SUBMITTED BY-

KRUTIKA SHRIVASTAVA

B.TECH(BT) IIIrd yr.

7300

Mycosis (plural: mycoses) is a fungal infection of

animals, including humans.

It is of mainly four types –

1. Superficial mycoses

2. Cutaneous mycoses

3. Subcutaneous mycoses

4. Systemic mycoses

Systemic mycoses are fungal infections affecting

internal organs.

Fungi enter the body via lungs, through the gut,

para-nasal sinuses or skin

Then spread via bloodstream to multiple organs

including the skin

Can cause a tremendous variety of health problems

including digestive difficulties, skin problems ,

asthma, breathing difficulties etc.

Often causing multiple organs to fail and eventually

resulting in the death of the patient

Systemic mycoses is of two types –

Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens

Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens

Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens

Originate primarily in the lungs and may spread to

many organ systems

Pathogens are dimorphic

Also known as endemic respiratory infections. These

are mainly of 5 types

Histoplasma capsulatum (causing histoplasmosis)

Coccidioides immitis (causing coccidioidomycosis)

Blastomyces dermatitidis (causing blastomycosis)

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (causing paracoccidiodomycosis)

Penicillium marneffei (causing penicilliosis)

Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum

Attacking lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow and

occasionally kidneys, adrenals and intestines

Symptoms-

Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, chest discomfort,

liver enlargement etc.

Treatment-

Antifungal drugs through vein depending

on the stage of the disease

Caused by Coccidioides immitis

It may occur as either an acute, benign, self-limited disease or a chronic, malignant disseminated disease

Symptoms-Rashes, myalgia, shortness of breath, weight loss, night sweats, influenza etc.

Treatment- Fluconazole &

intravenous amphotericin B

Itraconazole or ketoconazole

are used for immucompromised

patients

Caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis

Lung infection can occur after a person inhales airborne,

microscopic fungal infection from environment

Symptoms-

Fever, chills, cough, muscle ache, joint pain, chest pain etc.

Treatment-

Initial phase-

Oral Ketoconazole

Itraconazole

Life threatening infections-

AMB(Amphotericin B)

Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Acute or chronic, granulomatous infection primarily of

lungs & disseminates to skin, mucosa & other internal

organs

Symptoms-

Acute pneumonia

Treatment-

Long term therapy

AMB combined with sulfonamides

Oral Itraconazole

Caused by Penicillium marnefferei

Persons affected by penicilliosis usually have aids with low cd4 lymphocyte counts

Symptoms-Fever, skin lesions, anaemia, lymphadenopathy etc.

Treatment- Ketoconazole

Itraconazole

Miconazole

Flucytosine

Amphotericin B

Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens

Fungi that only result in systemic infection in immune-

compromised or sick people

Examples of immune compromised conditions include

AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics,

immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer

Its main types are-

Candida species (causing candidiasis)

Aspergillus species (causing aspergillosis)

Cryptococcus (causing cryptococcosis)

Zygomycetes (causing zygomycosis)

Caused by yeast- like fungi of genus candida i.e. Candida albicans

It is of 2 types- Infectious and Allergic

Symptoms-depend on area affected, some common symptoms are

redness, itching and discomfort etc.

Treatment-Antifungal drugs include-

Topical clotrimazole

Topical nystatin

Fuconazole

Topical ketoconazole

Fig.- oral candidiasis

caused by Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus has the tendency to invade blood vessels

Symptoms-

superficial lesions, coughing up of blood,cheast pain, etc.

Treatment-

Voriconazole

liposomal amphotericin B

Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans

It is an encapsulated yeast and is present in soil and

bird (especially pigeon) droppings

Symptoms-

pneumonia like illness, shortness of breath, skin lesions

may occur, fever, cough etc.

Treatment- Intravenous combined with flucytosine

Amphotericin B and flucytosine

Fluconazole with amphotericin

Zygomycosis (also called Mucomycosis) is a generic

term which refers to infections of the class

Zygomycetes (also called Phycomycetes)

Symptoms-

Facial swelling, bulging eye,headache,blurred & double

vision, bleeding from nose etc.

Treatment-

Antifungal agents

amphotericin B

Fungizone,amphocine,ambisome

Liposomal amphotericin B

ablecet

Immune compromised people are at risk of

systemic mycoses. Immunodeficiency can result

from:

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection

Systemic malignancy (cancer)

Neutropaenia (low white blood cell count)

Organ transplant recipients

After a major surgical operation

Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

Very old or very young

The most reliable tests to confirm infection are

skin biopsy for histological (microscopic)

analysis, and fungal culture.

Blood can also be cultured.

Fig :- culture of Histoplasma

capsulatum (histoplasmosis)

Fungal infections are diseases caused by fungi.

Only about 180 types of fungi on the existing

1,00,000 are pathogenic for humans.

Itching, unsightly staining of certain areas of the

skin, burning, mainly mucosal are the common

symptoms

As fungal infections are very stubborn, several

preparations, which specifically inhibit the

proliferation of fungi, are available to treat fungal

infections.

Depending on the location of the infection, local

preparations in the form of creams or sprays are

used. For the systemic treatment, tablets are used.

o Systemic Mycoses: An Overview for Modern Natural Health

Professionals

By R. Thiel, Ph.D., Nutrition Scientist and Clinical

Naturopath

o MYCOLOGY - CHAPTER SEVEN,OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES,by

Dr. Art DiSalvo

o Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th Edition

o DermNetNZ.com

o Patient.co.uk

o http://www.healthresearch.com

o www.wikipedia.com for

mycoses,penicilliosi,aspergilliosis,candidiasis,coccidiodomyc

oses,cryptococcosis,zygomycosis.

o www.rightdiagnosis.com

o www.nytimes.com

Thank you