synchronous optical networks (sonet)rek/nets2/d12/sonet_d12.pdf · 2012-04-24 · telephone...
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Synchronous Optical Networks (SONET)
Advanced Computer Networks
D12
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SONET Outline
Brief History
SONET Overview
SONET Rates
SONET Ring Architecture – Add/Drop Multiplexor (ADM)
– Section, Line and Path
– Virtual Tributaries
– Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)
Connection to ATM
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 2
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Telephone Networks {Brief History}
Digital carrier systems – The hierarchy of digital signals that the
telephone network uses.
– Trunks and access links organized in DS (digital signal) hierarchy
– Problem: rates are not multiples of each other.
In the 1980’s Bellcore developed the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standard.
Previous efforts include: ISDN and BISDN.
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 3
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North American Digital Hierarchy
Primary Multiplex Eg. Digital
Switch 30 chan PCM
4th order Multiplex
x4
2nd order Multiplex
x4
3rd order Multiplex
x4
34.368 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 8.448 Mbps 139.264 Mbps
CEPT 1 CEPT 4
European Digital Hierarchy
28
M13 Multiplex
M23 Multiplex
x7
Primary Multiplex Eg. Digital
Switch 24 chan PCM
M12 Multiplex
x4
1
DS3 44.736 Mbps
DS1 1.544 Mbps DS2 6.312 Mbps DS3 44.736 Mbps
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 4
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Advanced Computer Networks SONET 5
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SONET SONET:: encodes bit streams into optical signals propagated over optical fiber. SONET defines a technology for carrying many signals of different capacities through a synchronous, flexible, optical hierarchy.
A bit-way implementation providing end-to-end transport of bit streams.
All clocks in the network are locked to a common master clock so that simple TDM can be used.
Multiplexing done by byte interleaving.
SONET is backward compatible to DS-1 and E-1 and forward compatible to ATM cells.
Demultiplexing is easy.
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 6
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SONET
Transmission links of the telephone network have been changing to SONET where rates are arranged in STS (Synchronous Transfer Signal) hierarchy.
The hierarchy is called SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) defined by CCITT.
It is an ITU standard.
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 7
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Advanced Computer Networks SONET 8
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SONET Rates
Figure 2-37. SONET and SDH Multiplex Rates
Tanenbaum
10 Gbps
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 9
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Low-Speed Mapping Function
Medium Speed
Mapping Function
High- Speed
Mapping Function
DS3
44.736
DS1
DS2
CEPT-1
CEPT-4
139.264
ATM
150 Mbps
STS-1
STS-1
STS-1 STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1 STS-1
STS-3c
STS-3c
OC-n
Scrambler E/O
51.84 Mbps
High- Speed
Mapping Function
Mux STS-n
SONET Multipexing
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 10
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STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
Map
Map
Map
STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
STS-1 STS-1
Byte
Inte
rleave
STS-3
Incoming STS-1 Frames
Synchronized New STS-1 Frames
SONET Synchronous Multiplexing
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 11
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Advanced Computer Networks SONET 12
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SONET Architecture
SONET topology can be a mesh, but most often it is a dual ring.
Standard component of SONET ring is an ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer) – Drop one incoming multiplexed stream and replace it with another stream.
– Used to make up bi-directional line switching rings.
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 13
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a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
(a) Dual ring (b) Loop-around in response to fault
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
SONET Ring
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 14
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SONET Ring
Changed from FDDI
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 15
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MUX DEMUX MUX DEMUX
MUX DEMUX
(a) pre-SONET multiplexing
remove tributary
insert tributary
ADM
remove tributary
insert tributary
(b) SONET Add-Drop multiplexing
MUX
ADM
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 16
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Inter-Office Rings
Metro Ring
Regional Ring
SONET Ring
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 17
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Gigabit ATM Over 10 Gb/s SONET Ring
Washington U. St Louis 1995
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 18
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STE: Section Terminating Equipment, e.g. a repeater LTE: Line Terminating Equipment, e.g. a STS-1 to STS-3 multiplexer PTE: Path Terminating Equipment, e.g. an STS-1 multiplexer
optical
section
optical
section
optical
section
optical
section
line
optical
section
line
optical
section
line
path
optical
section
line
path
(a)
(b)
STS PTE
LTE STE
STS-1 Path
STS Line
Section Section
Mux Mux reg reg reg SONET
Terminal
STE STE LTE
STS PTE
SONET Terminal
SONET Architecture
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 19
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SONET Architecture
Sections
Lines
Path
SONET MPX
SONET MPX
BIM BIM ADM REG REG
The main SONET elements
OC-1 OC-1 OC-3 OC-3 OC-3 OC-3
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 20
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BIM = BIM (Byte Interleaved Multiplexer)
= Regenerator
• Boosts power of optical signal
• Optical signal is converted to electrical signal.
• Amplify electrical signal.
• Amplified electrical signal converted back to optical signal.
SONET Architecture
REG
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 21
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Virtual Tributaries
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 22
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Advanced Computer Networks SONET 23
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B B B 87B
Information Payload
9 Rows
125 s Transport overhead
90 bytes
Section Overhead 3 rows
6 rows Line
Overhead
SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope
SONET Frame
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 24
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Figure 2-36. Two Back-to-Back SONET Frames
SONET Frame
Tanenbaum
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 25
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Pointer
87 columns
9 rows
first column is path overhead
Synchronous Payload Envelope
frame k
frame k+1
Pointer
first octet
last octet
SPE straddling SONET Frame
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 26
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ATM Cells in an STS-3 Frame
Header 5 Bytes
Payload 48 Bytes
ATM Cell Format
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 27
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SONET Summary
Brief History
SONET Definition and Overview
SONET Rates (STS and OC’s)
SONET Ring Architecture – Add/Drop Multiplexor (ADM)
– Section, Line and Path
– Virtual Tributaries
– Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)
Connection to ATM
Advanced Computer Networks SONET 28