sweet sorghum bioethanol technology
TRANSCRIPT
ICRISAT’s Vision and Mission
VisionImproved well-being of the poor of the semi-arid tropicsMissionTo reduce poverty, enhance food and nutritional security and protect the environment of the semi-arid tropics by helping empower the poor through science with a human face
Pearl millet Groundnut Chickpea PigeonpeaSorghum
Our mandate crops
ICRISAT’s BioPower Strategy
• BioPower empowers the dryland poor to benefit from emerging bio-energy opportunities
• Ensures both food and energy security
• Focuses on biomass, juice and grain
• Greater smallholder incomes
• Sustaining environments
Growing ethanol demand
•Blending petrol with ethanol recommended in many countries including India and the Philippines
•Sugarcane and corn are currently the feedstocks
• India: Ethanol deficit is 0.82 million t year-1
• Sorghum grown in dry areas by small farmers (43 million ha in more than 90 countries)
• Sorghum types:
– Grain
– Dual (grain & fodder)
– Sweet stalk ((fuel, food, feed and fodder)
• Sweet sorghum – a bioethanol feedstock
Sweet sorghum bioethanol
ICRISAT’s has been working on sweet sorghum for the last 12 years
ICRISAT’s has been working on sweet sorghum for the last 12 years
Bioethanol from sweet sorghum
• Production similar to grain sorghum
• Sugar-rich stalks (16-23% Brix)
• Ethanol from juice of stalks after fermentation
• Stillage - feed; grain - food
• A cheaper and eco-friendly option; Greenhouse gas emission cut by 12%
• Ratio of energy invested to energy given is 1:8 (USDA estimate)
• No sulphur and aldehydes
ICRISAT’s two-pronged approach
1. Develop improved sweet sorghum varieties and hybrids
2. Public-Private-People Partnerships
Indian farmers reap benefits
• More income from sweet sorghum cultivation
• Grain as food
• Stalks to distilleries for ethanol
• Stillage/leaves as fodder/fertilizer/power generation
• More profitable (about US$ 50 ha-1 season-1) than grain sorghum in India
Feedstock costs (India)*
89.2 111.581.6Feedstock cost
(US$ kl-1 ethanol)
287 995 258 Cost of cultivation
(US$ ha-1)
3.22 8.90 3.16 Ethanol yield(kl ha-1)
--
Grain
Stover
Juice
--
Bagasse
Juice
Grain
Stillage
Ethanol source
8000 m336000 m34000 m3 Water requirement
4.5 months 12 months 4 months Crop duration
MaizeSugarcane Sweet sorghum
* Based on bioethanol per hectare.
Trade-off between food and fuel
• Rainy-season sweet sorghum hybrids: Give
higher sugar yield (20% = 0.8 t ha-1) and higher grain yield (16% = 0.9 t ha-1) compared to non-sweet stalk-grain sorghum hybrids
• Rainy-season sweet sorghum varieties: Only 18% (0.8 t ha-1) loss in grain yield while the gain in sugar yield is 42% (1.7 t ha-1)
• ICRISAT’s focuses on hybrids to fulfill both food and fuel needs
The Philippines: Conducive
biofuel climate
• Biofuel Law (RA9367)
• Mandates blending 5% ethanol with gasoline in 2 years; 10% in 4 years
“Sweet sorghum is going to be a major player in the country’s drive towards energy independence because of its many uses”
Agriculture Secretary Arthur Yap
“Sweet sorghum is going to be a major player in the country’s drive towards energy independence because of its many uses”
Agriculture Secretary Arthur Yap
ICRISAT-Philippines ties
• Philippines keen to bridge the energy gap using green fuel
• Recent initiatives to identify varieties and hybrid parents with high sweet-stalk yield
• 8 varieties shared through MMSU 2005
• Seed samples supplied: MMSU - 181; UPLB - 44 and Univ. of Isabella - 42
• ICRISAT-DA-BAR-UPLB MoA signed
The Philippines SSEPT initiatives
• SSEPT feasibility study
completed
• Initiated project on
“Commercial production
and utilization of sweet
sorghum” in North
Luzon and field trials at
MMSU, Illocos Norte
18.04.253.4647-5346-52ICSR 93034
15.04.083.4048-5547-52ICSV 93046
18.04.113.4645-5043-48ICSV 700
19.03.923.2857-6555-60SPV 422
18.54.403.6248-5545-50NTJ 2
RatooncropMain crop
RatooncropMain crop
Brix (%)
Grain yield t ha-1)Stripped stalk yield (t ha-1)
Variety
How sweet sorghum varieties
fared at MMSU, Illocos Norte
MMSU, Batac, November 2006MMSU, Batac, November 2006
Comparing feedstock cost in
the Philippines
20.90 17.91 2,513 7,000 6,000 - Grain
13.3312.22 5,625 600 550 - Stalk
15.672213.981 81382Sweet Sorghum
24.61 20.92 5,282 10,000 8,500 Corn
32.40 8.38 5,549 5,800 1,500 Cassava
22.62 19.06 806 5,400 4,550 Molasses
15.28 13.89 6,120 1,100 1,000 Sugarcane
Min Max Max Min
Feedstock cost (PhP)/liter
liter/ha/year* Price (Php)/MT
Feedstock
Sources: GAIN Report on RP sugar industry, GAIN Report on Thai sugar industry, bas.gov.ph, Leyte State University Report on cassava, Biotechnology Coalition of the Philippines Speech, MMSU field tests, FAO & ICRISAT, 2004-2005. 1. Average for stalk and grain; 2. Total for stalk and grain.
* Average ethanol output per hectare.
From the farmer’s point of view
(Gross revenue)
Sugarcane Corn Sweet Sorghum
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
‘000 P
hP
ha/y
ea
r
Low High
Farm income from sweet
sorghum production (PhP per ha)
66,375.0071,875.00Total farm income for 1 year
Based on 2 croppings in a year (after rainfed rice).
39,230.5041,980.50Net income
9,019.50 9,019.50
Gross income
Less cost of production
18,000.00 18,000.00 Yield of seed @ 3 tons/ha @ Php 6/kg
30,250.00 33,000.00
Ratoon crop
Yield of cane @ 55 tons/ha
27,144.5029,894.50Net income
21,105.50 21,105.50
Gross income
Less cost of production
18,000.00 18,000.00 Yield of seed: 3 tons/ha@ Php 6/kg
30,250,000 33,000.00
Wet season main crop
Yield of cane: 55 tons/ha
@ Php 550/ton@ Php 600/ton
Price of cane
Cost
Particulars
Rusni Distilleries
• Set up a 40 KLPD distillery near ICRISAT
• Fermentation process patented
• Produces fuel ethanol (99.4% alcohol), extra neutral alcohol (96%) and pharma alcohol (99.8%)
• Feedstocks: sweet sorghum stalks and grain, cassava and sugarcane
Ethanol production process
at Rusni Distilleries
Milling (crushing) of stalksMilling (crushing) of stalks
Juice collectionJuice collection
Filtering of juiceFiltering of juice NeutralizationNeutralization
ConcentrationConcentration
Fermentation of juiceFermentation of juice
ENA (for potable alcohol)ENA (for potable alcohol)
Impure spiritImpure spirit
Fuel ethanolFuel ethanol
Pharma grade alcoholPharma grade alcohol
Distillation of ethanolDistillation of ethanol
Procuring sweet sorghum stalksProcuring sweet sorghum stalks
Plant production capacity (Rusni Distilleries)
UnitsRequirements
3000-3400No. of small farmers1 to be involved
1. Small farmers: 2 ha holdings in India. Source: RusniDistilleries.
2300-2600Area required (rainy season) ha
3700-4200Area required (postrainy season) ha
800-875SS stalks required day-1 (t)
6000-6800Total sweet sorghum area required (ha)
84000-91875Stalks required for 105 days (t) per season
35-40Ethanol day-1 (kl)
The economics of setting up a distillery…
2500
5000
Beneficiary farmers
20000
40000
Labor
(man days)
Source: Rusni Distilleries (P) Ltd.
100000India
50000Philippines
Direct staff (man days)Country
Cost1 (US$ million)Distillery capacity
28100 KLPD
38200 KLPD
1Includes civil works and excludes facility for germ separation from maize, November 2006.
940 KLPD
…and the employment generated by a 40 KLPD unit
The road ahead
• Sweet sorghum: Ensures both food and energy security and a clean environment
• A win-win situation for the farmer and industry
• Public-Private-People Partnerships
• Together we can make a difference!
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