Proceedings of the

Symposium on the Application of Geophysicsto Engineering and Environmental Problems

Compiled and Edited by

Michael H. PowersLynn CramerRonald S. Bell

March 14-18, 1999Oakland, CA

UB/TIB Hannover 89118 766 35X

The Annual Meeting of theEnvironmental and Engineering Geophysical Society

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conference Planning Committee iiiDisclaimer ivTable of Contents vIntroduction xviiAcknowledgements xx

Oral Session M-1Engineering Forum - Case Histories of Engineering Geophysics ISession Chairs: Paul Michaels and Craig Benson

In Situ Stress Measurements Can Help Define Local Variations in FractureHydraulic Conductivity at Shallow Depth 1CA. Barton and D. Moos

Geotechnical Applications of VSP Surveys Using the Seismic Cone Penetrometer... 11Kevin Jarvis, Rosemary Knight, and John Howie

Use of Square Array Resistivity to Assess the Style of Jointing on thePalisades Cliffs, Northern New Jersey 21Patricia M. Kenyon and Lyndon A. Brown

Roadside Application of Seismic Surface Waves Over Abandoned Mines6. Burcin Avar and Barbara A. Luke 31

Self-Potential Methods to Investigate the Water Seepage Flow Field throughEarthfill Embankment Dams 41Kevin M. Payne and Robert F. Corwin

Seismic Survey across an Environment with Very High Poisson's Ratio 49Michael Roth, Roman Spitzer, and Frank Nitsche

Oral Session M-2Use of Seismic Surface WavesSession Chairs: Rob Huggins and Jim Hunter

Non-Destructive Testing of Ground Strength Using the SASW-Method 57Jorgen Bergstrom

Non-Intrusive Evaluation of Submarine Tunnel Foundation Using DynamicHigh-Frequency Surface Wave Prospecting 67Tieshuan Guo and Lanbo Liu

Frequency-Wavenumber Analysis of Passive Surface Waves 75Daren J. Zywicki and Glenn J. Rix

Surface-Wave Group-Velocity Tomography for Shallow Structures 85Leland Timothy Long and A. H. Kocaoglu

Configuration of Near-Surface Shear-Wave Velocity by Inverting SurfaceWave 95JianghaiXia, Richard D. Miller, and Choon Byong Park

A Study on the Characteristics of Geotechnically Different Sitesby Surface Wave Inversion Method 105Heeok Jung

Multimodal Analysis of High Frequency Surface Waves 115Choon Byong Park, Richard D. Miller, and Jianghai Xia

The Combination of the SASW Method and DC-Resistivity inCharacterization of Old Landfills 123Mats Svensson, Christian Bernstone, and Torleif Dahlin

Oral Session M-3Engineering Forum - Case Histories of Engineering Geophysics IISession Chairs: David Bieber and Glenn Rix

The Resistivity Piezocone Penetration Test (RCPTU) for Quality Control ofGeotechnical Ground Densification 133Chris R. Daniel, John A. Howie, Richard G. (Dick) Campanella, and Heraldo L.Giacheti

Geophysical Investigation of an Abandoned Landfill 143Andrew P. deWet and Rob Sternberg

A Sea-Bottom Seismic Energy Source for Shallow Water EngineeringApplications 153R.L. Good, R. A. Burns, and J.A. Hunter

A Step Frequency Georadar Module for an Environmental ConePenetrometer 163Fan-Nian Kong, James M. Strout, and John H. Loevholt

Geophysics Comes of Age in Oil Sands Development 173Paul Bauman, Richard Kellett, Eric Gilson, Russ Pagulayan, and Anil Sharma

VI

Use of Engineering Geophysics in the Design of Highway Passing Lanes 179P. Michaels

Integrated Geophysical Investigation Helps Improve a LandfillClosure Design 189Roark W. Smith

Routine Application of Radar in Underground Mining Applications 197Hylton White, Alten du Plessis, Keith Noble, and Mike Treloar

Poster SessionSeismic MethodsSession Chair: Rob Huggins

Land Streamer: A New System for High-Resolution S-Wave ShallowReflection Surveys 207Tomio Inazaki

Physical Ultrasonic Modeling of Rayleigh Wave Field in the Near Vicinity ofan Anisotropic Wave Barrier 217Elizabeth Its, Alexei Anisimov, and Vitalii Kashkevich

A Shallow Marine Seismic Reflection Survey in Suisun Bay 225Zhuping Liu, James W. Rector, and Patrick Williams

Seismic Refraction Case Studies at Environmental Sites 235Craig Murray, Dean Keiswetter and Edward Rostosky

Recovering of Scattering Objects by Means of Focusing Transformation ofSeismic Multioffset Data 245Vladimir A. Pozdniakov

High-Resolution, Multichannel, Marine Seismic Surveying Usinga Small Airgun Source 255A. Pugin, S.E. Pullan, R.A. Burns, M. Douma, and R.L. Good

Poster SessionDetection and Delineation of Voids and Engineered StructuresSession Chair: Phyllis Halvorson

Tests of Shallow-Penetrating EM Systems Over an Underground Bunker 265David L. Campbell and J. Christopher Eckhart

VII

Gravity in Cave Exploration 273Mary Krasovec and Frank Dale Morgan

Detection of Near-Surface Voids Using Surface Wave 281Choon Byong Park, Richard D. Miller, and Jianghai Xia

Cave Detection Using GPR 287Philip M. Reppert, Yervant Vichabian, John Sogade, and Frank Dale Morgan

A Case Study of the Use of Multi-Electrode Earth Resistivity inThinly Mantled Karst 293M.J.S. Roth, J.R. Mackey, andJ.E. Nyquist

Resistivity in Cave Exploration 303Frank Dale Morgan, Weiqun Shi, Yervant Vichabian,John Sogade, and William Rodi

Electromagnetic Cave-to-Surface Mapping System 309John Sogade, Yervant Vichabian, Amy Vandiver,Philip Reppert, and Frank Dale Morgan

Induced Polarization in the Detection of Cave Systems 317John Sogade, Yervant Vichabian, and Frank Dale Morgan

Self Potentials in Cave Detection 323Yervant Vichabian and Frank Dale Morgan

Defining the Bedrock/Overburden Boundary in Covered Karst Terranes UsingDipole-Dipole Electrical Resistivity Tomography 331Wanfang Zhou, Barry F. Beck, and J. Brad Stephenson

Oral Session T-1Hydrology Forum - Geophysical Applications in Hydroiogic MappingSession Chairs: Michael Knoll and Peter Haeni

Electrical Resistance Tomography of Unsaturated Flow andTransport in Yucca Mountain 341Michael Buettner, William Daily, Abe Ramirez, and Gilles Bussod

Variability of Electrical Resistivity at the Rice Creek Field Station,Oswego, New York: Implications for the Distribution of Groundwater 349Samuel T. Peavy and David W. Valentino

Vlll

Integrated Use of Continuous Seismic-Reflection and Ground-Penetrating RadarMethods at John's Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts 359CJ. Powers, F.P. Haeni, and Spence Smith

Temporal Saltwater Effects on a Porous Sand Derived from GeophysicalMonitoring Through a Tidal Cycle at Crescent Beach State Park, Maine 369S. K. Sandberg and L D. Slater

Time-Domain Electromagnetic Techniques To Study South Florida Aquifers 379Paul J. Wolfe, Benjamin H. Richard, Erin E. Sesslar, and Steven Edlavitch

Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS): Objectives, Design,Initial Geostatistical Results 389Warren Barrash, Tom Clemo, and Michael D. Knoll

Geophysical Surveys across the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site ToDetermine Geophysical Parameters of a Shallow, Alluvial Aquifer 399William P. Clement, Michael D. Knoll, Lee M. Liberty, Paul R. Donaldson,Paul Michaels, Warren Barrash, and John R. Pelton

Oral Session T-2Rock PropertiesSession Chairs: Rosemary Knight and Christina Chan

Permeability Estimation Using Spectral Induced Polarization Measurements 409John T. Sturrock, David P. Lesmes, and F. Dale Morgan

Determining Elastic Soil Properties at Small Strains 417Hansruedi Maurer, Jolanda Giudici-Trausch, Michiel vanderVeen,and Sara M. Springman

Predicting Clay Content and Porosity From Gamma-Ray and ConductivityLogs 425Wendy W. Corona and Gary Mavko

Accounting for Saturation Heterogeneity in Obtaining Estimates of Water Contentfrom Dielectric Data 435Christina Y. Chan and Rosemary J. Knight

Influence of Microstructural Properties on Geophysical Measurementsin Sand-Clay Mixtures 445Dorthe Wildenschild, Jeffrey J. Roberts, and Eric D. Carlberg

IX

Ultrasonic Characterization of Synthetic Soils for Application toNear Surface Geophysics 455B.P. Bonner, P.A. Berge, C. Aracne-Ruddle, C Boro, E. Hardy, C Trombino

Comparing Geophysical Measurements to Theoretical Estimates for SoilMixtures at Low Pressures 465P.A. Berge, J.G. Berryman, B.P. Bonner, J.J. Roberts, and D. Wildenschild

Saturation and Contamination Dependence of Electrical Propertiesin the MHz Range 473Andreas Weller, Claus Urban, and Joachim Schonart

Oral Session T-3Hydrology Forum - Geophysical Applications in Environmental SiteCharacterization and Ground Water RemediationSession Chairs: Dave Slaine and John Greenhouse

Large-Scale Geophysical Mapping and Its Application for Ground WaterProtection in Urban Areas 481Kurt I. Sorensen and Verner H. Sondergaard

Geophysical Imaging of a Former Landfill and Its Associated Leachate Plume .... 487Justin M. Bailey, Jeffrey M. Groncki, EstellaA. Atekwana, William A. Sauck,and Douglas D. Werkema

The Temporal Variation of a Saltwater Contaminant Plume as Evidenced throughLong-Term Resistivity Monitoring 497Gail Lipfert, Stewart Sandberg, Lee Slater, Andrew Reeve, and Marc Loiselle

Applications of Some New Techniques to Detect Groundwater Contamination atMine Tailings Dams 507G. Buselli and K. Lu

A Mise A La Masse Survey To Track Groundwater Conduits in WeatheredBedrock neara Salvage Yard 517John Jansen, Phillip Osborn, and Michael Wilson

An Integrated Approach To Monitoring a Field Test of In Situ ContaminantDestruction 527Robin L. Newmark, Roger D. Aines, G. Bryant Hudson, Roald Leif, MarinaChiarappa, Charles Carrigan, John J. Nitao, Allen Elsholz, and Craig Eaker

Induced Polarization Imaging of a Jet Fuel Plume 541Frank Dale Morgan, Francesca Scira-Scappuzzo, Weiqun Shi, William Rodi, JohnSogade, Yervant Vichabian, and David P. Lesmes

X

Self Potential Monitoring of Jet Fuel Air Sparging 549Yervant Vichabian and Frank Dale Morgan

Poster SessionGround Penetrating RadarSession Chair: Jeff Lucius

3-D GPR Imaging of Complex Fluvial Stratigraphy at the BoiseHydrogeophysical Research Site 555William R. Peretti, Michael D. Knoll, William P. Clement, and Warren Barrash

An Imaging Algorithm for GPR Data 565Yoshinori Sanada and Yuzuru Ashida

Terrain Permittivity Mapping: GPR Measurements of Near-Surface SoilMoisture 575David P. Lesmes, Robert J. Herbstzuber, and David Wertz

An Investigation of Cross-Borehole Ground Penetrating Radar Measurements forCharacterizing the 2D Moisture Content Distribution in the Vadose Zone 583Lee Paprocki and David Alumbaugh

Ground Penetrating Radar & AVO 593Philip M. Reppert, Frank Dale Morgan, and M. Nafi Toksoz

Conversion of Hydraulic Conductivity to Synthetic Radar Traces 601Charles T. Young

Poster SessionHydrogeological PropertiesSession Chair: Rosemary Knight

Investigation of Mountainous Rock Destruction: A New Physico-MathematicalConception 609A. L. Aleinikov, V. T. Belikov, and L. V. Eppelbaum

Use of VSP Techniques to View, in 3D, Partially Saturated Layers in theShallow Subsurface at Lawrence Livermore National Labs, California 619Paul A. Milligan, James W. Rector III, and Robert Bainer

Hydrogeological Property Estimation Using Tomographic Data at the BoiseHydrogeophysical Research Site 629John E. Peterson, Jr., Ernest L. Majer, and Michael D. Knoll

xi

Dielectric Dependence on Salinity and Probe Length in TDR-Measurements 639Sari Penttinen, Pekka Hanninen, and Raimo Sutinen

Field Investigation of Salt Transport Processes Using Resistivity/IP Imaging 647Lee Slater and Stewart K. Sandberg

Self Potential Mapping of Contaminants 657Yervant Vichabian, Phillip Reppert, and Frank Dale Morgan

Oral Session W-1Borehole Forum - Crosswell Methods for Geophysical ImagingSession Chairs: Ganpat Lodha and Carol LaDeife

An Electromagnetic Induction Tomography Field Experiment at Lost Hills, CA .... 663H. Michael Buettner and James G. Berryman

High-Performance Computation and Geostatistical Experiments for Testing theCapabilities of 3D Electrical Resistance Tomography 673Steven Carle, Abelardo Ramirez, William Daily, Robin Newmark, and AndrewThompson

Electrical Imaging of Engineered Hydraulic Barriers 683William Daily and Abelardo Ramirez

Laboratory Scale Tests of Electrical Impedance Tomography 693Abelardo Ramirez, William Daily, Andrew Binley, and Douglas LaBrecque

Simultaneous Acquisition of P- and S-Wave Crosswell Seismic Profiles in aContaminated Basalt Aquifer 703Thomas M. Daley, John E. Peterson, and Ernest L. Majer

Reverse VSPs and Crosshole Seismic Tomography While Coring 713William P. Clement, Lee M. Liberty, and Michael D. Knoll

Surface and Borehole Seismic Characterization of the Boise HydrogeophysicalResearch Site 723Lee M. Liberty, William P. Clement, and Michael D. Knoll

Characterization of Shear-Wave Velocity Anisotropy in the Upper 33 M of aDipping, Consolidated Sandstone 733Gilein J. Steensma, Paul E. Murray, Michael L. Batzle, and Thomas M. Boyd

xu

Oral Session W-2UXO & Shallow Target DetectionSession Chairs: Jeff Lucius and David Smith

Object Identification Using Multifrequency EMI Data 743Dean Keiswetter, I.J. Won, Bruce Barrow, and Tom Bell

Geophysical QA/QC for a UXO EE/CA, Fort Ritchie Army Garrison, MD 753Kent Boler, Mike Ervine, Alex Smith, John Breznick, and Chris Evans

Locating and Determining Dimensionality of UXOs Using Time DomainElectromagnetic Induction 763Leonard R. Pasion and Douglas W. Oldenburg

A Field Evaluation of Airborne Techniques for Detection of UnexplodedOrdnance 773W.E. Doll, P. Hamlett, J. Smyre, D. Bell, J.E. Nyquist, T.J. Gamey, andJ.S.Holladay

A Comparison of Towed and Mounted Helicopter Magnetometer Systemsfor UXO Detection 783T. Jeffrey Gamey and Reinhold Mahler

The Application of an Integrated Magnetometer/Global Positioning System foran Unexploded Ordnance Investigation 793TamirLKIaff

Mapping Buried Metallic Objects and Titaniferous Placers in the MississippiSound, Gulf of Mexico 803Jeff Wynn and Kevin Laurent

New Field and Modeling Results from a Simulated Waste Pit Using theEnhanced Very Early Time Electromagnetic (VETEM) Prototype System 811David L. Wright, David V. Smith, Jared D. Abraham, Richard T. Smith, Tie JunCui, and Weng Cho Chew

Oral Session W-3Borehole Forum - Borehole Logging and CharacterizationSession Chairs: Don Hill and Joseph Hearst

Vertical Radar Profiling to Determine Dielectric Constant, Water Content andPorosity Values at Well Locations 821Michael D. Knoll and William P. Clement

XUl

Borehole Geophysics Applied to the Study of Landfill Sites inFractu red-Bed rock Terrains 831Horacio Ferriz and William Pedler

A Wireline-Operated Downhole Packer for Hydraulic Measurements inBoreholes 841F.L. Paillet, J.H. Williams, and A.E. Hess

Use, Comparison, Presentation, and Interpretation of Borehole Image andAcoustic Televiewer Technology 851T.M. Staatz

Field Evaluation of a New Borehole Resistivity Probe Using CapacitiveElectrodes 859CJ. Mwenifumbo and Q. Bristow

Assessing Exploratory Borehole Seals With Electrical GeophysicalTechniques 869Stanford A. Gibson, Craig H. Benson, and TuncerB. Edil

Characterization of Well Seals Using an Ultrasonic Method 879Martin C. Christman, Tuncer B. Edil, and Craig H. Benson

Poster SessionAirborne GeophysicsSession Chair: Ronald S. Bell

A Three-Dimensional Interpretation of an AEM Survey in the UpperSan Pedro Basin, Arizona 889Mark W. Bultman, Mark E. Gettings, and Jeff Wynn

A World of Applications for Helicopter Electromagnetics to Environmentaland Engineering Problems 899Greg Hodges

A Case History of the Scintrex Helicopterborne PDS-3M Pipeline DetectionSystem to Aid in the Safety and Planning of 3D Seismic Surveys 909Terry McConnell and Bob Lo

GEM-2A Broadband Airborne EM System 919Bill Sanfilipo, I.J. Won, Dean Keiswetter, and R.J. McChesney

Orthophoto Site Map 929Ralph SoulePoster Session

XIV

Poster SessionElectromagnetic MethodsSession Chair: Ed Nichols

A Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain Code for Electromagnetic InductionTomography 931Nathan J. Champagne II, James G. Berryman, H. Michael Buettner, J. BrianGrant, and Robert M. Sharpe

Three-Dimensional Inversion of IP Data from the INEL Cold Test Pit 941William Frangos, Andreas Weller, and Matthias Seichter

A Study of a Two-Dimensional Resistivity and IP Array 951Kanglin Lu, Jim Macnae, and Jock Buselli

Reciprocity Formulas for Electromagnetic Induction Systems 961Stephen J. Norton, William A. San Filipo, I.J. Won

Progress in Broadband Electromagnetic Sensors 971I.J. Won, Dean Keiswetter, Tom Hall, and Bill San Filipo

Comparison Between Stochastic and Occam's Inversion of 3-D ERT Data 979Xianjin Yang and Douglas J. LaBrecque

Borehole Geophysical Characteristics of the Lady Violet Nickel Deposit,Sudbury, Ontario 989B.E. Elliott, CJ. Mwenifumbo, and G. McDowell

XV