

China 3 n/a 3 n/a n/a 0

Other 8 15 120 165 33 27

Total 498 789 553 1,349 558 487 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


Belgium - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 5,501 4,079 4,256 3,613 5,116 3,032 5,640 4,882 5,971

Spain 1,476 757 1,877 1,910 980 509 468 228 1,597

Italy 2,827 2,251 1,689 1,561 1,443 856 943 895 1,065

France 425 248 729 168 255 281 222 284 604

The Netherlands

1,795 524 352 1,137 247 154 21 239 493

Slovakia n/a 0 n/a n/a 383 n/a 167 70 482

Luxembourg 24 29 19 2 3 59 17 744 323

U.K. 89 64 167 124 30 6 27 253 265

Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 208 0

Other 572 109 241 190 58 120 87 390 552


*NOTE: Data sourced for 2012 was obtained from Eurostat.


Belgium - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012* 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 3,578 5,060 3,009 5,630 4,880 5,967

Spain 1,904 881 486 457 216 1,577

Italy 1,558 1,275 809 898 846 1,042

France 106 129 249 118 188 544

Slovakia n/a 383 n/a 21 70 482

The Netherlands 1,080 198 37 74 185 375

Luxembourg 1 1 56 12 739 320

U.K. 123 11 n/a 43 249 265

Portugal 0 0 0 0 172 0

Other 181 35 94 75 550 526

Total 8,605 8,052 4,720 7,343 7,907 11,098


Belgium - Exports (shelled - 0802.52)

(in metric tons)

Country 2012* 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 35 56 24 10 1 4

Spain 5 98 23 11 12 20

Italy 3 167 47 45 49 23

France 62 126 32 49 97 60

Slovakia n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0

The Netherlands 57 49 117 148 54 118


U.K. 1 20 6 n/a 4 0

Portugal 0 0 0 0 36 0

Other 10 24 25 12 28 26


*NOTE: Data sourced for 2012 was obtained from Eurostat


Cyprus - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 191 274 186 156 61 98 34 34 158

Greece 33 70 58 122 85 110 97 111 122

The Netherlands

0 n/a n/a n/a 4 8 2 12 2

Other 60 50 13 17 2 18 7 2 53

Total 284 394 257 295 152 234 140 158 335

Cyprus - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 88 57 80 34 30 158

Greece 70 36 47 56 32 49

The Netherlands n/a 4 2 1 1 2

Other 12 0 15 7 0 44

Total 170 97 144 98 63 253

Cyprus - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 88 57 80 34 4 0

Greece 70 36 47 56 79 73

The Netherlands n/a 4 2 1 12 0

Other 12 0 15 7 2 9



France - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 7,377 6,883 6,522 7,242 5,527 5,792 5,288 5,210 5,805

Iran 1,450 1,436 1,170 2,087 2,510 2,201 1,488 1,936 1,913

Germany 180 221 163 198 289 309 240 223 230

Spain 263 395 615 85 95 72 2 192 286

Turkey 3 9 51 32 82 11 42 69 46

United Kingdom

6 5 0 0 1 1 2 60 12

Italy 31 59 85 44 33 29 116 56 77

The Netherlands

63 390 113 45 147 2 28 52 121

Greece 9 12 159 30 43 14 28 47 25

Belgium 68 67 35 14 48 8 4 17 2

Madagascar 11 7 11 26 19 62 2 12 0

India 13 2 3 0 8 4 44 3 0

Luxembourg 236 222 187 121 95 78 56 0 0

Other 11 100 17 23 79 61 11 68 46



France - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 5,170 4,961 4,955 4,678 4,664 5,186

Iran 1,110 2,030 1,666 1,034 1,442 1,491

Germany 131 178 156 117 84 101

Spain 50 45 35 50 90 143

Turkey 2 1 2 0 30 28

United Kingdom 0 1 0 0 60 12

Italy 7 2 7 4 22 31


Greece 7 24 3 4 22 14

Belgium 13 7 7 1 16 0

Madagascar 1 17 22 10 3 0

India 0 7 2 4 2 0

Luxembourg 87 95 78 51 15 0

Other 4 14 22 60 44 38

Total 6,627 7,526 6,956 6,015 6,520 7053 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


France - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 2,071 566 837 610 546 619

Iran 976 480 535 454 494 422

Germany 67 111 153 123 140 129

Spain 34 50 37 66 102 143

Turkey 29 81 9 42 39 18

United Kingdom 0 1 0 2 0 0

Italy 37 31 22 40 34 46

The Netherlands 0 2 1 n/a 26 112

Greece 23 19 11 24 24 11

Belgium 1 41 1 1 1 2

Madagascar 25 1 40 18 9 0

India 0 0 2 0 1 0

Luxembourg 34 n/a n/a 5 0 0

Other 100 5 2 19 9 8

Total 3,397 1,387 1,650 1,404 1,425 1409 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


France - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 167 227 130 220 156 225 75 94 138

Belgium 87 114 77 66 23 n/a 48 48 34

Sweden 1 6 20 0 20 10 5 15 46

Portugal 38 78 37 45 98 23 18 15 14

Germany 32 15 47 16 17 12 28 9 76

Poland 0 17 18 10 11 12 9 8 2

The Netherlands

69 117 79 366 57 41 4 6 21

Switzerland 35 1 56 36 51 9 8 6 6

Spain 68 100 69 6 7 12 5 5 4

U.K. 6 5 31 22 47 67 5 4 19

Other 148 26 75 88 70 92 181 18 30



France - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 171 105 182 68 86 93

Belgium 49 7 9 11 13 10

Sweden n/a 20 n/a n/a 15 25

Portugal 42 89 22 16 7 6

Germany 0 0 0 1 0 72

Poland 9 8 10 8 6 0



Spain 2 0 8 n/a 0 0

U.K. 2 2 41 1 1 6

Other 69 26 39 136 4 5



France - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 48 51 43 7 8 45

Belgium 17 16 26 37 35 24

Sweden 0 0 10 5 0 21

Portugal 0 10 1 2 7 8

Germany 16 17 12 27 2 4

Poland 1 4 2 1 2 2



Spain 4 7 4 5 5 4

U.K. 20 45 26 4 4 13

Other 23 44 18 45 22 25



Italy - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016 2017

Germany 2,877 5,047 4,884 3,000 3,870 3,256 3,564 3,131 3,390

Turkey 396 219 615 709 1,327 424 1,085 1,937 4,130

U.S.A. 2,795 1,898 2,701 2,650 2,557 2,747 1,962 1,863 1,280

Iran 56 291 216 286 169 1,036 1,030 1,845 2,106

Greece 65 276 381 944 293 823 1,075 1,108 884

Belgium 2,308 1,369 1,229 1,234 1,025 926 681 705 1,090

U.K. 745 666 236 339 249 205 328 296 237

Spain 29 50 137 63 101 189 218 230 549

France 120 245 95 379 442 364 103 153 231

The Netherlands

421 258 45 54 43 197 60 78 103

Argentina 30 28 44 67 37 82 100 29 390

Syria 338 212 253 315 317 69 24 11 89

Other 292 130 229 124 111 117 440** 184 211


*NOTE: Data obtained from Eurostat.

**NOTE: In 2015, Italy reported imports of both in-shell and shelled pistachios from Ireland totaling 388MT. No other occurrence of

this trade has been observed in the previous five most recent years.


Italy - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 2,416 3,317 2,495 3,068 2,673 2,833

Turkey 17 177 0 16 38 13

U.S.A. 2,060 2,172 2,167 1,599 1,392 3,117

Iran 178 10 366 355 1,111 1,168

Greece 835 152 687 909 996 633

Belgium 1,165 949 846 656 685 1,085

U.K. 324 214 138 260 256 173

Spain 43 41 108 127 169 513

France 334 376 320 42 27 8


Argentina 23 9 72 100 15 311

Syria 0 41 0 0 0 0

Other 86 165 38 106 89 175



Italy - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Germany 584 553 761 496 458 557

U.S.A. 590 385 580 363 472 1,267

Turkey 692 1,150 424 1,069 1,935 1,013

Iran 108 159 670 675 734 938

Greece 109 41 136 166 112 251

Belgium 69 76 80 25 21 5

U.K. 15 35 67 68 40 64

Spain 20 60 81 91 61 36

France 45 66 44 61 126 223


Argentina 44 28 10 0 14 79

Syria 315 276 69 24 11 89

Other 38 46 79 334 57 36



Italy - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016 2017

France 31 98 123 60 88 84 112 304 226

Germany 14 49 57 18 42 154 26 112 94

U.K. 354 279 240 68 68 64 57 56 47

Belgium 52 69 63 46 31 42 47 45 57

Japan 24 20 18 18 24 23 20 20 24

USA 2 10 0 0 0 20 2 13 80

Slovenia 119 99 47 38 25 13 6 3 2

Luxembourg 25 n/a 0 0 10 0 51 0 0

Other 54 77 28 21 10 44 41 50 195




Italy - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

France 2 0 11 15 3 10

Germany 0 0 24 1 40 14

U.K. 14 3 4 1 0 0

Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 0

Japan 1 4 3 3 1 2

USA 0 0 0 2 1 0

Slovenia 37 24 11 0 1 1

Croatia n/a 6 8 3 0 0


Luxembourg n/a 10 0 51 0 0

Other 10 27 18 14 9 100*


*Russia received 19 MT


Italy - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

France 58 88 73 97 302 216

Germany 0 42 130 25 71 80

U.K. 54 66 60 56 55 47

Belgium 46 31 42 47 45 57

Japan 18 20 20 17 19 22

USA 0 0 20 0 12 80

Slovenia 1 1 2 6 1 1

Croatia 0 0 0 0 4 10


Luxembourg n/a 0 0 0 0 0

Other 43 14 22 37 45 80*


*Tunisia received 20 MT and Spain received 22 MT.


Luxembourg - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016 2017

U.S.A. 10,971 20,970 12,352 10,479 9,149 14,825 12,340 8,251 9,148

Germany 2 62 11 7 18 18 23 56 82

Belgium 20 24 8 0 1 1 1 4 5

Iran 365 198 61 1 1 1 1 2 2

Morocco n/a n/a 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

Hong Kong n/a n/a n/a 10 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Other 3,757 3,985 2,028 2,020 30 1 2 2 4


*NOTE: Data for 2012 through 2015 represents in-shell pistachios. Imports of shelled pistachios represented less than one metric

ton from all countries.


Luxembourg - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017*

Germany 3,535 6,068 2,685 2,511 599 1,018 2,428 1,297 219

Italy 560 540 399 571 10 0 0 30 80

France 2,433 2,789 2,571 1,629 60 21 0 0 3

Belgium 271 605 541 769 n/a 0 0 0 1

The Netherlands

303 820 423 581 10 12 0 0 0

Spain 493 837 639 382 20 20 0 0 0

U.K. 111 384 261 285 0 0 0 0 0

Greece 279 413 183 230 0 0 0 0 0

Ireland 14 190 118 140 0 0 0 0 0

Poland 90 129 134 108 0 0 0 0 0

Denmark 4 33 62 105 0 0 0 0 0

Austria 113 58 74 96 0 0 0 0 0

Czech Republic

84 153 108 90 0 0 0 0 0

Other 209 692 581 428 0 0 8 2 0

Total 8,499 13,711 8,779 7,925 699 1,071 2,436 1,329 303 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.

*NOTE: Data for 2012 through 2017 represents in-shell pistachios. Exports of shelled pistachios represented less than one metric

ton to all countries.


Spain - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010* 2011* 2012* 2013 2014 2015 2016* 2017*

U.S.A. 3,707 2,456 1,766 2,548 3,132 1,890 2,082 1,865 3,342

Germany 1,844 3,604 2,677 2,367 2,038 2,689 2,513 2,937 2,973

Iran 4,137 2,607 1,755 1,307 2,332 1,514 2,330 2,854 2,551

Belgium 369 279 616 944 56 67 169 96 1,385

Greece 19 0 0 222 78 49 123 190 187

U.K. 776 366 582 335 286 61 246 356 177

Portugal 0 0 0 22 0 20 111 368 25

Turkey 2 n/a 5 n/a 83 144 13 13 0

Luxembourg 216 326 256 11 229 330 236 0 0

Other 102 202 157 228 218 161 122 256 128




Spain - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 2,428 3,070 1,789 1,747 1,827 3,316

Germany 2,248 1,826 2,319 2,293 2,722 2,797

Iran 1,248 2,279 1,472 2,284 2,840 2,500

Belgium 916 56 66 169 95 1,350

Greece 222 78 49 123 190 187

U.K. 329 286 60 216 327 169

Portugal 0 0 0 361 362 25

Turkey n/a 70 144 12 2 0

Luxembourg 11 229 330 236 0 0

Other 202 24 87 172 204 60

Total 7,623 8,092 6,316 7,252 8,569 10,403

Spain - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 120 62 101 335 38 26

Iran 59 53 42 46 14 51

Germany 119 212 370 220 215 176

Belgium 28 0 1 0 1 35

Greece 0 0 0 0 0 0

U.K. 6 0 1 30 29 8

Portugal 22 0 20 6 6 0

Turkey n/a 13 0 1 11 0


Other 29 9 94 61 52 68



Spain - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009* 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 19 23 75 59 124 135 290 184 232

France 15 49 586 120 65 150 314 239 194

Germany 31 10 n/a 11 94 245 141 182 143

Portugal 78 89 65 74 73 126 132 111 115

U.S.A. n/a n/a n/a n/a 36 0 17 3 26

Morocco 18 5 9 n/a 34 0 0 0 16

Poland 199 11 53 296 138 77 24 8 6

Other 27 20 50 56 43 205 242 492** 342

Total 387 207 838 617 607 938 1,160 1,219 1074 Source: Eurostat.

NOTE: Data obtained from United Nations Comtrade Database.

**NOTE: Melilla exported 350MT of pistachios to Spain in 2016.


Spain - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 60 96 77 175 73 169

France 66 51 83 104 122 122

Germany 10 87 236 132 169 136

Portugal 74 73 105 119 103 111

U.S.A. n/a 36 0 0 3 20

Morocco n/a 34 0 0 0 15

Poland 275 138 76 23 8 6

Other 48 17 173 195 445 296

Total 533 532 750 748 923 875

Spain - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Italy 0 28 58 115 111 63

France 54 14 67 210 117 72

Germany 1 7 9 9 13 7

Portugal 0 0 21 13 8 4

U.S.A. n/a 0 0 17 0 6

Morocco n/a 0 0 0 0 1

Poland 21 1 1 1 0 0

Other 7 24 32 47 47 46



Switzerland - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 18 42 42 78 263 253 130 303 261

Iran 8 19 12 84 82 76 67 80 115

Germany 94 133 117 113 139 196 150 60 51

Turkey 3 18 18 4 21 13 15 19 12

The Netherlands

0 5 4 2 7 5 5 2 2

Other 42 20 10 70 10 9 7 9 13



Switzerland - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 78 255 196 128 302 260

Iran 21 3 2 4 4 0

Germany 65 81 190 97 0 1

Turkey 4 4 0 0 3 0


Other 38 1 4 1 1 6

Total 206 344 393 230 311 267

Switzerland - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 0 8 0 2 0 1

Iran 63 80 74 63 76 115

Germany 48 58 63 53 60 50

Turkey n/a 18 13 15 16 12


Other 32 8 5 6 8 7



Ukraine - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Iran 1,161 1,349 1,310 831 778 399 157 124 73

U.S.A. 225 38 332 108 71 0 0 0 11

Turkey n/a n/a n/a 0 7 n/a 0 0 0

Other 0 0 24 48 0 0 1 2 1

Total 1,386 1,387 1,666 987 856 399 158 126 85 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.



United Kingdom - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,684 1,462 1,328 1,179 1,212 1,541 1,266 1,497 2,449

Germany 971 1,168 897 1,190 1,099 1,334 1,293 1,519 1,063

The Netherlands

518 431 84 744 1,245 1,111 3,224 1,047 415

France 2 20 95 316 450 435 145 271 313

Italy 263 373 512 84 88 66 66 65 75

Turkey 14 7 15 23 11 0 5 8 16

Greece 141 0 0 1 34 9 8 12 10

Belgium 0 23 479 160 94 77 92 16 7

Other 98 69 55 62 27 11 6 14 6



United Kingdom - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,058 1,181 1,332 1,037 1,256 2,183

Germany 1,029 848 957 949 1,064 856

The Netherlands 722 1,202 1,056 3,170 966 306

France 309 331 184 36 51 67

Italy 26 10 3 1 0 1

Turkey 7 5 0 3 1 1

Greece 0 30 0 0 10 7

Belgium 26 0 0 44 5 7

Other 21 0 3 4 12 1

Total 3,205 3,607 3,535 5,244 3,366 3,429

United Kingdom - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 121 32 209 229 241 266

Germany 160 251 377 344 455 207


France 7 119 251 109 220 246

Italy 58 78 63 65 65 74

Turkey 16 6 n/a 2 7 15

Greece 1 4 9 8 2 3

Belgium 134 94 77 48 11 0

Other 35 25 8 2 1 5

Total 554 652 1,049 861 1,083 925 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


United Kingdom - Exports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Ireland 86 84 42 33 42 54 72 50 65

Norway 15 n/a 4 n/a 13 46 68 78 56

Italy 27 151 18 18 16 19 28 3 8

Czech Republic

4 4 2 4 5 4 7 7 5

UAE 6 14 8 2 0 0 0 15 1

Germany 9 1 1 14 1 20 39 2 0

Other 74 243 172 6 8 30 11 19 17



United Kingdom - Exports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Ireland 28 36 36 59 25 47

Norway n/a 12 6 n/a 0 0

Italy 14 10 6 1 2 2


UAE 0 0 0 0 15 0

Germany 3 1 19 15 0 0

Other 5 7 26 5 17 15

Total 54 71 97 87 66 69

United Kingdom - Exports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Ireland 4 5 18 13 25 18

Norway n/a 1 40 68 77 56

Italy 4 6 13 27 1 6

Czech Republic 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0

UAE 2 0 0 0 0 1

Germany 11 1 1 24 2 0

Other 2 1 4 6 3 2



Middle Eastern Pistachio Trading Countries


Israel - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,423 3,571 2,466 2,493 2,773 3,106 2,643 2,118 4,407

Turkey 906 175 117 333 316 486 701 953 559

Greece 0 0 10 72 13 19 125 114 37

Other 97 108 53 0 67 143 144 18 19

Total 2,426 3,854 2,646 2,898 3,169 3,754 3,613 3,203 5,022

Israel - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,937 2,529 2,990 2,507 2,002 4,228

Turkey 234 103 274 365 520 383

Greece 62 13 18 125 108 37

Other 62 33 149 245 20 0

Total 2,233 2,665 3,413 3,117 2,649 4,648

Israel - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 556 243 116 136 116 179

Turkey 99 214 212 336 432 176

Greece 10 0 0 0 6 0

Other 10 0 1 4 0 19


NOTE: While Turkey reports pistachios exported to Israel, the tonnage Israel imports exceeds that which Turkey reports for all years

except 2012 (see page 24). The origin of the product that Israel is reporting from Turkey for years 2008 to 2013 is actually Iranian in

origin.


North African Pistachio Trading Countries


Morocco - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014* 2015* 2016 2017*

U.S.A. 238 191 362 272 146 241 59 91 202

Iran 141 98 0 4 n/a 0 0 6 29

Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0

U.A.E. 22 22 0 0 n/a 0 0 0 0

Other 67 1 2 0 25 1 0 0 16**



**NOTE: Data listed as other for 2016 includes 16MT from Spain.

110

North American Pistachio Trading

Countries

108

Canada - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 886 1,107 1,449 1,442 1,412 1,050 968 898 844

Iran 374 968 778 882 486 744 697 889 844

Germany n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 35 23

Turkey 24 8 11 14 27 14 5 6 13

U.A.E. 0 0 40 98 26 26 15 7 0

Syria 2 9 0 1 37 n/a 0 5 0

Other 2 5 9 6 16 22 12 20 82


109

Canada - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 1,231 1,205 791 675 532 479

Iran 685 403 602 492 596 446

Germany 0 0 0 0 35 23

Turkey 5 26 2 4 3 11

U.A.E. 95 16 26 0 0 0

Syria n/a n/a 0 0 0 0

Other 2 4 16 8 10 63

Total 2,018 1,654 1,437 1,179 1,175 988

Canada - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 211 207 259 293 366 365

Iran 197 83 142 205 294 398

Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0

Turkey 10 2 12 1 4 2

U.A.E. 3 10 0 15 7 0

Syria 1 37 0 0 5 0

Other 3 12 6 4 3 19


110

Mexico - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 2,135 1,513 1,013 1,225 971 1,274 1,120 1,095 1,534

Iran 26 174 382 73 96 121 216 167 175**

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 2,161 1,687 1,395 1,298 1,067 1,375 1,336 1,261 1,534

Mexico - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51)

(in metric tons)

Mexico – Imports (shelled - 0802.52)

(in metric tons)

Country 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Country 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 896 1,222 1,110 979 1,446 U.S.A. 75 52 10 116 88

Iran 96 121 216 167 175** Iran 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0

Total 915 1,343 1,326 1,145 1,621 Total 75 52 10 116 88 Source: ECONOMIA.

*NOTE: For 2012, ECONOMIA only provided statistics for the last six months under the separate HTS codes (shelled and in-shell

pistachio) established in 2012 by the World Customs Organization. See page four for additional information.

**NOTE: These statistics were provided by the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration.

111

South American Pistachio Trading

Countries

112

Brazil – Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 88 40 118 53 157 130 65 152 403

Iran 43 86 25 14 52 50 61 22 70

China 137 228 196 261 398 260 182 124 57

Argentina 0 0 3 1 22 13 68 21 6

Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Other 11 3 15 0 1 19 0 0 0


113

Brazil – Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 34 102 115 57 125 262

Iran 0 35 37 18 11 44

China 251 392 248 176 120 57

Argentina 0 n/a 3 13 0 0

Germany 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 1 19 0 0 0

Total 289 531 423 264 255 363

Brazil – Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 19 55 15 4 27 141

Iran 14 17 13 50 12 26

China 10 6 12 6 4 0

Argentina 1 22 10 52 21 6

Germany 0 0 0 0 2 0

Other 0 1 0 0 0 0


120

Chile – Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 266 217 201 142 126 94 30 53 45

Iran 12 37 25 0 n/a n/a 10 50 0

Other 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 278 254 253 144 126 94 40 103 45

Chile – Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 111 93 72 30 51 42

Iran 0 n/a n/a 10 50 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 111 93 72 40 101 42

Chile – Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 32 33 22 n/a 3 3

Italy 0 n/a n/a 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0


121

Venezuela - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015* 2016* 2017*

U.S.A. 204 186 88 326 171 158 n/a 7 n/a

Argentina n/a n/a n/a 13 9 0 n/a n/a n/a

China 93 18 77 n/a n/a 0 n/a n/a n/a

Lebanon 5 23 7 n/a n/a 0 n/a n/a n/a

Other 358 15 0 6 0 83 n/a n/a n/a

Total 660 242 172 345 180 241 n/a 7 n/a Source: United Nations Comtrade Database.


122

South Pacific Pistachio Trading Countries

123

Australia - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

USA n/a n/a n/a n/a 721 n/a 1,036 607 2,164

Iran n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0 247 456 250

China n/a n/a n/a n/a 34 178 101 155 166

Hong Kong n/a n/a n/a n/a 12 12 12 24 0

Other 1,138 1,480 1,714 1,244 12 2 301 141 152

Total 1,138 1,480 1,714 1,244 1,279 1,609 1,697 1,383 2,604

Australia - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

USA n/a n/a n/a 574 305 1,554

Iran n/a n/a n/a 161 298 128

China n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0

Hong Kong n/a n/a n/a n/a 12 n/a

Other 593 558 958 776 30 138

Total 593 558 958 962 645 1,692

124

Australia - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

USA 18 7 0 463 302 610

Iran n/a n/a n/a 87 158 122

China n/a 34 178 101 155 166

Hong Kong n/a 12 12 12 12 0

Other 0 11 2 593 111 14


125

New Zealand - Imports (in-shell and shelled) (in metric tons)

Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 121 127 94 191 204 180 133 182 163

Australia 4 12 2 3 1 1 18 24 36

Other 2 1 15 1 0 0 0 0 2

Total 127 140 113 195 206 181 151 206 201

New Zealand - Imports (in-shell - 0802.51) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 67 101 86 88 158 120

Australia 0 0 n/a 2 0 10

Other 0 0 n/a n/a 0 1

Total 67 102 86 90 158 131

New Zealand - Imports (shelled - 0802.52) (in metric tons)

Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

U.S.A. 124 103 94 45 23 43

Australia 3 0 1 16 24 26

Other 1 1 0 0 0 1


126

Currently Applied Tariffs Raw and Roasted

Pistachio Tariffs

128

Table 1

Country

Applied† Tariff Rate for 2018

VAT

Additional Taxes and Note Descriptions

RAW (HTS

0802.5_)

Roasted (HTS 2008.19. __

Argentina 10.0% 14.0%

Raw 10.5% on CIF + duty + any

tax or charge on import

Roasted 21.0% on CIF + duty + any

tax or charge on import

Statistical Tax - 0.5%

Australia 0.0% 15.0% GST Standard - 10.0% on CIF + duty + Wine Equalization Tax (if applicable)

Brazil 10.0% 14.0%

Banking Charges Tax - 3.0% on the CIF value

Automated system clearance fee (SISCOMEX) Minimum charge is 40 BRL for a first

entry. The automated system clearance fees change depending on the number of

entries

Sea freight additional charge - 25% on the international sea freight value

Roasted Other Taxes - COFINS 7.6%

PASEP 1.65%

Canada 0.0% 0.0% 7.0% on FOB + duty (if any) + excise (if any) + any tax or charge on import; some

products are exempted

Chile 0.0% 0.0% 19.0% on CIF + duty

129

China 45.0% 15.0%

Raw 11.0% on CIF + duty +

consumption tax

Roasted 17.0% on CIF + duty +

consumption tax

Colombia 0.0% 0.0% 19.0%

130

Country

Applied† Tariff Rate for 2018 VAT

Additional Taxes and Note Descriptions RAW (HTS

0802.5_) Roasted (HTS 2008.19. ______ )

Ecuador 25.0% 30.0% 12% on CIF + duty + excise

+ any charge on import

FODINFA - 0.5% on CIF

CORPEI - 0.025 % on FOB, minimum USD 5.0

Modernization Tax - 0.05% on CIF

Egypt 5.0% 20.0% Customs Service Fee - 4% on FOB for products

having more than 30% of customs duty and 2% on

FOB for other goods.

El Salvador 0.0% 0.0% 13% on the addition of CIF

and duty and any charge on

import

Consular fee bill of lading: USD 1 for every USD 500 of value up to a maximum of

USD 30

Consular fee invoice authentication: USD 2 for

every bill of lading

EU- 28 1.6% 9.0% or 10.2% if nuts are in

packaging of a net content not

exceeding 1 kg

Raw 7.0% on CIF + duty + excise

duty + any other costs on

import

Roasted 25.0% on CIF + duty +

excise + any tax or charge

on import

131

Hong Kong 0.0% 0.0% Import declaration charge - 0.5 HKD per clearance

Trade link charge - HKD 12.9 per clearance

Paper lodgment trough trade link - HKD 30.5 per

clearance

India 10.0% 30.0% Raw (fresh)

0.0% Goods and Services

Tax (GST)

Dried

12.0% GST

Indonesia 5.0% 5.0%

Israel 0.0% 0.0% 17.0%

130

Country



RAW (HTS 0802.5_)

Roasted (HTS 2008.19. _______ )

Japan 0.0% 5.0% Consumption Tax - 5.0%

South Korea5 0.0% 13.5% Will be reduced to 9% in March 2019

10.0% on CIF + duty + special excise tax + liquor tax +

education tax + transportation tax

Lebanon 5.0% 30.0% Roasted

11.0% on CIF + duty

Malaysia 0.0% 0.0%

Mexico 0.0% 0.0%

New Zealand 0.0% 0.0% 15% on CIF + duty + any tax on import Import entry transaction fee - NZD 22 per clearance

Norway 0.0% 0.5 NOK/KILOGRAMS (0.0824

USD/Kilogram)

A VAT reduction of 12% (on CIF+ duty + any other

taxes or charges on imports) could be applicable for

product in the HS Code, otherwise a tax rate of 24%

applies on CIF+ duty + any other taxes or charges on

imports.

Excise on importation of nutrient and for research - 1.72% on CIF

Panama6 0.0% 4.5% as of October 31, 2018

5 On October 13, 2011, Congress passed and sent the South Korean Free Trade Agreement to the President. Roasted pistachios are subject to a ten-year phase-out with a 4.5%

reduction occurring each year on the anniversary date of the agreement’s implementation. Immediately preceding the implementation of the agreement the roasted tariff was 45%.

6 On October 13, 2011, Congress passed and President the Panamanian Free Trade Agreement to the President. The agreement entered into force on October 31, 2012. Roasted

pistachios are subject to a ten-year phase-out with a 1.5% reduction occurring each year on the anniversary date of the agreement’s implementation. Immediately preceding the

implementation of the agreement the roasted tariff was 15%.

131

Country



RAW (HTS 0802.5_)

Roasted (HTS 2008.19. __________________ )

Philippines 3.0% 10.0% 12.0% on CIF + duty + any tax or

charge on Import

Import processing fee - PHP 250 per

Shipment

Documentary Stamp - PHP 265 per

shipment

Wharf-age fee - 2% on CIF + duty when

(CIF + duty) not exceeding PHP 0.6M.

PHP 12000 + 20% of the value

exceeding PHP 0.6M when (CIF + duty)

exceeding 0.6M but not exceeding PHP

1.1M. PHP 112000 + 40% of the value


exceeding 1.1M but not exceeding PHP

2.1M. PHP 512000 + 60% of the value


exceeding 2.1M

Peru 0.0% 0.0% 18.0% on CIF + duty + any tax or

charge on import

MUNICIPAL TAX - 2% on CIF + duty +

other taxes

Insurance tax - 2.25% on CIF

Customs clearance tax - PEN 75.2

when FOB exceeding PEN 9600.

132

Romania 0.0% n/a 9.0% on CIF + duty + Customs

Commission + Asycuda7 fee

Russia8 5.0% 10.0% 18.0% on CIF + duty + any other taxes

or import charges

Customs Clearance Fee - 0.15% on CIF

+ duty when CIF + duty is less than

Euros 500

Singapore 0.0% 0.0% 7.0% on CIF + duty + any other taxes or

import charges

South Africa 0.0% 0.0% 14.0% on 1.1 x (FOB + duty + any

charge on import)

7 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Automated System for Customs Data. 8 Under the accession commitments agreed to as a part of Russia becoming a member of the World Trade Organization, the tariff on roasted

pistachios was reduced to 10% by 2015. The 5% tariff on raw pistachios remained unchanged (WTO document number WT/ACC/RUS/70 and

WT/MIN(11)/2). It should be noted that on August 5, 2014, Russia placed a one-year ban on all raw nut products (HS 0802) from the U.S. in

response to U.S. sanctions against Russia in response to the conflict in Ukraine. As of October 2018, this ban remains in place.

133

Country



RAW (HTS 0802.5_)

Roasted (HTS 2008.19. __________________ )

Switzerland 0.0% 11Fr per 100kg gross

weight

2.4% on CIF + duty + any tax or charge

on import

Taiwan 3.0% 7.5% 5.0% on CIF + duty + commodity tax Trade promotion fee - 0.0415% on CIF

Thailand Min (10% or 8.50 THB

per KG whichever is the

higher;

33.50 bath per KG but

not more than 40%)

30.0%

U.A.E. 5.0% 5.0%

Venezuela 15.0% 20.0% Roasted 12.0% on CIF + duty + any other charge

on import

Pre-shipment inspection fee - 1.0% on

FOB with a minimum of 250 USD for

shipments over USD 5000 only

Vietnam 15.0% 18.0% Raw Roasted 7.0% 14.0%

†NOTE: An Applied Trade Rate refers to actual duties imposed by the importing country which may differ from the Bound Tariff Rate. The Bound Tariff Rate is the maximum rate a

duty can be applied on a commodity as a result of the full implementation of the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement or subsequent WTO membership accessions that are

incorporated as a part of a country's tariff schedule of concessions.

Prepared by Schramm, Williams & Associates, Inc. using data from the U.S. Department of Commerce.

134

Terms and Abbreviations BRL - Brazilian Reais PHP - Philippine Pesos

CEDEAO - Economic Community of West African States SISCOMEX

-

Integrated system of Foreign commerce (Sistema Integrado de

Comércio

CIF -

Exterior)

Cost, Insurance and Freight THB - USD - Thailand Baht United States Dollars

COFINS - a value-added tax collected by the federal government

EDI - FOB - Electronic Data Interchange Free on Board

HKD - Hong Kong Dollars NES -

NES- NOK Not Elsewhere Specified (shipping) Norwegian Kroner

NZD - New Zealand Dollars

PASEP - PEN

-

a tax for sectoral adjustment program for State-owned enterprises Peruvian

Nuevo Soles

135

Appendices

Appendix A – European Union-28 Tree Nut Report Appendix B – Turkey

Tree Nut Report

Appendix C – China Tree Nut Report

EU-28 Tree Nuts Annual 2018

Appendix - A1

THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES

MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S.

GOVERNMENT POLICY

Required Report - public distribution

Date: 9/12/2018

GAIN Report Number: SP1824

EU-28 Tree Nuts Annual 2018 The European Market Continues to Present Opportunities for U.S. Tree Nuts

Approved By:

Jennifer Clever, Agricultural Attaché

Prepared By:

Arantxa Medina, Marketing and Management Assistant

Report Highlights:

The European Union-28 (EU-28) is the largest export market for U.S. tree nuts. In 2017,

tree nut shipments from the United States to the EU-28 reached $2.7 billion. Sales of

U.S. almonds (both inshell and shelled) totaled $1.5 billion, followed by pistachios with

$446 million and walnuts with almost $344 million. The growing popularity of healthier

snacking and eating habits among European consumers is expected to continue fueling

consumption and sales of U.S. tree nuts.


Appendix - A2

Disclaimer: This report presents the situation and outlook for tree nuts (almonds, walnuts and pistachios) in the EU-28. This report presents the views of the authors and does not reflect the official views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The data are not official USDA data.

This report would not have been possible without the valuable expert contributions from the following Foreign Agricultural Service analysts: Lucile Lefebvre, FAS/Paris covering France Mila Boshnakova, FAS/Sofia covering Bulgaria Ornella Bettini, FAS/Rome covering Italy Monica Dobrescu, FAS/Bucharest covering Romania Marcel Pinckaers, FAS/The Hague covering the Benelux Gerda Vandercammen, FAS/Brussels covering EU policy Abbreviations and definitions used in this report: Conversion factors: conversion factor is used to convert shelled to in-shell tree nuts. Almonds: 0.6 Walnuts: 2.34 Pistachios: 2.0 GTA Global Trade Atlas Ha hectare; 1 ha = 2.471 acres

HS Codes: Harmonized System codes for commodity classification used to calculate trade data.

Almonds: Shelled 080212; In-shell 080211 Walnuts: Shelled 080232; In-shell 080231 Pistachios: In-shell 080251, Shelled 080252 (since January 2012) MT Metric ton = 1,000 kg EU MS European Union Member State(s) USD U.S. Dollar (Exchange rate at time of publishing €1=US$ 1.16)


Appendix - A3

Executive Summary: EU and US: remain key trading partners The European Union-28 (EU-28) is the largest export market for U.S. tree nuts absorbing 32 percent of total U.S. tree nuts in 2017. East Asia followed importing 27 percent of total tree nut exports while the Middle East imported 12 percent. In 2017, tree nut shipments from the United States to the EU-28 reached $2.7 billion. Sales of U.S. almonds (both in-shell and shelled) totaled $1.5 billion, followed by pistachios with $446 million and walnuts with almost $344 million. Within the EU, the most important trade partners for U.S. tree nuts are (in order of importance) Spain, Germany and the Netherlands, accounting for almost 63 percent of total EU-28 imports. The United States continues to be the largest supplier of tree nuts for Europe, with 37 percent of market share value in 2017. Turkey ranks second with a market share of 20 percent, followed by Vietnam, Chile and India. Almond continues to be the main imported tree nut with almost 22 percent of the total EU tree nuts imports. Food processing and snack industry remain key buyers of tree nuts The European food processing and snack industry are the large users of tree nuts both as an ingredient, for traditional sweets and pastries, and for re-processing and re-export to third countries. Almonds are mainly used as an ingredient for producing marzipan, nougat, turron (Spanish typical Christmas confection) and many other pastries and sweets. European food manufacturers also use walnuts and pistachio nuts as an ingredient for manufacturing ice cream and confectionary products. The snacking industry is making efforts to offer consumers new products and new ways to consume nuts. However, industry insiders observe that introducing new products is not easy especially in traditional markets such as Spain and Italy, where consumers have shown that in most occasions they still prefer more familiar food options. Thus, due to the mature nature of the European market, manufacturers are focusing their strategies on launching new value-added products rather than focusing on volume sales. They are also increasing to highlight the health benefits of tree nuts, both through advertising campaigns and in packaging.

Expanding business in the EU market

Since the EU remains a key export market for U.S. tree nuts, exporters continue to explore ways to expand their overseas business. Trade shows are an excellent opportunity both to get to know the market and to meet potential importers. Some of Europe’s leading trade shows for tree nuts are:


Appendix - A4

USDA-Endorsed Trade Shows

SIAL October 21-25, 2018 Paris, France One of the largest and most important international marketplace for foodservice professionals, with 7,200 exhibitors and 160,000 visitors. Fruit Logistica February 6-8, 2019 Berlin, Germany Europe’s main international fresh produce trade show with more than 3,000 exhibitors and 78,000 visitors. Biofach February 13-16, 2019 Nuremberg, Germany Leading trade fair for organic food covering food, drinks and non-food products, with 3,218 exhibitors and 50,000 trade visitors from 134 countries participating in the previous edition. Anuga October 5-9, 2019 Cologne, Germany Trade fair for the international food industry. In 2017, 7,405 exhibitors from 107 countries and 165,000 visitors participated in this show. Other Relevant (Non-Endorsed) Trade Shows

Snackex June 27-28, 2019 Barcelona, Spain Alimentaria April 20-23, 2020 Barcelona, Spain Food Ingredients December 3-5, 2019 Paris, France Health Ingredients November 27-29, 2018 Frankfurt, Germany Vitafoods May 17-19, 2019 Geneva, Switzerland PLMA May 21-22, 2019 Amsterdam, Netherlands

New-to-market exporters interested in getting a better understanding of EU food regulations and market opportunities are highly encouraged to reference the EU-28 Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards (FAIRS) reports and Exporter Guides produced at the various EU FAS Offices.

U.S. cooperators active in the EU Trade associations like the Almond Board of California, American Pistachio Growers and California Walnut Commission continue to develop strategies for the EU market. These trade associations, or “cooperators,” in cooperation with FAS offices all over Europe, continuously work to increase market opportunities for U.S. tree nuts.

https://www.sialparis.com/

https://www.fruitlogistica.de/en/

https://www.biofach.de/en

http://www.anuga.com/

http://www.snackex.com/

http://www.alimentaria.com/en/home

https://www.figlobal.com/

https://www.figlobal.com/

https://www.vitafoods.eu.com/en/welcome.html

https://plma.com/

https://www.usda-eu.org/trade-with-the-eu/eu-import-rules/fairs-reports/

https://www.usda-eu.org/trade-with-the-eu/eu-import-rules/fairs-reports/

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Pages/Default.aspx

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Pages/Default.aspx


Appendix - A5

Commodities: Almonds, Shelled Basis Production: The European Union is one of the world’s leading producers and consumers of almonds. Furthermore, the EU is the single largest export market for California almonds with Spain as the leading European importer. Every year, California almond production is exported to more than 100 countries with the EU- 28 representing approximately one third of all California’s almond exports. Spanish almond production continues its upward trend. Currently, high almond prices are increasing the number of hectares of almond production as an alternative to less profitable crops. In recent seasons, new almond varieties, more modern irrigation techniques, and good prices have made the almond crop more profitable for investors and improved industry expectations. For MY 2018/19, the latest official forecast published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment (MAPAMA) estimates a production of 84,000 MT (shelled basis). This preliminary figure denotes nearly 9 percent increase compared to previous year’s crop. New production areas with integrated irrigation systems, favorable weather conditions, and higher yield support the forecast increase. Xylella fastidiosa represents a growing threat for Spanish tree nuts production. In response, Spain is putting in place contingency plans to limit the expansion of the outbreaks of this bacterium. Xylella fastidiosa can devastate fruit trees plantations, including tree nut groves. Following the requirement established in Article 6 of EU Commission Implementing Decision 2015/879 as amended, thus far, available phytosanitary solutions include destroying affected plant material, increased border control, and the ban on the movement of plant material from the affected regions. Please see link (Spanish language only) for Spain’s containment plan. As of the date of this report, outbreaks in Spanish almond groves have been declared in the Balearic Islands and the Valencia Region (Valencia and Alicante). Following Spain, Italy is the second largest EU-28 almond producer. Sicily and Puglia are the main almond-producing areas, cumulatively accounting for approximately 88 percent of Italy’s total supply. Tuono, Pizzuta d'Avola, Fascionello, Filippo Ceo, Fragiulio Grande, Genco, Falsa Barese, Ferragnés are the leading varieties grown in the country. Italy’s MY 2018/19 almond production is forecast to increase by approximately 2.6 percent compared to the previous marketing year due to new orchards operating in Puglia compensating for lower volumes in Sicily. Quality is expected to be excellent due to beneficial rains that occurred from May to August.

http://www.mapama.gob.es/es/



http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A32015D0789&qid=1504616620566&from=EN

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A32015D0789&qid=1504616620566&from=EN

https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2017/01/21/pdfs/BOE-A-2017-655.pdf


Appendix - A6

Table 1. Major EU Almond Producers by Volume in MT (Shelled Basis)

COUNTRY MY 2016/17 MY 2017/18 MY 2018/19 Spain 60,212 77,424 84,000 Italy 26,000 15,600 16,000

Source: FAS Europe Offices Consumption: Almonds are an important food source in the Mediterranean diet. In-shell almonds are mainly sold for fresh consumption. Shelled almonds are milled and generally used as a raw material for confectionary and bakery food companies. Tree nuts imports are indispensable for EU consumers. The growing popularity of healthier snacking and eating habits among European consumers is expected to continue driving consumption of tree nuts. Recent publications of scientific studies highlighting the health benefits of tree nut consumption in preventing cardiovascular disease are reportedly increasing consumer awareness. Traditionally, consumers prefer locally grown products mainly due to consumer loyalty and habits, but since local tree nut production is not enough to satisfy the enormous demand, imports aid in satisfying domestic consumption. Also, pricing plays a key role as domestic production leads to higher prices, pushing consumers to look for lower prices in imported varieties. Trade: Imports In MY 2016/17, the United States was the main source of almonds for European importers. U.S. almonds face competition from locally grown almonds, particularly from Spain. The EU is consistently increasing their imports from Australia as Australian production increases, but their export numbers to Europe are still very far from becoming a threat. Highly competitive prices will likely allow U.S. almonds to maintain a prevailing presence in the EU market. By volume, the main EU destinations for U.S. almonds were Spain, Germany and Italy. Many countries import large quantities of almonds destined both for domestic consumption and re-export markets, as well as for the food and snack industry.


Appendix - A7

Table 2. EU-28 Imports of Almonds by Origin in MT (Shelled Basis)

Country of origin MY 2014/15 MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 United States 206,842 213,869 243,027 Australia 19,107 20,812 25,783 Morocco 2,009 1,544 1,154 Canada 498 177 482 Chile 449 1,154 627 Others 1,368 2,305 2,545 TOTAL IMPORTS 230,273 239,861 273,618

Source: GTA Exports The top destinations for EU-28 almonds in MY 2016/17 were the United States, Switzerland and Norway. The largest almond exporter is Spain with its exports destined mainly for other EU Member States.

Table 3. EU-28 Exports of Almonds by Destination in MT (Shelled Basis)

Country of origin MY 2014/15 MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 United States 2,684 3,476 6,178 Switzerland 1,635 1,704 1,854 Norway 291 324 392 Ceuta 1,248 408 382 Algeria 285 378 202 Others 3,920 4,494 4,263 TOTAL EXPORTS 10,063 10,784 13,271

Source: GTA


Appendix - A8

Production, Supply and Demand Data Statistics: Almonds, Shelled Basis EU-28

2016 2017 2018

2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019

ket Year Begin: Aug 2016



USDA Official

New Post USDA Official


New Post

Area Planted 0 689,972 0 742,966 0 742,968 (HA) Area Harvested 0 573,094 0 575,106 0 575,108 (HA) Bearing Trees 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1000

TREES) Non-Bearing Trees 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1000

TREES) Total Trees 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1000

TREES) Beginning Stocks 20,000 20,000 18,000 18,000 16,500 18,000 (MT) Production 95,000 98,658 91,000 109,475 103,000 113,591 (MT) Imports 264,500 273,618 291,700 280,000 300,000 295,000 (MT) Total Supply 379,500 392,276 400,700 407,475 419,500 426,591 (MT) Exports 14,800 13,271 15,500 14,000 16,000 15,000 (MT) Domestic Consumption

346,700

361,005

368,700

375,475

387,000

393,591

(MT)

Ending Stocks 18,000 18,000 16,500 18,000 16,500 18,000 (MT) Total Distribution 379,500 392,276 400,700 407,475 419,500 426,591 (MT)

Source: FAS Europe Offices Commodities: Walnuts, In-shell Basis Production: Despite low yields in 2017, French walnut production will continue to increase long term. In 2017, French walnut production decreased by 18 percent compared to previous year. The drop in production was due to a disastrous frost in the South West France resulting in exceptionally low yields. However, yields are expected to go back to average levels in 2018, due to improved weather conditions. Walnuts intended for processing reportedly represent 7 to 10 percent of total production. Most walnuts are exported to Moldova in-shell, then imported back as shelled. Moldova remains France’s leading export market outside of the EU.


Appendix - A9

In Romania, despite the cold spell in April 2017, growers harvested a record crop with 35 percent more than the previous year. In 2018, favorable weather conditions supported an adequate development of walnut production, which is expected to remain above the five-year average, but four percent below 2017 levels. A few decades ago, Italy lost its leadership in the walnut market and now is a leading importer, buying mainly from the United States. Since farmers generally grow walnut trees for both timber and nuts, nut yields and quality have suffered. Most walnuts are cultivated in the Campania region (Southern Italy), where the main varieties are Sorrento and Malizia. Farmers in Northern Italy have established efficient and profitable walnut orchards planted with Lara and Chandler cultivars. Italy’s MY 2018/19 walnut production is forecast to decrease by 20 percent compared to the previous campaign due to lower volumes in Campania (-26 percent), because of a sudden spring frost. Production in the North is forecast to be of good quality and remain stable at 3,000 MT. In Spain, the main walnut growing regions are Extremadura, Galicia, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Andalucia, Aragon and Murcia. As of the date of this report, the MAPAMA has not yet published the official walnut production data for MY2018/19. Therefore, if weather conditions are favorable, Post expects an average production of 16,000 MT for the current MY.

Table 4. Major EU Walnut Producers in MT (In-shell Basis)

COUNTRY MY 2016/17 MY 2017/18 MY 2018/19 France 40,225 32,960 42,400 Romania 34,100 45,800 44,000 Spain 14,900 18,200 16,000 Source: FAS Europe Offices

Consumption: Both in-shell and shelled walnuts are mainly purchased in winter time for fresh consumption, particularly during the Christmas holiday. Consumers are increasingly purchasing walnuts each year due to their perceived nutritional benefits. These healthy snacking trends are expected to drive consumption in the forecast period. The continued release of studies and research highlighting cardiovascular benefits have made walnuts very popular among health-conscious consumers. In this sense, U.S. exporters continue to conduct very appropriate consumer advertising campaigns focusing on the health benefits of walnuts as well as the key messages of origin, quality and/or versatility. These actions have a very positive impact on the image of California walnuts and increased the education on the health benefits of the product.


Appendix - A10

Trade: The vast majority of walnuts produced in France are exported in-shell. Production and exports are expected to increase in the long-term. Over the last ten years, French exports rose by 80 percent. However, France is a net importer of shelled walnuts. Given high domestic processing costs, some French walnuts produced in France are shelled abroad then imported back. Currently, imports and consumption of shelled walnuts are on an upward trend. Walnut production continues to grow slowly driven by both export demand and the increased consumption of shelled walnuts. Imports The wide gap between EU walnut production and imports provides excellent opportunities for walnut exporters. The United States continues to be the number one supplier of walnuts to the EU, both in- shell and shelled.

Table 5. EU-28 Imports of Walnuts by Origin in MT (In-shell Basis)

Country of origin MY 2014/15 MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 United States 97,555 119,789 154,745 Chile 21,973 31,546 36,918 Moldova 24,188 23,486 22,230 Ukraine 21,983 13,929 15,554 Australia 3,635 2,209 3,073 Others 10,255 9,062 9,047 TOTAL IMPORTS 179,589 200,021 241,567

Source: GTA Exports EU-28 exports of walnuts are limited. The top destinations for EU-28 walnuts in MY 2016/17 were Moldova, Switzerland and Turkey. Table 6. EU-28 Exports of Walnuts by Destination in MT (In-shell Basis)

Country of origin MY 2014/15 MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 Moldova 2,573 3,347 3,674 Switzerland 2,609 2,871 3,346 Turkey 4,215 5,475 1,515 United States 699 638 896 Albania 744 695 599 Others 13,904 3,348 8,092 TOTAL EXPORTS 24,744 16,374 18,122


Appendix - A11

Source: GTA Production, Supply and Demand Data Statistics:

Walnuts, Inshell Basis EU-28

2016 2017 2018 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019




USDA Official



New Post




TREES) Beginning Stocks 35,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 (MT) Production 117,928 117,884 116,670 120,969 115,000 129,449 (MT) Imports 215,600 241,567 252,500 240,000 260,000 250,000 (MT) Total Supply 368,528 399,451 409,170 400,969 415,000 419,449 (MT) Exports 18,300 18,122 13,500 14,000 15,000 15,000 (MT) Domestic Consumption

310,228

341,329

355,670

346,969

360,000

364,449

(MT)

Ending Stocks 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 (MT) Total Distribution 368,528 399,451 409,170 400,969 415,000 419,449 (MT)

Source: FAS Europe Offices Commodities: Pistachios, In-shell Basis Production: Pistachio is a traditional crop in Italy, especially in Sicily (Bronte area) which accounts for approximately 90 percent of total supply. In recent years, pistachio production has slightly expanded to other areas in Sicily and Basilicata, where newer and input intensive orchards have been planted. Bianca (also called Napoletana) is the main pistachio variety grown in the country and is normally harvested in September. Since 2004, the European Commission has awarded pistachio from Bronte as a PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), distinguishing it from all other pistachio varieties worldwide. Pistachio tree production is cyclical, bearing heavily in alternate years. Therefore, after the abundant


Appendix - A12

MY 2017/18 campaign, MY 2018/19 will be a ‘lower’ bearing year. Quality is also not expected to be as good as last year due to humid conditions prevailing during the maturation period that favored the spread of Alternaria fungal disease.

Table 7. Italy Pistachio Production by Volume in MT (In-Shell Basis)

COUNTRY MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 MY 2017/18 Italy 200 2,500 250 Source: FAS Europe Offices

It is worth noting the fast upward trend of pistachio production in Spain as consumer interest in pistachio continues to grow in Spain. While pistachio is not a traditional crop in Spain, over the last decade, because of its profitability and demand, the number of trees planted has increased significantly. Local pistachio production is still relatively small in Spain, but it is growing dynamically (see table below). By region, Castilla-La Mancha has seen the greatest increase in the number of trees and, thus, in production. The current pistachio expansion is a long-term investment and it is expected to continue growing.

Table 8. Spanish Pistachio Production in MT (In-Shell Basis)

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Area Planted (ha) 5,274 5,754 7,334 10,529 14,974 20,415

Harvested (ha) 3,632 3,729 4,617 5,362 6,467 8,304

Production (MT) 2,681 2,489 4,052 4,764 5,618 7,545 Source: MAPAMA

Consumption: Domestic EU pistachio production is not sufficient to cover domestic demand, resulting in significant imports from Iran and the United States. The overall use of pistachios can be split among many different ways starting from the in-shell pistachios basically traded as a snack food, or as an ingredient employed by restaurant, shelled pistachios used by bakeries and food companies (bakeries, cosmetic companies, sweet food companies), and milled pistachios used by ice-cream makers.


Appendix - A13

Trade: Imports Due to its very limited production, the EU’s remains a net importer of pistachios. The main suppliers for the European market are the United States and Iran, who together account for more than 90 percent of total imports. Iran is the biggest rival to the United States for the EU market. The quality and reliability of U.S. pistachios are appreciated assets, making it the main origin of EU imports.

Table 9. EU-28 Imports of Pistachios by Origin in MT (In-shell Basis)

Country of origin MY 2014/15 MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 United States 51,993 38,714 49,846 Iran 16,539 18,069 17,923 Argentina 108 12 294 Turkey 93 83 117 Others 13,904 3,348 8,092 TOTAL IMPORTS 69,011 56,937 68,291

Source: GTA Exports EU-28 exports of pistachios are very limited. The top destinations for EU-28 pistachios in MY 2016/17 were the Spanish autonomous cities of Melilla and Ceuta.

Table 10. EU-28 Exports of Pistachios by Destination in MT (In-shell Basis)

Country of origin MY 2014/15 MY 2015/16 MY 2016/17 Melilla 78 203 134 Ceuta 16 84 153 Belarus 112 56 67 Serbia 72 59 49 Others 420 637 365 TOTAL EXPORTS 698 1,039 768

Source: GTA


Appendix - A14

Production, Supply and Demand Data Statistics:

Pistachios, Inshell Basis EU-28

2016 2017 2018 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019




USDA Official



New Post




TREES) Beginning Stocks 1,500 1,500 0 1,500 0 1,500 (MT) Production 8,400 8,348 0 15,075 0 10,780 (MT) Imports 88,800 68,291 0 60,000 0 65,000 (MT) Total Supply 98,700 78,139 0 76,575 0 77,280 (MT) Exports 1,600 768 0 1,000 0 1,000 (MT) Domestic Consumption

95,600 75,871

0

74,075

0

74,780

(MT)

Ending Stocks 1,500 1,500 0 1,500 0 1,500 (MT) Total Distribution 98,700 78,139 0 76,575 0 77,280 (MT)

Source: FAS Europe Offices


Appendix - A15 Policy: Almonds, Shelled Basis Walnuts, In-shell Basis Pistachios, In-shell Basis EU Establishes Permanent MRL for Fosetyl-Aluminum on Tree Nuts On June 6, 2018 the EU published permanent Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for fosetyl-al (the sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as fosetyl) on tree nuts. The new MRLs are set at 500 ppm and entered into force on June 26, 2018. Without this definitive MRL, the temporary level of 75 ppm that has been in place for the most commonly traded tree nuts would revert back to 2 ppm on March 1, 2019. For further details, please see GAIN report EU-28: EU Establishes Trade-Facilitative MRL for Fosetyl-Al on Tree Nuts.

Aflatoxin Certification for Tree Nuts Aflatoxin certification is an import instrument for U.S. exports to the EU of almonds and pistachios. Information on the product specific programs is available from the respective commodity groups as well as from the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS).

Almonds For additional information on aflatoxin certificates on almonds, please go to:

• Almond Board of California (ABC) • USDA-AMS Laboratory Approval Service – Aflatoxin Program

Pistachios For information on aflatoxin certification on pistachios, please visit:

• USDA-AMS Laboratory Approval Service – Aflatoxin Program • Administrative Committee for Pistachios (ACP)

Pre-Export Controls on Aflatoxins in U.S. Almonds EU legislation on official food and feed controls allows the EU to officially recognize a third country’s system of pre-export checks (PEC) on feed and food prior to export as long as it meets the EU requirements. EU approval of a third country’s system of pre-export checks may only be granted on the condition that the controls carried out in the third country are considered to be sufficient so that the import controls upon arrival to the EU can be significantly reduced. The FVO assessed the U.S. aflatoxin control system on almonds leading to the EU approval of the preexport checks program for U.S. almonds in April 2015. EU accepted programs are combined in

https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/EU%20Establishes%20Trade-Facilitative%20MRL%20for%20Fosetyl-Al%20on%20Tree%20Nuts_Brussels%20USEU_EU-28_6-19-2018.pdf










https://www.ams.usda.gov/



http://www.almondboard.com/Handlers/FoodQualitySafety/VASP/Pages/default.aspx



http://www.ams.usda.gov/services/lab-testing/aflatoxin




















https://acpistachios.org/contact-information/

https://acpistachios.org/contact-information/


Appendix - A16

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/949, as amended. Under the regulation, import authorities are directed to subject consignments covered by the regulation and accompanied by the appropriate U.S. Government Pre-Export Check (PEC) certificate to a less than 1% control level at the border. The PEC program is voluntary; a PEC certificate is not a requirement for import into the EU. Shipments without a PEC certificate do not benefit from the reduced inspection levels upon import in the EU. Upcoming MRL reviews under Article 12 of Regulation 396/2005 for tree nuts Plant protection products (PPPs) along with maximum residue levels (MRLs) and import tolerances are an increasingly important issue in the EU, since there is a significant reduction in the number of active substances that are available for use. Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 and Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 regulate PPPs and MRLs respectively. There is a consistent review of active substances for which the approval is up for renewal, as well as their associated MRLs. Additionally, existing MRLs are also being reviewed through a process known as an Article 12 review. The first list below indicates the upcoming MRL reviews for the main tree nut commodities under this Article 12 process. The second list includes the active substances which are, or will soon be, up for renewal. It is important to note that these lists are not all-inclusive. Due to the complexity of the renewal process and the importance of the issue, stakeholders should actively engage early in these review processes by reaching out to the applicant. Together with the applicant, they can ensure that the necessary data are already available for the review or if trials for data collection are in progress or should be initiated, especially if the substance is not used or authorized in the EU. It is highly recommended to contact the assigned "Rapporteur Member State" (RMS) which will carry out the first evaluation of the active substance and existing EU pesticide MRLs. Stakeholders are encouraged to engage with FAS on substances and MRLs of importance to their commodities.

Almonds

Pistachios

Walnuts

RMS*

tart of Data Collection

Adoption of the RO** (expected date)

Fenbuconazole x UK 10/11/2016 08/30/2018 (Sl)

Fluopyram x x x DE 10/13/2017 04/01/2019 (AT)

Emamectin x NL 12/15/2017 12/12/2018

Hexythiazox x x FI 12/21/2016 10/29/2018

Fenazaquin x x x EL 02/14/2018 (DE)

Sodium x x x NL 03/15/2018 02/20/2019 Hypochlorite (IE)

Imidacloprid x x x DE 05/02/2016 11/29/2018


Appendix - A17 Fluxapyroxad x x x UK (FR) 06/15/2018

Napropamide x x DK (SI) 06/16/2017 08/30/2018

Myclobutanil x BE (AT) 06/23/2017 07/13/2018 Spirotetramat x x x AT 07/15/2018

Acequinocyl x x x NL (DE) 08/15/2018

Flubendiamide x x x EL 09/15/2018

*RMS: Rapporteur Member State **Expected date of Reasoned Opinion by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2) Active substances up for review

Last day of application 09/31/2018

Triazoxide DE/SK

Last day of application 12/31/2018

1-Naphthylacetamide (1-NAD) HU / FR

1-Naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) HU / FR

8-Hydroxyquinoline incl. oxyquinoleine ES / NL

Acrinathrin FR / ES

Azimsulfuron EL / FR

Azoxystrobin UK / NO

Fluazifop-P FR / IT

Fluquinconazole UK / SK

Fluroxypyr SE / SI

Imazalil (aka enilconazole) NL / BE

Kresoxim-methyl SE / FR

Oxyfluorfen ES / HU

Prochloraz BE / DE

Prohexadione FR / IE

Spiroxamine AT / EE

Tefluthrin HU / DK

Terbuthylazine ES / HR


Appendix - A18

Maximum Levels for Contaminants in Food Maximum levels of aflatoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1) are laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006.

If you would like to read more on the subject, the European Commission’s web page on contaminants provides further specific information on contaminants in general, and Plant toxins and mycotoxins and aflatoxins in particular.

Related Reports

Report Title Date

EU18043 EU Establishes Trade-Facilitative MRL for Fosetyl-Al on

Tree Nuts

06/19/2018

PO18 Poland – Dried Fruit and Nut Sector 03/12/2018

IT1758 Italy Tree Nuts Annual 2017 01/12/2018

BU1721 Bulgaria Tree Nuts Annual 2017 10/19/2017

RO1720 Romania Tree Nuts Annual 2017 10/16/2017

SP1729 EU-28 Tree Nuts Annual 2017 09/21/2017

E17007 USEU – Phytosanitary Requirements for EU Import of Nuts 01/25/2017

These reports can be accessed through the FAS GAIN Reports website

http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/index_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/contaminants/catalogue/index_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/contaminants/catalogue/index_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/contaminants/catalogue/aflatoxins_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/chemical_safety/contaminants/catalogue/aflatoxins_en.htm

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/EU%20Establishes%20Trade-Facilitative%20MRL%20for%20Fosetyl-Al%20on%20Tree%20Nuts_Brussels%20USEU_EU-28_6-19-2018.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Dried%20Fruit%20and%20Nut%20Sector_Warsaw_Poland_3-2-2018.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Dried%20Fruit%20and%20Nut%20Sector_Warsaw_Poland_3-2-2018.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Tree%20Nuts%20Annual%202017%20_Rome_Italy_1-12-2018.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Tree%20Nuts%20Annual_Sofia_Bulgaria_10-10-2017.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Tree%20Nuts%20Annual%20_Bucharest_Romania_10-16-2017.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Tree%20Nuts%20Annual_Madrid_EU-28_9-18-2017.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Phytosanitary%20Requirements%20for%20EU%20Imports%20of%20Nuts_Brussels%20USEU_EU-28_1-25-2017.pdf

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Lists/Advanced%20Search/AllItems.aspx




Turkey Tree Nuts Annual Report 2018

Appendix - B1

THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 9/14/2018 GAIN Report Number: TR8029

Turkey

Tree Nuts Annual

Turkey Tree Nuts Annual Report 2018 Approved By: Christine Strossman, Agricultural Counselor Prepared By: Caglar Erdogan, Agricultural Marketing Specialist Report Highlights: Turkey’s pistachio harvest is expected to reach record high levels for the Marketing Year (MY) 2018/19. Walnut production remains stable and almond production is slowly increasing, but strong consumer demand for these products mean continued imports are expected, though 2018/19 tree nut import levels are likely going to be lower than previous years. The United States is a major supplier of walnuts and almonds to Turkey, but additional tariffs are impacting trade.


Appendix - B2 Commodities: Walnuts, Inshell Basis Almonds, Shelled Basis Pistachios, Inshell Basis

I. PISTACHIO

a. PRODUCTION Pistachio production is cyclical. There are “on-years” during which harvests are significantly higher than during “off-years.” Therefore, yields can vary dramatically from year to year and also between regions and orchards in Turkey. Marketing Year (MY) 2017/18 was an off-year after two consecutive on-years. MY 2018/19 is expected to be an on-year, although rains in the Southeastern Anatolia Region have not been ideal. Post forecasts Turkey’s pistachio production will reach a record of 210,000 MT in MY 2018/19, up from 80,000 MT in MY 2017/18. Rainfall was lower than the previous Irrigation Year (IY) 2016/17 (October 01, 2016 to June 30, 2017) and also below normal seasonal averages during the IY 2017/18, according to the Turkish Meteorological Institute (TMI). However, University of Harran in Sanliurfa reports that rains that came in May 2018 will boost pistachio production in Sanliurfa and Gaziantep, the two most prominent provinces for pistachio production. In addition, there was no frost damage in spring 2018 during the blossoming period of pistachios. According to the Gaziantep Commodity Exchange (GCE), MY 2018/19 yield will be about 10 percent lower than its potential would be under ideal conditions, mainly due to lower rainfall and the lack of sufficient male trees, as well as diseases and insect issues. There was also some hail in August 2018 in the Manisa region which affected pistachio orchards, although there was only a small impact on overall yield. The Southeastern part of Turkey, which is called the “Southeastern Anatolia Region” is the traditional production area for pistachios. The provinces in this region, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa, Adiyaman, Siirt, Kilis, Kahramanmaras, Mardin and Diyarbakir, are the most significant locations for commercial pistachio production and represent 95 percent of the total production and around 40 percent of this comes from Gaziantep. The remaining 5 percent of the pistachio production is in the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Marmara regions. All in all, 56 out of 81 provinces in Turkey produce pistachios, according to GCE. During the last decade, production in regions outside of Southeastern Anatolia is an increasing trend. In recent years, in order to break the natural “off year/on year” production cycle, producers and traders have been expanding implementation of good agricultural practices, especially in some parts of Southeastern Anatolia. Pistachios are mostly grown in dry conditions as irrigation for pistachios is not common in Turkey. The common perception about pistachio trees is that they can grow naturally in marginal soil and conditions. While this may be correct, yields have proven to be much better in “good” soil conditions and with irrigation. Moreover, more orchards are being irrigated to protect against abnormal drought conditions in recent years. Research activities have been conducted by the universities located in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia Regions for better production methods and plant protection measures for pistachio orchards. Producers and researchers predict that better variety selection and good agricultural practices will solve the


Appendix - B3

problem of “cycling” in the future. However, the cycling effect still plays a prominent role in the amounts of production currently. In MY 2017/18, the pistachio production area in Turkey is reported as 328,804 hectares (288,041 decares), about a five percent increase compared to the MY 2016/17 production area of 313,431 hectares (3,134,316 decares). There are an estimated 47,765,600 bearing trees and 19,460,000 non-bearing trees, according to the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) as of MY 2018/19; both are about 12 percent higher than the previous MY. Over the last five years, bearing trees increased by about 30 percent, nonbearing trees by 57 percent, and total tree numbers increased by about 36 percent. In previous years, trees took ten years to mature and produce a full harvest, but due to better agricultural practices, harvest can now be done in five years after planting. Currently, the average pistachio yield is around 4 kilograms (kg) per tree in on-years and 2 kg per tree in off-years. There are two main types of pistachios grown in Turkey. Most Turkish pistachios are the Gaziantep (Antep) variety, which are thinner and smaller than the typical Iranian variety. Gaziantep and Sanliurfa varieties are similar. The Siirt variety accounts for about 15 percent of total production. It is a high yielding variety with less production fluctuation than the Gaziantep variety. The size and shape of the nuts are in between the Gaziantep and Iranian pistachios. Quality is directly related to size in Turkey: 90 nuts or fewer per 100 grams is considered first quality, 90-100 nuts are second quality, 100-120 nuts are third quality, and more than 120 nuts are fourth quality. With the increasing number of new saplings planted in the Sanliurfa and Siirt regions, the production of high quality pistachios is predicted to increase in the future.

b. CONSUMPTION Most of Turkey's pistachio crop is consumed domestically and consumption varies from year to year according to availability of pistachios on the market. Traditionally, Turkish people consume 35 percent of total domestic consumption as a snacking nut and the rest are used in the production of confectionery products, especially in traditional desserts and bakery products like baklava. During the last decade or so, the use of pistachios in chocolate making and ice cream has increased as well. MY 2017/18 was an off-year, and the harvest of 80,000 MT was even lower than the previous off-years due to drought in the Southeastern Anatolia Region in fall 2016 and winter 2017. As a result, the price of pistachios rose to 220 Turkish Liras (TL) per kilogram (kg) in May 2018 up from 90 TL per kg in March 2018. May was the beginning of the holy month of Ramadan, when the consumption of traditional desserts with pistachios, such as baklava, increase significantly. In many cities, such as Bursa and Malatya, dessert producers substituted walnuts or hazelnuts for pistachios in desserts.

Packaging of tree nuts, including pistachios, has doubled over the last few years throughout the country, especially in the coastal regions (Aegean, Mediterranean and Marmara). Purchasing of pre-packaged nuts from supermarkets is becoming more popular in larger cities as opposed to buying them in bulk from nuts stores. Currently, 35 percent of total tree nuts are being packaged. Post forecasts that the packaging of tree nuts, including pistachios will have positive influence on per capita consumption over time. Current per capita consumption is around 1.6 kg/year in Turkey.


Due to anticipated high production in MY 2018/19, resulting in relatively lower prices for pistachios, and the fact that other nut prices (such as walnut and almonds) are increasing , Post forecasts that MY


Appendix - B4

2018/19 pistachio consumption will increase to 176,000 MT, which is a 55 percent increase compared to last year. Pistachio prices have dropped with the start of the harvest MY 2018/19. The price of bulk shelled early harvest pistachios (generally used for baklava and some other traditional desserts) is about 90 TL/kg (14.45 USD1/kg) compared to about 200 TL/kg (32.11 USD/kg) a month ago. Current retail prices of inshell Antep Pistachios in Istanbul are between 60 to 75 TL/kg (~$9.63 - $12.04 USD/kg) as of August 29, 2018, depending on the retailer.

c. TRADE Turkey generally consumes most of its domestic pistachio production and a minor amount of total production is exported. Some is stored to plan for an upcoming off-year. As MY 2017/18 was an offyear with low production, exports were only 5,000 MT. Export destinations were Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan and European Countries such as Italy, Germany, and France. In MY 2018/19, because pistachio production is expected to more than double and supply will exceed domestic demand, exports are forecast to increase to 17,000 MT. Pistachios can be imported to Turkey with a 43.2 percent tariff rate. However, on June 25th, 2018 an additional 10 percent tariff was introduced to U.S.-origin nuts (almonds, walnuts, pistachios, and pecans) as retaliation for the U.S. Government increasing the tariffs on Turkish steel and aluminum. On August 15th, 2018, the additional tariff was doubled to 20 percent. The total tariff rate on pistachios from the United States to Turkey is 63.2 percent compared to 43.2 percent for all other countries. Due to higher production in MY 2018/19 and the depreciation of the Turkish Lira (TL) against foreign currencies, there will be less demand for imports. Post forecasts Pistachio imports2 at 5,000 MT in MY 2018/19. The Gaziantep Commodity Exchange (GCE) has announced that they will conduct a project which establishes the “Pistachio Perfection Center” in Gaziantep with the support of the Turkish government. Scientific studies related to product quality and safety will be carried out in the center, aiming to increase the trade and the image of Turkish pistachios.

d. STOCKS Pistachio stocks vary considerably from year to year in line with cyclical production. Moreover, pistachio production, trade, and stock amounts are not registered by the Government of Turkey (GoT) nor related associations in the sector. The Gaziantep Pistachio Industry Association was established in

1 The exchange rate is 6.228 TL/USD as of August 28, 2018. The rate was 4.625 TL/ USD as of June 1, 2018, just as a comparison basis. 2 Note import figures for nuts are calculated by using export data from other countries, and this can include shipments to free trade zones within a country as well.

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Turkey%20Introduces%20New%20Additional%20Levy%20on%20U.S.%20Products_Ankara_Turkey_6-28-2018.pdf


http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Turkey%20Announces%20Second%20Round%20of%20Additional%20Levies%20on%20U.S.%20Products_Ankara_Turkey_8-15-2018.pdf



Appendix - B5

2014 with the goal to establish a system for the registration of pistachio production and stocks, though no active registration system is in place yet. According to tree nut producers, better data would help prevent price fluctuations, especially in low production years, as fluctuations have a negative impact on consumption and food industry usage. For these reasons, GCE has taken some steps to increase the trade and storage of the commodity under safe conditions after harvest. GCE received a Government of Turkey grant to establish a 10,000 MT capacity licensed warehouse in Gaziantep, planned to open in 2019. Scientists from various universities are supporting improvement of storage conditions, since the cyclical nature of pistachio production in Turkey elevates the importance of stocks. Good storage conditions also minimize food safety concerns such as aflatoxin. GCE aims to prevent price fluctuations using the licensed warehouse system, so producers, consumers and traders will all benefit. They also aim for transparency in stock numbers using this warehouse system, to improve the supply-demand pricing mechanism. Traders kept higher stocks of pistachio in MY 2016/17, compared to previous years, due to low production and high price expectations in MY 2017/18. MY 2017/18 had record low yields compared to the past 10 years. Due to selling of stocks in MY 2017/18 and expectation of high yields in 2018/19, stocks are forecast to drop to 500 MT at the beginning of MY 2018/19.

e. POLICY The GoT stopped providing direct supports specifically to pistachio farmers several years ago, but supports the pistachio farmers with the general agriculture subsidies if they are registered in the Farmers Registration System. Supports are announced by GoT in the beginning of each calendar year. GoT offered farmers the following support for the year 2018. Note that a decare (da) is equivalent to .1 hectares. 100TL/da (16.06USD3/da) and 400 TL/da (64.23USD/da) respectively for the

establishment of orchards that are planted with standard seedlings and certified seedlings

10TL to 100 TL /da (1.61USD/da to 16.06USD/da) for organic agriculture; 50 TL/da (8.03USD/da) for Good Agricultural Practices; 14 TL/da (2.25USD/da) for fuel and fertilizer. II. ALMOND a. PRODUCTION Almond production in Turkey is forecast to increase slightly to 16,000 MT in MY 2018/19, up from 15,000 MT in MY 2017/18. There were no frost impacts reported in any regions during MY 2018/19. The rains in


Datca Peninsula were a bit lower than normal levels in the IY 2017/18 but overall levels were similar to last year.

3 The exchange rate is 6.228 TL/USD as of August 28, 2018. The rate was 4.625 TL/ USD as of June 1, 2018.


Appendix - B6

Despite that, it was a dry autumn in 2017, especially in September and October, therefore the yield will not be as high as the previous year in the Datca Peninsula. Fall rains are particularly important for almonds. Adiyaman province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region had lower than normal seasonal averages of rain in the IY 2017/18, but it was better than the previous year. However, strong, unexpected amount of rains and wind in the district of Kahta in spring 2018 damaged the fresh fruits of the almonds there. In late July, heavy rain and hail in Manisa affected the almond crop, according to reports in the region. Almond trees can be seen scattered throughout the country in Turkey, as a naturally grown plant, or planted in lands which are considered non-arable. Most often almond trees are used on property lines throughout Anatolia. The traditional location of cultivated orchards for almonds is the Datca Peninsula in the southern part of the Aegean Coast. Datca almonds are well-known and liked by Turkish consumers but the production is insufficient to meet all the consumption needs of Turkey. Starting in the early 2010s, the city of Adiyaman in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, has become the center of almond production in Turkey due to its suitable climate and soil. Adiyaman traditionally produced tobacco, but farmers are realizing the opportunity in the almond market and production is expanding there. The district of Kahta within Adiyaman is now the leader in almond production in Turkey since 2016, according to the Kahta Union of Hard Shelled Fruit Producers. They state that as of MY 2018/19, Adiyaman province has 6,000 hectares of almond orchards and the government plan is for the province to have 10,000 hectares of almond orchards by 2023, with the goal to produce enough almonds to meet domestic demand in Turkey. In this respect, in spring 2017, GoT established the Adiyaman Hard Shelled Fruits Research Institute which will work in cooperation with University of Adiyaman. The Institute is now under construction and new staff is being hired. An almond and pistachio processing facility has also been established by the Agricultural Credit Cooperative Union with the support of GoT and opened in spring 2018. There are also almond orchards in the province of Manisa, where the climate is suitable for cultivating almond trees. The market for domestically-produced almonds is usually strong, and new orchards have been established to meet the demand. Although almonds are grown in most parts of the country, they typically have been considered a minor crop and not widely cultivated commercially in Turkey. The former Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (MinFWA) had been conducting “Special Afforestation Projects” for almost 30 years with the target of afforestation and improvement of non-arable lands and the rural economy by leasing the forest and government-owned lands to the population living in the villages nearby those areas and private sector as well. Almonds have been the most popular trees with around 45 percent of total trees planted in the scope of these projects. Despite the increase in the number of planted almond trees, because they may be planted in less productive places or not looked after carefully, almond production has not increased significantly in these areas. Since imports and prices have been rising in recent years, the GoT has taken another action to increase domestic production via increasing the number of almond trees. As a

http://www.kahtabademi.com/

http://www.kahtabademi.com/

https://arastirma.tarim.gov.tr/sertkabuklumeyveler




http://tarim.adiyaman.edu.tr/

http://tarim.adiyaman.edu.tr/


result, the “Almond Action Plan” was prepared by the GoT for 2013-2017. In the scope of this plan, eight million almond seedlings were planned to be planted within five years. However, implementation focused on increasing forested area rather than agricultural production. Weather conditions in the past three years have also limited the implementation of the plan.


Appendix - B7

The GoT also encourages producers to establish new orchards by allocating free land for 49 years, providing some interest-free financial support and financially supporting farmers registered in the “Farmers Registration System” for using certified seedlings in these orchards. Most of the current almond production has been from unstandardized seedlings which results in inconsistent yields and qualities. As a result of these incentives and government support, the establishment of almond orchards has become popular in Turkey and the private sector has concentrated on establishing new almond orchards for commercial production in Izmir, Manisa, Mugla, Denizli, Urfa, Canakkale and Adiyaman Provinces. It is believed that these initiatives will increase the production of almonds in the future. b. CONSUMPTION Post forecasts that there will be a decrease in almond consumption to 30,000 MT in MY 2018/19 as a result of an increase in retail prices due to inflation and currency devaluation. Almonds are mainly consumed as snack food and limited amounts are used in the confectionary and cosmetics industries in Turkey. As with pistachios, the packaging of tree nuts, including almonds, has increased and about a third of tree nuts are sold as packaged.

Almond retail prices in Istanbul, Turkey are about 65 – 85 TL/kg (10.44 – 13.65USD4/kg) for both shelled roasted almonds and raw almonds, though prices vary by neighborhood. c. TRADE Turkey is a net importer of almonds and the United States continued to be the major global supplier of high quality almonds in MY 2017/18. Australia, Spain, Uzbekistan, and Iran are the other suppliers of almonds to Turkey.

As of January 1st, 2018, the GoT lowered import tariffs on almonds, walnuts, and cashews from 43.2 percent to 15 percent. Pistachio and pecan tariff rates were not reduced. However, on June 25th, 2018 an additional 10 percent tariff was introduced on U.S.-origin nuts (almonds, walnuts, pistachios, and pecans) as retaliation to the U.S. Government increasing the tariffs on Turkish steel and aluminum. On August 15th, 2018, the additional tariff was doubled to 20 percent. The final import tax on almonds and walnuts from the United States is 35 percent on the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) value of the shipment as of August 2018, and is 15 percent for all other origins. There is still a demand for high quality almonds in the Turkish market and according to the sector, domestic production will not be able to meet this demand in MY 2018/19. However, due to an expected decrease in consumption as a result of increased prices in Turkey, Post forecasts that imports will decrease to 22,000 MT in MY2018/19. Turkish customs also has a reference (oversight) price for nuts. If the CIF invoice value of the in-shell almond is at or below $4,400 the tariff will be applied at $4,400 per ton. If the per ton CIF invoice value is greater than $4,400 the tariff will applied at the actual CIF invoice value. The tariff for shelled almonds is based on a minimum CIF per ton value of $ 6,900 or greater.

4 The exchange rate is 6.228 TL/USD as of August 28, 2018. For comparison, the rate was 4.625 TL/ USD as of June 1, 2018.

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Turkey%20reduced%20the%20custom%20tariffs%20of%20almonds%20and%20walnuts%202018_Ankara_Turkey_1-11-2018.pdf






Appendix - B8

HS CODE COMMODITY OVERSIGHT VALUE ON CIF (USD/MT*)

080211 In Shell Almond 4,400 USD

080212 Shelled Almond 6,900 USD

*Ton: Gross Weight If almonds are imported in the scope of the Inward Processing Regime (IPR), importers do not pay tax if the almonds will be exported after it is processed, such as being shelled or packaged. Turkey’s main almond export destinations are Middle East and North African countries (such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Tunisia and Algeria). d. POLICY As with other tree nuts, the GoT supports almond farmers who are registered in the “Farmers Registration System”. Supports are announced by GoT in the middle of each calendar year. These supports are available to all farmers regardless of what they are planting. GoT offered farmers the following supports for the year 2018: 100TL/da (16.06USD5/da) and 400 TL/da (64.23USD/da) respectively for the establishment

of orchards that are planted with standard seedlings and certified seedlings 10TL to 100 TL /da (1.61USD/da to 16.06USD/da) for organic agriculture; 50 TL/da (8.03USD/da) for Good Agricultural Practices; 14 TL/da (2.25USD/da) for fuel and fertilizer.

III. WALNUT

a. PRODUCTION In MY 2018/19 Post expects about a nine percent increase in production to reach 63,000 MT. In the Marmara region of Turkey, where some of the good commercial walnut orchards are located, there was less rain than normal in fall 2017 and winter 2018, but spring and summer were rainy. Throughout the whole country, the rainfall in Irrigation Year 2017/18 was below the 10 year average, but was higher than last year. There was no reported frost in in the spring affecting walnuts. Walnut trees, like almonds, are scattered throughout the country. They grow in almost every province of the country but commercial plantations of walnuts are relatively new to Turkey. The GoT has implemented programs to encourage increasing production of walnuts. There are good commercial orchards established in the last 10 – 15 years in the Thrace region, in the Sakarya and Kocaeli provinces (in the Marmara Region) and a few in the Adiyaman province in the Southeastern Region of the country. However, these are insufficient to meet the demand for high quality walnuts among Turkish consumers. GoT encourages producers to establish new walnut orchards by allocating free land for 49 years and some interest-free financial support and supports farmers who are registered in the “Farmers

5 The exchange rate is 6.228 TL/USD as of August 28, 2018. The rate was 4.625 TL/ USD as of June 1, 2018, just as a comparison basis.


Appendix - B9

Registration System” for using certified seedling in these orchards. New orchards are established in many provinces by the private sector due to these incentives and high market prices. These new orchards are in the Aegean, Marmara, Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean regions. Chandler is becoming the most popular variety, due to consumer preference. However, some issues remain in terms of suitability of varieties to local conditions and reliability of certified seedlings. Walnut has been the second most popular tree planted under MINFWA’s Special Afforestation Projects, with around 30 percent of the total. However, in regions such as Central and Eastern Anatolia, many trees were planted in soils or locations which were not ideal for walnut production. Irrigation is mostly not available in these lands and delivering the water to the plots is costly, especially on slopes.

In order to increase domestic production, a “Walnut Action Plan” was prepared by the GoT for the 2012-2016. In the scope of this Plan, five million walnut seedlings were planned to be planted during this five year period. As with the Almond Plan, the implementation of the Walnut Plan focused on increasing forest area rather than agricultural production. Moreover, the Action Plan has not yet been fully implemented because of bad weather conditions. So far, around 3 million walnut trees were planted within this plan. Despite the increase of areas in walnut production due to the above- mentioned afforestation projects, walnut production has not increased significantly. Until 1970, walnuts had been propagated only by seeds and therefore, until the last decade, it was very difficult to find established orchards of standard cultivars. However, the importance of propagation by grafting and budding is now understood and as a result, orchards of standard cultivars are becoming increasingly widespread. Currently, the major problem for walnut producers in Turkey is low yields. There is also great need for improved varieties. Yalova Horticulture Research Institute, which is located in the Marmara Region, is Turkey’s leading walnut research facility and the developer of new varieties. Commercial production of the improved varieties developed by this institute has begun in Balikesir, Denizli, Bursa and Kahramanmaras provinces. b. CONSUMPTION The walnut consumption estimate for Turkey is 130,000 MT for MY 2018/19, down from 134,500 MT in MY2017/18, due to expected retail price increases linked with the depreciation of the Turkish Lira. In Turkey, walnuts are commonly used in desserts, just like pistachios. Turkish desserts such as pestil and köme are made by combining walnuts with mulberries and grapes. Walnuts are also used in baklava, ice cream, halva production, cookies/cakes, breads/bakery, pastries, and in the dried fruit industry as well. The leaves and green shells are used as a pigment in Turkey. Walnut wood has been used for the furniture industry for many years.


Appendix - B10 Walnut consumption has increased significantly in recent years due to consumers understanding the health benefits and increased packaging of tree nuts, including walnuts. Most walnuts in the market are sold in bulk, in-shell. Turkish consumers purchase walnuts regularly and use them as an ingredient in everyday foods. Walnuts are the second most-purchased nut after hazelnuts.

Currently, walnut retail prices are above last year’s prices in Istanbul (in terms of TL prices) at the beginning of the harvest due to the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against the TL. Shelled walnuts are priced from 70 to 90 TL/kg ($11.24 - $14.50 USD6/kg) and in-shell walnuts are from 20 to 30 TL/kg ($3.21 - $4.82 USD/kg) varying by production and retail outlet. c. TRADE Depending on the year, around 45-55 percent of total walnut consumption is supplied through domestic production, and because of the strong demand for high quality walnuts in the Turkish market, the remaining amount is imported to meet the demand. The United States continues to be the major in-shell walnut supplier in MY 2017/18. After the United States, Chile, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, China, and Moldova were the other walnut suppliers, largely due to price and seasonality considerations. Traders agree that Turkey will continue to be an importer of walnuts due to high quality product demand by Turkish consumers. However, due to the depreciation of the lira against major currencies, Post forecasts a decrease in walnut imports7 to 75,000 MT in MY 2018/19.

As with almonds, the import tariffs have changed for walnuts in 2018. As of January 1st, 2018 the import tariff of 43.20 percent has decreased to 15 percent on the CIF value of the shipment. However, in retaliation for the tariffs put on Turkish steel and aluminum by the United States, the GoT has put first a 10 percent extra tariff on all tree nuts imported from the U.S.A. and then another 10 percent was added. The final import tax on walnuts from the United States is 35 percent and is15 percent for all other origins. Like almonds, walnuts also have a reference (oversight) pricing system at Turkish Customs. If the per ton CIF invoice value for in-shell walnuts is at or below $3,500, the tariff will be applied to $3,500 per ton. If the per ton CIF invoice value is greater than $3,500 the tariff will be applied to the actual CIF invoice value per ton. The tariff for shelled walnuts is based on a minimum CIF per ton value of $6,500 or greater. Traders prefer to import in-shell walnuts, though they import some shelled as well.

HS CODE COMMODITY OVERSIGHT VALUE ON CIF (USD/MT*)

080231 In Shell Walnut 3,500 USD

080232 Shelled Walnut 6,500 USD

*Ton: Gross Weight Turkey’s processing industry has grown in recent years. Imports of both in-shell and shelled walnuts, and exports of shelled walnuts have increased substantially.

http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Turkey%20reduced%20the%20custom%20tariffs%20of%20almonds%20and%20walnuts%202018_Ankara_Turkey_1-11-2018.pdf




Importers can utilize the Inward Processing Regime (IPR) for walnuts that are imported to be further processed and exported to third countries. With the IPR, importers do not pay the import tariffs if they export the end product. U.S. walnuts imported under IPR tend to be processed and exported to Middle Eastern and African countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Libya). 6 The exchange rate is 6.228 TL/USD as of August 28, 2018. The rate was 4.625 TL/ USD as of June 1, 2018, just as a comparison basis. 7 Note import figures for nuts are calculated by using export data from other countries, and this can include shipments to free trade zones within a country as well.


Appendix - B11

d. POLICY The GOT supports walnut farmers who are registered in the “Farmers Registration System”. Supports are announced by GOT in the middle of each calendar year. GoT offered farmers the following supports for the year 2018: 100TL/da (16.06USD8/da) and 400 TL/da (64.23USD/da) respectively for the

establishment of orchards that are planted with standard seedlings and certified seedlings

10TL to 100 TL /da (1.61USD/da to 16.06USD/da) for organic agriculture; 50 TL/da (8.03USD/da) for Good Agricultural Practices; 14 TL/da (2.25USD/da) for fuel and fertilizer.

8 The exchange rate is 6.228 TL/USD as of August 28, 2018. The rate was 4.625 TL/ USD as of June 1, 2018, just as a comparison basis.


Appendix - B12

IV. HAZELNUTS Turkey is the largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts in the world, accounting for 75 percent of world production and around 70 percent of world exports. In the Black Sea Region of Turkey where hazelnuts grown, in Irrigation Year 2017/18 there was a normal level of rain, though less than last year, so yields are expected to be only slightly impacted. Some diseases in Samsun Province, hail in July in Sakarya province, and too much rain in August 2018, adversely affected the yield. On August 8, 2018 there was a flood due to heavy rain in Ordu province where a lot of hazelnuts are grown. The hazelnuts that had been already harvested in the first week of the harvest and left for drying were destroyed. Reports indicate that many hazelnut trees were also affected by the flood and the storm. This will hurt next year’s yields in Ordu province. Post forecasts hazelnut production at 600,000 MT in MY 2018/19, down from 700,000 MT last year. Although hazelnuts are grown in more than 48 provinces around Turkey, production is primarily concentrated along Turkey’s Black Sea coast. Hazelnut orchards are typically located within 30 km of the coast. In the western Black Sea area, the growing region starts from Zonguldak (east of Istanbul) and extends east along the entire Black Sea and the mountains until close to the Georgian border. There are approximately 500,000 producers and 4,000,000 people directly or indirectly employed by hazelnut production in Turkey, on an area of 650,000 - 700,000 hectares. The Black Sea region is divided into three distinct growing areas: (1) The hilly region from Ordu to Trabzon, centered around Giresun, and east of Trabzon including Rize which in a normal year produces about 55 percent of the crop, (2) The flatter, mixed farming region west of Ordu to Samsun, which produces about 15 percent of the crop, and (3) The area west of Samsun, which produces the remaining 30 percent. Hazelnuts require relatively little effort to cultivate and inputs are low. Turkish hazelnuts usually ripen between early and late August, depending on the altitude of the orchard and climatic conditions. Hazelnuts are hand-picked from the trees and dried in the sun. Harvesting takes place during several weeks in August and September. Turkey produces around 650,000 MT of hazelnuts under normal weather conditions. Both the GoT and private companies purchase hazelnuts from producers. About one third of the exports are carried out by Italian-owned Ferraro Hazelnut Company which also owns the brand Nutella. The company has purchased the largest Turkish trader and its Italian competitor in 2015 and became the largest hazelnut trader in Turkey. Approximately half of all exports are carried out by international companies. Most years, the Turkish Grain Board (TMO) purchases and stocks hazelnuts on behalf of the GoT. In addition, the Union of Hazelnut Agriculture Sales Cooperatives (FISKOBIRLIK) also purchases and stocks them to keep prices stable. Note that USDA does not maintain a Production, Supply and Distribution table for hazelnuts.

https://www.hazelnutcompany.ferrero.com/Ferrero-Hazelnut-Company/?lang=EN

https://www.ferrero.com/products/nutella/an-original-idea

https://www.ferrero.com/products/nutella/an-original-idea


Appendix - B13

V. PRODUCTION, SUPPLY and DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS:

Pistachios, Inshell Basis

Market Begin Year

Turkey

2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019

Sep 2015 Sep 2017 Sep 2018

USDA

Official New Post

USDA

Official New Post

USDA

Official New Post

Area Planted 0 0 0 0 0 0

Area Harvested 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bearing Trees 0 41400 0 42500 0 47700

Non-Bearing Trees 0 11900 0 17100 0 19400

Total Trees 0 53300 0 59600 0 67100

Beginning Stocks 8500 8500 0 10000 0 500

Production 155000 155000 0 80000 0 210000

Imports 9550 9550 0 16000 0 5000

Total Supply 173050 173050 0 106000 0 215500

Exports 6600 6600 0 5000 0 17000

Domestic Consumption 156450 156450 0 100500 0 176000

Ending Stocks 10000 10000 0 500 0 22500

Total Distribution 173050 173050 0 106000 0 215500

(HA) ,(1000 TREES)) (MT

Almonds, Shelled Basis

Market Begin Year

Turkey

2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019

Aug 2016 Aug 2017 Aug 2018

USDA

Official

New Post USDA

Official

New Post USDA

Official

New Post



Bearing Trees 0 5950 0 6660 0 6810


Total Trees 0 10500 0 11620 0 11910



Production 14000 14000 0 15000 0 16000

Imports 28600 28600 0 26000 0 22000

Total Supply 43100 43100 0 41500 0 38500

Exports 7400 7400 0 8000 0 8000

Domestic Consumption 35200 35200 0 33000 0 30000


Appendix - B14

Ending Stocks 500 500 0 500 0 500


(HA) ,(1000 TREES) ,(MT)

Walnuts, Inshell

Basis Market Begin Year

Turkey

2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019

Sep 2016 Sep 2017 Sep 2018

USDA

Official

New Post USDA

Official

New Post USDA

Official

New Post



Bearing Trees 0 7600 0 8150 0 8766


Total Trees 0 13190 0 14950 0 16660


Production 63000 63000 0 58000 0 63000

Imports 105100 105100 0 80000 0 75000

Total Supply 173600 173600 0 144800 0 141800

Exports 7600 7600 0 6500 0 10000

Domestic Consumption

159200 159200 0 134500 0 130000

Ending Stocks 6800 6800 0 3800 0 1800


(HA) ,(1000 TREES) ,(MT)

Appendix - C1

THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 9/14/2018 GAIN Report Number: CH18059 China - Peoples Republic of Tree Nuts Annual Chinese Imports of U.S. Tree Nuts Likely to Decrease in Marketing Year 2018/2019 Approved By: Michael Ward Prepared By: Abraham Inouye Report Highlights: At current price levels, China will likely import less U.S. almonds, pistachios, and walnuts due to the additional import tariffs placed on U.S. tree nuts; however, it is unclear if Chinese importers will be able to fill the gap by increasing purchases of alternative nuts (such as macadamia nuts, cashews, and Brazil nuts) from third countries. China’s in-shell walnut production is forecast to decrease by 15 percent to 850,000 MT in MY 2018/19 as a heavy snowstorm in April will likely reduce production in northern producing provinces. Shelled almond production is forecast at 43,000 MT, unchanged from the previous year.

Appendix - C2

Production Walnuts China’s in-shell walnut production is forecast at 850,000 metric tons (MT) in marketing year (MY) 2018/19 (September – August, a decrease of 15 percent from the previous year. Yunnan, the country’s largest walnut producing province, is recovering from frost damage in MY 2017/18. A heavy snowstorm that struck northern China in early April caused widespread damage among the walnut crops in the major producing provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, and Gansu. As a result, walnut production in these provinces is likely to fall by 30-80 percent from the previous year. The walnut sizes are generally large and fruit are quite full in snow-hit regions. Walnut production in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), the second largest walnut producer in China and located much further to the West, is expected to remain unchanged from last year. Walnut acreage is estimated at 300,000 hectares in MY 2018/19. Although the total crop area is still expanding in Xinjiang and Yunnan, the rate of expansion in those provinces has slowed down. Walnut production is scattered across more than 20 provinces and over 50 percent of walnut acreage is on hills and mountains, so the average yield is quite low at 2.3 MT per hectare. As the world’s leading walnut producer, China’s walnut production is expected to see continued moderate increases in the foreseeable future as new plantings begin to bear. Although numerous walnut varieties exist in China, very few compete with popular varieties such as Chandler, Serr, and Hartley which feature a light-colored kernel without a bitter taste. Almonds China’s almond production (shelled basis) is forecast at 43,000 MT in MY 2018/19 (August – July), unchanged from the previous year, according to sources in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Almond acreage is currently estimated at around 63,000 hectares and the production base is stable. More than 95 percent of the country’s almond plantings are situated in Shache County of Xinjiang. Chinese almond production also suffers from low yields. Too many varieties are grown in Xinjiang and most orchards lack proper management and inputs. Industry sources indicate that it is difficult to source large quantities of almonds with uniform variety and quality. Almost all locally-produced almonds are consumed in Xinjiang with a very limited amount being exported to neighboring Central Asian countries. Pistachios China’s pistachio production is estimated at 300 MT in MY 2018/19 (September – August) on a planted area of around 4,000 hectares. Pistachio yield is extremely low as most plantings are experimental and are not bearing. Private companies have been exploring suitable varieties and farming techniques for commercial production of pistachios in Xinjiang.

Appendix - C3

Other nuts China’s hazelnut production (in-shell basis) is forecast at 28,000 MT in 2018/19 (September-August), down more than 30 percent from the previous year, as a result of cold temperatures in northeast China during the 2017 winter. Local varieties (smaller sizes) account for around 65 percent of total production and hybrid varieties (similar to European varieties) account for the remaining share. Hazelnut acreage is estimated at 190,000 hectares and is expected to increase. The main production areas are located in northeast China and include Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces. Other notable production areas include Shanxi, Shandong, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia provinces. Macadamia nut production (in-shell basis) is forecast at nearly 20,000 MT in MY 2018/19 (September- August), doubled from the previous year due to increased bearings. The planting area of macadamia nuts is currently estimated at 160,000 hectares, mainly in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces, and continues to expand. Although the yield and quality of locally-produced nuts are relatively low due to poor management, the country’s production of macadamia nuts is expected to increase rapidly in the next few years as new plantings begin to bear. It is estimated that China’s Production, according to an International Nut & Dried Fruit Council (INC) report. Although China is reported to have planted nearly 46,000 hectares of pecans, mainly in Anhui, Yunnan, and Jiangsu provinces, the production is estimated to be extremely low at 150 MT in MY 2018/19 (September-August) due to poor management, according to local sources. Prices Farm gate prices for in-shell walnuts vary from location to location, especially in MY 2018/19. In Yunnan province where walnut production is expected to recover from a year ago, farm gate prices (inshell basis) were quoted at RMB18 ($2.65) per kilo at the beginning of MY 2018/19. This was nearly a 20 percent decrease from the same period last year, according to Yunnan traders. Meanwhile, in Shanxi province where walnut production is estimated to decrease by 70-80 percent from the previous year, farm gate prices (in-shell basis) were reported at RMB36 ($5.3) per kilo at the beginning of this marketing year. This was an increase of more than 40 percent year-on-year, according to media reports. Farm gate prices for best quality (thin shell) in-shell almonds are quoted at RMB35 ($5.15) per kilo, up 16 percent from the previous year, according to Xinjiang sources. Lower quality almonds are sold at RMB25-32 ($3.68-4.70) per kilo at farms. Hazelnut farm gate prices (in-shell basis) are placed at around RMB25 ($3.68) per kilo, according to industry sources.

Consumption China is the world’s leading walnut consumer and accounted for roughly 45 percent of the world consumption in 2016, according to an INC report. The INC report also estimate that China consumed 21 percent of the world’s pine nuts and 8 percent of macadamia nuts. Most nuts consumed in China are imported, with the exception of walnuts. The price fluctuations of certain nuts, considered alongside the additional tariffs China is assessing U.S.-origin nuts, will likely lead Chinese importers to source nuts from alternative markets. However, consumption of nuts as a whole will continue to increase in the long run in China.

Appendix - C4 A national health policy called, the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents is promoting the concept of consumption of nuts on a daily basis. In addition, the 2018 edition of Snack Guidance for Children and Teenagers recommends nuts as one of the best choices for snacks. Tree nuts have become an important component of the Chinese diet due to their perceived health and nutrition benefits. In fact, a group of Chinese food manufacturers recently launched a new product campaign using nuts packaged into small, consumer ready packages and marketing them as “daily nuts.” These new products have gained popularity among younger consumers, especially women. The rapid development of China’s food processing industry and newly emerged products has also helped boost nut consumption. The bakery and confectionary sectors are consuming increasing quantities of imported nuts. In addition, more middle class consumers are using nuts to prepare bakery and confectionary products at home. Lastly, E-commerce is playing an increasingly important role in marketing nut products to a wider pool of consumers. Trade Imports Because China has enacted a number of additional tariffs on U.S. products, Chinese importers will be less likely to purchase certain tree nuts from the United States. The market share once occupied by the United States will be difficult to fill by other competitors due to limited substitutable suppliers. Further exacerbating the problem, China recently tightened control over imports transshipped through border programs. As a result, Chinese buyers are looking for other import sources and will probably increase purchases of alternative nuts, such as cashews and Brazil nuts. In spite of increased world pistachio supplies as a result of a rebound in U.S. production, China’s pistachio imports (in-shell basis) are expected to decline during MY 2018/19 (September-August), largely because of fewer purchases from its largest supplier, the United States. Chinese importers are seeking substitute supplies from other producers such as Iran, the second largest pistachio supplier to China, but a sharp production decrease in Iran will likely limit it as an effective substitute exporter in 2018/19. Other producers, including Turkey and Syria, have no direct access to the China market according to a report by INC. Although China’s imports of almonds, shelled products in particular, have been on the rise over the past few years, import volume is projected to fall sharply during MY 2018/19 (August-July) due to the increased tariffs on U.S. nut products. Currently, more than 95 percent of China’s almond imports come from the United States. Although Australia also exports almonds to China, its exportable supplies are far from enough to satisfy the China market. China and Hong Kong together consumed around 7 percent of the world’s almonds in 2017, according to a U.S. industry report. China’s Walnut imports are expected to further decline in MY 2018/19 (September-August) from the previous year, partially because of increased tariffs on products from the United States, which in the past has been China’s single largest walnut supplier. Although Chinese importers are searching for substitute products from Chile and Australia, their available supplies can hardly fill the gap. On the other hand,

Appendix - C5

China’s overall imports of walnuts, especially in-shell products, have been falling from its peak in 2012, mainly because of rapid increases in domestic production. Exports China’s exports of walnuts are estimated to drop MY 2018/19 as a result of reduced domestic production. China has been a historical export supplier of walnuts over the last century. Over the past decade or so, China has nearly faded out as a supplier to the world market due to strong domestic demand. Nevertheless, China’s walnut exports rebounded significantly in MY 2017/18 as a result of sharp increases in production. China exports mainly shelled walnuts to Europe, Japan, and Kyrgyzstan. Exports of in-shell walnuts also picked up dramatically last year to neighboring countries, including Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan. China imports in-shell pistachios and almonds for processing and re-export (in-shell pistachios and shelled almonds) to the U.S. and EU markets, but the volume is limited and declining. Likewise, China imports in-shell macadamia nuts and re-exports kernels mainly to Australia and the volume remains quite stable. Policy The Chinese central government is enforcing a targeted nation-wide poverty-alleviation program which may benefit tree nut growers in less developed regions. For instance, in conjunction with the private sector, the county government of Yecheng in Xinjiang plans to invest a total of RMB100 million ($14.7 million) in buying walnut cleaning, shelling, and grading machinery to help farmers improve walnut quality and increase employment. As one of the three major walnut-producing counties in China, Yecheng accounts for more than one-third of Xinjiang’s walnut supplies. On November 25, 2017, the State Council Duty Committee (SCDC) announced that import tariffs for 187 products, including Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, macadamia nuts, and pecans, would be temporarily lowered on December 1, 2017 (see GAIN report CH17063). However, the U.S. nut industry has been targeted in China’s additional tariffs enacted in response to the U.S. 232 and 301 measures. Specifically China’s SCDC announced additional tariffs at 15 percent (see GAIN report CH18034) on U.S. products, including tree nuts with effective dates of April 2 and July 6, respectively. The following table provides detailed tariff rates for different tree nuts from the United States and other trading partners. Following value-added tax (VAT) reductions on agricultural products from July 2017, the Chinese government again lowered the VAT, for primary agricultural products and processed products from 11 to 10 percent and 17 to 16 percent, respectively, effective May 1, 2018 (see GAIN report CH18022).

Appendix - C6

Tree Nut Import Tariff and Value-added Tax (VAT) in 2018

HS Code Description Tariff (%) VAT

(%) as of May 1 MFN USA as of July 6 Australia Chile

0801.2100 Brazil nuts, in shell 7* 47 2 0 10

0801.2200 Brazil nuts, shelled 7* 47 2 0 10

0801.3100 Cashew nuts, in-shell 7* 47 4 0 10

0801.3200 Cashew nuts, shelled 7* 47 2 0 10

0802.1100 Almonds, in-shell 10* 50 4.8 0 10

0802.1200 Almonds, shelled 10 50 2 0 10

0802.2100 Hazelnuts/Filberts, in-shell 25 65 5 0 10

0802.2200 Hazelnuts/Filberts, shelled 10 50 2 0 10

0802.3100 Walnuts, in-shell 25 65 5 0 10

0802.3200 Walnuts, shelled 20 60 4 0 10

0802.5100 Pistachios, in-shell 5* 45 2 0 10

0802.5200 Pistachios, shelled 5* 45 2 0 10

0802.6190 Macadamia nuts, in-shell 12* 52 4.8 0 10

0802.6200 Macadamia nuts, shelled 12* 52 4.8 0 10

0802.9090.40 Pecans, whether or not shelled 7* 47 4.8 0 10

2008.1910 Walnut kernels, in airtight

containers

20 20 4 0 16

2008.1920 Other nuts, in airtight containers 13 13 2.6 0 16

Note: *Indicates a temporary rate for 2018

Marketing: Consumption of nuts is a traditional part of Chinese culture and high-quality imported tree nuts have long enjoyed a strong customer base throughout the country. In recent years, demand for high-quality nuts has been especially robust, backed by rising disposable incomes and consumer preference for healthy and natural foods. Two of the largest tree nut associations in China, the Nuts and Roasted Seeds Division of the Chinese National Food Industry Association and the South China Tree Nut Association, have strongly contributed to this nation-wide robust demand through consumer education on the health benefits of nut consumption. The United States is the largest supplier of tree nuts to the Chinese imported tree nut market. The top two most popular U.S. nuts in China are almonds and pistachios, both of which have experienced strong import growth over the past three years. Other popular imported tree nuts include macadamias, hazelnuts, pecans, and walnuts.

Appendix - C7 A significant amount of imported U.S. nuts are sold as bulk product to various Chinese roasting factories and wholesale markets that have developed their own brands. These Chinese nut brands that utilize imported product are sold in all types of retail outlets, ranging from “mom & pop” stores, franchised outlets, convenience stores, supermarkets, and hypermarkets. The types of packaging in these outlets range from bags and cans to large boxes. In addition to single variety packages, mixed nuts and seeds, and mixed nuts and dried fruits are also popular snack foods in the retail markets. Founded in the early 1900s, Yidelu wholesale market in Guangzhou is a key imported nut marketing hub for the entire country. Retail outlets, other wholesale markets, hotel and restaurant chains, and the food manufacturing industry all source from Yidelu market. According to contacts at Yidelu, demand for high-quality imported nuts in traditional and high-end retail outlets continues to grow. With tremendous development in the online retail sector, Chinese e-commerce is now an important marketing venue for imported tree nuts. Due to their long shelf life, convenient packaging, and long distance shipping suitability, nuts perform especially well in this sector. All major online retailers in China offer a range of nut products and some Chinese processors have even developed nut brands exclusively for e-commerce, one of which reached a sales volume of over $1 billion in 2017. Multiple U.S. tree nut brands are also increasingly available directly from online retail venues. Retail contacts report in-store promotions and food festivals in 1st and 2nd tier city retail stores highlighting U.S.-origin nuts as safe, healthy, and convenient snack foods have been extremely successful in increasing sales. Consumer promotions timed with Chinese holidays are especially effective as nuts such as pistachios are in high demand as Mid-Autumn Festival and Chinese New Year gifts and snacks. Trade association contacts also report that public relation activities and media campaigns have also played important roles in educating consumers on the quality of U.S. tree nuts. Imported tree nuts are also used in the Chinese baking industry. U.S. almonds, walnuts, pecans and pistachios are now commonly included as ingredients in bakery chain breads, cookies, cakes and pastries. In 2018, the Agricultural Trade Office (ATO) in Guangzhou launched a USA Pavilion at the Guangzhou Bakery Show, offering an ideal platform for multiple U.S. trade associations to showcase high quality tree nuts to the South China baking industry. Blue Diamond Growers, American Pistachios Growers, the U.S. Pecan Growers Council, and the California Walnut Committee all participated in this heavily attended event. ATO Guangzhou and other ATOs across China plan to implement similar events in 2019.

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