symbiosis the term symbiosis (from the greek:, sym, "with"; and, biosis,...
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SYMBIOSISThe term symbiosis (from the Greek:, sym,
"with"; and, biosis, "living") commonly describes close and often long-term interactions
between different biological species. The term was first used in 1879 by the German
mycologist, Heinrich Anton de Bary, who defined it as: "the living together of unlike
organisms".
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Mutualism
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between Ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators (a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles).
Mutualism is a biological interaction between individuals of two different species, where both individuals derive a fitness benefit, for example increased survivorship. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation.
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Red-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus erythrorhynchus of east AfricaYellow-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus africanus of most of sub-saharan Africa.
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Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) with Egyptian Plover or Crocodile Bird (Pluvianus aegyptius)
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Lichens
Organism A Organism B
Benefit? Benefit?
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Mycorrhiza
Organism A Organism B
Benefit? Benefit?
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Commensalism…is a term employed in ecology to describe a relationship between two living
organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped (like a bird living in a tree).
The word derives from the Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table.
Remoras (shark suckers) on a nurse shark
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Barnacles on a whale
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Parasitism• Parasitism is a type of symbiotic
relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a prolonged, close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.
• The harm and benefit in parasitic interactions concern the biological fitness of the organisms involved. Parasites reduce host fitness in many ways. Parasites increase their fitness by exploiting hosts for food, habitat and dispersal.
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