Name: __________________________ Class: _____________________ Date: _____________________

Nervous System Study GuideLatin and Greek RootsGive an example of a word from this chapter that contains each prefix or suffix.

Vocabulary1. Myelin -

2. Stimulus -

3. Synapse –

4. Neurotransmitter -

5. Reflex -

6. Meninges -

7. Ventricles –

8. Cranial Nerves -

Short Answer1. Differentiate between these divisions of the nervous system:

afferent / efferent –

somatic / autonomic –

sympathetic / parasympathetic –

Latin/Greek Root

Meaning Example

af- to

Arachne spider

dura hard

ef- from

-glia glue

Latin/Greek Root

Meaning Example

Inter- between

pia delicate

Syn- together

2. Label each of the parts of a neuron below. Include the axon, axon terminal, dendrite, cell body, and nucleus.

3. What is demyelination? What are two disorders that are the result of demyelination?

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4. Label the pons, occipital lobe, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, cerebellum, parietal lobe, central sulcus, spinal cord, temporal lobe, lateral sulcus, and frontal lobe.

5. Which portion of the neuron receives incoming signals? Which part conducts signals away from the cell body?

6. Compare the function of sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

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7. Label depolarization, hyperpolarization, peak action potential, resting potential, Na/K ATP pump.

8. These statements describe the process of a neuron transmitting a nerve signal and recovering. Fill in the blanks with the words sodium, potassium, negative, positive.

a. A resting neuron has more ______________ ions inside the membrane and _______________ ions

outside the membrane. The overall charge across the membrane is ________________.

b. Depolarization causes a protein channel to open, allowing ______________ ions to flood inside the

cell membrane. The overall charge across the membrane is ____________________.

c. Repolarization opens a second protein channel, allowing ________________ ions to leave the cell.

The overall charge across the membrane is ___________________.

d. The sodium-potassium ATP pump moves _________________ ions back into the cell and

_________________ ions back out of the cell.

9. Which of the steps of nerve signal transmission requires ATP to complete?

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10. Order these events from start (1) to finish (6) as an efferent signal is sent to perform a voluntary movement.

___1___ A nerve signal is initiated somewhere in the cerebrum.

________ The neurotransmitter is absorbed by the membrane of the target muscle.

________ A neurotransmitter is released into the synapse.

________ The nerve signal travels down the axon, towards the terminal.

________ The signal is received by the dendrite of a neuron in the brain and travels through the cell body.

________ The effector muscle contracts.

11. What is the difference between botulism and tetanus?

12. How is a reflex arc different than a typical muscle action? Give an example.

13. Label the afferent neuron, efferent neuron, and interneuron in this diagram of a reflex arc.

14. What part of the brain accounts for most of its mass?

15. Describe a specific function that occurs in each of these lobes of the cerebrum.

a. Frontal Lobe –

b. Temporal Lobe –

c. Parietal Lobe –

d. Occipital Lobe –

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16. What is grey matter made of? White matter? Which is found on the surface of the brain?

17. The thalamus is often referred to as the “sensory switchboard”. Explain why.

18. Give two examples of the hypothalamus controlling homeostasis, or the body’s internal balance.

19. Some people take melatonin supplements to help them sleep regularly or more deeply. Why? Where does this hormone come from?

20. Give a specific example of something the medulla controls, and something the pons controls.

21. What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

22. Label each structures in this sagittal view of the brain, including the corpus callosum, pineal gland, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, lateral ventricle, and the pituitary gland.

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23. Complete this graphic organizer of the nervous system.

24. Which of the three meninges is the strongest and thickest? Which contains all the blood vessels?

25. Explain how cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier protect the brain differently.

26. Explain the similarities the spinal cord has with the brain.

27. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with “fight or flight” type responses, such as increased heart rate?

28. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with “rest and digest” type responses, such as increased blood flow to the intestines?

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29. For each of the central nervous disorders, explain what is affected and the exact cause.

Disorder Affected Region(s) Cause

Encephalitis VirusMeningitis MeningesAlzheimer’s UnknownConcussion VariesBrain Tumors VariesMultiple Sclerosis Myelin sheaths of axons

Stroke Varies

30. For each of the cranial nerves, list one function.

Cranial Nerve Function

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

Hypoglossal

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