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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1.1. Objective

There are numerous ways to conserve energy. The process of

conserving energy is not only how but also on what to use for it. Solar

energy is one alternative energy source, which can be converted to electricity

by the use of solar panels. Most solar panels use silicon to produce the

panels. The cells that are contained in these solar panels are normally silicon.

These individual cells are shrinking all the time and becoming cheaper to

produce. Solar panels provide users with a source for their work.

Applications of solar panels are presently economical where there is plenty

of sunshine. Further solar panels help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and

other depleting resources used to generate electricity. Solar panel is a source

of clean, cheap, and renewable energy for our homes. Using solar panels can

influence the capacity of our home supplies. This method allows us to

generate additional electricity, which fed into our current power systems,

will have the effect of reducing consumption from the national grid, saving

you money in the process.

This project is aboutfabrication of a dual powered outdoor vacuum

cleaner, in which we will have a suction pump run by a dc motor. The outlet

of the pump will be connected to a bin to hold the litter. The power to the dc

motor will be provided by a battery, which will be charged by the solar

panels mounted on top of the device. Provision is given to charge the battery

in adverse conditions by electricity. The complete unit will be mounted on a

trolley for easy movement. By this technology, the use of engines run by fuel

for the same purpose can be eliminated as fuel is one depleting source of

energy and the price of fuel in the recent years is an increasing curve on the

graph, which is still increasing further. This device can be used in places like

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school, hospital, compounds, railway stations, bus stand and in lawns to

carry away fallen leaves. This project is an attempt to clean the environment

at a faster rate and by cost effective means.

1.2. Product Definitions

Product definition is an important issue because it helps set the scope of

work for this preparatorystudy, which itself will inform the extent of

implementing measures that may be required.

Vacuum cleaners (VCs) are made in a variety of shapes and sizes for

domestic and commercial useand for different applications. Generally, a

vacuum cleaner can be defined as “An electricallyoperated appliance that

removes soiled material (dust, fiber, threads) from the surface to be

cleanedby airflow created by a vacuum developed within the unit by an

electrically powered vacuumgenerator or fan. The material thus removed is

separated and stored in the appliance and the cleanedsuction air is returned to

the ambient.”

1.3. Scope

Multi-use Vacuum For Outdoor Hard Surfaces or Turf

Great for quick clean-up of parking lots, playgrounds, airport ramps

and more.

Ideal For:

Condo/Apartment Complexes

Schools

Hospitals

Shopping Centres/Malls

Athletics Complexes

Stadiums/Arenas

Garages

Campgrounds

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1.3.1 Scope of the study

Key aspects in the considerations of the scope of this study are

• Functionality – the function of a vacuum cleaner is to “remove soiled

material (dust, fiber,threads) from a surface to be cleaned by an airflow

created by a vacuum developed within theunit by an electrically powered

vacuum generator or fan”.

• End use (domestic / commercial) – this study focuses on products designed

fordomestic/household use and similar usage by laymen in a commercial or

institutionalenvironment such as shops, hospitals, offices and hotels, for

removal of settled dust oncarpets and dry hard floors. Because of their

specialist application, it is not sensible to includeindustrial vacuum cleaners

used, for example, on construction sites or in factories.

• Availability of test standards – For example, the definition according to

Standard 60335 is“This International Standard deals with the safety of

electrical appliances for households andsimilar purposes, their rated voltage

being not more than 250 V for single-phase appliancesand 480 V for other

appliances. Appliances not intended for normal household use but which

may be a source of danger to the public, such as appliances intended to be

usedby nonprofessionals in shops, in light industry and on farms, are within

the scope of this standard

1.3.1.1 Products to be considered in scope

Household and similar use vacuum cleaners of all types found in homes,

offices, hospitals, hotels and shops.

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CHAPTER 2LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1. Non-renewable resource

A non-renewable resource is a natural resource, which cannot be

produced, grown, generated or used on a scale, which can sustain its

consumption rate, once depleted there, is no more available for future needs.

Also considered non-renewable are resources that are consumed much

faster than nature can create them. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum and

natural gas), nuclear power (uranium) and certain aquifers are examples. In

contrast, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) or metals

(which can be recycled) are considered renewable resources.

2.1.1 Fossil fuels

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Fig 2.1a temporary oil drilling rig

Natural resources such as coal, petroleum (crude oil) and natural

gas take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast

as they are being consumed. Eventually natural resources will become too

costly to harvest and humanity will need to find other sources of energy.

At present, the main energy source used by humans are non-renewable

fossil fuels, as a result of continual use since the first internal combustion

engine in the 17thcentury,the fuel is still in high demand

withconventional infrastructure and transport which are fitted with the

combustion engine. The continual use of fossil fuels at the current rate will

increase global warming and cause more severe climate change.

2.2. Solar energy

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Fig 2.3 Solar Power Plant

Solar energyradiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed

by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.

Solar energy technologiesinclude solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar

thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable

contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now

faces.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive

solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and

distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of

photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.

Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting

materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties and

designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

In 2011, the International Energy Agency said, "the development of

affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge

longer-term benefits. It will increase countries energy security through

reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent

resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of

mitigating climate change and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise.

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These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for

early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be

wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

2.2.1. Energy from the Sun

Fig 2.4 About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's

surface

The Earth receives 174 petawatts (1015 watts) of incoming solar

radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is

reflected back to space while clouds, oceans and landmasses absorb the rest.

The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across

the visible andnear-infrared ranges with a small part in the near ultraviolet.

Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation,

and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from

the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air

reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses

into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle.

The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing

atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight

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absorbed by the oceans and landmasses keeps the surface at an average

temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy

into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from

which fossil fuels are derived.

Yearly Solar fluxes & Human

Energy Consumption

Energy

Solar 3,850,000 EJ

Wind 2,250 EJ

Biomass 3,000 EJ

Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ

Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ

Table 2.1 Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption

The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and

landmasses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this

was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis

captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass.The amount of solar

energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about

twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable

resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. Solar

energy can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on

a geographical location, the closer to the equator the “potential" solar energy

is available.

2.2.2. Advantages of solar energy

Sunlight can be used to directly generate electricity by the use of photovoltaic technology. The use of solar cells or photovoltaic arrays is

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getting more and more acceptable as an alternative and cost efficient means of generating power.

Sunlight concentration is also another way of using solar energy. Heat is also more readily usable than the energy in sunshine. You can use it for heating a building or for cooking or even for generating electricity.

Advantages of Solar Energy / Learn 6 Real-World Ways

There are plenty of excellent reasons that equate to advantages in using solar energy. Here are some advantages in using solar energy.

1. The abundance of Solar Energy. Even in the middle of winter each square meter of land still receives a fair amount of solar radiation. Sunlight is everywhere and the resource is practically inexhaustible. Even during cloudy days we still receive some sunlight and it is this that can be used as a renewable resource.

2. You don’t pay for sunlight.Sunlight is totally free. There is of course the initial investment for the equipment. After the initial capital outlay you won’t be receiving a bill every month for the rest of your life from the electric utility.

3. Solar energy is getting more cost effective.The technology for solar energy is evolving at an increasing rate. At present photovoltaic technology is still relatively expensive but the technology is improving and production is increasing. The result of this is to drive costs down. Payback times for the equipment are getting shorter and in some areas where the cost of electricity is high payback may be as short as five years.

4. Solar energy is non-polluting.Solar energy is an excellent alternative for fossil fuels like coal and petroleum because solar energy is practically emission free while generating electricity. With solar energy the danger of further damage to the environment is minimized. The generation of electricity through solar power produces no noise. So noise pollution is also reduced.

5. Accessibility of solar power in remote locations.Solar power can generate electricity no matter how remote the area as long as the sun shines there. Even in areas that are inaccessible to power cables solar power can produce electricity.

6. Solar energy systems are virtually maintenance free.Once a photovoltaic array is setup it can last for decades. Once they are installed and setup there are practically zero recurring costs. If needs increase solar panels can be added with ease and with no major revamp

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2.2.3. Applications of solar technology

Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical

ends. However, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal,

derive their energy from the sun.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active

depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active

solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight

into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with

favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air,

and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar

technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply

side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for

alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies

Solar power

Fig 2.10The PS10 concentrates sunlight from a field on a

central tower

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Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either

directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar

power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to

focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into

electric current using the photoelectric.

Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s and the 354

MW SEGS CSP installations is the largest solar power plant in the world and

are located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP plants

include the Solnova Solar Power Stationand the Andasol solar power station

(100 MW), both in Spain. 214MW Charanka Solar Park in India, is

the world’s largest photovoltaic plant.

Photovoltaic

Fig 2.1180 MW Okhotnykovo Solar Park 

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into

electric current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was

constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931, a German engineer, Dr

Bruno Lange, developed a photocell using silver selenide in place of copper

oxide.Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of

incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James

Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery.Following the

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work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin

Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early

solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%.

2.3. Vacuum cleaner

The vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual

vacuum cleaners. The first manual models, using bellows, came in the

1860s, and the first motorized models came in the beginning of the 20th

century.

2.3.1 Evolution of vacuum cleaner

Daniel Hess

Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa invented a vacuum cleaner in 1860,

calling it a carpet sweeper instead of a vacuum cleaner. His machine did, in

fact, have a rotating brush like a traditional carpet sweeperand possessed an

elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction of dust

and dirt. Hess received a patent (US No. 29.077) for his invention of the

vacuum cleaner on July 10, 1860.

Ives W. McGaffey

The first manually powered cleaner using vacuum principle was the

"Whirlwind", invented in Chicago in 1868 by Ives W. McGaffey. The

machine was lightweight and compact, but was difficult to operate because

of the need to turn a hand crank at the same time as pushing it across the

floor. McGaffey enlisted the help of The American Carpet Cleaning Co. of

Boston to market it to the public. It was sold for $25. It is hard to determine

how successful the Whirlwind was, as most of them were sold in Chicago

and Boston, and it is likely that many were lost in the Great Chicago Fire of

1871. Only two are known to have survived, one of which can be found in

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the Hoover Historical Center. McGaffey was but one of many 19th-century

inventors in the United States and Europe who devised manual vacuum

cleaners. He obtained a patent (US No. 91,145) on June 8, 1869.

Melville Bissell

In 1876, Melville R. Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan created a

push-powered carpet sweeper for his wife, Anna Sutherland Bissell, to clean

up sawdust in carpeting. Shortly after, Bissell Carpet Sweepers were born.

After Melville died unexpectedly in 1889, Anna took control of the company

and became one of the most powerful business-women of the day. The

company later added portable vacuum cleaners to its line of cleaning tools.

John S. Thurman

On November 14, 1898, John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri,

submitted a patent (US No. 634,042) for a "pneumatic carpet renovator". It

was issued on October 3, 1899. Thurman created a gasoline-powered carpet

cleaner for the General Compressed Air Company. In a newspaper

advertisement from the St. Louis Dispatch, Thurman offered his invention of

the horse drawn (which went door to door) motorized cleaning system in St.

Louis. He offered cleaning services at $4 per visit. By 1906, Thurman was

offering built-in central cleaning systems that used compressed air, yet

featured no dust collection. Thurman's machine is sometimes considered the

first vacuum cleaner. However, the dust was blown into a receptacle rather

than being sucked in, as in the machine now used. In later patent litigation,

Judge Augustus Hand ruled that Thurman "does not appear to have

attempted to design a vacuum cleaner or to have understood the process of

vacuum cleaning".

H. Cecil Booth

Hubert Cecil Booth has the strongest claim to inventing the motorized

vacuum cleaner, in 1901. As Booth recalled decades later, that year he

attended “a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor” at the

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Empire Music Hall in London. The inventor is not named, but Booth’s

description of the machine conforms closely to Thurman’s design, as

modified in later patents. Booth watched a demonstration of the device,

which blew dust off the chairs, and thought it would be much more useful to

have one that sucked dust. He tested the idea by laying a handkerchief on the

seat of a restaurant chair, putting his mouth to the handkerchief, and then

trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief. Upon

seeing the dust and dirt collected on the underside of the handkerchief, he

realized the idea could work.

Booth created a large device, driven first by an oil engine, and later by

an electric motor. Nicknamed the "Puffing Billy", Booth's first petrol-

powered, horse-drawn vacuum cleaner relied upon air drawn by a piston

pump through a cloth filter. It did not contain any brushes; all the cleaning

was done by suction through long tubes with nozzles on the ends.

Booth initially did not attempt to sell his machine, but rather sold cleaning

services. The vans of the British Vacuum Cleaning Company (BVCC) were

bright red; uniformed operators would haul hose off the van and route it

through the windows of a building to reach all the rooms inside. Booth was

harassed by complaints about the noise of his vacuum machines and was

even fined for frightening horses.Gaining the royal seal of approval, Booth's

motorized vacuum cleaner was used to clean the carpets of Westminster

Abbey prior to Edward VII's coronation in 1901.

Booth received his first patents on February 18 and August 30, 1901. Booth

started the British Vacuum Cleaner Company, and refined his invention over

the next several decades. Though his "Goblin" model lost out to competition

from Hoover in the household vacuum market, his company successfully

turned its focus to the industrial market, building ever-larger models for

factories and warehouses. Booth's company, now BVC, lives on today as a

unit of pneumatic tube system maker Quire pace Ltd.

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David T. Kenney

Nine patents granted to the New Jersey inventor David T.

Kenney between 1903 and 1913 established the foundation for the American

vacuum cleaner industry. Membership in the Vacuum Cleaner

Manufacturers' Association, formed in 1919, was limited to licensees under

his patents.

Walter Griffiths

In 1905, "Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from

Carpets" was another manually operated cleaner, patented by Walter

Griffiths Manufacturer, Birmingham, England. It was portable, easy to store,

and powered by "any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant)",

who would have the task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck

up dust through a removable, flexible pipe, to which a variety of shaped

nozzles could be attached. This was arguably the first domestic vacuum-

cleaning device to resemble the modern vacuum cleaner.

Hermann Bogenschild

German immigrant engineer Hermann Bogenschild filed a patent in

1906 for a mechanical "dust removing apparatus". He had emigrated from

Berlin to Milwaukee in 1892. Bogenschild's device was mounted on wheels

for portability and its motor was connected to a hose and filter system. 

James Murray Spangler

In 1907, James Murray Spangler, a janitor from Canton, Ohio,

invented the first practical, portable vacuum cleaner. Crucially, in addition to

suction that used an electric fan, a box, and one of his wife's pillowcases,

Spangler's design incorporated a rotating brush to loosen debris. Unable to

produce the design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908

to William Henry Hoover who had Spangler's machine redesigned with a

steel casing, casters, and attachments. Subsequent innovations included the

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first disposal filter bags in the 1920s and the first upright vacuum cleaner in

1926.

Hoover

Spangler patented his rotating-brush design June 2, 1908, and

eventually sold the idea to his cousin's husband, Hoover. He was looking for

a new product to sell, as the leather goods produced by his 'Hoover Harness

and Leather Goods' company were becoming obsolete, because of the

invention of the automobile. In the United States and other countries, the

Hoover Company remains one of the leading manufacturers of household

goods, including vacuum cleaners; and Hoover became very wealthy from

the invention. Indeed, in Britain the name Hoover became synonymous with

the vacuum cleaner so much, so that one "hoovers one's carpets". Initially

called 'The Electric Suction Sweeper Company' - their first vacuum was the

1908 Model O, which sold for $60.

Constellation

Fig 2.14Hoover Constellation of 1960

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Hoover is also notable for an unusual vacuum cleaner, the

Hoover Constellation, which is a cylinder type but lacks wheels. Instead, the

vacuum cleaner floats on its exhaust, operating as a hovercraft, although this

is not true of the earliest models. They had a swivel top hose with the

intention being that the user would place the unit in the center of the room,

and work around the cleaner. Introduced in 1952, they are collectible, and

are easily identified by the spherical shape of the housing. They tended to be

loud, had poor cleaning power, and could not float over carpets. However,

they remain an interesting machine; restored, they work well in homes with

lots of hardwood floors.

The Constellations were changed and updated over the years until

discontinued in 1975. These Constellations route all of the exhaust under the

vacuum using a different airfoil. The updated design is quiet even by modern

standards, particularly on carpet as it muffles the sound. These models float

on carpet or bare floor—although on hard flooring, the exhaust air tends to

scatter any fluff or debris around.

Hoover has now re-released an updated version of this later model

Constellation in the US (model # S3341 in Pearl White and # S3345 in

stainless steel). Changes include a HEPA filtration bag, a 12 amp motor; a

suction turbine powered rotating brush floor head, and a redesigned version

of the handle, which tended to break. This same model was marketed in the

UK under the Maytag brand as the Satellite because of licensing restrictions.

The 5.2 amp motor on older US units provides respectable suction but

they all lack a motorized brush head. Therefore, they generally work better

on hard floors or short pile rugs. Old units take Hoover type J paper bags but

the slightly smaller type S allergen filtration bags can be easily trimmed to

fit the retaining notches on the old vacuums. Replacement motors are still

available from Hoover US for some models.

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Hoover made another hovering vacuum cleaner model called

the Celebrity in 1973. It has a flattened "flying saucer" shape. Hoover added

wheels to it to make it a conventional cylinder model after a brief run as a

hovering vacuum. It uses "Type H" bags.

Nilfisk

In 1910, P.A. Fisker patented a vacuum cleaner using a name based on

the company’s telegram address—Nilfisk. It was the first electric vacuum

cleaner in Europe. His design weighed just 17.5 kg and could be operated by

a single person. The company Fisker and Nielsen was formed just a few

years before. Today the Nilfisk vacuums are delivered by Nilfisk-Advance.

Electrolux Model V

The first vacuum cleaners were bulky stand-up units and not easily

portable. However, in 1921 Electrolux launched the Model V, which was

designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. This innovation,

conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren, became a standard

feature on generations of future vacuum cleaners.

There is a recorded example of a 1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving

in use for over 70 years, finally breaking in 2008.

Post-World War II

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Fig 2.15Dyson DC07 upright cyclonic vacuum cleaner

For many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a

luxury item, but after World War II, they became common among the middle

classes.Vacuums tend to be more common in Western countries because, in

most other parts of the world wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes

have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped, or mopped

manually without power assist.The last decades of the twentieth century saw

the more widespread use of technologies developed earlier, including filter

less cyclonic dirt separation, central vacuum systems, and rechargeable

hand-held vacuums. In addition, miniaturized computer technology and

improved batteries allowed the development of a new type of machine — the

autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner.

2.3.2. Recent developments

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In 2004, a British company released Airider, a hovering vacuum

cleaner that floats on a cushion of air. It has claimed to be lightweight and

easier to maneuver (compared to using wheels), although it is not the first

vacuum cleaner to do this, the Hoover Constellation predated it by at least 35

years.

A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air

Recycling Technology, which instead of using a vacuum uses an air stream

to collect dust from the carpet. This technology was tested by the Market

Transformation Program (MTP) and shown to be more energy efficient than

the vacuum method. Although working prototypes exist, Air Recycling

Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner.

Modern configurations

A wide variety of technologies, designs, and configurations are

available for both domestic and commercial cleaning jobs.

Upright

Upright vacuum cleaners are common in the US, Britain and several

Commonwealth countries, but very unusual in Continental Europe. They

take the form of a cleaning head, onto which a handle and bag are attached.

Upright designs usually employ a rotating brushroll or beater bar, which

removes dirt through a combination of sweeping and vibration. There are

two types of upright vacuums; dirty-air/direct fan (found mostly on

commercial vacuums), or clean-air/fan-bypass (found on most of today's

domestic vacuums).

The older of the two designs, direct-fan cleaners have a large impeller (fan)

mounted close to the suction opening, through which the dirt passes directly,

before being blown into a bag. A separate cooling fan often cools the motor.

Because of their large-bladed fans, and comparatively short air paths, direct-

fan cleaners create a very efficient airflow from a low amount of power, and

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make great carpet cleaners. Their "above-floor" cleaning power is less

efficient, since the airflow is lost when it passes through a long hose, and the

fan has been optimized for airflow volume and not suction.

Fan-bypass uprights have their motor mounted after the filter bag. Dust is

removed from the airstream by the bag, and usually a filter, before it passes

through the fan. The fans are smaller, and are usually a combination of

several moving and stationary turbines working in sequence to boost power.

The motor is cooled by the airstream passing through it. Fan-bypass

vacuums are good for both carpet and above-floor cleaning, since their

suction does not significantly diminish over the distance of a hose, as it does

in direct-fan cleaners. However, their air-paths are much less efficient, and

can require more than twice as much power as direct-fan cleaners to achieve

the same results. The most common upright vacuum cleaners use a drive-belt

powered by the suction motor to rotate the brush-roll. However, a more

common design of dual motor upright is available. In these cleaners, the

suction is provided via a large motor, while a separate, smaller motor, which

does not create any suction, powers the brush roll. The brush-roll motor can

sometimes be switched off, so hard floors can be cleaned without the brush-

roll scattering the dirt. It may also have an automatic cut-off feature, which

shuts the motor off if the brush-roll becomes jammed, protecting it from

damage.

Cylinder

Cylinder models (in the US also often called canister models) dominate

the European market. They have the motor and dust collector (using a bag or

bag less) in a separate unit, usually mounted on wheels, which is connected

to the vacuum head by a flexible hose. Their main advantage is flexibility, as

you can attach different heads for different tasks, and maneuverability (the

head can reach under furniture and makes it very easy to vacuum stairs and

vertical surfaces. Many cylinder models have power heads, as standard or

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add-on equipment, which contain the same sort of mechanical beaters as in

upright units, making them as efficient on carpets as upright models. A

separate electric motor or a turbine, which uses the suction power to spin the

brush roll via a drive belt, drives such beaters.

Drum

Fig 2.16Wet/dry shop vacuum for home use

Drum or shop vacuum models are essentially heavy-duty industrial

versions of cylinder vacuum cleaners, where the cylinder consists of a large

vertically positioned drum, which can be stationary or on wheels. Smaller

versions, for use in garages or small workshops, are usually electrically

powered. Larger models, which can store over 200 litres,are often hooked up

to compressed air, utilizing the Venturi effect to produce a partial vacuum.

Wet/Dry

Wet or wet/dry vacuum cleaners are a specialized form of the

cylinder/drum models that can be used to clean up wet or liquid spills. They

commonly can accommodate both wet and dry soil age; some are also

equipped with a switch or exhaust port for reversing the airflow, a useful

function for everything from clearing a clogged hose to blowing dust into a

corner for easy collection.

Pneumatic

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Pneumatic or pneumatic wet/dry vacuum cleaners are a specialized

form of wet/dry models that hook up to compressed air. They commonly can

accommodate both wet and dry soil age, a useful feature in industrial plants

and manufacturing facilities.

Backpack

Backpack vacuum cleaners are commonly used for commercial cleaning:

they allow the user to move rapidly about a large area. They are essentially

cylinder vacuum cleaners strapped on the user's back.

Hand-held

Fig2.17USB-powered hand-held vacuum cleaner

Lightweight hand-held vacuum cleaners, either powered

from rechargeable batteries or mains power, are also popular for cleaning up

smaller spills. Frequently seen examples include the Black & Decker

DustBuster, introduced in 1979, and the various hand-held models from Dirt

Devil, first introduced in 1984. Some battery-powered handheld vacuums are

wet/dry rated; the appliance must be partially disassembled and cleaned after

picking up wet materials, to avoid developing unpleasant odors.

Robotic

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Fig 2.18The Electrolux Trilobite robotic vacuum cleaner

In early 1999/2000, several companies developed robotic vacuum

cleaners, a form of carpet sweeper, usually equipped with limited suction

power. Some examples

are Roomba, Robomaxx, Intellibot, Trilobite, FloorBot and Dyson. These

machines move autonomously, usually in a mostly chaotic pattern ("random

bounce") across a floor, collecting surface dust and debris into a dustbin.

They usually can navigate around furniture and come back to a docking

station to charge their batteries, and a few are able to empty their dust

containers into the dock as well.

Most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use, although there

are more capable models for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals,

woodshops, etc. Most models are equipped with motorized brushes that

sweep debris from the floor into a collection bin. Additionally, some such as

the Roomba are equipped with an impeller motor to create an actual vacuum,

to collect finer dust particles.By the end of 2003, about 570,000 units were

sold worldwide.The Dyson robotic vacuum cleaner (DC06) was too

expensive for home use due to its high technical specifications. Thus, it was

never released, although it is claimed that it would have been the first robotic

vacuum cleaner sold.

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Cyclonic

Portable vacuum cleaners working on the cyclonic separation principle

became popular in the 1990s. This dirt separation principle was well known

and often used in central vacuum systems. Cleveland's P.A. Geier Company

had obtained a patent on a cyclonic vacuum cleaner as early as 1928, which

was later sold to Health-Mor in 1939, introducing the Filter Queen cyclonic

canister vacuum cleaner.

In 1979, James Dyson introduced a portable unit with cyclonic

separation, adapting this design from industrial sawmills.He launched his

cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US$1800 and in

1993 brought out the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK for £200. Critics

expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of a

conventional unit, but the Dyson design later became the most popular

cleaner in the UK.

Cyclonic cleaners do not use filtration bags. Instead, the dust is separated

in a detachable cylindrical collection vessel or bin. Air and dust are sucked at

high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel

wall, creating a fast-spinning vortex. The dust particles and other debris

move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force, where they fall due to

gravity.

In fixed-installation central vacuum cleaners, the cleaned air may be

exhausted directly outside without need for further filtration. A well-

designed cyclonic filtration system does not lose suction power due to

airflow restriction, until the collection vessel is almost full. This is in marked

contrast to filter bag systems, which lose suction as pores in the filter

become clogged as dirt and dust are collected.

In portable cyclonic models, the cleaned air from the center of the vortex

is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively

finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap

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particles, which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust

particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the

machine continues to perform efficiently.Since Dyson's success in raising

public awareness of cyclonic separation, several other companies have

introduced cyclone models. Competing manufacturers include Hoover,

Bissell, Eureka, Electrolux, Filter Queen, etc., and the cheapest models are

no more expensive than a conventional cleaner is.

Central

Fig 2.19Power unit of a typical central vacuum cleaner 

Central vacuum cleaners, also known as built-in or ducted, are a type

of cylinder model which has the motor and dirt filtration unit located in a

central location in a building, and connected by pipes to fixed vacuum inlets

installed throughout the building. Only the hose and cleaning head need be

carried from room to room, and the hose is commonly 8 m (25 ft) long,

allowing a large range of movement without changing vacuum inlets. Plastic

or metal piping connects the inlets to the central unit. The vacuum head may

be unpowered, or have beaters operated by an electric motor or by an air-

driven turbine.

The dirt bag or collection bin in a central vacuum system is usually so

large that emptying or changing needs to be done less often, perhaps a few

times per year for an ordinary household. The central unit usually stays in

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stand-by, and is turned on by a switch on the handle of the hose. Alternately,

the unit powers up when the hose is plugged into the wall inlet, when the

metal hose connector makes contact with two prongs in the wall inlet and

control current is transmitted through low voltage wires to the main unit.

A central vacuum typically produces greater suction than common

portable vacuum cleaners, because a larger fan and more powerful motor can

be used when they are not required to be portable. A cyclonic separation

system, if used, does not lose suction as the collection container fills up, until

the container is nearly full. This is in marked contrast to filter bag designs,

which start losing suction immediately as pores in the filter become clogged

by accumulated dirt and dust.

A benefit to allergy sufferers is that unlike a standard vacuum cleaner,

which must blow some of the dirt collected back into the room being cleaned

(no matter how efficient its filtration), a central vacuum removes all the dirt

collected to the central unit. Since this central unit is usually located outside

the living area, no dust is re-circulated back into the room being cleaned. In

addition, it is possible on most new models to vent the exhaust entirely

outside, even with the unit inside the living quarters.

In addition, because of the remote location of the motor unit, there is

much less noise in the room being cleaned than with a standard vacuum

cleaner.

Other variations

Some vacuum cleaners include an electric mop in the same machine: for a

dry and a later wet clean.

The iRobot company developed the Scooba, a robotic wet vacuum

cleaner that carries its own cleaning solution, applies it and scrubs the floor,

and vacuums the dirty water into a collection tank.

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Attachments

Most vacuum cleaners are supplied with various specialized attachments,

such as tools, brushes and extension wands, which allow them to reach

otherwise inaccessible places or to be used for cleaning a variety of surfaces.

The most common of these tools are:

Hard floor brush (for non-upright models)

Carpeted floor brush (for non-upright models)

Dusting brush

Crevice tool

Upholstery tool

Specifications

The performance of a vacuum cleaner can be measured by several

parameters:

Airflow, in litres per second [l/s] or cubic feet per minute (CFM or

ft³/min)

Air speed, in meters per second [m/s] or miles per hour [mph]

Suction, vacuum, or water lift, in Pascal’s [Pa] or inches of water

Other specifications of a vacuum cleaner are:

Weight, in kilograms [kg] or pounds [lb]

Noise, in decibels [dB]

PROPOSED MODEL

In this project,a dc motor will run suction pump; the outlet of the pump

will be connected to a bin, which will hold the litter. The power to the dc

motor will be provided by a battery, which will be charged by the solar

panels mounted on top of the device. Provision is done to charge the battery

in adverse conditions by electricity. The complete unit will be mounted on a

trolley for easy movement. By this technology, the use of engines run by fuel

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for the same purpose can be eliminated as fuel is one depleting source of

energy and the price of fuel in the recent years is an increasing curve on the

graph, which is still increasing further. This device can be used in places like

school, hospital, compounds, railway stations, bus stand, where people tend

to throw litter wastes and this device can be used in lawns to carry away

fallen leaves. This project is an attempt to clean the environment at a faster

rate and by cost effective means.