sylvia niccum and kendra noll - cte.drupal.ku.edu · candomblé • many slaves were forced to...
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Sylvia Niccum and Kendra Noll
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Overview
• Brazil • Origins of Candomblé • Beliefs • Rituals • Music
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Brazil
• 5th largest country in the world
• 5th most populous country
• Former colony of Portugal
• Language: Portugese • Tropical climate
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Bahia (Capital da Alegria) • Located on the Northeast
coast of Brazil • 38% of all slaves that
came to the Americas went through Bahia.
• 80% of population is of
Black African origin • Where the term “Afro-
Brazilian” came from
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Bahia
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Culture • Laid back attitudes • Well-known for spicy cuisine, music and
architecture. • Capital of Bahia, Salvador, is the 3rd most
populated city in Brazil. • Rich in agriculture, main export • 60.5% are Roman Catholic
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Candomblé
• Afro-Brazilian polytheistic religion • Brought by African slaves • Term given by Bahia people for African-
rooted religions • Centered around music
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Candomblé • Many slaves were forced to convert to
Catholicism (Hence elements of synthesization of Catholicism in Candomblé)
• Banned by the Catholic church • Criminalized by some governments • Thrived for over four centuries, and expanded in
the late 1800s.
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Candomblé
• Practiced in terreiros also called casas (house temples)
• Leader of the
house (always female)
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Beliefs
• One all powerful God, Oludumaré • Oludumaré is distant and is served by
lesser deities called orixas.
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Orixa
• Represent a force in nature • Associated with certain foods, colors,
animals and days of the week, diseases, war etc.
• Hundreds of Orixas
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Orixa • Every person has their own individual orixa
which controls his or her destiny and acts as a protector.
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Finding your Orixa
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Orixa identity
• Priest determines which orixa belongs to the new initiate
• Month in seclusion, participating in other important rituals, before being presented to the general public.
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Dress
• Initiates wear all white before they receive possession of orixa
• A string of beads of that deity is placed around the initiate's neck.
• Once possession is reached they wear the colors of their orixa
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrCFtojoy7Q
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• Ogum, god of iron, presides over technology and agriculture. He is seen kneeling on the ground, wearing his crown of palm fronds.
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Initiation Ceremony Two parts: • 1st is preparation where only priest and initiates
allowed • Decorations, animal slaughter • 2nd is public mass (ONLY members of
Candomblé are allowed) • Where they dance to receive possession of
personal orixa • Ends with banquet and feast
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Olugbajé feast
• The Olugbajé banquet feast is served in large leaves and contains food sacred to all the deities. It is believed the food has healing powers .
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Worship • Worship takes the form of specially
choreographed dances and hymns. • Dance is a call to the spirits. • At its height, orixa possession occurs • Drumming • Trance
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Music
• Drumming is the most important element to the religion.
• Drumming is the basis for ritual dances • Drum music ‘calls’ the gods • Brings on spirit ‘possession’
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Drums
• Sacred • Communicate with the deities • Baptized by means of animal sacrifices and
food-offering. • Drums’ axé (or spiritual force) is ritually
renewed at least once a year.
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Drums
• Three drums (atabaques) • Largest drum (Rum) • Medium drum (Pi) • Small drum (Le)
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The master drummer • Plays the largest drum
(rum) of the trio • Always male • Improvises upon the
characteristic rhythms • Controls the
choreographic development of the ritual dances.
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Rhythm
• Rhythmic patterns associated with certain deities http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrCFtojoy7Q • Cross-rhythms and polyrhythms predominate • Duple and triple meters • Hemiolas; a subtle duple-triple ambivalence.
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Banquet