The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Volume 10 | Issue 39 | Number 2 | Article ID 3835 | Sep 22, 2012

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Systemic Destabilization in Recent American History: 9/11,the JFK Assassination, and the Oklahoma City Bombing as aStrategy of Tension 近年アメリカ史における体系的不安定化−−緊張醸成戦略としての９・１１、ケネディ大統領暗殺、オクラホマ市連邦政府ビル爆破事件 F

Peter Dale Scott

French translation available;(http://www.voltairenet.org/article178058.html) Spanish translationa v a i l a b l e(http://www.voltairenet.org/article178220.html).

Introduction: Structural DeepEvents and the Strategy of Tensionin Italy

From an American standpoint, it is easy to seeclearly how Italian history was systematicallydestabilized in the second half of the 20th

century, by a series of what I call structuraldeep events. I have defined these as "events,like the JFK assassination, the Watergatebreak-in, or 9/11, which violate the … socialstructure, have a major impact on … society,repeatedly involve law-breaking or violence,and in many cases proceed from an unknowndark force."2

The examples in Italy, well known to Italians,include the Piazza Fontana bombing of 1969,the Piazza della Loggia bombing of 1974, andthe Bologna railway bombing of 1980.

Piazza Fontana bombing

Bologna bombing

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These bombings, in which over one hundredcivilians were killed and many more wounded,were attributed at the time to marginal left-wing elements of society. However, thankschiefly to a series of investigations and judicialproceedings, it is now clearly established thatthe bombings were the work of right-wingelements in collusion with Italian militaryintelligence, as part of an on-going "strategy oftension" to discredit the Italian left, encouragesupport for a corrupt status quo, and perhapsmove beyond democracy altogether.3 As one ofthe conspirators, Vincenzo Vinciguerra, laterstated, "The December 1969 explosion wassupposed to be the detonator which would haveconvinced the political and military authoritiesto declare a state of emergency."4

Vinciguerra also revealed that he and othershad also been members of a paramilitary "stay-behind" network originally organized at the endof World War II by the CIA and NATO as"Operation Gladio."

In 1984, questioned by judgesabout the 1980 Bologna stationbombing, Vinciguerra said: "Withthe massacre of Peteano, and withall those that have followed, theknowledge should by now be clearthat there existed a real livestructure, occult and hidden, withthe capacity of giving a strategicdirection to the outrages...[it] lieswithin the state itself...There existsin Italy a secret force parallel tothe armed forces, composed ofcivilians and military men, in ananti-Soviet capacity that is, toorganise a resistance on Italian soilagainst a Russian army...A secretorganisation, a super-organisationwith a network of communications,arms and explosives, and mentrained to use them...A super-organisation which, lacking a

Soviet military invasion whichmight not happen, took up thetask , on Na to ' s beha l f , o fpreventing a slip to the left in thepolitical balance of the country.This they did, with the assistanceof the official secret services andthe political and military forces.5

Gladio connections to sustained false-flagviolence, again involving NATO and the CIA,were subsequently revealed in other countries,notably Belgium and Turkey.6

The original purpose of Gladio was toconsolidate resistance in the event of a Soviettakeover. But many of the senior Italiansinvolved in the bombings implicated the CIAand NATO in them as well:

General Vito Miceli, the Italianhead of military intelligence, afterhis arrest in 1974 on a charge ofconspiring to overthrow thegovernment, testified "that theincriminated organization, … wasformed under a secret agreementwith the United States and withinthe framework of NATO." FormerItalian defense minister PauloTaviani told Magistrate Cassonduring a 1990 investigation "thatduring his time in office (1955-58),the Italian secret services werebossed and financed by ‘the boysin Via Veneto'—i.e. the CIA agentsin the U.S. Embassy in the heart ofRome." In 2000 "an Italian secretservice general [Giandelio Maletti]said . . . that the CIA gave its tacitapproval to a series of bombings inItaly in the 1970s to sow instabilityand keep communists from takingpower. . . . ‘The CIA wanted,through the birth of an extremenationalism and the contribution of

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the far right, particularly OrdineNuovo, to stop (Italy) sliding to theleft,' he said."7

Daniele Ganser, in his important book Nato'sSecret Armies, has endorsed a Spanish reportthat in 1990 NATO Secretary General ManfredW ö r n e r ( a G e r m a n(http: / /en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Germany)p o l i t i c i a n(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician) anddiplomat) secretly confirmed that NATO'sheadquarters, SHAPE, was indeed responsible:

The Supreme Headquarters AlliedPowers Europe (SHAPE), directingo r g a n o f N A T O ' s m i l i t a r yapparatus, coordinated the actionsof Gladio, according to therevelations of Gladio Secretary-General Manfred Wörner during ar e u n i o n w i t h t h e N A T Oambassadors of the 16 alliednations.9

Extrapolating from such testimony, OlaTunander has compared the strategy of tensionin Italy, with its false-flag bombing attacks, to"what the Turkish military elite might describeas the correction of the course of democracy bythe ‘deep state' [a Turkish term]."10

Strategy of Tension

But I believe it would be too simplistic ananalysis to blame the Italian strategy of tensionexclusively on Vinciguerra's "super-organisation which… took up the task [of false-flag bombings], on Nato's behalf." Thereappear to have been other directing forcesbesides NATO and those elements Vinciguerrawas aware of through Italian militaryintelligence (the SID, later SISMI). It isimportant to recall that the Italian trials ofthose convicted for the 1980 Bologna bombingimplicated not only Vinciguerra, SISMI, andGladio, but also elements of the Italian mafia(the Banda della Magliana) and the ItalianMasonic Lodge Propaganda-Due (P-2), withlinks to criminal bankers and the Vatican.11

In short, if we suggest that something like theTurkish deep state was involved in the Italianstrategy of tension, this does not suggest asolution to the Italian mystery, so much as azone, or interlocking network, for furtherresearch.

Has a Strategy of Tension Been Exercisedin America?

Gladio connections to sustained false-flagviolence, again involving NATO and the CIA,were subsequently established in othercountries, notably Belgium and Turkey.12 I wish

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to propose that America, as well as Europe, hasalso suffered from a similar series of false-flagstructural deep events, including bombings,that have, in conformity with the same strategyof tension, systematically moved America intoits current condition, a state of emergency.

Nato headquarters

Among the false flag structural deep events Iwish to consider today are

The John F. Kennedy assassinationof 1963, or 11/22, which led to theCIA's Operation Chaos against theanti-Vietnam War movement.(11/22 was clearly a deep event:many documents in the area of LeeHarvey Oswald's relations to CIAoperations are still being withheld,despite statutory and court ordersto release them.13

The Robert Kennedy assassinationof 1968, followed immediately byemergency legislation which led tostate-sponsored violence at the1 9 6 8 D e m o c r a t i c P a r t yConvention.

The 1993 first World Trade Centerbombing and the 1995 OklahomaCity bombing, which led to the

Antiterrorism and Effective DeathPenalty Act of 1996.

9/11 and the subsequent false flaganthrax attacks of 2001, which ledto the imposition of Continuity ofGovernment (COG) measures, thePatriot Act, and the proclamation,on September 14, 2001, of a Stateof Emergency which remains ineffect. (In September 2012 it wasonce again renewed for anotheryear).14

These structural deep events have had acommon and cumulative result: the erosion ofpublic or constitutional power, and itsprogressive replacement by unconstrainedrepressive force. I have argued elsewhere that

1) as in Italy, all of these eventswere blamed on marginal left-wingelements, but in fact involvedelements inside America's covertintelligence agencies, along withthe ir shadowy underwor ldconnections.

2) some of these structural deepevents bore a relationship to theongoing secret planning - known inthe Pentagon as the DoomsdayPro ject - for Cont inu i ty o fGovernment (or COG) in anemergency, which entailed its ownsecret communications network,and arrangements for what (in theOliver North Hearings) was called"suspension of the AmericanConstitution."

3) in every case, the officialresponse to the deep event was aset of new repressive measures,usually in the form of legislation.

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4) cumulatively, these eventssuggest the on-going presence inAmerica of what I have called a"dark force" or "deep state,"analogous to what Vinciguerradescribed in Italy as a "secretforce…occult and hidden, with thecapacity of giving a strategicdirection to the [successive]outrages."15

The Oklahoma City Bombing (4/19) and9/11

Recently I viewed for a film, "A Noble Lie,"about the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.16 Thisgave me a chance, for the first time, to testthese hypotheses against the case of OklahomaCity on April 19, 1995, or what I shall call 4/19.More than I could have anticipated, 4/19 fit intoand strengthened this analysis.

Oklahoma City Bombing

The film "A Noble Lie," itself points to somestriking similarities between the events of 1995and of 2001. The most obvious is the allegeddestruction of a steel-reinforced building byexternal forces (a truck bomb in the case of theMurrah Building in 1995, flying debris in thecase of Building Seven in 2001). Experts inboth cases have asserted that the buildings in

fact could only have been brought down bycutting charges placed directly against thesustaining columns inside the building. Herefor example is a report to Congress fromGeneral Benton K. Partin, a retired U.S. AirForce Brigadier General and expert on non-nuclear weapons devices:

When I first saw the pictures of thetruck-bomb's asymmetricaldamage to the Federal Building,my immediate reaction was thatthe pattern of damage would havebeen technically impossiblewithout supplementing demolitioncharges at some of the reinforcingconcrete column bases…. For asimplistic blast truck-bomb, of thesize and composition reported, tobe able to reach out on the orderof 60 feet and collapse a reinforcedcolumn base the size of column A-7is beyond credulity.17

There is now a broad and growing consensusamong architects, engineers, and other experts,that the three buildings which collapsed on9/11 in the World Trade Center were also mostprobably destroyed by controlled demolitioncharges.18

Another important similarity was the legalconsequence of most of these events: theresponse to Ok lahoma C i ty was theAntiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Actof 1996, while the response to 9/11 was thefirst implementation of COG and the passage(after a false flag anthrax attack) of the PatriotAct. "A Noble Lie" focuses on the domesticconsequences of the Antiterrorism Act, andindeed it did, like the Patriot Act after it,provide for significant restrictions on the rightof habeas corpus as the courts had interpretedit. In other words, both acts provided pretextsfor implementation of the proposals forwarrantless detention that had been a central

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focus of COG planning in the 1980s with OliverNorth. This fit into a larger ongoing pattern ofthe progressive restriction of our constitutionalrights by unrestrained coercive power -- apat tern that I wi l l t race back to theassassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963.

But there were important foreign consequencesof the 1996 Antiterrorism Act as well, inparticular Section 328, which amended theForeign Assistance Act to bolster

assistance in the form of arms and ammunitionto certain specific countries, for the purpose offighting terrorism.19 This in turn led in 1997 tothe creation of secret "Eyes Only" liaisonagreement between the CIA's Counter-Terrorism Center (CTC) and Saudi Arabia,followed by a subsequent CIA agreement in1999 with Uzbekistan (i.e. two of the mostsecretive and repressive regimes in the worldtoday).20

I have argued that these secret liaisonagreements - with Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan- may have provided the cover for secret CIAwithholding of information before 9/11 aboutthe designated 9/11 culprits al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar.21 Thus, if my analysis of the CIA'swithholding in 2000-2001 is accurate, then 4/19in 1995 did not just exhibit similarities to 9/11:it was a significant part of the build-up whichallowed this withholding to occur, and also 9/11itself.

Increases in Repressive Power After DeepEvents

That 4/19 in 1995 had repressive legalconsequences links it both to 9/11 in 2001 andalso to 11/22 in 1963, after which the WarrenCommission used the JFK assassination toincrease CIA surveillance of Americans. As Iwrote in Deep Politics, this was the result of

the Warren Commiss ion ' scontroversial recommendations

that the Secret Service's domesticsurveillance responsibilities beincreased (WR 25-26). Somewhatillogically, the Warren Reportconcluded both that Oswald actedalone (WR 22), . . . and also thatthe Secret Service, FBI, CIA,should coordinate more closely thesurveillance of organized groups(WR 463) . In part icu lar , i trecommended that the SecretService acquire a computerizeddata bank compatible with thatalready developed by the CIA.22

In the ensuing Vietnam War this involvement ofthe CIA in domestic surveillance led to theCIA's Operation Chaos, an investigation of theantiwar movement in which the CIA, despite itsCharter's restrictions on domestic spying,

amassed thousands of files onAmericans, indexed hundreds ofthousands of Americans into itsc o m p u t e r r e c o r d s , a n ddisseminated thousands of reportsabout Americans to the FBI andother government offices. Some ofthe information concerned thedomest ic act iv i ty o f thoseAmericans. 2 3

The pattern of increased repression wouldrepeat itself four years later in 1968 after theassassination of Martin Luther King, inresponse to which two US Army brigades were(until 1971) stationed on permanent standby inthe United States, as part of OperationGARDEN PLOT to deal with domestic unrest.24

The pattern was repeated again with

the assassination of RobertKennedy. In the twenty-four hours

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between Bobby's shooting and hisdeath, Congress hurriedly passed astatute— drafted well in advance(like the Tonkin Gulf Resolution of1964 and the Patriot Act of 2001)— that still further augmented thesecret powers given to the SecretService in the name of protectingpresidential candidates.25

This was not a trivial or benignchange : f r om th i s sw i f t l yconsidered act, passed underJohnson, flowed some of the worstexcesses of the Nixon presidency.26

The change also contributed to thechaos and violence at the ChicagoDemocratic Convention of 1968.Army intelligence surveillanceagents, seconded to the SecretService, were present both insideand outside the convention hall.Some of them equipped the so-called "Legion of Justice thugswhom the Chicago Red Squadturned loose on local anti-wargroups."27

Other Similarities between Dallas in 1963and Oklahoma City in 1995

The repressive consequences after 11/22 in1963, and after 4/19 in 1995, are linked toother shared features between the two events.Almost immediately after 11/22 there werereports from both inside and outsidegovernment, suggesting that Oswald had killedthe president as part of an internationalCommunist conspiracy.

In Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, I calledthese "Phase-One" reports, part of

a two-fold process. Phase One putforward the phantom of aninternational plot, linking Oswald

to the USSR, to Cuba, or to bothcountries together. This phantomwas used to invoke the danger of apossible nuclear confrontation,which induced Chief Justice EarlWarren and other political notablesto accept Phase Two, the equallyfa lse (but less dangerous)hypothesis that Oswald killed thePresident all by himself. …. [T]hePhase-One story… was f irstpromoted and then defused by theCIA. Michael Beschloss hasrevealed that, at 9:20 AM on themorning of November 23, CIADirector John McCone briefed thenew President. In Beschloss'words: "The CIA had informationon foreign connections to thealleged assassin, Lee HarveyOswald, which suggested to LBJthat Kennedy may have beenmurdered by an internationalconspiracy."

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To this day both Phase-One and Phase-Twostories have dominated the treatment of 11/22in the governing media, to the virtual exclusionof non-establishment analyses treating 11/22 asa deep event.

Many have forgotten that there was a PhaseOne-Phase Two process with respect to 4/19 aswell. Both immediately and thereafter therewere a number of reports linking McVeigh andNichols to Iraqis and other Middle Easterners,including Ramzi Yousef, the fugitive bomber inthe 1993 World Trade Center bombing (whichalso used an ammonium nitrate (ANFO) bombin a Ryder rental truck.)29 Both Clinton and hisCounterterrorism Coordinator, Richard Clarke,have confirmed that some of these stories werediscussed at a meeting of the CounterterrorismSecurity Group on the day of 4/19.30 Both menalso claim to have dismissed them in favor of alow-grade Phase Two local conspiracy led by

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the two designated culprits: Timothy McVeighand Terry Nichols. But reports of MiddleEastern involvement, sometimes attributed tosources inside government, continued toappear in the governing media, including CBS,NBC, and the New York Times.31

First World Trade Center bombing of 1993

Meanwhile, signs of a local Iraqi conspiracywere industriously pursued by an OklahomaCity NBC reporter, Jayna Davis, and collectedin her book The Third Terrorist. Her Phase-Oneevidence was centered on an all-points-bulletininitial search, quickly suppressed, for anunnamed John Doe #2. Her research wassubsequently endorsed in a CongressionalReport by Republican Congressman DanaRohrabacher.32

Moreover Richard Clarke has written that theOklahoma City bombing was followed by aspate of new internal Presidential DecisionDirectives or PDDs (in addition to theAntiterrorism Act), which were drafted byhimself. One of these addressed a securityproblem in response to the Oklahoma Citybombing, and another conferred newcounterterrorism powers on himself, includinghis new title as National Coordinator forSecurity, Infrastructure Protection, andCounter-terrorism. Two (PDD 62 and especially

PDD 67) dealt with what he calls a more"robust system of command and control" for"our Continuity of Government program,"which in his words "had been allowed to fallapart when the threat of a Soviet nuclearattack had gone away."33

These words recall Tim Weiner's report of April1994 in the New York Times that in the post-Soviet Clinton era, "the Doomsday Project, as itwas known" was scheduled to be scaled wayback, because "the nuclear tensions" of theSoviet era had faded away.34 In other wordsClinton had planned to scale back theDoomsday Project (which was governed by asecret extra-governmental committee includingDonald Rumsfeld and Dick Cheney, then bothnot in government); but Richard Clarke usedOklahoma City to save the Doomsday Project,make it more robust and place it under his owncontrol.

According to author Andrew Cockburn, a newtarget was found:

Although the exercises continued,still budgeted at over $200 milliona year in the Clinton era, thevanished Soviets were nowreplaced by terrorists. . . . Therewere other changes, too. In earliertimes the specialists selected torun the "shadow government" hadbeen drawn from across thepolitical spectrum, Democrats andRepublicans alike. But now, downin the bunkers, Rumsfeld [andCheney] found [themselves] inpolitically congenial company, theplayers' roster being filled almostexclusively with Republican hawks."It was one way for these people tostay in touch. They'd meet, do theexercise, but also sit around andc a s t i g a t e t h e C l i n t o nadministration in the most extremeway," a former Pentagon official

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with direct knowledge of thephenomenon told me. "You couldsay this was a secret government-in-waiting."35

Of course the fact that 4/19 was followed by astrengthening of COG does not of itselfcorroborate my thesis that COG planning hasbeen a significant factor in the planning andexecution of America's structural deep events36

However there were other recurring features inthe picture I have presented of America'sstructural deep events, and we do find these inthe Oklahoma City story.

Of these the most prominent is the importancein the official story of designated culprits whowere very possibly government informants ordouble agents.37 Perhaps the best documentedrecent example is the US Government's use andprotection of the senior al-Qaeda operative AliMohamed as a double agent inside al Qaeda;this protection allowed him to train some of theparticipants of the first World Trade Centerbombing in 1993, and later help organize the1998 U.S. Embassy bombing in Kenya.38

In my 2008 book The War Conspiracy Idiscussed the possibility that both Lee HarveyOswald and some of the Arabs designated in9/11 (Ali Mohamed, al-Hazmi, al-Mihdhar) mayin fact have been double agents working with aUS Government agency, such as the FBI orArmy Intelligence.39 Others have suggested thatat the very least Oswald was an FBI informant;and Lawrence Wright wrote in The New Yorkerthat, in withholding the names of al-Hazmi andal-Mihdhar from the FBI, "The CIA may alsohave been protecting an overseas operationand was afraid that the F.B.I. would exposeit."40

In this context I noted with great interest thecontention in "A Noble Lie" that TimothyMcVeigh, the prime designated culprit in 4/19,may also have been an informant or doubleagent working for the U.S. Army.41 Of course

this contention remains unproven, but the filmprovides some corroborative evidence.

The Oklahoma City Bombing andOperation PATCON

What is certain is that McVeigh, like Oswald,al-Hazmi, and al-Mihdhar, was in a milieu ofknown informants and or double agents, whowere part of an important secret operation. Inthe case of Oswald and the two Saudis, thissuggests reasons for the U.S. Government's on-going suppression of important facts aboutthem, both before the crimes they are allegedto have committed, and ever since to thepresent day.42

In 2005 John M. Berger, an excel lentresearcher, discovered that in the 1990s theFBI, in a major counterintelligence operation,codenamed PATCON for "Patriot-conspiracy,"had been investigating McVeigh's milieu ofarmed right-wingers -- or what Berger called

a wildly diverse collection of racist,ultra-libertarian, right-wing and/orpro-gun activists and extremistswho, over the years, have foundcommon cause in their suspiciona n d f e a r o f t h e f e d e r a lgovernment. The undercoveragents met some of the mostinfamous names in the movement,but their work never led to a singlearrest. When McVeigh walkedthrough the midd le o f theinvestigation in 1993, he wentunnoticed.43

PATCON was particularly focused on a formerasset of Oliver North's illegal network to supplyarms to the Nicaragua Contras: Tom Posey andhis paramilitary group Civilian MaterialAssistance (CMA). In the 1980s, according toPaul de Armond, CMA had begun as "as anadjunct to the Alabama Ku Klux Klan."44

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Enrolled in the Contra supply effort by first theDefense Intelligence Agency and then OliverNorth, CMA's "volunteer" work in patrolling theArizona border against incoming alienspersuaded then-Congressman John McCain toserve on its board.45 But in PATCON's eyes inthe Post-Reagan era, "Posey was a notoriousblack market arms dealer, suspected of havingcontraband sources on more than one U.S.military base."46

In both JFK and 9/11 it seems clear to me thatthe subsequent cover-ups derive from the factthat the respective plots were skillfullydesigned to piggy-back on authorized covertoperations, in such a way as to ensure asubsequent cover-up. Berger's important essayin Foreign Policy on PATCON does not suggesta connection between McVeigh's plot and theFBI operation. However he notes deep in theessay that Dennis Mahon, an associate ofMcVeigh and another important target ofPATCON,

would go on to be a well-knownfigure in white supremacist circlesand was convicted in February forthe 2004 mail bombing of a statediversity official in Arizona. Afterhis arrest in 2009, Mahon told hiscellmate that he was "the numberthree anonymous person in theO k l a h o m a C i t y b o m b i n ginvestigation."

In other words, Mahon identified himself asJohn Doe #2.

Berger, on his own Website Intelwire, haswritten that "Mahon has spoken of knowingMcVeigh in the past," and has concluded that,"Based on those comments and otherinformation, it is at least plausible that Mahonwas involved in the [Oklahoma City] bombing.47

Berger's "other evidence" is the testimony ofATF informant Carol Howe, transmitted first by

Jayna Davis and then by CongressmanRohrabacher, that before 4/19 "Mahon talkedabout targeting federal buildings for bombings.…[and] took three trips [with McVeigh'scontact Andre Strassmeir] to Oklahoma City."48

Mahon has been characterized as a self-aggrandizing loose talker. However, it seemssafe to say that we better understand thecontext of Oklahoma City after considering thenew evidence relating to PATCON, a secret FBIoperation from 1991 to 1993 then known onlyto insiders.

Was Oklahoma City "a Sting Gone Wrong"?

Although PATCON itself was officiallyterminated in 1993, we learn from its files thatthere were in fact a number of ongoinginformants at Elohim City, Oklahoma very likelyincluding not only Howe but also Strassmeir.49

The Government's lack of response to thereports they received of an intended bombingstrengthens the hypothesis, voiced in the film"A Noble Lie," that the 4/19 plot was initiallyintended as a sting, the lethal result of whichrepresented "a sting gone wrong."

If so, this would increase the similarity between4/19 and the first World Trade Center bombingin 1993. According to the official account, thiswas also a conspiracy penetrated by the FBI,also involving an ANFO bomb on a Ryder rental

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truck that was also later identified by itsvehicle identification number (VIN) on a metalfragment.50 In the 1993 bombing the New YorkTimes later reported from tapes of interviews ofthe FBI's informant with his FBI handler:

Law-enforcement officials weretold that terrorists were building abomb that was eventually used toblow up the World Trade Center,and they planned to thwart theplotters by secretly substitutingh a r m l e s s p o w d e r f o r t h eexplosives, an informer said afterthe blast.

The informer was to have helpedthe plotters build the bomb andsupply the fake powder, but theplan was called off by an F.B.I.supervisor who had other ideasabout how the informer, Emad A.Salem, should be used, theinformer said. 5 1

This Times story of the 2003 WTC bombingclearly describes a conspiracy that had beeneffectively penetrated by the FBI, whichnonetheless, for whatever reason, reached itslethal conclusion. One such case of apenetrated operation "gone wrong" in 1993might be attributed to confusion, bureaucraticincompetence, or the problems of determiningwhen sufficient evidence had been gathered tojustify arrests. A repeated catastrophe twoyears later raises the question whether thelethal outcome was not intended.

Together with the example of inaction on theCIA's prior knowledge of the alleged 9/11hijackers, the three mass murders strengthenthe claim to the International Criminal Court ofJudge Ferdinando Imposimato, the HonoraryPresident of Italy's Supreme Court: that 9/11was "a repeat of the CIA's 'strategy of tension'carried out in Italy" from the 1960s to the

1980s.52 I appreciate that it will be difficult aswell as painful for most Americans tocontemplate that America's own history, likethat of Italy a half century ago, could have beensystemically manipulated and destabilized byunknown forces. But the more research I do,the more I am convinced that something likeJudge Imposimato 's verdict must beconsidered.

Moreover, if the Italian analogy is applicable tothe United States, then the judgment that "9/11was "a repeat of the CIA's 'strategy of tension'carried out in Italy" raises a larger questionabout all the structural deep events we haveconsidered, especially the bombings of 1993and 1995. Were these all part of a singlesustained strategy of tension? It is too early totell. But at the very least the WTC bombings of1993 and 2001 show suggestive signs ofcommon origins - both outside government (theplotters Khalid Shaikh Mohammed and theinformant Ali Mohammed) and possibly inside(as indicated by the overlapping, ongoingcover-ups of both).53

In contrast, all of the structural deep events Ihave been discussing are predictably treated bythe governing media as the work of marginaloutsiders - by a "lone nut" like Oswald, or a"lone wolf" like Timothy McVeigh. Thecommonalities between these events I havepresented suggest a different analysis: thatinsiders including intelligence officials andother government officers, as well as outsiders,including government agents and doubleagents, must be held responsible for repeatedlydesigning plots that, because of their interfacewith sanctioned intelligence operations, willnot be revealed by government.

My own analysis identifies these insiders aspart of an on-going milieu, admittedlyamorphous and unstructured, linking the secretnetworks in government to other powerfulforces in our society, For want of a betterphrase, I have labeled this milieu, reluctantly,

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as the "deep state."54 But as I remarked earlierwith respect to Italy, the term "deep state" isnot offered as a solution to these unsolvedcrimes, but as a focus for further research.

An Alternative Analysis of Deep Events:State Crimes Against Democracy

Let me contrast my own analysis with those oftwo others. The first is the notion of a "secretgovernment" put forward in an important PBSprogram in 1987 by Bill Moyers.55 It rightlypoints to the dangerous rise of covert agencies,and above all the CIA, inside government sincethe National Security Act of 1947. And itanalyzes the crimes of Iran-Contra in particularas an example of secret government escapingfrom the jurisdiction of the law and otherrestraints of the Constitution and public state.

In the words of the Moyers show

The Secret Government is aninterlocking network of officialfunctionaries, spies, mercenaries,ex-generals, profiteers andsuperpatriots, who, for a variety ofmotives, operate outside theleg i t imate ins t i tu t ions o fgovernment.

In other words, the show was pointing to the"Enterprise" used by North and his allies insideand outside the Executive Office Building toimplement Iran-Contra and other policies thatviolated law and/or the directives of Congress.As I have shown e l sewhere , Nor th ,implementing these policies, availed himself ofthe emergency antiterrorist network,codenamed Flashboard, that had been puttogether, at immense cost, by the DoomsdayProject.56 In so doing, he was "piggy-backing:"using the authorized secret network for anillicit, criminal program, outside of thenetwork's designated purpose.

Such an analysis could be screened on PBS in1987 because one part of the U.S. governmentat that time was at war with another - a warwhich set Casey at odds not only with Congressbut even with senior officers in his own agencythe CIA.57 One can locate Moyers' show as partof a series of insider leaks and governing mediaexposés of Oliver North's off-the-books"Enterprise," which North (and behind him CIAdirector Casey) had used to violate officialpolicies and laws.58 In short Moyers' challengeto Casey's and North's "warriors" suited theaims of the traditional CIA (and their usualbackers, the "traders" on Wall Street).59

Thus we should not be surprised that it hadnothing to say about the role of North'ssuperior, Vice-President Bush, or about thestake of corporate interests in promoting CIAcovert operations around the world (such asthe much larger 1980s CIA operation inAfghanistan). Above all, it had not a word aboutNorth's Doomsday Project planning to "suspendthe U.S. Constitution," even though this didsurface for an instant in the Iran-ContraHearings.60 By its silence about the DoomsdayProject, the show failed to address the ongoingplanning which, I believe, allowed for thefruition of COG plans in 9/11 and the PatriotAct. To sum up, the Moyers attack on the secretgovernment was largely confined to what wasalready in the public record. It did not ventureinto deep politics.

More recently the concept of State CrimesAgainst Democracy, or SCADs, has beenproposed by Prof. Lance deHaven-Smith, andendorsed by some of my friends in the 9/11Truth community, including Peter Phillips andMickey Huff. By SCADs, Prof. deHaven-Smithmeans "concerted actions or inactions bygovernment insiders intended to manipulatedemocratic processes and undermine popularsovereignty."61

One great advantage of the SCAD hypothesis isthat, unlike my own work, it has been discussed

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in academic journals, thus breaking a kind ofsound barrier. But I have problems with theterm "State Crimes." On the one hand I wouldclaim that the State, or some segments of thestate, is often the victim of deep events, as in4/19. On the other I see the State as primarily aguarantor of democracy, not simply an enemyof it.

I agree that some government insiders play animportant role in these events, indeed, I havedocumented some of these in the precedingpages. But I find it misleading to pin the blamefor the crime on the State alone. After all, if abank insider opens the door to a group of bankrobbers, what ensues (even if you choose to callit an "inside job") is unmistakably a robbery ofthe bank, not by it.

SCAD analysis is far more useful andsophisticated than I can present it here, and Iexpect to continue to learn from those whopursue it. But it is not deep political analysis.DeHaven-Smith's list of SCADs includes "thesecret wars in Laos and Cambodia," tworelevant policy decisions (rather than events)that we know came from the Oval Office;although covert at the time, and very arguablyillegal, they were when exposed not at allmysterious and thus essentially not very deep.

By positing SCADs as a struggle between theState on the one hand and democracy on theother, I believe this analysis oversimplifies bothconcepts, and underestimates (as Moyers didnot) the internal contradictions within each.Democracy is after all a form of the state inwhich the people's freedom and power isconstitutionally guaranteed by the state (orwhat I call the public state). And at least one ofdeHaven-Smith's SCADs - the JFK assassination- might more logically be considered a crimeagainst the state, rather than by it.

Phillips and Hoff seem to recognize thisdifficulty: they drop the JFK assassination fromtheir own list of SCADs.62 But this artificiallysegregates the JFK assassination from other

deep events, such as the Martin Luther Kingand Robert Kennedy assassinations, which Ibelieve are parts of a common syndrome.

In short I believe in the crucial importance of adistinction that SCAD analysis does not make -between the public state that is ostensiblydedicated to fostering the welfare, rights andupward power of the people, and that residueof unofficial powers inside and outsidegovernment, or what I have awkwardly calledthe deep state, that for a half century has beenprogressively eroding that upward orpersuasive power, and replacing it withunrestricted, unconstitutional power (orviolence) of its own.

My final objection to SCAD analysis is practical.If the state is the author of these crimes, thenthe work of critics must be to mobilize publicopinion against the state. This fits thelibertarian politics of those who (like Alex Jonesand other lovers of the Second Amendment)profoundly distrust the public US state in itsentirety, and not just its covert agencies. Prof.DeHaven-Smith's own analysis implicates notjust covert intelligence agencies of the USGovernment but the government as a whole,and perhaps particularly the courts. (In supportof this indictment, he is able to point to theSupreme Court's unusual action, in 2000, ofitself electing George W. Bush as president, bya vote of five to four.)

But a strategy of attacking the state as a wholeseems to me an example of defeatist politics.Here again we can be enlightened by theItalian strategy of tension, which is a tale ofindiscriminate terror with a happier ending.The terror bombings ended after Bologna in1980, thanks to a series of vigorous andcourageous investigations by first journalists,then parliamentary commissions, and finallythe courts (not least the court of JudgeImposimato himself, which investigated themurder of Italian premier Aldo Moro and theattempted assassination of Pope John Paul II).

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The victory of truth over violence did not comeeasily: journalists, parliamentarians, and atleast one judge were themselves killed. And itwas clearly a victory against one part of thestate, which was achieved through thecountervailing forces of other parts.

The Italian example proves that the forcesbehind a strategy of tension are not invincible.They also suggest that, if the dark forces of thedeep state are to be defeated, this will take thecombined resources, not just of the people, butof those elements in government that can,eventually, be aroused in search of the truth.

If this essay contributes to this purpose, it willbe because others take up the line of inquiry Ihave indicated. I myself do not claim tounderstand the inner truth about thesestructural deep events. But I hope I havesuccessfully indicated some of the directionswhich future investigations should pursue.

Peter Dale Scott, a former Canadian diplomatand English Professor at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, is the author of Drugs Oila n d W a r(http://amzn.com/0742525228?tag=theasipacjo0 b - 2 0 ) , T h e R o a d t o 9 / 1 1(http://amzn.com/0520237730?tag=theasipacjo0b-20), and The War Conspiracy: JFK, 9/11, andt h e D e e p P o l i t i c s o f W a r(http://amzn.com/0980121361?tag=theasipacjo0b-20). His most recent book is American WarMachine: Deep Politics, the CIA Global DrugConnection and the Road to Afghanistan(http://amzn.com/0742555941?tag=theasipacjo0b-20). His website, which contains a wealth ofh i s w r i t i n g s , i s h e r e(http://www.peterdalescott.net/q.html).

Recommended citation: Peter Dale Scott,"Systemic Destabilization in Recent AmericanHistory: 9/11, the JFK Assassination, and theOklahoma City Bombing," The Asia-PacificJournal, Vol 10 Issue 39, No. 2, September 24,2012.

Articles on related subjects

• Peter Dale Scott, Why Americans Must EndA m e r i c a ' s S e l f - G e n e r a t i n g W a r s(https://apjjf.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3819)

• Peter Dale Scott, The NATO Afghanistan Warand US-Russian Relations: Drugs, Oil, and War(https://apjjf.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3759)

• P e t e r D a l e S c o t t(https://apjjf.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3650), TheDoomsday Project and Deep Events:JFK,Watergate, Iran-Contra, and 9/11

• P e t e r D a l e S c o t t(https://apjjf.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3590),Norway's Terror as Systemic Destabilization:Breivik, the Arms-for-Drugs Milieu, and GlobalShadow Elites

• T i m S h o r r o c k(https://apjjf.org/-Tim-Shorrock/3561), Readingthe Egyptian Revolution Through the Lens ofUS Policy in South Korea Circa 1980:Revelations in US Declassified Documents

Notes:

1 This essay is adapted from a talk I presentedat the 2012 Oakland 9/11 Film Festivalpresented by the Northern CA 9/11 TruthAlliance.

2 Peter Dale Scott, "The Doomsday Project andDeep Events: JFK, Watergate, Iran-Contra, and9/11," The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus,N o v e m b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 1 ,http://www.japanfocus.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3650.

3 Daniele Ganser, Nato's Secret Armies:Operation Gladio and Terrorism in WesternEurope (New York: Routledge, 2005); PhilipWillan, Puppetmasters: The Political Use ofTerrorism in Italy (London: Constable, 1991).

4 Vincenzo Vinciguerra, in "Strage di Piazza

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Fontana spunta un agente USA," LaRepubblica, February 11, 1998, here(http://www.repubblica.it/online/fatti/fontana/fontana/fontana.html).

5 "Secret agents, freemasons, fascists . . . and atop-level campaign of political 'destabilisation,'"The Guardian, December 5, 1990, here(http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/vinciguerra.p2.etc_graun_5dec1990.html);quoted in Daniele Ganser, NATO's SecretArmies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism inWestern Europe (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 7.

6 Ganser, NATO's Secret Armies, 125-47,224-44.

7 Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11 (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2007), 181. Cf.Ganser, NATO's Secret Armies, 6.

8 Ola Tunander, "The War on Terror and thePax Americana, " in David Ray Griffin and PeterDale Scott, 9/11 and American Empire:Intellectuals Speak Out (Northampton, MA:Olive Branch Press, 2007), I, 164.

9 Ganser, Nato's Secret Armies, 26; citing ElPais, November 26, 1990.

10 Tunander, "The War on Terror," 164.

11 Cf. Peter Dale Scott, American War Machine(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 30:"In February 1989 Italian Special ProsecutorDomenico Sica asserted that responsibility forat least some of the terror bombings during thepast decade lay also with the Mafia—that is,what I am referring to as the global drugconnection."

12 Ganser, NATO's Secret Armies, 125-47,224-44.

13 Scott Shane, "C.I.A. Is Still Cagey AboutOswald Mystery," New York Times, October 16,2 0 0 9 , h e r e(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/17/us/17inqu

ire.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www).For my analysis of deep similarities between11/22 and 9/11, see Peter Dale Scott, The WarConspiracy: JFK, 9/11, and the Deep Politics ofWar ( Ipswich, MA: The Mary Ferrel lFoundation, 2008), 341-96.

1 4 See White House, "Message from thePresident Regarding the Continuation of theNational Emergency with Respect to CertainTerrorist Attacks," September 11, 2012, here(http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/11/message-continuation-national-emergency-respect-certain-terrorist-attack).

15 For my ambivalent use of the term "deepstate," see Scott, American War Machine,20-23.

16 For an introduction to the film, see "A NobleLie: Oklahoma City 1995 with James Lane andChris Emery," Alex Jones Channel, December1 6 , 2 0 1 1 ,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmHnePnaR6E.

17 General Benton K. Partin, letter to membersof Congress, May 17, 1995; in David Hoffman,The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics ofTerror (Los Angeles: Feral House, 1998); onl i n e a t h e r e(http://www.constitution.org/ocbpt/ocbpt.htm).Another explosives expert, Samuel Cohen,wrote to a Congressman that "It would havebeen absolutely impossible and against thelaws of nature for a truck full of fertilizer andfuel oil… no matter how much was used… tobring the building down" (ibid.). AndersBreivik's ammonium nitrate car bomb in frontof the Norwegian Prime Minister's office wouldseem to corroborate Partin and Cohen:Breivik's bomb shattered windows but causedno structural damage whatever to the building.

18 "9/11: Explosive Evidence - Experts SpeakOut," a film prepared by AE911Truth, PBS,September 16, 2012; viewable on line at here(http://video.cpt12.org/video/2270078138). Cf.

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Bill Christison (a former senior official of theCIA), "Stop Belittling the Theories AboutSeptember 11," Dissident Voice, August 14,2 0 0 6 , h e r e(http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Aug06/Christison14.htm) . www.d iss identvo ice .org(http://www.dissidentvoice.org): The WTCbuildings "were most probably destroyed bycontrolled demolition charges placed in thebuildings."

19 Charles Doyle, "Antiterrorism and EffectiveDeath Penalty Act of 1996: A Summary,"Federation of American Scientists, June 3,1 9 9 6 , h e r e(http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/96-499.htm). In aDecember 2000 memo, Richard Clarkeconfirmed that this assistance was beingsupplied "through the CIA's Counter-terrorismCenter (CTC) and State's Anti-TerrorismProgram (ATA)"

20 Scott, "Launching the U.S. Terror War," TheAsia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, here(http://www.japanfocus.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3723); citing Anthony Summers and RobbynSwan, The Eleventh Day (New York: BallantineBooks, c2011), 396.

21 Scott, "Launching the U.S. Terror War." Thiswithholding of information is a significantparallel with the CIA's withholding ofsignificant information about Lee HarveyOswald from the FBI in 1963, in the weeks justbefore the 11/22 JFK assassination.

22 Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Deathof JFK, 280; quoted in Scott, "DoomsdayProject."

23 Church Committee, Report, Book III -Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports onIntelligence Activities and the Rights ofAmericans, 682.

24 Nate Jones, "Document Friday: ‘Garden Plot:'The Army's Emergency Plan to Restore "Lawand Order" to America." National Security

A r c h i v e , A u g u s t 1 1 , 2 0 1 1 , h e r e(http://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/document - f r i day -garden -p lo t - the -a rmys -emergency-plan-to-restore-law-and-order-to-america/).

2 5 Public Law 90-331 (18 U.S.C. 3056);discussion in Peter Dale Scott, Paul L. Hoch,and Russell Stetler, The Assassinations: Dallasand Beyond (New York: Random House, 1976),443-46; quoted in Scott, "Doomsday Project."

26 Army intelligence agents were seconded tothe Secret Service, and at this time there was agreat increase in their number. TheWashington Star later explained that "the bigbuild-up in [Army] information gathering…didnot come until after the shooting of the Rev.Martin Luther King" (Washington Star,December 6, 1970; reprinted in Federal DataBanks Hearings, p. 1728); quoted in Scott,"Doomsday Project."

27 George O'Toole, The Private Sector (NewYork: Norton, 1978), 145, quoted in Scott, DeepPolitics and the Death of JFK, 278-79, alsoScott, "Doomsday Project."

28 Peter Dale Scott, "Overview: The CIA, theDrug Traffic, and Oswald in Mexico," HistoryM a t t e r s , h e r e(http://www.history-matters.com/pds/DP3_Overview.htm#_ftn20); citing Michael Beschloss,ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White HouseTapes, 1963-1964 (New York: Simon &Schuster, 1997), 22. "Phase-One" stories,followed by "Phase-Two" media rebuttals, havecontinued ever since, most recently in 2012with the publication by former CIA officer BrianLatell of an informant's claim that Castro hadprior knowledge of what would happen inDallas (Brian Latell, Castro's Secrets: The CIAand Cuba's Intelligence Machine [New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2012]).

29 Wall Street Journal, September 5, 2002, here(http://www.peteandrews.net/site/story090502-wsj1.html); "Take AIM: Jayna Davis on OKC

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T h i r d T e r r o r i s t , " A I M . o r g , h e r e(http://www.aim.org/podcast/take-aim-jayna-davis-on-okc-third-terrorist/) . Cf. DanaRohrabacher, Chairman, Oversight andInvestigations Subcommittee of the HouseInternational Relations Committee, "TheOklahoma City Bombing: Was There A ForeignConnection?" Report, December 26, 2006, here(http://rohrabacher.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=54750).

30 Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies: InsideAmerica's War on Terror (New York: FreePress, 2004), 97-99.

3 1 Jim Naureckas , "The Oklahoma CityBombing: The Jihad That Wasn't," Extra! (Fair),J u l y / A u g u s t 1 9 9 5 , h e r e(http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3606).

32 Jayna Davis, The Third Terrorist: The MiddleEast Connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing(Nashville TN: Thomas Nelson, 2004); DanaRohrabacher, Chairman's Report, Oversightand Investigations Subcommittee of the HouseInternational Relations Committee, OklahomaCity Bombing Investigation.

33 Clarke, Against All Enemies, 167.

34 Tim Weiner, "Pentagon Book for Doomsday Isto Be Closed," New York Times, April 17, 1994:quoted in Scott, Road to 9/11, 186.

35 Andrew Cockburn, Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall,and Catastrophic Legacy(New York: Scribner,2007), 88; quoted in Scott, Road to 9/11, 187.

36 Scott, "The Doomsday Project and DeepEvents."

37 Over and over the daily news providesinstances of new deep events that involveinformants. As I write, the headlines reportwidespread Muslim violence throughout theworld, in response to a despicable anti-Muslimfilm one of whose promoters admitted to be adeliberate provocation (Sheila Musaji, "The

Tragic Consequences of Extremism," TheAmerican Muslim, September 14, 2012, here(http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features /ar t i c les /ex t remis ts - inc i te -and -carry -out/0019347)). I was not surprised to read laterthat one of the men responsible for the film,Nakoula Nakoula, was also a federal informant("Producer Of Anti-Islam Film Was Fed Snitch,"The Smoking Gun, September 14, 2012, here(http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/investigation/nakoula-cooperation-756920)). As Iwrote on my Facebook page, "I don't thinkanyone should leap to sweeping conclusionsfrom this revelation that one of the film'smakers, Nakoula Nakoula, was a governmentinformant. But this fact so complicates thebackground of this allegedly "amateurish" filmthat I feel justified in my original assumption:that we might be facing here another deepevent (as defined in my book American WarMachine)."

38 Scott, Road to 9/11, 151-60.

39 Scott, War Conspiracy, 355-56, 357-63 ("TheRole of Double Agents"); Cf. Scott, DeepPolitics and the Death of JFK, 247-53, 257-60.

4 0 See Anthony Summers, Official andConfidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover(New York: PocketBooks, 1994), ch.29, n4;Harrison E. Livingstone, The Radical Right andthe Murder of John F. Kennedy (Bloomington,IN: Trafford, 2006), 131 (Oswald); LawrenceWright, "The Agent," New Yorker, July 10 and17, 2006, 68; cf. Wright, Looming Tower,339-44 (al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar).

4 1 This is in line with other features heexhibited in conformity with those I hadpreviously pointed to in the designated culpritstereotype. One is the absurd ease and speedwith which he was soon arrested for drivingwithout license plates. In 2008 I comparedOswald with the alleged 9/11 hijackers underthe heading "Instant Identification of theCulprits" (Scott, War Conspiracy, 347-49).

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David Hammer, who was on Death Row withMcVeigh, has written that McVeigh confided tohim at length how in fact he was a federalundercover agent in a sting operation targetingright-wing extremists. See David Paul Hammer,Deadly Secrets: Timothy McVeigh and theOklahoma City Bombing (B.oomington, IN:AuthorHouse, 2010).

42 Jefferson Morley and Michael Scott, Our Manin Mexico: Winston Scott and the HiddenHistory of the CIA (Lawrence, Kansas:University of Kansas Press, 2008) [11/22];Kevin Fenton, Disconnecting the Dots(Walterville, OR: Trine Day, 2011) [9/11].

43 J.M. Berger, "Patriot Games: How the FBIspent a decade hunting white supremacists andmissed Timothy McVeigh," Foreign Policy, April1 8 , 2 0 1 2 , h e r e(http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/18/patriot_games?page=0,0).

44 "First organized by Tom Posey as part of hisCiv i l ian Mi l i tary Ass is tance (CMA)organization, the CMA operated as a shadowwing of the Reagan administrations illegalContra network. Posey and the CMA began asan adjunct to the Alabama Ku Klux Klan. Theywere first active in smuggling weapons toCentral America with the assistance of aDefense Intelligence Agency operation called"Yellow Fruit" and later absorbed into OliverNorth's Contra re-supply operation. Posey waslater indicted for violations of the NeutralityAct for his gunrunning activities. North andReagan administration officials intervened inthe trial and the charges were dismissed underthe curious grounds that the Neutrality Actonly applied during peacetime and the Contraoperation was the equivalent of a formal stateof war" (Paul de Armond, "Racist Origins ofBorder Militias").

45 "John McCain has worked with white racistsbefore," Daily Kos, October 12, 2008, here(http://www.dailykos.com/story/2008/10/12/628

129/-John-McCain-has-worked-with-white-racists-before). I have not been able todetermine whether this is the Tom Posey whomDavid Koch named to be Treasurer of hisCitizens for a Sound Economy. Cf. "Tom-Posey,K K K , K o c h B r o t h e r s , C S E , " h e r e(http://koch-industries-organized-crime.blogspot.com/2011/10/tom-posey-kkk-koch-brothers-cse.html).

46 Berger, "Patriot Games."

47 John Berger, "Witness Mahon Claimed HeWas Third Man in Oklahoma City Bombing,"I n t e l w i r e , J a n u a r y 1 0 , 2 0 1 2 , h e r e(http://news.intelwire.com/2012/01/witness-dennis-mahon-claimed-he-was.html).

48 Dana Rohrabacher, Chairman's Report,Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee ofthe House International Relations Committee,Oklahoma City Bombing Investigation.

49 For Strassmeir as an intelligence agent, seee.g. Investigative Report prepared forOklahoma Representative Charles Key, inOklahoma Bombing Investigation Committee,Final Report, 460-62; David Hoffman, TheOklahoma City Bombing and the Politics ofTerror (Venice City, CA: Feral House, 1998),121-47.

5 0 A t h a n G . T h e o h a r i s , T h e F B I : AComprehensive Reference Guide (Phoenix,Ariz.: Oryx Press, 1999), 94.

51 Ralph Blumenthal, "Tapes Depict Proposal toThwart Bomb Used in Trade Center Blast,"New York Times, October 28, 1993, here(http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/28/nyregion/tapes-depict-proposal-to-thwart-bomb-used-in-trade-center-blast.html).

5 2 "Top I ta l ian Judge Refers 9 /11 toInternational Criminal Court," Aangirfan,S e p t e m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 1 2 , h e r e(http://aangirfan.blogspot.com/2012/09/top-italian-judge-refers-9-11-to.html?spref=fb).

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53 Scott, Road to 9/11, 151-61. Both before andafter 1993, and again before and after 2001, akey role in the cover-up was played by U.S.Attorney Patrick Fitzgerald. See Scott, Road to9/11, 152, 155-59; Peter Lance, Triple Cross(New York: Regan/HarperCollins, 2006),219-23, 274-79, 298-301, 317-18, 358-64, etc.

54 Scott, American War Machine, 20-23.

55 Bill Moyers, The Secret Government, PBS1 9 8 7 ; h e r e(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiRBxDEGDqw&noredirect=1).

56 Peter Dale Scott, "Northwards withoutNorth," Social Justice (Summer 1989); revisedas "North, Iran-Contra, and the DoomsdayProject: The Original Congressional Cover Upof Continuity-of-Government Planning," Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, February 21,2 0 1 1 , h e r e(https://apjjf.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/3491).

57 See e.g. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes (NewYork: Doubleday, 2007), 396-404; Scott andMarshall, Cocaine Politics, 125-64. (Posey),

58 North's ventures into illegality eventuallyinvolved the mobilization of known drug-traffickers in support of the Contras. One of hismore dubious assets was the patr iotparamilitary group Civilian Military Assistanceof Tom Posey, which eventually became aprime target of PATCON (Berger, "PatriotGames).

59 For the distinction between traders and

warriors or "Prussians," see Michael Klare,"Beyond the "Vietnam Syndrome" (Washington,D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1981); PeterDale Scott, "Korea (1950), the Tonkin GulfIncident, and 9/11: Deep Events in RecentAmerican History," The Asia-Pacific Journal:J a p a n F o c u s , J u n e 2 2 , 2 0 0 8 , h e r e(http://www.japanfocus.org/-Peter_Dale-Scott/2784).60 A personal note: when I was at a think tank inWashington dealing with Iran-Contra, I wasvideotaped at length by the two producers ofMoyers' show. One week before the show airedon PBS, they assured me that I would be in it.But in the end, all that remained of me in theshow was my forearm, in an unexplained groupshot of the think tank sitting around aconference table. At the time my researchfocused on the activities of Bush and North( including North's a l leged plans for"suspension of the constitution") that theCommittees, like the Moyers program, did notpursue. See Scott, "North, Iran-Contra, and theDoomsday Project."

61 Lance deHaven-Smith, "Beyond ConspiracyTheory: Patterns of High Crime in AmericanGovernment," American Behavioral Scientist,53, 796; citing Lance deHaven-Smith, "Whenpolitical crimes are inside jobs: Detecting statecrimes against democracy. AdministrativeTheory & Praxis, 28(3).

62 Peter Phillips and Mickey Huff, "State CrimesAgainst Democracy," Media FreedomI n t e r n a t i o n a l , M a r 2 , 2 0 1 0 , h e r e(http://www.mediafreedominternational.org/2010/03/02/state-crimes-against-democracy/).