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TableofContents

Coverpage

Titlepage

PraiseforASecretHistory

Copyrightpage

Author'sNotetothee-bookedition

Introduction

PartOne

PartTwo

Epilogue

Author'sNote

AboutRicardoCortés

AppendixandSelectedBibliography

DocumentTranscriptions

PraiseforASecretHistoryofCoffee,Coca&Cola"Thisbookisanincredibleworkofartisticjournalism.Armedwithcolorpencilsandaneyefordetail,CorteshasproducedabeautifulandsubversivehistoryofhowthatbottleofCokeendedupinyourfridge.Cortesweaveshispeople'shistorywithmeticulouslyandgorgeouslycrafteddrawings—manyofthemrecreationsoftheprimarydocumentsheusestotellhisstory.Theendproductisadamning,epictaleofhypocrisy:whiletheUSgovernmentleadsthechargetocriminalizethe10millionpeoplewhochewcoca,ithassimultaneouslyconspiredwithamultinationalbeveragegianttoensureanendlesssupplyofcocatofuelitsprofits."—JeremyScahill,authorofBlackwater:TheRiseoftheWorld'sMostPowerfulMercenaryArmy"RicardoCorteshasuneartheddocumentationoftheastonishinglycozyhistoricalrelationshipbetweenCoca-Colaexecutivesandantidrugczars,alongwithcoverageoftheexpensiveandunwinnablewarondrugs."—MarkPendergrast,authorofForGod,Country&Coca-ColaandUncommonGrounds"Asworksofart,Cortes'sillustrationsarestunningandintricate.Asreportage,thebookisobsessiveinalltherightways,nailingdownhiddenfactstorevealatruthIneverwouldhaveexpected.Itisraretofindseriousreportagethatreadslikeanovel;Corteshaspulledoffthemind-bogglingtrickofmakingitreadlikeachildren'sbook."—TracieMcMillan,authorofTheAmericanWayofEating"Anicelyillustratedbitofhistoryaboutthreeplantsandthefascinatingstoryofpeople'srelationshipswiththem."—Dr.AndrewWeil,authorofFromChocolatetoMorphineandTheNaturalMind

Author’sNotetothee-bookeditionFortheprintedversionofthisbookIillustratedmanydocuments,includinghandwrittenandtypedcorrespondences.Theselettersprovideacontextualbackgroundtothestory,aswellasaframingbackdroptothecompositionoftheoriginalprintedpages.Theycanalsobeabitofachallengetoreadonmanye-readerscreens.Forthisedition,I'veincludedthepagesastheyappearintheprintedversion,accompaniedbylinkstotranscriptionsofthetexteachdocumentcontains.Youcanchoosetoeitherjumpfromthemaintextofthebooktothetranscribedtextasyougo(andthenreturnbacktowhereyouleftoffinthestory),oryoucancontinuethroughtotheendofthebookwhereyouwillfindallthedocumentstranscribedinorder,withaccompanyingclose-upviewsoftheoriginalillustrations.

forMaandPa

Itisamusingtonowlookbackatsomeattackswhichwerehurledagainstsubstancesthatalltheworldto-dayconsidersasnecessities...Howrealmustbethemeritthatcanwithstandsuchstormsofabuse,andspringup,perenniallyblooming,throughsuchopposition!

W.GoldenMortimerHistoryofCoca1901

Onestoryabouttheoriginofcoffeeisthatofagoatherd,tendinggoatsonamountainsideinEthiopia.Thegoats,tiredandhungry,stoppedtochewonsomecherriesandbegantogrowveryfrisky.Thecherryseemedtodriveawayfatigue.Peopletriedroastingtheseedsinsideandbrewingthemtodrink.Speculationroseaboutitshealingproperties.FromEthiopia,thecherrytraveledtoYemen.

Bythesixteenthcentury,qahwahwasavailablethroughouttheIslamicworld.Debatebeganaboutthesalubrity,morality,andlegalityoftheintoxicatingplant.Asinterestgrew,opponentstriedtoenditsuseandpunishtraffickers.In1511,thebeveragewasbannedintheArabiancityofMecca—ashort-livedprohibition,butsimilarbansemergedinCairoandelsewhere.Dealerswerebeaten,inventoriesburned.Accordingtoaccountsofthesixteenth-centuryhistorianÎbrahimPeçevî,whenkahveharrivedinTurkeyitwasmetwithoppositionfromsultanswhoforbadethebeanunderpenaltyofdeath.BytheseventeenthcenturycoffeereachedEurope,portrayedalternatelyasahealthremedy(“forHead-ach,”“CoughoftheLungs,”and“verygoodtopreventMis-carryings”)andasacauseofmaladieslikemelancholia,minddegeneration,andimpotence.Coffeehouseswerecalledsitesofviceandsedition.In1675,KingCharlesIIissuedanedictfortheirsuppression.

ReadtheKing'sProclamation

Ofcourse,despitethefearsitstirredinitsnascence,coffeebecamepopulararoundtheworld.

Butitisstillquestionedfromtimetotime.

In1820,caffe-inewasdiscoveredfromtheseedofacoffeecherry.Caffeineistheplant’sbitteralkaloid.Whenextractedfromtheseed,itcrystallizesintosilkythreadstoformafleecy,toxicpowder.Itcancauseanxiety,dependency,and,withoverdose,evendeath.Itisthemostpopularstimulantonearth.

In1910,acompanyfromAtlanta,Georgia,wassuedforitsuseofcaffeine,whichhadbecomeregardedasahabit-formingdrug.Considerthetestimony,takenduringthetrial,ofDr.OliverOsborne:Q.Now,Doctor,doyouthinkthatcoffeeandteashouldbebarredbylaworotherwise?A.Well,Ithinkitwouldbeveryquicklybarredifyoungpeoplecouldrunconstantlytoadrugstorecounter

andgetcoffeeandtea—Q.[Interrupting]Doyouknowwhetherornottheyaredoingit,Doctor?A.Theysoongetaphysicianiftheydo.Q.Now,asamatteroffact,assumingthattheydonotdothat,doyouthinkcoffeeorteaorlikeproducts

shouldbebarredbylaworotherwise?A.Youcan’tbarabeveragethatisconsideredsimple,butIwillre-statethatifitwasknownthatour

schoolchildren,orouryounggirlsandboys,inshopsorinstoreswererunninginastore,orsomewhere,andgettingcupsofcoffeeandcupsofteaseveraltimesaday,itwouldsoonbestopped,andphysicianswouldgetontoit,wewouldtalktothefamilies,anditwouldsoonbecomepublicinthepaper,andsuchmethodsasseemedbestwouldbetakentostopit.

ThedepositionofOliverT.Osborne,awitnessonbehalfoftheGovernment,onthis18thdayofOctober,1910,intheUnitedStatesVersesFortyBarrelsandTwentyKegsofCocaCola

Caffeinehasbeenfoundindozensofplantsandseeds.InWestAfrica,kolanutsarearichsourceofcaffeineandhavebeenchewedthroughouthistoryasastimulantandstrengthener.Itisusedtodayatwork,inceremony,andsocially.Kolacanbebrewedtoo,tomakeadrinkcalledcola.

Colaisoneofthemostpopularbeveragesonearth.Themostpopularcola,Coca-Cola,wasinventedbyDr.JohnPemberton,apharmacistwhomixedthekickofkolacaffeinewithakickofcoca.

COCA-COLA.Delicious!Refreshing!Exhilirating!Invigorating!TheNewandPopularSodaFountainDrink,containingthepropertiesofthewonderfulCocaplantandthefamousColanuts.ForsalebyWillisVenableandNunally&Rawson.

CocagrowsintheAndeanmountainsofSouthAmerica.Liketheseedsofcoffeeandkolaplants,cocaleavesbestowapowerofendurancewhenchewed.Cocahasbeenusedbypeopleforthousandsofyears.InAugust1499,AmerigoVespucci,sailingnorthwestalongthecoastofVenezuela,encounteredanislandofmenwiththeleaftuckedintheircheeks.Forcenturiesthereafter,Europeansheardastonishingtalesoftheplantfuelingmarathonsacrossmountainswithoutfoodorrest.

Endow’dwithLeavesofwondrousNourishment,WhoseJuicesuck’din,andtotheStomachta’nLongHungerandlongLabourcansustain

—AbrahamCowley,1689

OnApril30,1857,Dr.KarlScherzerleftAustriaaboardthefrigateNovara,asmemberofascientificcorpsthatincludedabotanist,azoologist,anartist,andaflowergardener.ScherzercarriedtherequestofaGermanpharmacologisttoprocuresixtypoundsofcocaforstudy.AftertwoyearsScherzerlefttheNovaratotravelbyfootintoPeru.HereturnedtoEuropein1859withtheleaves.Thecocawasgiventoayoungdoctoralstudent,AlbertNiemann,whodiscoveredanalkaloidastheplant’sactiveprinciple.Likecaffe-ine,itwasnamedafteritsparent:coca-ine—transparentcrystalsthatcongealedtoaflakywhitepowder.Atfirst,experimentswithcocainewereconfinedtomedicalpractice.In1884,SigmundFreudbegantouseitasatreatmentfordepression.Hewasenthralledbythe“magicalsubstance”andenthusiasticallyintroducedittocolleaguesandfriends,includinganoculistnamedCarlKoller.Bythen,cocaine’snumbingeffecthadbeenobservedonthetongue.Kollertestedcocaineasaregionalanesthetic;firstontheeyesofanimalsandthenhisown.Hisdiscoverywasamedicalrevolution.

Previously,surgerieswereperformedwithgeneralanesthesiaornoneatall.Etherandchloroformallowedsevereoperationswithoutpain,althoughwithsignificantrisksfrominducingunconsciousness.Asthefirsttruelocalanesthetic,cocaineopenedthepracticeofsurgerytopreviouslyimpossibleprocedures.Cocaine’spopularityspreadtootherbranchesoftherapy,anditsusequicklygrewbeyondanesthesiaandmelancholia.

Cocaineeasedtoothachesandlaborpains.Itwassaidtocurefatigue,nervousness,impotence,evenaddictiontotheopiumpoppy’salkaloidmorphine.“Coke”couldbepurchasedinasthmamedicines,snuffs,andtonicslikeCoca-Cola—“TheBrainWorkers’Panacea,”toutedtorelievementalandphysicalexhaustion,wasfirstsoldin1886.

Casesofcompulsiveusegainedattention,andin1889theNewYorkAcademyofMedicinehostedaforumonthepotentialforcocaineabuse.Dr.Kollerhimselfwasinvited.Hepraisedtherapeuticpropertiesofthedrugbutalsoaskedtheassembly:“Onedidnotgivechloroformandethertopatientstobeusedbythemindiscriminately,andwhymakecocaineanexception?”

Increasedavailabilityacrossraceandclassfurtheredproblemsassociatedwiththehabit,andabacklashemergedfueledbyracialfears:cocainemadeNegroesinsaneandmurderous;Jewishdoctorswereidentifiedasitspeddlers.

Withinthirtyyears,amedicalmiraclewastransformedintoacrimeepidemic.Distinctionbetweenthecocaplantanditsalkaloidwaslostintherisingfervor.In1914,theUnitedStatesbeganprohibitionofcocawiththeHarrisonNarcoticsAct.

Justelevenyearsearlier,TheCoca-ColaCompanybeganworkingwithaGermancocainemaker,Dr.LouisSchaefer,importingPeruviancocaleaftohischemicalplantinMaywood,NewJersey.SchaeferAlkaloidWorkssuppliedingredientstoCoca-Cola,includingcaffeinefromcoffeebeansandteadust,andamixtureofkolaandanon-narcoticcoca“flavoringextract.”Thissecretformulawasdubbed“MerchandiseNo.5.”Overonehundredyearslater,thiscuriositystillstands.

SubsequentlycalledMaywoodChemicalWorks,thesitewasacquiredbytheStepanChemicalCompanyin1959.Duringthepastcentury,cocabecameillegalinmostcountriesaroundtheworld,sparkingoneofthelongest,mostexpensive,andviolentwarsinhistory.Andthousandsoftonsofcocaleafwereshippedtothissecure,discreetfacility.MuchcreditcangotoHarryAnslingerandRalphHayes.

In1930,HarryJ.AnslingerbecamecommissioneroftheUSFederalBureauofNarcotics.Heledthebanagainstcoca,whilesimultaneouslyhelpingsecureTheCoca-ColaCompany’sspecialaccesstoit,throughtheadministrationsofsevenpresidents,untilhisretirementfromgovernmentin1970.

RalphHayes,formeraidetotheUSSecretaryofWar,wasaWashingtonbusinessmanknownforpreservingimportantassociationswithpowerfulpeople.HayeswashiredbyCoca-Colain1932andbeganafriendshipwithAnslingerthatgrewoverthenextthreedecades.

Followthislinktoreadtranscriptionsofthesedocuments,orpageforwardtocontinuereadingASecretHistory...

CommissionerAnslingerwasanotoriousantidrugzealot,bestknownforhisrelentlesscrusadeagainstthemarijuanaplant.ButhewasanintegralsupportertothecocabusinessofCoca-ColaandMaywood,forwardingthemrelevantStateDepartmentreports,pryingmediainquires,andintelligenceonSouthAmericancocafarmersalongwithmapsoftheircocainefactories.Asthelawagainstcocaevolved,AnslingerwasconsultedbyandcooperatedwithHayesandMaywoodexecutivesonlegislativephraseology.Coca-Cola'sprivilegetococaleafwascodifiedalongsidetheverylawsthatwouldprohibittraditionalusersfromgrowingit.

Inturn,RalphHayesusedhispoliticalinfluence,charm,andtactfulcontributionstosupportAnslinger'slongtenureinWashington,DC.

Theirmutualinterestculminatedduringthedraftingofthe1961UnitedNationsSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs.Bythen,nineseparatelegalagreementsbetweennationshadcreatedanoverlycomplexsystemofdruglaws.Followingthirteenyearsofnegotiation,theSingleConventionwasadoptedtosimplifyandsupersedeallpreviousprotocols.Todayitisoneofthreetreaties,alongwiththe1971ConventiononPsychotropicSubstancesandthe1988ConventionAgainstIllicitTrafficinNarcoticDrugsandPsychotropicSubstances,thatdefinetheinternationaldrugcontrolsystem.

RepresentingtheUnitedStates,HarryAnslingersteeredtooutlawthecocaplant.TheSingleConvention,asadopted,orderspeopleworldwidetostopchewingcocaleaves,whetherforhealthorculture,andmandatestheuprootinganddestructionofallwildbushes.

AnditcontainstheprovisionthatallowsCoca-Colatousecoca.

AfterratificationoftheSingleConvention,AnslingerresignedfromtheBureauofNarcoticsandbecameUSrepresentativetotheUnitedNationsNarcoticsCommission.AlthoughTheCoca-ColaCompany'saccesstococawasnowlegallysecure,politicalinstabilityinSouthAmericacouldposeathreattoitsperpetualprocurement.In1962,RalphHayesaskedAnslinger'ssuccessor,HenryL.Giordano,topermitCoca-ColatogrowcocaintheUnitedStates.Thecompanywasinterestedinexpandingitsagronomicknowledge,Hayeswrote,especiallyofvarianceincocainecontentandflavoroftheleaves.Thebureau'snewcommissionerguidedCoca-Colathroughlegalitiesoftheproject.AfterinitialinquiresintotheUSVirginIslands,fertilegroundsoftheUniversityofHawaiiwerechosentohosttheexperiment.

UniversityPresidentThomasHamiltoninitiallydemurredattherequesttohideCoca-Cola'snamefromtheproject."Certainlyweshallnotvolunteersuchinformation,"hewrotetoCoca-Cola'snewvicepresident,BenjaminOehlertJr."Ontheotherhand,shouldquestionsberaisedIshallhavetoanswerthem.Beingapublicuniversitywereallycanhavenosecrets!"OehlertwrotetoGiordano,askingifhe"mightfeelitappropriatetointervenepersonally...expressingviewsoftheBureaufirstthattheresearchcontemplatedwouldbedesirablefromyourviewpoint,andsecondthattheworkshouldberegardedasclassifiedandnotsubjecttopublication."Hamiltonrevisedhisposition."IthinkCommissionerGiordano'sletterputsquiteadifferentfaceonthematter,"hewrotebacktoOehlert.Oehlertconcluded:"ThefactthatTheCoca-ColaCompanywasinvolvedinputtingthepartiestotheagreementtogethershould,wefeel,beofnoconsequencetoanyoneotherthanthepartiesthemselvesandtheBureauofNarcotics."

"CulturalStudiesinCoca"(codename:AlaKea)beganin1964attheHawaiiAgriculturalExperimentStationontheislandofKauai.CocawasfoundtogrowintheAndean-likeclimatebutwasnotablysusceptibletoanunknowndisease.ThousandsofadditionalseedswereimportedfromPeru,butseedlingscontinuedtosuccumbtowiltingandrootrot.Plantdeathsincreasedthroughoutthe1970s,andtheblightspreadovertenacresofresearchplots.In1982,HurricaneIwatoreacrossKauaiandcausedsignificantdamagetotheisland.AlaKeawasterminatedin1984.Accordingtoresearchersoftheproject,theremainingfilesdeemedsensitiveweredestroyed.

InterestinthediseasepromptedtheUSDepartmentofAgriculturetotakeoverthesitewithitsresearcharm,theAgriculturalResearchService.InNovember1987,1300cocaplantsgrowninBeltsville,Maryland,weretransplantedtoKauai.Thenextyear,amycoherbicide(fungalpathogen),Fusariumoxysporum,wasidentifiedasthecoca-killer.Inthe1990s,theWhiteHouseandtheStateDepartmentbegantodebatewhetheritwaspossibletousethemycoherbicidewithoutviolatinginternationallawsagainstbiologicalweapons.InApril2000,theUnitedNationsDrugControlProgramreleasedaproposalforexperimentalfieldtrialsinColombia.UnderpressurefromtheUnitedStates,ColombianofficialsagreedtostudyFusariumoxysporumforuseintheAmazon.Inlate2006,theWhiteHouseauthorizedscientistsfromtheNationalResearchCounciltoexaminethefeasibilityofdevelopingfungitoeradicateillicitcoca.

"TheBoardwishestopointoutthat,within25yearsfollowingtheentryintoforceofthe1961Convention,cocaleafchewingshouldhavebeenabolishedinthosecountrieswhereitwastakingplace.Asthe1961Conventioncameintoforcein1964,cocaleafchewingshouldhavecometoanendin1989.Inaddition,cocaleafisusedinBoliviaandPeruforthemanufactureanddistributionofcocatea.Suchuseisalsonotinlinewiththeprovisionsofthe1961Convention...TheBoardremindsallGovernmentsthatimportationofcocaleafforpurposesotherthanmedicalandscientificpurposesorthepreparationofaflavouringagentiscontrarytotheprovisionsofthe1961Convention."—TheInternationalNarcoticsControlBoardoftheUnitedNations,2007Thatsameyear...Worldcoffeeproductionwasaround7milliontonnesofbeans.Cocaineproductionwasaroundonethousandtonnes.TheCoca-ColaCompanysoldalmost135milliontonnesofbeverages.StepanChemicalCompanyimportedforty-fivetonnesofcoca.

IntheUS,lawenforcementmademorearrestsforillegaldrugsthananyothercrime,incarceratingforty-threethousandtonnesofhumanflesh.Withafederaldrugcontrolbudgetofover13billiondollars,itmadeusacostlymeat...almost$140apound.

Butthat'sanotherstory.

Thecatwon’tstopcatchingmice,andyoungladieswillholdtotheircoffee.Motherloveshercoffee,Grandmotherdrinksit,too.Who,intheend,wouldscoldthedaughters?

—TheChorus

Epilogue

InMarch2009,BolivianpresidentEvoMoralesAymastoodbeforetheUnitedNationswithaformalrequesttocorrectthe"historicalerror"ofthe1961SingleConvention.Hecitedthousandsofyearsofcocauseforpurposessocial,spiritual,medicinal,andnutritional.Thenheputaleafofcocainhismouth,sparkingapplausefromtheassembly."CocaleafchewingisoneofthesocioculturalpracticesandritualsoftheAndeanindigenouspeoples.Itiscloselylinkedtoourhistoryandculturalidentity.TodayitispractisedbymillionsofpeopleinBolivia,Peru,northernArgentinaandChile,EcuadorandColombia...TheobjectiveoftheSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugsof1961istocontroldrugabuse,nottoprohibit'habits'orsocioculturalpracticesthatdonotharmhumanhealth."Thepresident'sproposedamendmenttothetreatywasdeniedbytheUnitedStates.

In2010,StepanChemicalCompanycocaimportstripled,since2007,from45to136tonnes.In2011,BoliviaannounceditwouldwithdrawfromtheSingleConventionandthenrejoinagain–anoddtechnicalitythatwouldallowthecountrytoincludeadenouncementofcocaprohibitionamidstitsobligationtothetreaty.ThedenunciationtookeffectinJanuary2012.Cocaremainsprohibitedfortenmillionorsopeoplewhochewit.

Author'sNote

"SometimeastudioushistoriansearchingfortheoccasionsandcausesoftheprohibitioneraintheUnitedStateswillpenaninterestingparagraphaboutthe'soft'drinkcalledcoca-cola..."—NewYorkTimes,March14,1929Thetransformationofculturalandlegaltaboosagainstplantsfascinatesme.Thearcofdiscovery,experimentation,prohibition,andreconsiderationofinebriantsisnotuniquetoapples,potatoes,orcoffee,norwillitendwithmarijuana,tobacco,orcoca.FormyresearchIvisitedHawaiiancoffeefields,acocafarmintheChapareofBolivia,andtheStepanChemicalplantinMaywood,NJ.IaskedtheDrugEnforcementAdministrationaboutStepan'scocaimportsandmanufacturingofcocaine.IspokewithrepresentativesofTheCoca-ColaCompany—onthesubjectofcoca,Iwastoldmorethanonce:"AsmuchasIwouldliketoanswerthisspecificinquiry,Iamnotabletocommentonmattersrelatingtotheformula,whichisoneofourmostvaluableassets."Ispokewithjournalists,historians,activists,archivists,lawyers,botanists,achemist,andacaptainoftheMaywoodPoliceDepartment.SpecialthankstoPaulGootenberg,whoseresearchinanarticlefortheJournalofLatinAmericanStudiestippedmetofilesoftheFederalBureauofNarcoticsintheUSNationalArchives.Ispentdaysthere,combingthroughboxesandphotographingdeclassifiedcorrespondence.IsimilarlydocumentedthelettersofHarryJ.AnslingerfromthecollectionsofPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Bycombininghundredsofpagesinchronologicalorder,aconversationofpoliticsandfriendshipemergedspanningdecades.Anoteonmyillustrationtechnique:alltheimagesinthisbookweremadewithpencil,pen,and(mostly)colorpencil.ThedrawingsoflettersarebasedontheoriginalpagesIphotographedin2009–2011.Somelettershavebeeneditedforlength,butgreateffortwasmadetoensurethewriters'intentionsandmeaningshavenotbeeninterferedwith,distorted,ormisrepresented.

Thisbookcouldnothavebeenmadewithouthelpfromlibrarians,especiallyoftheNewYorkPublicLibraries;theNationalArchivesatCollegePark,Maryland;theSpecialCollectionsLibraryofPennsylvaniaStateUniversity;theNewYorkAcademyofMedicineLibrary;theDrugPolicyAlliance;theHorticulturalSocietyofNewYork;andtheBrooklynPublicLibrary.

AbouttheAuthor

RicardoCortéshaswrittenandillustratedbookssuchasIt’sJustaPlant:AChildren’sStoryaboutMarijuanaandIDon’tWanttoBlowYouUp!Heisalsotheillustratorofthebest-sellingGotheFucktoSleep,alongwiththebook’skidsister,Seriously,JustGotoSleep.Heisworkingonabookaboutashark.

Rmcortes.com

www.rmcortes.com

http://www.rmcortes.com

AppendixandSelectedBibliography

Schlendrian,Liesgen,andtheChorusQuotationsarefromKaffeeKantate:Schweigtstille,plaudertnicht,byJohannSebastianBachand

ChristianFriedrichHenrici(1734).BWV211.(CoffeeCantata:BeSilent,Don'tChatter,Trans.SareetaAmrute.)

FromCoffeetoCaffeineWatts,Henry.ADictionaryofChemistryVol.I.London:Longmans,Green,&Co.,1863.Robinson,Edward.TheEarlyEnglishCoffeeHouse.1893.NewZealand:DolphinPress,Christchurch,

1972.Ukers,WilliamH.AllAboutCoffee.2nded.NewYork:TheTea&CoffeeTradeJournalCompany,1935.Birnbaum,E."ViceTriumphant:TheSpreadofCoffeeandTobaccoinTurkey."DurhamUniversity

Journal,December1956:21–27.Hattox,RalphS.CoffeeandCoffeehouses:OriginsofaSocialBeverageinMedievalNearEast.Seattle:

Univ.ofWashingtonPress,1985.Spiller,GeneA.,ed.Caffeine.LosAltos,CA:HealthResearchandStudiesCenterandSpheraFoundation,

1998.Pendergrast,Mark.UncommonGrounds:TheHistoryofCoffeeandHowItTransformedOurWorld.New

York:BasicBooks,1999.Wild,Antony.Coffee:ADarkHistory.NewYork:W.W.Norton&Company,2004.

OnKolaMenninger,Edwin.EdibleNutsoftheWorld.Stuart,FL:HorticulturalBooks,1977.Rosengarten,FredericJr.TheBookofEdibleNuts.WalkerandCompany,1984.Abaka,Edmund.KolaIsGod'sGift.OhioUniversityPress,2005.

OntheOriginofCoca-Cola"Coca-ColaAdvertisement."AtlantaJournal.May29,1886;June16,1886;January7,1887;June16,

1887."Coca-ColaAdvertisement."ScientificAmerican.Vol.XCVNo.1.July7,1906:15.Kahn,E.J.,Jr.TheBigDrink:TheStoryofCoca-Cola.NewYork:RandomHouse,1960.Munsey,Cecil.TheIllustratedGuidetotheCollectiblesofCoca-Cola.NewYork:HawthornBooks,1972.Pendergrast,Mark.ForGod,Country&Coca-Cola.NewYork:BasicBooks,2000.

OnCocaTheFirstFourVoyagesofAmerigoVespucci:TranslatedFromtheRareOriginalEdition(Florence,1505–

6).London:BernardQuaritch,1885.TheThirdPartoftheWorksofM'AbrahamCowley,BeingHisSixBooksofPlants.London:Printedfor

CharlesHarper,1689.Mariani,Vin.CocaErythroxylon:ItsUsesintheTreatmentofDisease.Paris:Mariani&Company,1884.Mortimer,W.Golden.HistoryofCoca:"TheDivinePlant"oftheIncas.1901.California:AND/ORPress,

1974.Weil,Andrew."TheNewPoliticsofCoca."NewYorker.May15,1995:70–80.

FromCocatoCocaineScherzer,Karl.VoyageoftheNovara:NarrativeoftheCircumnavigationoftheGlobe.Vol.3.London:

Saunders,Otley,&Co.,1863.Knapp,Herman.CocaineandItsUseinOphthalmicandGeneralSurgery.NewYork:G.P.Putnam'sSons,

1885."TheIndiscriminateUseofCocaine."NewYorkMedicalJournal.December28,1889:719–20."TheGrowingMenaceoftheUseofCocaine."NewYorkTimes.August2,1908:1.CongressionalRecord50,pt.3:2191–2211.63rdUnitedStatesCongressFirstSession.June26,1913.Jones,Ernest.TheLifeandWorkofSigmundFreud.NewYork:BasicBooks,1961.Taylor,Arnold.AmericanDiplomacyandtheNarcoticsTraffic,1900–1939.Durham,NC:DukeUniversity

Press,1969.Kennedy,Joseph.CocaExotica:TheIllustratedStoryofCocaine.NewJersey:AssociatedUniversity

Presses,1985.Musto,David.TheAmericanDisease:OriginsofNarcoticControl.OxfordUniversityPress,1999.Spillane,Joseph.Cocaine:FromMedicalMarveltoModernMenaceintheUnitedStates,1884–1920.John

HopkinsUniversityPress,2000.Gootenberg,Paul.AndeanCocaine:TheMakingofaGlobalDrug.ChapelHill,NC:UniversityofNorth

CarolinaPress,2008.

NotesontheIllustrationsThusFar...ThedrawingofEazy-EisbasedonaphotographbyErniePaniccioli.KubrickDemonstratesHowtoShoot

theCokeMachineisofaphotofromTheStanleyKubrickArchives(Taschen),editedbyAlisonCastle,usedwithpermissionoftheStanleyKubrickEstate.CocaKolaGirlisbasedonaphotobyDanielaCrespo.ThreeSurgeonsisbasedonaphotofromtheBellevueHospitalArchives,NewYorkCity.NewsboyisbasedonaphotobyLewisWickesHine/LibraryofCongress;theNewspaperheholdsis"NegroCocaine'Fiends'areaNewSouthernMenace:MurderandInsanityIncreasingAmongLowerClassBlacksBecauseTheyHaveTakento'Sniffing'SinceDeprivedofWhiskybyProhibition"byWilliams,EdwardH.NewYorkTimes.Feb.8,1914:SM12.

AbouttheCorrespondenceSomelettershavebeeneditedforlength,butgreateffortwasmadetoensurethewriters'intentionsand

meaningshavenotbeeninterferedwith,distorted,ormisrepresented.Thelettersaredrawninpencil,pen,andcolorpencil,basedontheauthor'sphotographsoforiginaldocumentsfrom:

SubjectfilesoftheBureauofNarcoticsandDangerousDrugs.RecordGroup170:Boxes20,23,63,64,141,170.USNationalArchives,MD.

H.J.AnslingerPapers,1835–1970.Accession1959-0006H,HistoricalCollectionsandLaborArchives,SpecialCollectionsLibrary,UniversityLibraries,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA.

Maywood,Anslinger,andHayesDepositionsofDr.LouisSchaeferandHugoDuBoistakenOct.19,1910.UnitedStatesv.FortyBarrels

andTwentyKegsofCocaCola.191F.431(E.D.Tenn.1911),rev'd,241US265(1916)."OtherSales,Mergers."NewYorkTimes.May12,1959:49.McWilliams,JohnC."UnsungPartnerAgainstCrime:HarryJ.AnslingerandtheFederalBureauof

Narcotics,1930–1962."ThePennsylvaniaMagazineofHistoryandBiography.Vol.113,No.2.April1989:207–236.

Lande,Adolf.TheSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs.InternationalOrganization,Vol.16,No.4.CambridgeUniversityPress,1962.

"RalphHayes,NotedFund-Raiser;LedNewYorkCommunityTrust."NewYorkTimes.June22,1977:28.May,CliffordD."HowCoca-ColaObtainsItsCoca."NewYorkTimes.July1,1988:D1.Miller,MichaelW."QualityStuff:FirmIsPeddlingCocaine,andDealsAreLegit—StepanImportsCoca

LeavesforMedicinalPurposesandaVerySpecialClient."WallStreetJournal.October27,1994:A1.Chauvin,LucienO."PeruvianFirmExportsCocaLeaves."MiamiHerald.July4,2003.Gootenberg,Paul."SecretIngredients:ThePoliticsofCocainUS–PeruvianRelations,1915–65."Journal

ofLatinAmericanStudies36.CambridgeUniversityPress,2004:233–265.

SingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs1961,asamendedbythe1972ProtocolAmendingtheSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs.esp.Articles26,27,49.UnitedNations:NewYork.

HawaiiDarlington,Lee."HistoryofErythroxylumandNotesonDiseasesandPestsatKauaiFieldSite."

Proceedingsofthe1stInternationalWorkshoponFusariumBiocontrol.Beltsville,MD.October28–31,1996:43.

"CharacterizationofaVascularWiltofErythroxylumcoca..."Sands,D.C.;Ford,E.J.;Miller,R.V.;Sally,B.K.;McCarthy,M.K.;Anderson,T.W.;Weaver,M.B.;Morgan,C.T.;Pilgeram,A.L.;andDarlington,L.C.PlantDisease,Vol.81No.5,1997:501–504.

Golden,Tim."FungusConsideredAsaTooltoKillCocainColombia."NewYorkTimes.July6,2000.PublicLaw109–469—Dec.29,2006OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicyReauthorizationActof2006.

[H.R.6344]E-mailexchangewithJimCartwright(UniversityArchivist,UniversityofHawaii)andDr.JeriOoka

(Mycologist,UH).April2009.PhoneinterviewwithDr.JeriOoka(Mycologist,KauaiAgriculturalResearchCenter,Universityof

Hawaii).November17,2010.FeasibilityofUsingMycoherbicidesforControllingIllicitDrugCrops.NationalResearchCouncil.The

NationalAcademiesPress,DC,2011.

2007ReportoftheInternationalNarcoticsControlBoardfor2007.UnitedNationsPublicationISBN:978-92-1-

148224-9.NewYork,2008.InternationalCoffeeAgreementSeptember2007andCoffeeMarketReportMarch2008International

CoffeeOrganization.UnitedNationsWorldDrugReport2009.UnitedNationsPublicationISBN:978-92-1-148240-9.New

York,2009.AnnualReportForm10-KforthefiscalyearendedDecember31,2007,TheCoca-ColaCompany.US

SecuritiesandExchangesCommission.Washington,DC,2008:42-3.(12fl.oz.ofCoca-Colaweighsapprox.368.8grams[Ohausbalance,5/5/09]).

Memoria2007(AnnualReport2007).LaEmpresaNacionaldelaCocaS.A.,Peru,2008:21.Sabol,WilliamJ.;West,HeatherC.BureauofJusticeStatistics,Prisonersin2007.USDepartmentof

JusticeNCJ224280.Dec.2008:22.NationalDrugControlStrategyFY2008.OfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy.TheWhiteHouse,

February2007.Priceperpound:Est.500,000USdrugprisoners[Mauer,Marc;RyanS.King."A25-YearQuagmire:The

WaronDrugsandItsImpactonAmericanSociety."TheSentencingProject.Washington,DC,September2007];theaveragepersonheldinstateandfederalcustody(byrace,sex,age)wasablackmaleof25–29years[SabolandWest:19];suchaman'saverageweightwasroughly190pounds["AnthropometricReferenceDataforChildrenandAdults:USPopulation,1999–2002."CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.ADNo.361,July7,2005:Table30];thenthetotalweightofdrugwarprisonerswas,veryroughly,95millionpounds.

EpilogueNotebythesecretary-generalontheproposalofamendmentsbyBoliviatoarticle49,paragraphs1(c)and

2(e),oftheSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs,1961,asamendedbytheProtocolamendingtheSingleConventiononNarcoticDrugs,1961(E/2009/78).U.N.ECOSOC.May15,2009.

Pressconference.PabloSolon,RepresentativeofBolivia.June24,2011.UNWebcast:www.UNmultimedia.org/tv/webcast/[accessed2/21/12]

Memoria2010(AnnualReport2010).LaEmpresaNacionaldelaCocaS.A.,Peru,2012:26.TheauthorwouldliketoacknowledgereportageoftheSingleConventiontreatybytheAndeanInformation

Network(www.ain-bolivia.org);andtheDrugLawReformProjectoftheTransnationalInstitute(www.tni.org)andtheWashingtonOfficeonLatinAmerica(www.wola.org).

Ifyou'recurioustoseewhatwentintothemakingofthisbook,includinganumberofdocumentsandillustrationsIdidn'tendupincluding,visitCoffeeCocaCola.com,orfollowthislinkHere'sapeekatthekindsofthethingsyoumightdiscoverthere:

http://www.coffeecocacola.com

DocumentTranscriptions

BytheKingAProclamation

WHEREAS,itismostapparentthatthemultitudeofCOFFEEHousessetupwithinthiskingdomhaveproducedveryevilanddangerouseffects;aswellforthatmanytradesmenandothers,dohereinmispendmuchoftheirtime,whichmightandprobablywouldbeemployedinandabouttheirLawfulCallingandAffairs;butalso,forthatinsuchhousesdiversfalse,malitiousandscandalousreportsaredevisedandspreadtotheDefamationofhisMajestie'sGovernment,andtotheDisturbanceofthePeaceandQuietoftheRealm;hisMajestyhaththoughtfitandnecessary,thatthesaidHousesbe,forthefuture,Putdown,andsuppressed.December23,1675

ReturntoASecretHistory...

MaywoodChemicalWorks1930

MaywoodChemicalWorksMaywood,N.J.September26,1930.Hon.H.J.Anslinger,BureauofNarcotics,Washington,D.C.MydearSir:—

IhavejustlearnedwithgreatpleasureandsatisfactionthatthePresidenthasappointedyouCommissionerofNarcotics.

ThePresidenthascertainlymadeanexcellentchoiceandIbegyoutoacceptmyheartiestcongratulations.

SincerelyYours

EugeneSchaeferPresident.ES:AW.

Anslinger1937

BureaofNarcoticsWashington

April7,1937.MemorandumfortheSecretary:

ThiscaseconcernstwopetitionssubmittedonbehalfoftheCocaColaCompanyforarulingpermittingtheexportationof"MerchandiseNo.5",thebasisforthedrinkCocaCola,andtoreversearulingheretoforemadeprohibitingsuchexportation.TheGeneralCounselhasheldthattheNarcotic

DrugsImportandExportActdoesnotapplytoMerchandiseNo.5,anditfollwsthatthereisnofoundationfortheexistingprohibition,andthatprohibitionisnowrevoked.H.J.AnslingerCommissionerEnclosure

TheCocaColaCompany1937

TheCocaColaCompanyWilmington,Del.RalphHayes,VicePresident

April20,1937

HonorableHarryJ.AnslingerBureauofNarcoticsTowerBuildingWashington,D.C.DearMr.Commissioner:

WhentalkingwithyouonSaturdayIdidn'twanttoimposefurtheronyourtimebyreferringtotheDepartment'srecentrulingontheexportabilityof"MerchandiseNo.5"butIdowantyoutoknowhowdeeplyweappreciatethecooperativenessthathasmarkedyourpersonalattitudeinthismatter.

Withthisquestionnowbehindus,letmeassureyouagainthatourpurpose,asalwayswillbetosupporteveryprojectlookingtotheenhancementoftheprestigeoftheBureauthathasbeensowelldevelopedunderyourdistinguishedleadership.Particularly,IambearinginmindtheitemswediscussedonSaturdayandIshallgetfurtherwordtoyoubeforeyouleavethecountrynextweek.Withwarmregards,Iam,SincerelyYours,RalphHayes



MAYWOODCHEMICALWORKSESTABLISHED1895Maywood,N.J.M.J.HartungVicePresidentandSecretaryMonday,April8,1940.

VISITTOSIMBAL

Dr.SchaeferandIflewfromLimatoTrujillo,arrivingshortlyafter1:00

P.M.Sr.AlfredoPinillosandhisbrother,Victor,metusattheairport.Wemotoredintotownandpickedup...

...WhentheCocareachesthewarehouseinTrujillo,Pinillosexamineseachsackandrejectsanycocawhichisnotofprimequality.Unlessitisthoroughlydry,hefurtherdriesitinhiswarehouseandthenbalesitforshipmenttoMaywood.

ThecocaisshippedfromTrujillotoSalaverrybyrail,andthenlighteredtothesteamer.

PinillosofferedtodriveustoSamaca,whencewealsoreceivecoca.Itis130kilometersfromTrujilloatanaltitude...of(2800to3000feet).


MAYWOODCHEMICALWORKSMAYWOOD,N.J.1944JAN19AM922

BUREAUOFNARCOTICSMAILSANDFILESJanuary17,1944Hon.H.J.Anslinger,CommissionerBureauofNarcoticsTreasuryDepartmentWashington,D.C.DearMr.Anslinger:

Itisgratifyingtoknowthatevenduringtheturmoilanddislocationsofwar,therehasbeennorelaxationinthefightthiscountryismakingtoridtheworldoftheillegitimateuseofnarcotics.Iamparticularlygladtonotethatcreditforthisispubliclyandsoproperlyattributedtoyouruntiringeffortstowardsthisend.Withallgoodwishesforyourcontinuedsuccess,IamSincerely,M.J.HartungPresident


July12,1948

H.J.Anslinger,CommissionerofNarcoticsTreasuryDepartmentBureauofNarcoticsWashington25,D.C.DearMr.Anslinger:

WequotedMr.Hutchingsapriceof$5.50perounceforcocainebasedonapurityof90%,f.a.s.NewYork.ThisisbelowthematerialcosttousatMaywood,ascocaleafnowcostsus57¢perpounddeliveredMaywoodandcontainsapproximately1%cocainealkaloids.

InconnectionwiththismatterwewillhavefurtherinformationforyouwhenwehavelunchtogetherinWashingtononFriday,the16thInstant.Sincerely,MAYWOODCHEMICALWORKS

***December2,1948HonorableH.J.Anslinger,CommissionerBureauofNarcoticsTreasuryDepartmentWashington,D.C.DearMr.Anslinger:YesterdayIreceivedtwocopiesofthemapshowingthecocagrowingareasandthelocationofcrudecocainefactoriesinPeru.BecauseofourconnectionswithPeruthesemapsareespeciallyinterestingtousandIdeeplyappreciateyourhavingsentthem.Withallgoodwishes.Sincerely,MAYWOODCHEMICALWORKSM.J.Hartung

President


George1951

April13,1951.Hon.WalterF.GeorgeSenateOfficeBuildingWashington,D.C.DearSenatorGeorge:

CommissionerHarryJ.Anslinger,inthetwenty-oneyearssincehewasappointedbyPresidentHoover,has,itseemstome,builtupatrulyremarkableorganizationandIwouldimaginethattheCongressmightbedisposedtoanalyzeanyalternativecloselybeforemergingortransferringorotherwisealteringoneofthegovernmentalagenciesthatispresentlyoperatingwithoutstandingefficiency.

TheCongressmightwellfindthat,highasistheprestigeoftheFederal

BureauofInvestigationandpersuasiveasisthegeneralityofrecommendationsbytheHooverCommission,thepresentlocationandtheexistingstandardsoftheBureauofNarcoticsaresosatisfactoryandsoclearlyinfurtheranceofthepublicinterestastoplaceaheavyburdenofproofontheproponentsofanylegislationcontemplatingthetransfer,mergeroralterationofthisBureau.Verytrulyyours,RalphHayes

TheCocaColaCompany1952

TheCocaColaCompanyWilmington99DelawareJune4,1952.

Hon.HarveyJ.AnslingerShorehamHotelWashington25,D.C.DearMr.Commissioner:

Itisalwaysgratifyingtometoreadthat"thesystemofimportcertificates...forthecontrolofimports...of...cocaleaves...hasoperatedsucessfully..."andIimagineyoufindadegreeofsatisfactionintherevenueof$60,579.15producedbycocaleaflastyear.

Yourannualreportis,asusual,animpressiveandencouragingdocument.Verytrulyyours,RalphHayes

Hayes1953

ROOM1223250PARKAVENUENEWYORK17,N.Y.

DearHarry:

YoumaywishtopassalongthisenclosuretotheLibrary.Itcomesfromthe"Community-ReliefFund"whichyouknowaboutbutthatneednotbementionedintransmittingitunlessyouprefertodoso.Sincerelyyours,Ralph

Hayes1954

ROOM1223250PARKAVENUE

NEWYORK17,N.Y.November9,1954Hon.HarryJ.AnslingerShorehamHotelWashington25,D.C.DearHarry:Itwasgoodofyoutotelephonethismorningand,particularly,toofferthat"wreckingcrew"ofyours.Iknowthepunchitpacks!Don'tdemobilizeitbutholditinabeyance:I'llcalloutifneedarises.Meanwhile,youandIhavesomependinghomeworkthatweshouldgetatwithouttoomuchdelay.I'mafewhundredyardsfromyourUNshopandifothererrandscallyoutherebeforeI'msprungfromhere,weoughttocontinuethetalkwebeganatourlastluncheon.Sincerelyyours,Ralph

Hayes1956

PleaseAddressReplyc/otheCoca-Colaco.515MadisonAve.,NYC22July5,1956.Hon.HarryJ.AnslingerShorehamHotelWashington25,D.C.DearHarry:

Thoughscarcelysurprising,itisasalwaysgratifyingtoreadinthereportof

theBureauofNarcoticsfor1955that"Thesystem...inforceforthecontrolofimports...of...cocaleaves...hasoperatedsatisfactorilyin1955."

ThereportasawholeseemstometobewelluptothehighstandardconsistentlymaintainedbytheBureau,underyourdirection.Sincerelyyours,RalphHayes


Hayes1955

RALPHHAYESHotelDuPontWilmington99,Del.May5,1955CommissionerHarryJ.Anslinger

HotelShorehamWashington,D.C.DearHarry:

TheU.N.debateregardingthecategoriesofthelegitimateusesofcocaleavestobeinsertedintheSingleConventiontookmebysurprise.AfteryourthoughtfulnessinpermittingmetoreadDr.Lande'smemorandumon"TheUseofCocaLeavesforFlavouringPurposesUndertheSingleConvention,"Ihadsupposedthatthematterwasinanagreedandfavorablestatus.

ItwasmostfortunatethatyouintervenedintheCommission'sproceedingsasdeftlyanddecisivelyasyoudidandthatyourpositionwassustained—withyoursupport,Iinfer,ofourfriendsfromCanada,theUnitedKingdomandPeru.Itneedscarcelybesaidthatyouractionismostwarmlygratifying.Withdeepestappreciation,believeme,Sincerelyyours,Ralph


MAYWOODCHEMICALWORKSESTABLISHED1895MAYWOOD,N.J.April30th,1959.

HonorableH.J.Anslinger,TreasuryDepartment,BureauofNarcotics,Washington,25,D.C.DearMr.Anslinger:

Iamdelightedtohaveyourletterofthe29thandferventlywishsuccesstoyourplans.

ThesmoothandeconomicaloperationofourprocessdemandsanampleandconstantsupplyofCocaandIamhappytonotethatyourealisetheimportanceofliberalstocksofCocaformedicinalneedsandforourspecialpurpose.Sincerely,MAYWOODCHEMICALWORKSM.J.Hartung,ChairmanoftheBoard.

Hayes1960

RALPHHAYESMarch16,1960Hon.HarryJ.AnslingerHotelShorehamWashington,D.C.DearHarry:

ItisunderstandablethattheStateDepartmentshouldbeearnestlydesirousofyourleadingthiscountry'sdelegationinpersonattheinternationalnarcoticconferencenextJanuary.IcanimaginethattheSingleConventionmayrankasthemostsignificantdevelopmentinthehistoryofworldnarcoticcontrolandyourpresenceandprestigewillcertainlyconstituteaformidablefactorintheattainmentofthisglobalagreementthathasbeensolonginnegotiation.Sincerelyyours,Ralph


Giordano1963

April18,1963Mr.RalphHayesHotelDuPontWilmington99,DelawareDearRalph:

ThisisinreplytoyourletterofApril5,1963,whereinyouindicateadesiretogrowcocaleavesforresearchpurposesintheHawaiianIslands.

YoumaybeassuredthatwewilldowhatwecantolettheappropriateHawaiianauthoritiesknowthatyourproposedprojecthastheBureau'sapproval.

SinceHawaiiisaStatethesituationissomewhatdifferentthanwhenyouproposedtogrowthecocaleavesintheVirginIslands.IwouldsuggestthatyoumaywanttocommunicatewithDr.LeoBernstein,DirectorofHealth,DepartmentofHealth,Honolulu,Hawaii,orwithMr.GeorgeH.Akau,ChiefoftheFoodandDrugBranchoftheDepartmentofHealth,regardinganyrequiredpermitsorlicenseswhichyoumightneed.Sincerelyyours,HenryL.GiordanoCommissionerofNarcotics

Burns1964

EXECUTIVECHAMBERSHONOLULUJohnA.BurnsGovernorFebruary18,1964

DearMr.Oehlert:

IwascertainofPresidentHamilton'sunderstandinginregardtothepublicityontheCocaproject.

AsIhavealreadyassuredyou,Ibelievedifficultiescanbeironedoutaswegoalong.Warmestpersonalregards.MaytheAlmightybewithyouandyoursalways.Sincerely,JohnA.BurnsMr.BenjaminH.Oehlert,Jr.VicePresidentTheCoca-ColaCompanyP.O.Box2711Orlando,Floridacc:PresidentThomasH.Hamilton


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