sw chapter polymers course slides · l o c u s t b e a n g u m scc sw chapter 1118 polymers in...
TRANSCRIPT
Gal
acto
man
nans
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
201
http
://w
ww
.scie
lo.b
r/im
g/fb
pe/jb
chs/
v12n
6/a1
7fig
01.g
if
•G
uar g
um fo
rms v
isco
us so
lutio
ns w
ith a
long
text
ure.
•
Locu
st B
ean
Gum
form
s vis
cous
, she
ar th
inni
ng so
lutio
ns.
•ca
n fo
rm g
els i
n co
mbi
natio
n w
ith o
ther
hyd
roco
lloid
s. •
exce
llent
in sy
nere
sis c
ontro
l.
Gal
acto
man
nan
subs
titut
ion
leve
lsIv
ory
nut m
anna
nno
gal
acto
se
Locu
st b
ean
gum
1 ga
lact
ose
/ 4
man
nose
Tara
Gum
1 ga
lact
ose
/ 3
man
nose
Guar
Gum
1 ga
lact
ose
/ 2
man
nose
Fenu
gree
k Gu
m1
gala
ctos
e/ 1
m
anno
seht
tp://
ww
w.c
yber
collo
ids.n
et/li
brar
y/ca
rob/
car
ob-a
nd-lo
cust
-be
an-g
um-
intro
duct
ion
Gua
r Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
202
•G
uar i
s pr
inci
pally
gro
wn
inIn
dia
and
Aust
ralia
•A
noni
onic
hyd
roco
lloid
•G
uar g
um is
mor
e so
lubl
e th
anlo
cust
bea
n gu
m•
mor
ega
lact
ose
bran
ch p
oint
s = b
ette
r sta
biliz
er•
it is
not s
elf-
gelli
ng (l
ocus
t bea
n gu
m se
lf-ge
ls)
•bu
tcal
cium
can
cros
slin
kgu
ar g
um to
gel
•no
t affe
cted
by
ioni
c st
reng
th o
rpH
ove
r pH
ra
nge
5-7
•bu
t will
deg
rade
at p
H e
xtre
mes
at r
aise
d te
mpe
ratu
res
(e.g
. pH
3 a
t 50
°C).[2
]
•St
rong
aci
ds a
nd a
lkal
ies h
ydro
lyze
gur
gum
•Le
ad to
loss
of v
isco
sity
•in
solu
ble
in m
ost h
ydro
carb
on so
lven
ts.
Gua
r Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
203
•G
uar g
um sh
ows h
igh
low
-she
arvi
scos
ity•
stro
ngly
shea
r-thi
nnin
g.•
Very
thix
otro
pic
abov
e 1%
con
cent
ratio
n,•
belo
w 0
.3%
, the
thix
otro
py is
smal
l•
Gre
ater
low
-she
ar v
isco
sity
than
locu
st b
ean
gum
,•
show
s vis
cosi
ty sy
nerg
y w
ithX
anth
an G
um•
Gua
r gum
reta
rds
ice
crys
tal g
row
th
•by
slo
win
g m
ass
trans
fer a
cros
s th
e so
lid/li
quid
inte
rface
. •
It sh
ows
good
sta
bilit
y du
ring
freez
e-th
aw c
ycle
s.[
Gua
r Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
204
Sham
shee
r Mah
amm
ad, D
onal
d A
. Com
fort,
Rob
ert M
. Kel
ly, a
nd S
aad
A. K
han ,
LLocu
st B
ean
Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
205
http
://w
ww
.cyb
erco
lloid
s.net
/lib
rary
/car
ob/c
arob
-and
-locu
st-
bean
-gum
-intro
duct
ion
LBG
is on
ly p
artia
lly s
olub
le in
col
d w
ater
. The
m
anna
nse
ctio
ns o
f the
pol
ymer
cha
in c
an
bind
toge
ther
to fo
rm a
cry
stal
line
regi
on
whi
ch is
ther
mod
ynam
ically
mor
e st
able
than
th
e so
lutio
n st
ate.
Hen
ce e
ven
whe
n in
so
lutio
n at
am
bien
t tem
pera
ture
ther
e is
a te
nden
cy fo
r the
pol
ymer
cha
ins
to w
ish to
ag
greg
ate
The
aggr
egat
ion
can
be in
crea
sed
by
redu
ctio
ns in
wat
er a
ctiv
ity a
nd re
duct
ion
in
solu
tion
tem
pera
ture
whi
ch u
ltim
atel
y fo
rms
a 3D
net
wor
k an
d a
gel.
This
is ex
actly
wha
t ha
ppen
s in
ice
crea
m d
urin
g fre
ezin
g. T
heir
are
two
grea
t adv
anta
ges
of th
is: fi
rstly
a
wea
k ge
l stru
ctur
e do
es n
ot im
part
a sli
my
or s
lippe
ry m
outh
feel
to th
e ice
cre
am a
nd
mor
e cr
itica
lly th
e fo
rmat
ion
of a
wea
k ge
l on
coo
ling
impa
rts e
xcel
lent
mel
tdow
n re
sista
nce
to th
e ice
cre
am.
DEN
ISE
WA
DE
RA
FFER
TY, J
OSE
PH Z
ELLI
A, D
AN
IEL
HA
SMA
N, a
nd JO
HN
MU
LLAY
The
mec
hani
cs o
f fi x
ativ
es
as e
xpla
ined
by
poly
mer
com
posi
te p
rinc
iple
s, J.
Cos
met
. Sci
., 60
, 251
–259
(Mar
ch/A
pril
2009
)
Gal
lact
oman
nans
-Ca
ssia
SCC
SW
CH
APT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cos
met
ics
206
Poly
sacc
harid
esH
ydro
xypr
opyl
guar
SCC
SW
CH
APT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cos
met
ics
207
O
OH
HO
CH
2
O
OH
O
OH
HO
CH
2O
H
O
H
HO
OH
HO
CH
2
O
OHO
OH
O
OH
HO
H
H]
[
H
HO
O
OH
HO H
OH
OH
H
H
H
H
CH
2O
CH
2C
HC
H3
OH
CH
2O
CH
2C
HC
H3
OC
H2
CH
CH
3
OH
CH
2O
CH
2C
HC
H3
OH
•Gal
acto
man
nan
•pH
ran
ge 4
-8
•Com
patib
le w
ith su
rfac
tant
s
•Pse
udop
last
ic
Xant
han
Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
208
•X
anth
an g
umis
apo
lysa
ccha
ride
secr
eted
by
the
bact
eriu
m X
anth
omon
as C
ampe
stris
•X
anth
an g
um fo
rms p
seud
o-pl
astic
vis
cous
solu
tions
, •
pH a
nd te
mpe
ratu
re st
able
com
pare
d to
oth
er
thic
kene
rs.
Pd
lti
itht
tp://
chem
istry
.abo
ut.c
om/o
d/fa
ctss
truct
ures
/ig/C
hem
ical
-Stru
ctur
es--
-X/X
anth
an-G
um.h
tm
Poly
sacc
harid
es-X
anth
an G
um
SCC
SW
CH
APT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cos
met
ics
209
OC
H2O
H
OH
OH
OC
H2O
H
OH
OH
CH
2O
H OH
OH
O
O
CH
2O
H OH
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OA
cO
CH
2A
cO
CH
2
OH
HO
O
O
CO
O
Na
OH
OH
OH
OH
OC
H2O
H OH
O
CO
O
Na
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
HO
OO
O
CH
2O
H
C
CH
3
OO
C
Na
•Bra
nche
d Po
lysa
ccha
ride
prod
uced
by
ferm
enta
tion
from
Xan
thom
onas
ca
mpe
stri
s
•Pol
ymer
repe
at u
nit i
s Li a
mhy
drog
luco
se-w
ith tr
isac
char
ide
chai
n on
C-3
on
alte
rnat
ing
rings
•Exi
sts
as si
ngle
, dou
ble,
or t
riple
hel
ices
•Hel
ical
mat
rix Im
parts
pse
udop
lasti
city
, sus
pend
ing
and
insta
nt re
cove
ry .
•Sal
t-res
istan
t
Xant
han
Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
210
http
://w
ww
.rtva
nder
bilt.
com
/van
zan.
Xant
han
Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
211
http
://w
ww
.rtva
nder
bilt.
com
/van
zan.
Xant
han
Gum
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
212
http
://w
ww
.rtva
nder
bilt.
com
/van
zan.
Part
icul
ate
Thic
kene
rs
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
213
The
Influ
ence
of O
smot
ic P
ress
ure
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
214
The
Influ
ence
of O
smot
ic P
ress
ure
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
215
The
Influ
ence
of O
smot
ic P
ress
ure
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
216
Criti
cal O
verla
p an
d Cr
itica
l Ent
angl
emen
t
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
217
Donn
anEq
uilib
rium
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
218
Donn
anEq
uilib
rium
and
Man
ning
Con
dens
atio
n
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
219
Jam
min
g Fl
uids
•Stir
a C
once
ntra
ted
Disp
ersio
n of
Cor
n St
arch
•If
you
stir
fast
eno
ugh
it w
ill b
ecom
e ‘so
lid’
•http
://w
ww.
yout
ube.
com
/wat
ch?v
=f2X
Q97
XHjV
w
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
220
Visc
osity
-Con
cent
ratio
n Re
latio
nshi
pfo
r sus
pens
ion
of
Non
Inte
ract
ing
Part
icle
s
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
221
Parti
cle
Volu
me
Con
cent
ratio
n
Log(
visc
osity
)
linea
r
nonl
inea
r
Visc
osity
-Con
cent
ratio
n Re
latio
nshi
pfo
r sus
pens
ion
of
Neg
libly
Inte
ract
ing
Part
icle
s
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
222
Log
(She
ar R
ate)
Log(
visc
osity
)So
lids
Con
cn.
Solid
s C
oncn
.
New
toni
anN
ewto
nian
Dila
tant
Dila
tant
Rheo
logi
cal B
ehav
ior o
f Su
spen
sion
s/Di
sper
sion
s
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
223
Low
Med
ium
Hig
h
Very
H
igh
Inte
rpar
ticle
Attr
actio
nIn
terp
artic
le A
ttrac
tion
Low
Med
ium
Hig
hN
eglig
ible
New
toni
anN
ewto
nian
Dila
tant
Dila
tant
Gra
nulo
vis
cous
Gra
nulo
vis
cous Ps
eudo
plas
ticPs
eudo
plas
ticVisc
opla
stic
Visc
opla
stic
Plas
ticPl
astic
Gel
Gel
Past
ePa
ste
Jam
min
g Fl
uids
•Inc
ompa
tible
load
s cau
se tr
ansie
nt re
arra
ngem
ents
•No
t ste
ady
flow
!•E
ven
smal
l per
turb
atio
ns ca
n le
ad to
‘ava
lanc
hes’
•Gen
eral
load
ings
in 3
dim
ensio
ns re
quire
diff
eren
t or
ient
atio
ns o
f for
ce ch
ains
•Lik
e a
netw
ork
or sk
elet
on
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
224
Yiel
d st
ress
flui
ds
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
225
Yiel
d st
ress
flui
ds
•2 T
ypes
:•
Thixo
trop
ic yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uids
•
Sim
ple
Yiel
d st
ress
flui
ds SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics22
6
Whi
ch is
mor
e vi
scou
s?W
hipp
ed c
ream
or S
yrup
•Upo
n st
irrin
g sy
rup
give
mor
e re
sista
nce
to fl
ow•
Conc
lude
that
syru
p is
mor
e vi
scou
s•B
ut le
ave
them
stan
ding
•
Syru
p fla
ttens
and
whi
pped
crea
m ke
eps i
ts sh
ape
•Th
eref
ore,
it se
ems t
hat w
hipp
ed cr
eam
is m
ore
visc
ous t
han
syru
p.
•The
conu
ndru
m is
sett
led
whe
n on
e un
ders
tand
s •
Syru
p is
a Ne
wto
nian
liqu
id•
Whi
pped
crea
m is
solid
bel
ow a
criti
cal a
pplie
d•
And
flow
s whe
n th
e st
ress
exc
eeds
that
criti
cal v
alue
.
•In
fact
whi
pped
crea
m is
a yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uid
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
227
Yiel
d St
ress
Flu
ids
•Yie
ld st
ress
flui
ds a
re ch
arac
teriz
ed b
y a
solid
like
to
liqui
dlike
tran
sitio
n w
hen
the
appl
ied
stre
ss e
xcee
ds a
yi
eld
stre
ss.(1
)•
Crea
ms,
gels,
stru
ctur
ed sh
ampo
os•2
type
s of y
ield
stre
ss m
ater
ials(
2)•
Sim
ple
yiel
d st
ress
mat
eria
ls •
Foam
s, em
ulsio
ns, C
arbo
mer
micr
ogel
s•
Thixo
trop
ic Yi
eld
Stre
ss M
ater
ials
•Av
alan
che
fluid
s lik
e cl
ay d
isper
sions
1.P.
Cou
ssot
, H. T
abut
eau,
X. C
hate
au, L
. Toc
quer
and
G. O
varle
z, J
. Rhe
ol.,
2006
, 50,
975
–99
42.
P. C
. F. M
ølle
r, A
. Fal
l, V.
Chi
kkad
i, D
. Der
ks a
nd D
. Bon
n, P
hil.
Tran
s. R.
Soc
. Lon
d. A
, 20
0936
751
3951
55
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
228
Yiel
d St
ress
Flu
ids
•Sim
ple
yiel
d st
ress
mat
eria
ls (1
,2)
•A
finite
criti
cal s
hear
rate
•In
stan
tane
ous r
ecov
ery
afte
r she
ar•
Thixo
trop
ic Yi
eld
Stre
ss M
ater
ials
(3,4
)•
Hom
ogen
eous
flow
at v
anish
ingl
y sm
all s
hear
rate
s und
er co
ntro
lled
stre
ss•
Rela
tivel
y lo
ng re
cove
ry ti
mes
that
corr
espo
nd to
the
rebu
ildin
g of
flu
id st
ruct
ure
1. L
. Bec
u, S
. Man
nevi
lle a
nd A
. Col
in, P
hys.
Rev.
Lett.
, 200
6, 9
6, 1
3830
2.2.
A. R
agou
illia
ux, G
. Ova
rlez,
N. S
hahi
dzad
eh-B
onn,
B. H
erzh
aft,
T. P
aler
mo
and
P. C
ouss
ot, P
hys.
Rev.
E,20
07, 7
6, 0
5140
8.3.
P. C
ouss
ot, L
. Toc
quer
, C. L
anos
and
G. O
varle
z, J
.Non
-New
toni
an F
luid
Mec
h., 2
009,
158
, 85–
90.
4. G
. Ova
rlez,
K. K
risha
n an
d S.
Coh
en-A
ddad
, Eur
ophy
s. Le
tt., 2
010,
91,
680
05SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics22
9
Yiel
d St
ress
Flu
ids
•Sim
ple
yiel
d st
ress
mat
eria
ls (1
,2)
•A
finite
criti
cal s
hear
rate
•In
stan
tane
ous r
ecov
ery
afte
r she
ar•
Thixo
trop
ic Yi
eld
Stre
ss M
ater
ials
(3,4
)•
Hom
ogen
eous
flow
at v
anish
ingl
y sm
all s
hear
rate
s und
er co
ntro
lled
stre
ss•
Rela
tivel
y lo
ng re
cove
ry ti
mes
that
corr
espo
nd to
the
rebu
ildin
g of
flu
id st
ruct
ure
1. L
. Bec
u, S
. Man
nevi
lle a
nd A
. Col
in, P
hys.
Rev.
Lett.
, 200
6, 9
6, 1
3830
2.2.
A. R
agou
illia
ux, G
. Ova
rlez,
N. S
hahi
dzad
eh-B
onn,
B. H
erzh
aft,
T. P
aler
mo
and
P. C
ouss
ot, P
hys.
Rev.
E,20
07, 7
6, 0
5140
8.3.
P. C
ouss
ot, L
. Toc
quer
, C. L
anos
and
G. O
varle
z, J
.Non
-New
toni
an F
luid
Mec
h., 2
009,
158
, 85–
90.
4. G
. Ova
rlez,
K. K
risha
n an
d S.
Coh
en-A
ddad
, Eur
ophy
s. Le
tt., 2
010,
91,
680
05SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics23
0
The
Her
sche
l Bul
kley
Mod
el o
f Yie
ld S
tres
s Fl
uids
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
231
App
lied
st
ress
Shea
r Rat
e ϓ
Yiel
d st
ress
σy
σ=
σy +
Aϓ
n
stre
ss
Yiel
d st
ress
Shea
r ra
te
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
232
Prob
ing
the
Mic
rost
ruct
ure
of
Sodi
um A
cryl
ates
Cro
sspo
lym
er
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
233
Slip
at t
he w
all
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
234
Aval
anch
e Fl
uids
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
235
Aval
anch
e Fl
uids
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
236
Ben
toni
te
stru
ctur
ed c
lay
susp
ensio
n
Pack
ed p
olym
er
mic
roge
ls-ha
ir ge
l
Col
loid
al G
lass
Lapo
nite
in
wat
er
Bent
onite
Cla
y ht
tp:/
/ww
w.c
alifo
rnia
eart
hmin
eral
s.co
m/m
edia
/09a
-ionm
in.jp
g
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
237
http
://w
ww.
raw
ell.c
o.uk
/med
ia/c
onte
nt/p
rodu
cts_
tech
nica
l_in
form
atio
n/w
hat_
is_b
ento
nite
/Pla
tele
t_St
ruct
ure.
jpg
Lapo
nite
Collo
idal
Gla
ss SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
238
http
://w
ww.
ucl.a
c.uk
/~uc
apns
z/im
ages
/lapo
nite
.gif
Che
mic
al S
truc
ture
of L
apon
ite -
imag
e by
F.L
.O. P
aula La
poni
te B
lue:
Dis
solv
ing
the
Inso
lubl
e, Dr.
Mar
ina
M. L
ezhn
ina,
Tob
ias
Gre
we, D
r. H
ardo
Sto
ehr,
Dr.
Ulri
ch K
ynas
t.
Lapo
nite
: Col
loid
al G
lass
BBarb
ara
Ruzic
ka, E
man
uela
Zacc
arel
li, L
aura
Zul
ian,
Rob
erta
Ang
elin
i, M
icha
el S
ztuc
ki,A
bdel
latif
Mou
ssaï
d, T
heye
nche
riN
aray
anan
&Fr
ance
sco
Scio
rtin
o,
Obs
erva
tion
of e
mpt
y liq
uids
and
equ
ilibr
ium
gel
s in
a co
lloid
al c
lay,
Nat
ure
Mat
eria
ls,1
0,56
–60,
(20
11)
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
239
a,C
arto
on o
f a L
apon
ite p
late
let a
nd it
s sc
hem
atiz
atio
n as
a ri
gid
disc
com
pose
d by
19
site
s (r
ed sp
here
s) w
ith fi
ve a
ttrac
tive
patc
hes (
blue
sp
here
s), t
hree
loca
ted
on th
e rim
and
one
at t
he
cent
re o
f eac
h fa
ce.b
,Car
toon
repr
esen
ting
a T-
bond
ed c
onfig
urat
ion
for t
wo
inte
ract
ing
Lapo
nite
pl
atel
ets a
nd it
s rea
lizat
ion
in
sim
ulat
ions
.c,N
umer
ical
pha
se d
iagr
am: b
inod
al
(blu
e cu
rve)
and
per
cola
tion
locu
s (re
d cu
rve)
in
theρ*
–T*
plan
e, w
here
ρ*is
the
num
ber d
ensi
ty
scal
ed b
y th
e cl
ose-
pack
ing
dens
ity a
ndT*
is th
e th
erm
al e
nerg
y sc
aled
by
the
stren
gth
of th
e bo
nd
(see
Met
hods
).d–
h,Th
ree-
dim
ensi
onal
snap
shot
s of
MC
sim
ulat
ions
at d
iffer
ent s
tate
poi
nts.
Diff
eren
t co
lour
s cor
resp
ond
to d
iffer
ent c
lust
ers,
and
the
red
colo
ur is
rese
rved
for t
he p
erco
latin
g cl
uste
r.d,
Equi
libriu
m fl
uid
phas
e at
T* =0.
10
andρ*
0.08
.e,f,
Equi
libriu
m c
onfig
urat
ion
at
perc
olat
ion
forρ
*0.
08 a
nd 0
.16.
g,h,
Fina
l gel
co
nfig
urat
ions
atT
* =0.
06 in
side
(ρ*
0.08
) and
ou
tsid
e (ρ
*0.
16) t
he p
hase
-sep
arat
ion
regi
on. I
n th
ese
case
s, pl
atel
ets a
re c
onne
cted
into
a si
ngle
cl
uste
r (ge
l), w
hich
is c
lear
ly in
hom
ogen
eous
(h
omog
eneo
us) i
nsid
e (o
utsi
de) t
he b
inod
al
regi
on.i
,j,Ev
olut
ion
of th
eSsim
(Q) a
fter a
que
nch
atT* =
0.06
forρ
*0.
08 (i
nsid
e th
e ph
ase-
sepa
ratio
n re
gion
) and
ρ*0.
16 (o
utsi
de th
e ph
ase-
sepa
ratio
n re
gion
). W
aitin
g tim
es a
re
102 ,1
.2×1
05 ,5.7
×105 ,1
.6×1
06 ,3.6
×106 ,6
.1×1
06 ,107 ,2
.2×
107 ,4
.9×1
07 ,1.1
×108
in M
C st
eps.
Lapo
nite
Collo
idal
Gla
ss
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
240
Ther
mog
ellin
gflu
ids
cont
aini
ng lo
w
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f Plu
roni
c F1
27
and
lapo
nite
nan
opar
ticle
s.K
. Sun
and
S. R
. Rag
hava
n*La
ngm
uir,
26, 8
015
(201
0)
Rheo
phys
ical
clas
sific
atio
n of
su
spen
sions
and
pas
tes
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
241
Rheo
phys
ical
clas
sific
atio
n of
su
spen
sions
and
pas
tes
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
242
Each
Par
ticle
is in
a p
oten
tial
ener
gy m
inim
um c
reat
ed b
y th
e in
tera
ctio
n of
ne
ighb
orin
g pa
rticl
es
Rheo
phys
ical
clas
sific
atio
n of
su
spen
sions
and
pas
tes
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
243
A pa
rticl
e ne
eds t
o ex
ceed
the
activ
atio
n en
ergy
, φ0,
to e
scap
e fro
m it
s pos
ition
in th
e pa
rticl
e as
sem
bly
The
avai
labl
e en
ergy
is k
T
Rheo
phys
ical
cla
ssifi
catio
n of
su
spen
sion
s and
pas
tes SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics24
4
< 1
Rheo
phys
ical
cla
ssifi
catio
n of
su
spen
sion
s and
pas
tes SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics24
5
< 1
Rheo
phys
ical
clas
sific
atio
n of
su
spen
sions
and
pas
tes
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
246
< 1
Lapo
nite
: Col
loid
al G
lass
BBarb
ara
Ruzic
ka, E
man
uela
Zacc
arel
li, L
aura
Zul
ian,
Rob
erta
Ang
elin
i, M
icha
el S
ztuc
ki,A
bdel
latif
Mou
ssaï
d, T
heye
nche
riN
aray
anan
&Fr
ance
sco
Scio
rtin
o,
Obs
erva
tion
of e
mpt
y liq
uids
and
equ
ilibr
ium
gel
s in
a co
lloid
al c
lay,
Nat
ure
Mat
eria
ls,1
0,56
–60,
(20
11)
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
247
a,C
arto
on o
f a L
apon
ite p
late
let a
nd it
s sc
hem
atiz
atio
n as
a ri
gid
disc
com
pose
d by
19
site
s (r
ed sp
here
s) w
ith fi
ve a
ttrac
tive
patc
hes (
blue
sp
here
s), t
hree
loca
ted
on th
e rim
and
one
at t
he
cent
re o
f eac
h fa
ce.b
,Car
toon
repr
esen
ting
a T-
bond
ed c
onfig
urat
ion
for t
wo
inte
ract
ing
Lapo
nite
pl
atel
ets a
nd it
s rea
lizat
ion
in
sim
ulat
ions
.c,N
umer
ical
pha
se d
iagr
am: b
inod
al
(blu
e cu
rve)
and
per
cola
tion
locu
s (re
d cu
rve)
in
theρ*
–T*
plan
e, w
here
ρ*is
the
num
ber d
ensi
ty
scal
ed b
y th
e cl
ose-
pack
ing
dens
ity a
ndT*
is th
e th
erm
al e
nerg
y sc
aled
by
the
stren
gth
of th
e bo
nd
(see
Met
hods
).d–
h,Th
ree-
dim
ensi
onal
snap
shot
s of
MC
sim
ulat
ions
at d
iffer
ent s
tate
poi
nts.
Diff
eren
t co
lour
s cor
resp
ond
to d
iffer
ent c
lust
ers,
and
the
red
colo
ur is
rese
rved
for t
he p
erco
latin
g cl
uste
r.d,
Equi
libriu
m fl
uid
phas
e at
T* =0.
10
andρ*
0.08
.e,f,
Equi
libriu
m c
onfig
urat
ion
at
perc
olat
ion
forρ
*0.
08 a
nd 0
.16.
g,h,
Fina
l gel
co
nfig
urat
ions
atT
* =0.
06 in
side
(ρ*
0.08
) and
ou
tsid
e (ρ
*0.
16) t
he p
hase
-sep
arat
ion
regi
on. I
n th
ese
case
s, pl
atel
ets a
re c
onne
cted
into
a si
ngle
cl
uste
r (ge
l), w
hich
is c
lear
ly in
hom
ogen
eous
(h
omog
eneo
us) i
nsid
e (o
utsi
de) t
he b
inod
al
regi
on.i
,j,Ev
olut
ion
of th
eSsim
(Q) a
fter a
que
nch
atT* =
0.06
forρ
*0.
08 (i
nsid
e th
e ph
ase-
sepa
ratio
n re
gion
) and
ρ*0.
16 (o
utsi
de th
e ph
ase-
sepa
ratio
n re
gion
). W
aitin
g tim
es a
re
102 ,1
.2×1
05 ,5.7
×105 ,1
.6×1
06 ,3.6
×106 ,6
.1×1
06 ,107 ,2
.2×
107 ,4
.9×1
07 ,1.1
×108
in M
C st
eps.
Lapo
nite
-Co
lloid
al G
lass
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
248
Ther
mog
ellin
g flu
ids
cont
aini
ng lo
w c
once
ntra
tions
of P
luro
nic
F127
and
lapo
nite
nan
opar
ticle
s.K
. Sun
and
S. R
. Rag
hava
n* L
angm
uir,
26, 8
015
(201
0)
MIC
ROG
EL T
HIC
KEN
ERS
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
249
Carb
omer
Gel
Str
uctu
re
•The
stru
ctur
e of
Car
bom
er d
isper
sions
can
be d
escr
ibed
in te
rms o
f po
lydi
sper
se g
lass
es m
ade
of in
divi
dual
swol
len
hydr
ophy
licel
astic
sp
onge
s.•T
hey
disp
lay
elas
topl
astic
ity, a
nd si
gnifi
cant
diss
ipat
ion
both
bel
ow
and
abov
e th
eir y
ield
stre
ss.
J.M. P
iau,
Car
bopo
l gel
s: E
last
ovisc
opla
stic
and
slipp
ery
glas
ses m
ade
of in
divi
dual
swol
len
spon
ges M
eso-
and
mac
rosc
opic
pr
oper
ties,
cons
titut
ive
equa
tions
and
scal
ing
law
s; J
. Non
-New
toni
an F
luid
Mec
h. 1
44 (2
007)
1–2
9
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
250
Mic
roge
ls
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
251
http
://w
ww
-als
.lbl.g
ov/in
dex.
php/
cont
act/2
61-fi
rst-d
irect
-imag
ing-
of-
swol
len-
mic
roge
l-par
ticle
s.htm
l
Mic
roge
ls
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
252
Con
cept
ual D
raw
ing
of C
arbo
pol®
Pa
rticl
es.
http
://w
ww
.sfu.
ca/
http
://w
ww
.lubr
izol
.com
/Cor
pora
teR
espo
nsib
ility
/Pro
duct
Stew
ards
hip/
Car
bopo
l.htm
l
Carb
omer
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
253
Mic
rorh
eolo
gy a
nd S
truc
ture
of C
arbo
mer
G
els
0.1
%0.
5% 1%
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
254
Felix
K. O
ppon
g,1,
2 La
uren
t Rub
atat
, 3 Bar
bara
J.
Fris
ken,
3 Ar
thur
E. B
aile
y, 3,4
and
Joh
n R
. de
Bruy
n, M
icror
heol
ogya
nd st
ruct
ure
of a
yie
ld-
stre
ss p
olym
er ge
l; PH
YSIC
AL R
EVIE
W E
73,
041
405
2006
Carb
omer
–Sh
ear t
hinn
ing
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
255
TDS1
-80
Flow
and
Sus
pens
ion
Prop
ertie
s of C
arbo
pol®
P
l
Carb
omer
Yie
ld S
tres
s
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
256
TDS1
-80
Flow
and
Sus
pens
ion
Prop
ertie
s of C
arbo
pol®
P
l
Flui
d Rh
eolo
gy
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
257
http
://w
ww
.lubr
izol
.com
/Per
sona
l-Car
e/D
ocum
ents
/Tec
hnic
al-D
ata-
Shee
ts/T
DS-
180-
Flow
-and
-Sus
pens
ion-
Prop
ertie
s-of
-
Visc
osity
/ yi
eld
stre
ss c
ompa
rison
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
258
TDS1
-80
Flow
and
Sus
pens
ion
Prop
ertie
s of C
arbo
pol®
Carb
omer
Gel
Str
uctu
rePh
ysica
l gel
s hav
e co
mpl
ex m
acro
scop
ic p
rope
rtie
s bec
ause
of t
heir
diffe
rent
cree
p, e
last
ic, v
iscou
s, pl
astic
and
thixo
trop
ic ch
arac
teris
tics,
and
thei
r spe
cific
mes
osco
picp
hysic
oche
mist
ry. L
ike
othe
r pla
stic
mat
eria
ls, th
ey a
re p
rone
to lo
caliz
ed d
efor
mat
ion
and
slip.
Co
nseq
uent
ly, it
is fa
r mor
e di
fficu
lt to
per
form
rheo
met
rym
easu
rem
ents
on
phys
ical g
els t
han
on b
ette
r kno
wn
visc
ous o
r vi
scoe
last
ic p
olym
er so
lutio
ns [2
]. Pu
rely
phe
nom
enol
ogica
l ap
proa
ches
, whi
ch m
ay b
e m
islea
ding
in rh
eolo
gy, b
ecom
e m
uch
mor
e so
in th
e ca
se o
f pla
stic
and
/ort
hixo
trop
icm
ater
ials.
Mor
eove
r, th
e co
rres
pond
ing
mod
els h
ave
rece
ived
less
atte
ntio
n th
an th
e m
uch-
rese
arch
ed p
olym
er m
odel
s.Th
e as
soci
ated
phy
sico-
and
bioc
hem
ical m
echa
nism
s gen
eral
ly st
ill
need
to b
e id
entif
ied
or u
nder
stoo
d be
tter.
Henc
e, w
hen
expe
rimen
tal
and
theo
retic
al d
iffic
ultie
s are
ove
rcom
e fo
r a p
artic
ular
gel
, the
resu
lts
can
be u
sed
to u
nder
stan
d ce
rtai
n ot
her s
yste
ms w
hich
shar
e sim
ilar
mes
osco
picp
rope
rtie
s.
J.M. P
iau,
Car
bopo
l gel
s: E
last
ovisc
opla
stic
and
slip
pery
gla
sses
mad
e of
in
divi
dual
swol
len
spon
ges M
eso-
and
mac
rosc
opic
pro
perti
es, c
onst
itutiv
e eq
uatio
ns a
nd sc
alin
g la
ws;
J. N
on-N
ewto
nian
Flu
id M
ech.
144
(200
7) 1
–29
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
259
Carb
omer
Gel
s•
Deta
ils o
f sam
ple
prep
arat
ion
and
rheo
met
ryte
sts m
ay in
fluen
ce th
e yi
eld
stre
ss va
lues
mea
sure
d.•
Varia
tions
of u
p to
100
% m
ay re
sult
from
the
cum
ulat
ed d
ifficu
lties
•ne
utra
lizat
ion
and
mixi
ng o
f con
cent
rate
d ge
ls,
•ch
ange
s in
resin
pro
pert
ies f
rom
bat
ch to
bat
ch a
nd o
ver d
iffer
ent p
erio
ds o
f m
anuf
actu
re,
•re
sin a
ging
•hu
mid
ity,
•po
or co
ntro
l of i
onic
stre
ngth
s, •
suffi
cient
ly co
rrec
t but
app
roxim
ate
rheo
met
rical
proc
edur
es. b
y a
fact
or o
f 10
or
mor
e ar
e re
port
ed th
ey ca
n re
sult
•Th
e rh
eom
etry
of co
mpl
ex m
ater
ials
is m
uch
mor
e de
man
ding
than
the
rheo
met
ryof
pol
ymer
solu
tions
.
J.M. P
iau,
Car
bopo
l gel
s: E
last
ovis
copl
astic
and
slip
pery
gla
sses
mad
e of
indi
vidu
al sw
olle
n sp
onge
s Mes
o-an
d m
acro
scop
ic
prop
ertie
s, co
nstit
utiv
e eq
uatio
ns a
nd sc
alin
g la
ws;
J.
Non
-New
toni
an F
luid
Mec
h. 1
44 (2
007)
1–2
9SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics26
0
Shea
r Rhe
omet
ryAr
tefa
cts a
nd E
rror
s •
Evap
orat
ion
•Na
vier
linea
r slip
at t
he w
all τ
= k
usca
n be
misi
nter
pret
ed a
s an
appa
rent
visc
osity
•in
stab
ilitie
s in
the
bulk
can
resu
lt in
the
loca
lizat
ion
of d
efor
mat
ion
alon
g a
surfa
ce w
ithin
the
bulk
of t
he sa
mpl
e.•
Poor
ang
ular
reso
lutio
n cr
eep
test
for a
line
ar e
last
ic m
ater
ial
•Lo
garit
hmic
stre
ss sw
eep
test
for a
line
ar e
last
ic m
ater
ial w
ith
step
ped
time
incr
emen
ts o
f str
ain;
•A
spur
ious
visc
osity
app
ears
to b
e m
easu
red
•St
ress
swee
p te
st fo
r a n
on-li
near
ela
stic
mat
eria
l•
Appa
rent
and
real
shea
r rat
es in
a sc
issom
eter
with
a ro
ugh
cup
•Ai
r bea
ring
torq
ue d
rifts
for a
fixe
d sh
aft p
ositi
on•
Durin
g cr
eep
test
s at a
cons
tant
refe
renc
e st
ress
the
shaf
t of
rheo
met
ersm
ay v
ibra
te co
nsid
erab
ly.
J.M. P
iau,
Car
bopo
l gel
s: E
last
ovis
copl
astic
and
slip
pery
gla
sses
mad
e of
indi
vidu
al sw
olle
n sp
onge
s Mes
o-an
d m
acro
scop
ic
prop
ertie
s, co
nstit
utiv
e eq
uatio
ns a
nd sc
alin
g la
ws;
J.
Non
-New
toni
an F
luid
Mec
h. 1
44 (2
007)
1–2
9 SCC
SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics26
1
The
Her
sche
l Bul
kley
Mod
el o
f Yie
ld S
tres
s Fl
uids
Appl
ied
stre
ss
Shea
r Rat
e ϓ
Yiel
d st
ress
σy
σ=
σy +
Aϓ
n
stre
ss
Yiel
d st
ress
Shea
r ra
te
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
262
Mic
rorh
eolo
gyan
d St
ruct
ure
of C
arbo
mer
Gel
s
0.1% 0.
5% 1%
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
263
Felix
K. O
ppon
g,1,
2 La
uren
t Rub
atat
, 3 Bar
bara
J.
Fris
ken,
3 Ar
thur
E. B
aile
y, 3,4
and
Joh
n R
. de
Bruy
n, M
icror
heol
ogya
nd st
ruct
ure
of a
yie
ld-
stre
ss p
olym
er ge
l; PH
YSIC
AL R
EVIE
W E
73,
041
405
2006
Rep
ulsi
on N
etw
orks
The
Elec
tric
al D
oubl
e La
yer
+
+++
+
++
+
+
mic
roge
l
++
+++
+
__ _ _
_ __ __ _
__
_
__
__
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
264
Stab
iliza
tion
by th
e El
ectr
ic D
oubl
e La
yer
Rep
ulsi
on a
s th
e do
uble
laye
rs o
verla
p
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
265
Mic
roge
l rhe
olog
y in
qui
esce
nt st
ate
Shea
r St
ress
Rat
e of
stra
in
Yie
ld
stre
ss
Shea
r th
inni
ng
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
266
Mic
roge
l rhe
olog
y in
flow
Shea
r St
ress
Rat
e of
stra
in
Yie
ld
stre
ss
Shea
r th
inni
ng
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
267
Mic
roge
l rhe
olog
y in
flow
Shea
r St
ress
Rat
e of
stra
in
Yie
ld
stre
ss
Shea
r th
inni
ng
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
268
Mic
roge
l rhe
olog
y w
hen
flow
cea
ses
Shea
r St
ress
Rat
e of
stra
in
Yie
ld
stre
ss
Shea
r th
inni
ng
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
269
…M
icro
gel t
hick
ener
s ca
n be
use
d to
stab
ilize
aga
inst
cre
amin
g an
d se
dim
enta
tion
Car
bom
er
mic
roge
l
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
270
Carb
omer
•Oil
Drop
lets
are
tra
pped
in p
lace
by
the
Micr
ospo
nges
•and
the
syst
em
flow
s
•Oil
Drop
lets
are
tra
pped
in p
lace
by
the
Micr
ospo
nges
•and
the
syst
em
flow
soi
loi
l
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
271
Sim
pleY
ield
Stre
ss F
luid
Carb
omer
Muc
ilage
Carb
opol
® ET
D 20
50
Thib
aut D
ivou
x,Ca
ther
ine
Bare
ntin
, and
Seb
astie
n M
anne
ville
, Fro
m st
ress
-indu
ced
fluid
izat
ion
proc
esse
s to
Her
sche
l-Bul
kley
beha
viou
rin
sim
ple
yiel
d st
ress
flui
ds, J
une
30, 2
011
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
272
Sim
pleY
ield
Stre
ss F
luid
Carb
omer
Muc
ilage
Carb
opol
® ET
D 20
50
Thib
autD
ivou
x,Ca
ther
ine
Bare
ntin
, and
S´e
bast
ien
Man
nevi
lle, F
rom
stre
ss-in
duce
d flu
idiz
atio
n pr
oces
ses t
o H
ersc
hel-B
ulkl
eybe
havi
ouri
n si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uids
, Jun
e 30
201
1
Batch 1
Batch 2
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
273
Sim
pleY
ield
Stre
ss F
luid
-Car
bom
erM
ucila
geBatch 1
Bath 2
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
274
Thib
autD
ivou
x,Ca
ther
ine
Bare
ntin
, and
S´e
bast
ien
Man
nevi
lle, F
rom
stre
ss-
indu
ced
fluid
izat
ion
proc
esse
s to
Her
sche
l-Bu
lkle
ybe
havi
ouri
n si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss
fluid
s, Ju
ne 3
0 20
11
Carb
opol
® ET
D 20
50
Shea
r Ban
ding
in Y
ield
Str
ess F
luid
s
Thib
autD
ivou
x,Ca
ther
ine
Bare
ntin
, and
S´e
bast
ien
Man
nevi
lle, F
rom
stre
ss-in
duce
d flu
idiz
atio
n pr
oces
ses t
o H
ersc
hel-B
ulkl
eybe
havi
ouri
n si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uids
, Jun
e 30
, 201
1SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics27
5
Carb
opol
® ET
D 20
50
SHEA
R BA
NDI
NG SC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics27
6
WEA
KLY
FLO
CCUL
ATED
GE
LS
CARB
OM
ER
Shea
r Vel
ocity
in E
mul
sion
inCo
uett
eFl
ow
G. O
varle
z, S
. Rod
ts, A
. R
agou
illiau
x, P
. Cou
ssot
, J. G
oyon
, A.
Col
in, W
ide-
gap
Cou
ette
flow
s of
de
nse
emul
sion
s: lo
cal
conc
entra
tion
mea
sure
men
ts, a
nd
com
paris
on b
etw
een
mac
rosc
opic
an
d lo
cal c
onst
itutiv
e la
w
mea
sure
men
ts th
roug
h m
agne
tic
reso
nanc
e im
agin
g, P
hys.
Rev
. E 7
8 (2
008)
036
307.
No
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n m
acro
scop
ic a
nd lo
cal
rheo
logi
esis
inte
rpre
ted
to m
ean
that
thes
e ar
e si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss
mat
eria
ls.
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
277
Shea
r Vel
ocity
in E
mul
sion
in C
ouet
teFl
ow
G. O
varle
z, S
. Rod
ts, A
. R
agou
illiau
x, P
. Cou
ssot
, J. G
oyon
, A.
Col
in, W
ide-
gap
Cou
ette
flow
s of
de
nse
emul
sion
s: lo
cal
conc
entra
tion
mea
sure
men
ts, a
nd
com
paris
on b
etw
een
mac
rosc
opic
an
d lo
cal c
onst
itutiv
e la
w
mea
sure
men
ts th
roug
h m
agne
tic
reso
nanc
e im
agin
g, P
hys.
Rev
. E 7
8 (2
008)
036
307.
No
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n m
acro
scop
ic a
nd lo
cal
rheo
logi
esis
inte
rpre
ted
to m
ean
that
thes
e ar
e si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss
mat
eria
ls.
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
278
Shea
r Ban
ding
in Y
ield
Str
ess F
luid
s
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
279
G. O
varle
z, S.
Coh
en-A
ddad
, K.
Krish
an, J
. Goy
on, P
. Cou
ssot
,O
n th
e ex
isten
ce o
f a si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uid
beha
vior
, Jo
urna
l of N
on-N
ewto
nian
Fl
uid
Mec
hani
cs, 1
93, 2
013,
68
Emul
sion
, Foa
m, C
arbo
mer
Gel
Sim
ple
Yiel
d St
ress
Flu
ids
For s
oft p
artic
les-
A BA
ND M
AY
OCC
UR A
T TH
E ST
ART
OF
FLOW
THE
N NO
RMAL
DIS
SIPA
TIO
N AS
FLO
W
REAC
HES
A ST
EADY
STA
TE
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
280
G. O
varle
z, S.
Coh
en-A
ddad
, K.
Krish
an, J
. Goy
on, P
. Cou
ssot
,O
n th
e ex
isten
ce o
f a si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uid
beha
vior
, Jo
urna
l of N
on-N
ewto
nian
Fl
uid
Mec
hani
cs, 1
93, 2
013,
68
Emul
sion
, Foa
m, C
arbo
mer
Gel
Sim
ple
Yiel
d St
ress
Flu
ids
For s
oft p
artic
les-
a sin
gle
cons
titut
ive
equa
tion
in
simpl
e sh
ear f
or e
mul
sion,
fo
am a
nd C
arbo
mer
gel.
Cons
isten
t with
the
Hers
chel
Bu
lkele
yM
odel
.
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
281
Sim
pleY
ield
Stre
ss F
luid
Carb
omer
Muc
ilage
Thib
autD
ivou
x,Ca
ther
ine
Bare
ntin
, and
S´e
bast
ien
Man
nevi
lle, F
rom
stre
ss-in
duce
d flu
idiz
atio
n pr
oces
ses t
o H
ersc
hel-B
ulkl
eybe
havi
ouri
n si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uids
, Jun
e 30
201
1
Carb
opol
® ET
D 20
50
No sh
ear b
andi
ng m
eans
Car
bom
eris
a Si
mpl
e Yi
eld
Stre
ss Fl
uid SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
282
Insig
nific
ant t
hixo
tropy
loop
mea
ns C
arbo
mer
is a
Sim
ple
Yiel
d St
ress
Flui
d
http
://w
ww
-als.
lbl.g
ov/in
dex.
php/
cont
act/
261-
first
-di
rect
-imag
ing-
of-s
wol
len-
micr
ogel
-par
ticle
s.htm
lSC
C SW
CHA
PTER
111
8 P
olym
ers i
n Co
smet
ics28
3
FIR
ST D
IREC
T IM
AGIN
G O
F SW
OLL
EN M
ICR
OG
EL P
ARTI
CLE
S
Rese
arch
cond
ucte
d by
T. A
raki
and
H. A
de (N
orth
Car
olin
a St
ate
Univ
ersit
y) a
nd S.
Fuj
iian
d S.
P. A
rmes
(Uni
vers
ity o
f She
ffiel
d, U
.K.).
Rese
arch
fund
ing:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Ene
rgy,
Offic
e of
Bas
ic En
ergy
Sc
ienc
es (B
ES);
Roya
l Soc
iety
/Wol
fson
Rese
arch
Mer
it Aw
ard;
and
En
gine
erin
g an
d Ph
ysica
l Scie
nces
Res
earc
h Co
uncil
(EPS
RC).
Oper
atio
n of
the
ALS
is su
ppor
ted
by B
ES.
Publ
icatio
n ab
out t
his r
esea
rch:
S. Fu
jii, S
.P. A
rmes
, T. A
raki
, and
H.
Ade,
"Dire
ct im
agin
g an
d sp
ectr
osco
pic c
hara
cter
izatio
n of
stim
ulus
-re
spon
sive
micr
ogel
s,"J.
Am. C
hem
. Soc
.127
, 168
08 (2
005)
.
Sim
pleY
ield
Stre
ss F
luid
Carb
omer
Muc
ilage
Thib
autD
ivou
x,Ca
ther
ine
Bare
ntin
, and
S´e
bast
ien
Man
nevi
lle, F
rom
stre
ss-in
duce
d flu
idiz
atio
n pr
oces
ses t
o H
ersc
hel-B
ulkl
eybe
havi
ouri
n si
mpl
e yi
eld
stre
ss fl
uids
, Jun
e 30
201
1
Carb
opol
® ET
D 20
50
Insig
nific
ant
thixo
tropy
loop
m
eans
Ca
rbom
eris
a Si
mpl
e Yi
eld
Stre
ss Fl
uid
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
284
Un-
Neu
tral
ized
Carb
omer
in P
EG 4
00
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
285
Un-
Neu
tral
ized
Carb
omer
in P
EG 4
00
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
286
Un-
Neu
tral
ized
Carb
omer
in P
EG 4
00
ττ
Elas
tic G
el a
fter
heat
ing
to 7
0C
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
287
Yiel
d st
ress
flui
ds
•The
yie
ld st
ress
mea
sure
d in
one
situ
atio
n is
ofte
n di
ffere
nt fr
om th
at
in a
noth
er si
tuat
ion
•La
b m
easu
rem
ents
ofte
n do
not
corr
elat
e w
ith re
al w
orld
obs
erva
tions
.
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
288
Rela
ting
Rheo
logy
to
Sens
ory
Attr
ibut
es
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
289
Slip
S. O
zkan
, T. W
. Gille
ce, L
. Sen
akan
d D
. J. M
oore
, Cha
ract
eriza
tion
of y
ield
stre
ss a
nd sl
ip b
ehav
iour
of sk
in/h
air
care
gel
s usin
g st
eady
flow
and
LAO
S m
easu
rem
ents
and
thei
r cor
rela
tion
with
sens
oria
l attr
ibut
es, I
nter
natio
nal
Jour
nal o
f Cos
met
ic Sc
ienc
e, 2
012,
34,
193
–201
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
290
Shea
r Str
ess/
She
ar R
ate
Prof
iles
S. O
zkan
, T. W
. Gille
ce, L
. Sen
akan
d D
. J. M
oore
, Cha
ract
eriza
tion
of y
ield
stre
ss a
nd sl
ip b
ehav
iour
of sk
in/h
air
care
gel
s usin
g st
eady
flow
and
LAO
S m
easu
rem
ents
and
thei
r cor
rela
tion
with
sens
oria
l attr
ibut
es, I
nter
natio
nal
Jour
nal o
f Cos
met
ic Sc
ienc
e, 2
012,
34,
193
–201Sl
ip st
arts
he
reYiel
d st
arts
her
e
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
291
Prin
cipl
e Co
mpo
nent
Ana
lysis
S. O
zkan
, T. W
. Gille
ce, L
. Sen
akan
d D
. J. M
oore
, Cha
ract
eriza
tion
of y
ield
stre
ss a
nd sl
ip b
ehav
iour
of sk
in/h
air
care
gel
s usin
g st
eady
flow
and
LAO
S m
easu
rem
ents
and
thei
r cor
rela
tion
with
sens
oria
l attr
ibut
es, I
nter
natio
nal
Jour
nal o
f Cos
met
ic Sc
ienc
e, 2
012,
34,
193
–201
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
292
Prin
cipl
e Co
mpo
nent
Ana
lysis
of C
onve
ntio
nal R
heol
ogy
and
Sens
ory
Data
S. O
zkan
, T. W
. Gille
ce, L
. Sen
akan
d D
. J. M
oore
, Cha
ract
eriza
tion
of y
ield
stre
ss a
nd sl
ip b
ehav
iour
of sk
in/h
air
care
gel
s usin
g st
eady
flow
and
LAO
S m
easu
rem
ents
and
thei
r cor
rela
tion
with
sens
oria
l attr
ibut
es, I
nter
natio
nal
Jour
nal o
f Cos
met
ic Sc
ienc
e, 2
012,
34,
193
–201
Elas
tic M
odul
us
and
HB n
HB C
onsis
tenc
y in
dex
m a
nd M
ax
Norm
al F
orce
Shea
r and
ex
tens
iona
l vi
scos
ity
Cush
ion
slipp
erin
ess
Spre
adab
ility
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
293
Prin
cipl
e Co
mpo
nent
Ana
lysis
of
LAO
S Rh
eolo
gy a
nd S
enso
ry D
ata
Cush
ion,
pi
ckup
, sli
pper
ines
s
Spre
adab
ility
Alte
rnat
e M
odul
us
at 4
00%
Str
ain
Shea
r visc
osity
S. O
zkan
, T. W
. Gille
ce, L
. Sen
akan
d D
. J. M
oore
, Cha
ract
eriza
tion
of y
ield
stre
ss a
nd sl
ip b
ehav
iour
of sk
in/h
air
care
gel
s usin
g st
eady
flow
and
LAO
S m
easu
rem
ents
and
thei
r cor
rela
tion
with
sens
oria
l attr
ibut
es, I
nter
natio
nal
Jour
nal o
f Cos
met
ic Sc
ienc
e, 2
012,
34,
193
–201
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
294
Shea
r Visc
osity
and
Ext
ensi
onal
Visc
osity
•A fl
uid
can
be sh
ear-t
hinn
ing
unde
r reg
ular
shea
r•
But s
trai
n th
icken
ing
unde
r ext
ensio
n
S. O
zkan
, T. W
. Gille
ce, L
. Sen
akan
d D
. J. M
oore
, Cha
ract
eriza
tion
of y
ield
stre
ss a
nd sl
ip b
ehav
iour
of sk
in/h
air
care
gel
s usin
g st
eady
flow
and
LAO
S m
easu
rem
ents
and
thei
r cor
rela
tion
with
sens
oria
l attr
ibut
es, I
nter
natio
nal
Jour
nal o
f Cos
met
ic Sc
ienc
e, 2
012,
34,
193
–201
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
295
Hyd
roph
obic
ally
-Mod
ified
Hyd
roph
ilic
Poly
mer
s •O
utlin
e•
Hydr
ophi
lic p
olym
ers m
odifi
ed b
y hy
drop
hobi
c moi
etie
s•
Com
bina
tion
of su
rfact
ant a
nd p
olym
er p
rope
rtie
s in
one
mol
ecul
e•
Self-
asso
ciat
e in
aqu
eous
solu
tion
to fo
rm co
mpl
ex m
icella
r str
uctu
res
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
296
Poly
mer
ic E
mul
sifie
rs
Loch
head
,R.Y
.;R
ulis
on,C
.J.;C
ollo
idsa
ndSu
rfac
es,A
88,2
7,(1
994).
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
297
Poly
mer
ic E
mul
sifie
rs
Loch
head
,R.Y
.;R
ulis
on,C
.J.;C
ollo
idsa
ndSu
rfac
es,A
88,2
7,(1
994).
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
298
Disp
lace
men
t Flo
ccul
atio
n an
d Co
agul
atio
n
•Ads
orbe
d po
lym
er ca
n be
disp
lace
d by
:•
Surfa
ctan
t•
Disp
ersa
nt•
Defo
amer
•An
tifre
eze
•Co
ales
cing
Aids
•Co
mpe
ting
surfa
ces s
uch
as a
mor
phou
s sili
ca
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
299
HYD
ROPH
OBI
CALL
Y M
ODI
FIED
HYD
ROXY
ETH
YL
CELL
ULO
SE
•Mol
wt.
= 30
0,00
0•O
ne ce
tyl g
roup
•p
er 1
43 a
nhyd
rogl
ucos
e re
sidue
s•R
igid
bac
kbon
e•H
uggi
ns k
= 2
.63
indi
cate
s ass
ocia
tion
eve
in d
ilute
solu
tion
•Ni
shik
awa,
Yekt
a, P
ham
Win
nik,
& S
au; L
angm
uir,
(Dec
, 199
8), 1
4, 7
119,
SCC
SW C
HAPT
ER 1
118
Pol
ymer
s in
Cosm
etics
300