Policy Instruments and Best Practices from Swedish Sustainable Transport Solutions

- an integrated approach

Ludvig Lindström

Swedish Energy Agency

• Background - Experiences

• Driving factors

• Case – biogas for transports

• Success factors

• In the crystal ball

Swedish Sustainable Transport Solutions- an integrated approach

BACKGROUND – OUR EXPERIENCEwe have an amazing story to share!

BNP in relation to emissions

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Year

Inde

x yr

199

0=10

0

CO2e

BNP, fixed prices

SO2

NOx

VOC

Unique results

Waste - a resource

Treatment of household waste in Sweden, 2012 (%) and the resources produced from it

Material recyclingBiological recyclingEnergy recoveryLandfill

32

15

52

Public and PrivateStakeholders

Waste

Construction

Water andWaste Water

EnergyTraffic and Transport

Urban functionsSocial functions

Urban Planning

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT – FROM SILO TO SYNERGY

SUSTAINABILITY BY SWEDEN

Food Waste

Food Waste

COUNTRYSIDE

CITY

Biogas train230 km

Waste Water Waste WaterWWTP WWTP

Bio

fert

ilzer

.....Glycerols

Biogazownia

Food Waste

Waste Waste

Electricity Electricity

Heat & hot tap water Heat & hot tap water

SludgeSludge

Biogas PlantBiogas Plant

CHP CHP

Steam

CHPCHP

Grain

Bio

etan

ol

BioethanolRefinery

Fee

din

g S

tuff

Biol. waste

Heat

Biogas Plant

Pla

nts

Food Industry

Meat, milk, vegetables

Food

Restaurants

Biogas Plant

Veg. oils

Restaurants

BiodieselPlant

Bio

die

sel

CHP

Biogas Grid

Vehicle FuelVehicle Fuel

V.F.

V.F.

Biogas Plant

Biogas Plant Biogas Plant

Bio

fert

ilzer

Waste

Cooling (absorption) Cooling (electrical)

Bio

die

sel

Bio

fertilizer

Forestry and agriculture waste and energy crops

Forestry and agriculture waste and energy cropsBiofertillizer BiofertilizerBiofertilizer Biofertilizer

Heat

IndustriesLinköping 140 000 inhabitants Norrköping 130 000 inhabitants

Biogas PlantP

lan

ts

Food Waste

Food Waste

COUNTRYSIDE

CITY

Biogas train230 km

Waste Water Waste WaterWWTP WWTP

Bio

fert

ilzer

.....Glycerols

Biogazownia

Food Waste

Waste Waste

Electricity Electricity

Heat & hot tap water Heat & hot tap water

SludgeSludge

Biogas PlantBiogas Plant

CHP CHP

Steam

CHPCHP

Grain

Bio

etan

ol

BioethanolRefinery

Fee

din

g S

tuff

Biol. waste

Heat

Pla

nts

Food Industry

Meat, milk, vegetables

Food

Restaurants

Biogas Plant

Veg. oils

Restaurants

BiodieselPlant

Bio

die

sel

CHP

Biogas Grid

Vehicle FuelVehicle Fuel

V.F.

V.F.

Biogas Plant

Biogas Plant Biogas Plant

Bio

fert

ilzer

Waste

Cooling (absorption) Cooling (electrical)

Bio

die

sel

Bio

fertilizer

Forestry and agriculture waste and energy crops

Forestry and agriculture waste and energy cropsBiofertillizer BiofertilizerBiofertilizer Biofertilizer

Heat

IndustriesLinköping 140 000 inhabitants Norrköping 130 000 inhabitants

Biogas PlantP

lan

ts

From silo to synergies

More efficient cars – decrease in fuel demand 34%

2011 – 2012, 2% decrease of energy use in the transport sector

EU target 2020: 10% of vehicle fuels to be renewable

Sweden 2012; 12,6%. 2013; 15,6% (prel)

Transport sector - More energy efficient and increasing share of renewable vehicle fuels

DRIVING FACTORS

Policy instruments - Market Based and General

• Energy tax since 1950’s• Increased rates during 1970’s to reduce

dependence of oil (oil crisis)• CO2-tax in 1991 – to reduce the use of fossil fuels• Ban on waste deposits

• Green tax shift in 2001• Green Certificates (2003)• Emissions Trading (2005)• Tax Reduction on Biofuels for Transport• Research, Innovation & Development• International Cooperation

Municipal waste planning compulsory

Clear national targets and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments

1990

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200000

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600000

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1000000

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1600000

Producers’ responsibility introduced

Landfill taxintroduced

Ban on combustible waste to landfill

Ban on organic waste landfill

Household waste to landfill per year (tonnes)

National target on food waste recycling

50 %

Driving factors

A system based on resource focus

Combustible wasteFood waste

ProductsDistrict energy

BiofertilizerBiogas Electricity

Hazardous waste

Direct environmental

benifit

Petrol saved and industrial fertilizer saved

Fossil and other fuels saved

Virgin materials and energy saved

Environmental protection costs saved

Materials

A system based on finding the value of the resources

Combustible wasteFood waste

ProductsDistrict energy

BiofertilizerBiogas Electricity

Hazardous waste

Direct environmental

benifit

Petrol saved and industrial fertilizer saved

Fossil and other fuels saved

Virgin materials and energy saved

Environmental protection costs saved

Materials

Why is a Swedish W2E Plant so profitable?

Revenues from selling power

Income from selling heat, hot tap water, cooling, process steam

Gate-fee for receving waste paid by the citicens

34 plants:

• Receiving 50 000 – 700 000 tonnes yearly (2012: 32 plants)

• Recovering annually– totally 5 042 000

tonnes

– of which 2 270 000 tonnes municipal waste

• Gate fee average 500 SEK/tonnes

CASE – BIOGAS FOR TRANSPORTS

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

WWTPCo-digestion LandfillsIndustrialFarm-based

GW

h y-

1

Source: Production and usage of biogas 2012

Production in Sweden

Biogas production in Sweden

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

WWTPCo-digestion LandfillsIndustrialFarm-based

GW

h y-

1

TypeNo of plants 2012

WWTP 135

Co-digestion 21

Industrial 5

Farm-based 26Source: Production and usage of biogas 2012

Biogas production in Sweden

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

WWTPCo-digestion LandfillsIndustrialFarm-based

GW

h y-

1

TypeNo of plants 2012

WWTP 135

Co-digestion 21

Industrial 5

Farm-based 26Source: Production and usage of biogas 2012

During 2012, 353 GWh vehicle-fuel was produced from foodwaste replacing about 30 millions liters of petrol. 725 000 tonnes biofertilizer is produced yearly in Sweden.

Biogas production in Sweden

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

WWTPCo-digestion LandfillsIndustrialFarm-based

GW

h y-

1

TypeNo of plants 2012

WWTP 135

Co-digestion 21

Industrial 5

Farm-based 26Source: Production and usage of biogas 2012

Biogas usage in Sweden

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

HeatElectricityUp-gradingFlaredG

Wh

y-1

Source: Production and usage of biogas 2012

Public and non-public filling stations for vehicle gas in Sweden

Source: Swedish Gas Association

public Non-public

Uppsala

Helsingborg

Jönköping

Borås

Göteborg

Örebro

Malmö

Västervik

Stockholm

Motala

Biogas Buses

Success factors

• General policies and aspiring environmental goals combined with defined investment subsidy programmes showing the direction and long-term regulations and economical steering instruments

• Waste management is a public service - holistic system view, an integrated part of the sustainable society. Co-operation within municipalites (Waste-, Energy-, Water-, Urban- planning-, etc departements)

• Co-operation between municipalities. Choose the right scale - Build competence

• Driving spirits in municipalities• Collaboration between public and private

sectors, with clear division of roles and responsibilities

• A system based on source separation with focus on communication and public engagement

• A system based on resource recovery • Strong R.I.D.• Patience

Material recycling

Biological recycling

Energy recovery

Landfill

In the crystal ball

GoBiGasGazification of forest residuesStep one; 20 MWStep two; 80 – 100 MW2020 Target: 1 TWh = 100 000 cars

Preem ACP Evolution Diesel:

30% renewable resource > reduction of CO2

SunPine - PnP > Black liqour > Tall Oil

The reduction is equal to the emissions from 174 000 cars

New substrates from forest industry, sea and agriculture

More efficient biological processes thanks to better pretreatment and process technology

Liquefied biogas

Regional gas grids mainly relying on biogas

Innovative people learn together

Thank you