Systems Approaches to Organisational Communication

Systems in the Life Sciences

Space and time are . . . dynamic quantities: when a body moves, or a

force acts, it affects the curvature of space and time — and in turn the

structure of space-time affects the way in which bodies move and

forces act. Space and time not only affect but also are affected by

everything that happens in the universe. (Hawking, 1988, p. 33)

Biology and General Systems Theory

Systems theory, communication & Organisations

Goals | Feedback | Contingency

Senge: Learning Organisations

Weick: Sense-making

Limitations