Austin White P.E.

Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company

IEEE PES GM 2016

Synchrophasors at

Outline

• OG&E Background

• Synchrophasor Applications

• Example Events

• Synchrophasor Based Protection

• Renewables Integration

2

PMU Deployment 2008-2015

3

PMU Locations

4

PMU Coverage Stats

• 100% of EHV System• 79 Line Terminals, 19 Autotransformers

• 100% of Wind Farms• 4053MW, 23 Plants

• 90% of Fossil Generation• 6200MW, 17 Units

• 37% of HV System• 218 Line Terminals

5

356 PMUs Total

Simplified Architecture

6

Large Deployment Challenges

• Protocols – C37.118 limited to ~150 PMUs, no security, frame based

• Performance – PDC limits are CPU burden starting at ~300 PMUs

• Data Storage – 350 PMUs, positive sequence need 15GB/day comp, 50GB uncompressed

• Network Bandwidth – Circuit needs 64kbps per PMU, no data caps, low latency

7

Research Partners

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Synchrophasor Applications

• Situational Awareness

• Disturbance/Misoperation Analysis

• State Estimator Enhancement and LSE

• Voltage Recovery Assessment (reactive reserves, FIDVR)

• Proactively Find Equipment Problems

• Stability Assessment

• Renewables Integration/Monitoring

9

Situational Awareness

10

Disturbance/Fault Location

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(5 seconds)

(5 seconds)

Fault Visibility

12

• 0.7 Second, 12.5kV Distribution Fault

(69 KV 3 Miles Away)

Delta Volts 2.1%

(1 minute)

(138 KV 8 Miles Away)

Delta Volts 0.7%

(345 KV 65 Miles Away)

Delta Volts 0.06%

(345 KV 140 Miles Away)

Delta Volts 0.02%

(1 second)

Long Duration Fault Events

• EM Relay failed to detect a permanent ground fault (problem with polarizing CT circuit)

• Took 19 breakers to remotely clear fault.

• Finally cleared when the fault went phase to phase

• 32,000 Customers effected• 2hr 17min restore time• 4.38 Million CMI• Continuous recording

needed!

13

(16 seconds)

Voltage Recovery Assessment

• 6/11/2009 – A 520MW generator tripped on SPS system in the Texas Panhandle (Tolk)

• Caused low voltage in southern Oklahoma, which involved multiple transmission owners

• Loss of generation was over 300 miles away

14

(30 minutes)

Failed EHV Reclosing Attempt

• Observed an unusual reclosing event following a fault on a 345kV line

• Able to diagnose multiple reclose attempts when only one reclose was expected

• Recent construction work changed the configuration

• Found that relay settings were not properly updated

15

(4 seconds)

Discovery of Failing Equipment

• Discovered many loose connections in the potential circuits at fuses or terminal blocks

• This has caused misoperations in the past (relays get confused)

• Proactively finding these helps prevent future outages and misoperations

16

(35 minutes)

(4 seconds)

PT Problem Report

• Our daily PT Problem report performs a dV/dT to help identify abnormal voltage fluctuations

17

(2 weeks)

Failing analog input

Stability Assessment - FFT

• FFT algorithm used to detect oscillations

• Sends email or text message when the oscillations reach an objectionable level

• This wind farm PMU shows many undesirable components, the worst at 14Hz

18

Stability Assessment - Redbud Oscillations

• Discovered voltage oscillations on EHV system (0.2Hz)

• Signal is most pronounced on the MVAR plot

• Suspected a generation problem

• Determined to be a problem with Redbud Unit 4 when in VAR control mode

• VAR control mode used during unit startup, oscillations stop when operator switches to voltage control scheme

19

(20 minutes)

(1 minute)

Wind Farm Oscillations

• Only during high winds

• FFT analysis shows 13-14Hz

• Voltage fluctuations as high as 5%

• Interaction between wind farms?

• Switching performed to electrically isolate the wind farms

• Determined it was a problem at different wind farms with the same turbine model

• The only solution was to curtail output

20

(35 minutes)

(2 seconds)

Customer Impact

• Using IEEE 141, the oscillations were well into the objectionable flicker zone

• Called the Woodward service center to ask if they could see the lights flickering

• They confirmed visible flicker and noted numerous customer complaints

• We successfully worked with the manufacturer to resolve the issue

21

Sensitivity to System Changes

• One line was out of service for maintenance

• Fault on another line started the oscillations

• Had to curtail output to stop oscillations

• Shows wind farm sensitivity to system impedance changes

(19 seconds)

(19 seconds)

22

Monitoring Power Quality

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• It has been observed that large loads inject noise onto the system

• Large refineries and arc furnaces are the worst offenders

• Synchrophasors allow for real time power quality monitoring

(7 seconds)

(25 minutes)

PMU Assisted Tripping

• 69kV loop around Ardmore, OK

• Sensitive Industrial customers

• No traditional carrier/fiber tripping (0.5 sec step distance)

• Network available

• New relays available

• Why not use synchrophasors to speed up tripping 5x?

24

PMU Assisted Tripping

25

Wind Resources in SPP

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OG&E Wind Penetration > 4000MW

• SPP record peak of 45% and 10,783MW on 3/21/2016

• 60° angle spread across OG&E from west to east

27

60°

Oklahoma Ranks #7 in Solar Potential

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Utility Scale Solar 2.5MW Pilot at Mustang

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Comparing Days (Meter Data)30

Comparing Days (Synchrophasor Data)31

Output With Cloud Coverage

32

Questions?

• Thanks! Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.

– Austin White

• whitead@oge.com (405-553-5996)

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mailto:whitead@oge.com

OG&E’s PhasorView

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