PowerPoint Presentation

Elham Lasemi1

What is Synthetic Biology?2

-is a maturing scientific discipline that combines science and engineering (engineering of biology) that can broadly be described as the design and construction of novel artificial biological pathways, organisms or devices, or the redesign of existing natural biological systems.Synthetic biology

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A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)1960s1970sCellular regulation by molecular networks postulated by Jacob and Monod(1970s1980s) Development of molecular cloning techniques1980s(1980s1990s) Rise of omics era of high-throughput biolog1990sWidespread use ofautomated DNA sequencingComplete genome sequence of S.cerevisiaeComplete genome sequence of E. coli2000Autoregulatory negative-feedback circuit2001First cellcell communication circuit based on quorum sensing

First synthetic circuits toggle switch and repressilator4Timeline

200252003A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)(20022003) Synthetic circuits used to study transcriptional noise during this periodEarliest combinatorial synthesis of genetic networksArtemisinin precursor pathway engineered in E.col2004RNA devices for modular regulation of gene expressionFirst iGEM competition held at MITSB1.0: the first international conference for synthetic biology held at MI2005Light-sensing circuit engineered in E. coli bacterial photographyProgrammable ligand-controlled transcript regulation by RNACircuits capable of multicellular pattern formation are generated

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6 2006A brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)Bacteria engineered to invade cancer cells2007Engineered bacteriophage for biofilm dispersal2008Construction of a robust and stable relaxation oscillatorRNA devices for performing logical operationsBiofuel production using amino acid metabolism in E. coli2009Gibson DNA assembly describedMAGE describedEngineering of an event-counting circuitGibson DNA assembly described

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2010Synchronized genetic clock for population-coupled oscillatory waves2011Complete set of Boolean logic gates reported for E. coliCreation of a bacterial cell with a synthetic genomeProgrammable microbial kill switch2012Engineering of synthetic yeast chromosome armsDynamic control of metabolic flux for biodiesel productionEngineering of synthetic yeast chromosome arms2013Commercial production of artemisinin by Amyris using engineered yeast strainA brief history of synthetic biology (1960-2013)

8synthetic biology

build biological system as a way to explain how principles of engineering apply to the life sciencegenerates new tools and knowledge to enable biology-based solution to societal challengeswelcomes participation of communities with diverse training to foster creativity growth of the fieldis interconnected with human values through the uses costs,benefits and risks of science and technology

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synthetic biology redefines lifebroadly the term has been used with reference to effort to redesign life.this use of the term is an extension of the concept of biomimetic chemistry in which organic synthetic is used to creat artifical molecules .typically enzymes

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- is the study of systems of biological components, which may be molecules, cells, organisms or entire species.The systems biology approach allows the study of multi-scale, multi-level organisms.Systems Biology

Systems biology involves :collection of large sets of experimental data proposal of mathematical models accurate computer solution of the mathematical equations to obtain numerical predictionsassessment of the quality of the model by comparing numerical simulations with the experimental data.

11Systems biology aims to study natural biological systems as a whole, often with a biomedical focus, and uses simulation and modelling tools in comparisons with experimental information. Synthetic biology aims to build novel and artificial biological parts, devices and systems.The relationship between systems biology and synthetic biology

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13The Engineering design cycle and rational design in synthetic biology

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Building a system from standard parts

15Bioparts

A biopart is a modular biological part which is designed so thatit can be easily combined with other parts. Ultimately, the aim is to produce a range of standard devices which can be used in standard systems.The biopart standard provides a framework where parts can be re-used in various applications to achieve the specific function intended for the device.

16Fundamental techniques in synthetic biologyComputational modellingDNA sequencingDNA synthesisYields

17Future trends in modern synthesisLarge scale DNA (oligonucleotide) synthesisPotential for innovation and microfluidicsLab-on-a-chipFundamental techniques in synthetic biology

18Additional tools in synthetic biologyChassisExamples of natural chassisEscherichia coliYeastBacillus subtilisMycoplasma Pseudomonas putidaMinimal cells

Cell freeOrthogonal circuits & new genetic codes

19StandardsCentral to the understanding of international standards is the concept of the biological continuum, ie the hierarchy of the human organism comprising:SystemsVisceraCellsTissueProteinsGenesExample for mark-up languages in synthetic biology:-XML -PDBXL

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The most widespread and well-established ofstandard

21What is SBOL?SBML- the Systems Biology Markup Languageis a standard for behavioral models of biological systems at the molecular level SBOL-the Synthetic Biology Open Language describes structural and basic qualitative behavioral aspects of a biological design.approach of SBOL: Facilitates storage of genetic designs in repositories Helps synthetic biologists and genetic engineers electronically exchange designs with each other and with biofabrication centers Supports development of Genetic Design Automation (GDA) software tools for synthetic biologists Represents hierarchically assembled genetic compositions Represents abstract genetic compositions without an explicit nucleotide sequence Allows expression of genetic designs in publications and thus

22BiobricksBiobricks is a programming standard language for Synthetic Biology and standard language for building and describing the DNAs for the former type of modification.

23Applications of synthetic biologyThe ultimate goal of synthetic biology is to develop commercial applications that will benefit society, ie to design and build engineered biological systems that process information, manipulate chemicals, fabricate materials and structures, produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and our environment.

artemisininanti-malarial drug

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Commercial applications in synthetic biology

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26riscks of synthetic biology

the release into the environment of novelthe possible misuse of synthetic biology for bioterrorism

the ability to recreate existing, extinct, or eradicated pathogens of humans, animals, or plants the increasingly routine nature of many synthetic biology procedures, which makes them more readily accessible to those without specialized training

trade and global justice issues raising philosophical and religious concerns

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five truths for synthetic biologyMany of the parts are undefinedThe circuitry is unpredictableMany parts are incompatibleThe complexity is unwieldyVariability crashes the system

28future of synthetic biologyhealth

Energy

Industria

Environment

29future of synthetic biologyThe link between electronic systems and synthetic biology

30What is your forecast about the future of synthetic biology?In your opinion, what is the most useful and the most devastating consequences of synthetic biology, and why?Is synthetic biology can also affect the process of evolution?Question :

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thank you for your attention

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