syrups & elixirs (introduction)
TRANSCRIPT
SYRUPS & ELIXERASSIGNMENT ……..
PHARMSCEUTICSSUBMITTED TO ...…… MISS. MISBAH
SULTANA
SYRUPSMASH’HOOD MAHMOOD KHAN SHAHID (D14E121)
INTRODUCTION
COMPOSITIONPREPARATIONSSTORAGEMERITSDEMERITS
TYPES
INTRODUCTION• Syrup is one of the liquid dosage forms i.e. SOLUTION.• In general, aqueous solutions containing sugar are
classified as syrup.• Syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of a
sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agent and medicinal agent.
• There are three types of syrups;i. Simple Syrupii. Flavored Syrupiii. Medicated Syrup
SIMPLE SYRUP• To observe the properties of syrup, simple syrup is the
standard to elaborate.• Its is a solution of 85% w/v sucrose dissolved in purified
water. (U.S.P)• Its specific gravity is determined to be 1.313• The U.S.P specifies the amount of ingredient as;
SUCROSE 850gPURIFIED WATER Quantity sufficient to make
1000ml
COMPOSITION• Sugar • Water • Antimicrobial preservatives• Flavorant• Colorant• Medicament
PREPARATION• Following are the methods of preparation of syrup,
employed as per the physical and chemical parameters of constituents.
1. Solution with aid of heat2. Solution by agitation3. Addition of sucrose to prepared medicated or flavored
liquid4. Percolation
SOLUTION WITH AID OF HEAT• It is best suited when the syrup is desired to produce as soon
as possible, provided the content should not be heat sensitive or volatile.
PROCEDURE: • Sugar is added to purified water and ample supply of heat is
provided till sugar dissolves.• Followed by blending of heat stable components, cooled and
then volume is made by addition of distilled water. For heat liable particles, the addition is done after the sucrose
is completely dissolved. Then rapidly cooled to room temperature.
DRAWBACK: Over-heating can induce deterioration of sucrose or other
components.
SOLUTION BY AGITATION• To avoid heat induced deterioration, this is best suited for
manufacturing of syrup.PROCEDURE:• In this, sucrose and other formulative agents are dissolved in
purified water by thoroughly mixing them in vessel larger than the volume of preparation.
DRAWBACKS: Its time-consuming and hectic. Being concentrated and viscous, it hinders the solubility and
uniform distribution of solid substances added directly.However, it is yet stable compared to previous yield.
ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO MEDICATED OR FLAVORED SYRUP• This method is generally employed when the
medicament is needed to be distilled out of fluid extract. PROCEDURE:1. The fluid extract is first introduced in water.2. If alcohol soluble component is the medicament,
procedures are devised to let them water soluble.3. However, if the alcohol soluble component is undesired
then the mixture is allowed to stand still until the water insoluble part gets separated and settles down. Followed by filtration and addition of sucrose in preparation.
PERCOLATION• Percolation is the method of extraction of drug
molecule out of crude drug. However, this is employed for formation of syrup.
PROCEDURE:1. A sucrose bed is prepared in percolator and then
distilled water or vehicle containing medicament is passed through it.
2. The step is repeated again and again until whole of the chunk of sucrose is dissolved.
STORAGE• Stored below 30°C• Container should be tightly closed.• Keep in light resistant ambered color container;• Protect from direct sunlight.
INVERT SYRUP• While preparing simple syrup under temperature, high
temperature can cause hydrolysis of sucrose (disaccharide) into monosaccharides, i.e. dextrose and fructose and its ability to rotate plane polarized light inverts.
• So, syrup containing mixture of glucose and fructose is termed as invert syrup.
MERITS:• More sweet than simple syrup.DEMERITS:• Susceptible to fermentation and microbial growth.
MERITS OF SYRUP• Ability to disguise bad taste of medication. • Thick character of syrup has soothing effect on irritated
tissues of throat. • Easy to adjust the dose for a child’s weight.• Conc. sugar solution check the microbial growth by
decreasing availability of water required for their growth.
• Alcohol is whether absent or in minute quantity.• Used as a vehicle for medicaments.
DEMERITS OF SYRUP• Saturated solution may cause crystallization under cold
conditions letting it good for microbial growth.• Not suitable for diabetic patients (however, syrups
containing non-glycogenetic substance are available.)
ELIXERSINTRODUCTION
COMPOSITIONPREPARATIONSSTORAGEMERITSDEMERITS
TYPES
INTRODUCTION• Elixirs are also one of the liquid dosage forms.• Generally, sweetened hydro-alcoholic solutions are
termed as elixirs.• These can be defined as clear, sweetened, hydro-
alcoholic (water + ethanol) preparations intended for oral use. These are usually flavored to enhance palatability.
• Elixirs can be;i. Non-Medicated Elixirii. Medicated Elixir
COMPOSITION• Alcohol• Sweetening agent • Water• Glycerin• Propylene glycol
PREPARATION• Preparation of elixir simply involve the agitation of the
ingredients forming a simple solution.• Alcohol and water soluble components are dissolved
separately in alcohol and purified water respectively, followed by pouring of aqueous portion in alcoholic portion in order to maintain highest alcoholic strength in formulation.
STORAGE• Keep below 30°C (at room temperature).• Container should be tightly closed.• Keep in light resistant ambered color container;• Protect from direct sunlight.
MERITS OF ELIXIR• Elixirs containing 10-12% alcohol are self-preservating.• Better able to maintain both water-soluble and alcohol-
soluble components in solution.• Has stable characteristics.• Easily prepared by simple solution.• Easily administered in patients having problem of
swallowing solid dosage form.• Used as a vehicle.• Used for dilution of medicated elixirs.
DEMERITS OF ELIXIR• Less effective than syrups in masking taste of
medicated substances. • Contains alcohol, can be vicious to children and adults
who avoid alcohol.• Because they contain volatile materials, it must be
stored in a air-tight screw-top jar to avoid their escape.• Needed to keep away from sources of ignition.