svm detection for superposed pulse amplitude modulation in ... · svm detection for superposed...

SVM Detection for Superposed Pulse Amplitude Modulation in Visible Light Communications

Youli Yuan1, Min Zhang1*, Pengfei Luo , Zabih Ghassemlooy , Danshi Wang1, Xiongyan Tang1, Dahai Han1 1State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

2Research Department of HiSilicon, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Beijing 100085, P. R. China 3Optical Communications Research Group, NCRLab, Faculty of Engineering and Environment,

Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K. *[email protected]

Abstract— A support vector machine (SVM)-based data

detection for 8-superposed pulse amplitude modulation in visible light communication is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this work, the SVM detector contains three binary classifiers with different classification strategies. And the separating hyperplane of each SVM is constructed by training data. The experiment results show that the SVM detection offers 35% higher data rates when compared with the traditional direct decision method.

Keywords—support vector machine; superposed pulse amplitude modulation; visible light communiction; direct decision.

I. INTRODUCTION With the increasing popularity of smart mobile devices, the

wireless data traffic is growing exponentially [1]. This has resulted in shortage of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum and made the RF spectrum become a precious commodity. Since the RF spectrum is limited and expensive due to the license fees, the optical wireless communications (OWC) has evolved to become a high-capacity complementary technology to the RF communications, which can alleviate the spectrum shortage. In addition, the RF wireless technologies are not allowed to be used in electromagnetic sensitive areas such as hospitals, aircraft cabins, mines and others because of the electromagnetic interference [2]. As a new lighting technology, the white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are being installed at a fast rate globally, thus creating a golden opportunity for full scale practical realization of visible light communications (VLC) (or LiFi) technology.

In VLC systems, the information signal is used to intensity modulate (IM) LEDs. On-off-keying (OOK) is one of the most widely used modulation format, which is relatively easily to implement in hardware [3]. However, the transmission data rate Rd is limited by the low bandwidth of white LEDs, which is only several MHz due to the slow time constant of the yellow phosphor [4]. Hence, Rd of conventional OOK could only reach several Mbps. Consequently, several studies have been performed to increase Rd in VLC systems. Firstly, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) including direct-current-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) are widely used in VLC systems [5]. But OFDM requires that the transmitter (Tx) (including LED and the driven circuit) has a

wide dynamic range and reasonably good linearity characteristics. Secondly, OFDM based on employing a discrete power level stepping technology was proposed in [6] to address the shortcoming of conventional optical Txs. The core of this technology is the digital to analog conversion (DAC) implemented in the optical domain [7-8]. However, these modulation formats rely on complex digital signal processing (i.e., fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT)). This leads to increase complexity for both Tx and receiver (Rx). To avoid such complexity, spatial modulation techniques were proposed with higher spectral efficiency as in [9-15]. Superposed pulse amplitude modulation (SPAM), which is low-cost, insensitive to non-linearity of LEDs, was proposed to reduce the complexity of the transceiver and enhance the frequency efficiency [12]. In SPAM, an N parallel NRZ-OOK signals with different amplitudes are used for IM of N-LED, whose optical power are then superposed in a free space channel to produce a 2N-level signal. Following this principle, the Tx can provide a larger dynamic range than traditional one of LED system.

Machine learning has been widely employed to solve problems in different areas such as big data processing, personalized recommendation, pattern recognition, data mining and artificial intelligence, etc. [16]. What’s more, this technique has been used in VLC systems to reduce the effect of fluorescent light interference, inter-symbol interference (ISI) and artificial light interference [17-19]. In VLC systems, the background noise, electrical noise from transceiver and bandwidth limitation of LED contribute to the distortion of the received waveform. Amplitude modulation schemes such as pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) are especially sensitive to the signal distortion, which leads to poor performance in IM/direct decision (DD) based systems.

In this paper, we introduce a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm in 8-SPAM VLC system to improve systemperformance. After being trained with a training data, SVM is able to learn the properties of received signal and generate an improved decision hyperplane for more precise data detection. In order to test the bit-error rate (BER) performance of a SVM-based 8-SPAM VLC system, an experimental test-bed has been built. The results show that the SVM detection scheme can achieve improved performance when compared with the traditional DD method.

2016 10th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)

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Fig. 1. A waveform emitted by three LEDs with different amplitudes.

The structure of this paper is as follows. The operation of each technique is detailed in Section II. The experiment setup of the SVM-based detection for 8-SPAM is described in Section III. The experiment result and discussion are presented in Section IV. Finally, Section V concludes this paper.

II. OPERATION PRINCIPLE

A. Concept of SPAM The basic concept of SPAM is to use multiple LEDs to

realize DAC in the optical domain [7-8] - multiple optical pulses transmitted in parallel from different spatial positions in a LED array, which eventually produces multi-amplitude light levels to realize PAM in the optical domain. In this scheme, a parallel binary sequences control multiple LEDs (i.e., on or off) with each LED transmitting at a specific intensity (i.e., optical power) level. With the superposition of light intensities in the free space channel, a multi-level light signal is generated. Assuming I is the maximum light intensity among all independent LEDs, in order to generate an equally spaced PAM signal, the corresponding LED light intensities are set as: I1 = I / 2N - 1), I2 = I / 2N - 2), ..., Ik = I / 2N - k), …and IN = I, where Ik is the kth LED’s output optical power, and N is the number of LEDs. Therefore, the equally spaced PAM signal could be generated by combining different optical power levels in the free space channel, which can also be considered as DAC of signal. Finally, the 2N-level optical PAM signal can be detected at the Rx using only a single photo-detector (PD). A standard PAM demodulator can then be employed for de-mapping the received multi-amplitude signal back to the transmitted serial data stream. Therefore, by employing N-LED and a single PD, the SPAM scheme could archive N times that of the one-LED and one-PD OOK system. Unlike OFDM or MIMO scheme which have high spectral efficiency, the SPAM scheme is a relatively simple scheme not requiring complex data processing and DAC.

It is known that the power versus current characteristics of LEDs are linear over a certain range, beyond which the characteristics becomes non-linear. In this paper, we generated three OOK signals for IM of 3 LEDs with different intensities to realize the 8-SPAM scheme. Fig. 1 shows an example of

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. 8-SPAM modulation scheme: (a) three waveforms that drive three LEDs, and (b) the corresponding combined waveforms and signal mapping strategy.

Fig. 3. SVM schematic diagram: (a) for linearly separable data, (b) for

linearly inseparable data, and (c) using kernel function to realize linear classfiction for linearly inseparable data.

a normalized amplitude waveform for LEDs A, B and C having the same frequency. To achieve 8-level of light intensities, the normalized amplitude of LEDs A, B, and C are set to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively.

Fig. 2(a) depicts the waveforms that drive the three LEDs, whereas Fig. 2(b) illustrates the corresponding combined 8-SPAM waveform and the signal mapping strategy. It is notable that the latter is the same as the traditional 8-PAM signal, therefore, an 8-PAM demodulator can be adopted in the proposed 8-SPAM to recover the information.


Fig. 4. Classification strategy based on SVM for 8-SPAM.

B. SVM for 8-SPAM Detection SVM is a well-known statistical classification and regression technique, which has been used to solve a range of engineering problems, notably in statistical signal processing, pattern recognition, image analysis, and digital communication systems. In the latter application SVM has been used as a new method for channel equalization [20] and for combating ISI and the co-channel interference [21]. A SVM is fundamentally a two-class classifier, which could generate boundary to classify two segments of data. Based on the statistical theory, SVM aims to find an optimal (maximize) margin, which is defined by the smallest distance between the decision boundary and any point of the samples, as is shown in Fig. 3(a). A subset of the data points which determine the location of the boundary are known as the support vectors. The SVM is very effective in solving linear classification problems. In practice, however, the data are usually linearly inseparable, see Fig. 3(b). Hence, the use of the kernel trick [16], which maps linearly inseparable data from lower-dimensional feature space to higher-dimensional feature space. In the higher-dimension of the data, which in the original dimension is nonlinearly separable, is linearly separable, as depicted in Fig. 3(c). Through this way, we can solve this linear classify problem in higher-dimension, which is equal to handling the nonlinear problem in the original dimension space.

As stated SVM is a two-class classifier as shown in Fig. 3. However, in many situations there is the requirement for classifying signals into multiple classes. Thus, the need for a multi-class SVM classifier, which can be realized by combining multiple two-class SVMs. In this work, 3-ary SVM is adopted as an 8-SPAM demodulator. In this approach, different amplitudes of 8-SPAM signals can be considered as eight different classes of the received data where a better decision boundary can be found using SVM than the traditional DD based PAM. Note that in Fig. 4 each symbol bit is labeled as “+1” or “-1” by a binary SVM. For example, if a bit sequence of “110” is correctly detected by all three SVMs, then the least significant bit “0”, the middle bit “1”, and the most significant bit “1” are labeled as “-1” “-1” and “+1” by SVMs 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Since all the permutation of the label created by SVMs are unique, the combination of three SVMs could eventually perform as an 8-SPAM decoder.

Fig. 5. Block diagram of experimental setup of the proposed system.

Fig. 6. Experiment setup for the SVM 8-SPAM VLC system.

TABLE I. KEY PARAMETERS OF EXPERIMENT

Parameter Value Test distance 1.6 m

Test bit rate 4.8 - 8.4 Mbps

Traning data set 6000 symbols

Half-angle of conser cup 35

Signal amplitude for each LED 500 mVpp, 1 Vpp, 2 Vpp

The bandwith of PD 150 MHz

Peak Response 0.45 A/W (750nm)

Diameter of the condenser lens 100 mm

Focus length of the condenser lens 132 mm

SVM library LibSVM [22]

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Fig. 5 shows the system block diagram of the proposed SVM based 8-SPAM VLC system, whereas Fig. 6 illustratesthe experimental setup. In our prototype, we produced the parallel data stream (i.e., SPAM) in Matlab and use an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) (TTi TGA12104) to generated the electrical version of SPAM for IM of three multi-chip white LED chips (Cree MC-E). The 3 dB bandwidth of each LED chip is ~2 MHz. At the Rx, a condenser lens, a PD (THORLABS PDA 10A-EC) was used to focus light and convert the focused optical signal into an electric signal, respectively. A digital oscilloscope (Agilent DSO9104H) was employed to capture the signal for further off-line signal


Fig. 7. BER as a function of transmission rates for SVMs detection and direct decision.

processing in the Matlab domain. A 3-ary SVM model containing three SVMs was used for detection of the captured signal. Since SVM can acquire signal characteristics from the training data for classification, then no prior knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) is necessary. Finally, based on the output labels provided for the 3-ary SVM, mapping of the data to corresponding symbols was carried out in Matlab domain, as in Fig. . All the key system parameters are listed in Table I.

IV. RESULT AND DISCCUSSION Note that following completion of the training process, the

received data was decoded using SVMs. The measured BER vs. the data rate performance for the SVM and DD based systems are shown in Fig. 7. For each data rate, the total number of recorded 8-SPAM symbols were ~ 1×106. Therefore, the total number of raw binary bits was ~3×106.

It can be inferred from Fig. 7 that the BER performance deteriorate with increasing data rate. However, compared to the DD method, the SVM detection display superior BER performance. For example, at a BER 1×10-5 the maximum data rates are ~5.1 Mbps and ~6.1 Mbps for DD and SVM detections, respectively. At the FEC limit of 1×10-3 the SVM detection offer a maximum data of 8.1 Mbps over a transmission span of 1.6 m compared to the 5.8 Mbps of DD detection. This is due to the enhanced decision boundary based on the specific distribution of received signal, which was obtained during the training process, could achieve more accurate classification. Note that also shown are the eye-diagrams.

Finally, Fig. 8 shows an example of the detection process based on using SVM to decode 8-SPAM signal at a date rate of 6 Mbps. The horizontal and vertical axis represents time and signal amplitude, respectively. In each subplot, the received signal corresponding labels of “+1” and “-1” are marked by

Fig. 8. 3-ary SVM detection examples for 8-SPAM signal with signal calssification by: (a) SVM1, (b) SVM2, and (3) SVM3.

green triangles and red circles, respectively. As is depicted in Fig. 8, due to the limited LED bandwidth, back ground noise and electrical noise, the constellations are fluctuating around the ideal constellation point. It is clear that SVM can obtain the characteristics from the training data and be able to adjust the decision boundary. By doing so, SVM can mitigate the impact of fluctuations, thus improving the BER performance compared to the traditional DD method.

V. CONCLUSION In this paper, we presented an experimental VLC system

using SPAM modulation to realize data transmission for an indoor environment. The SVM scheme, which makes accurate decision in symbol detection, was employed to obtain the optimum decision boundary for decoding the SPAM signal. A commercial multi-chip was used to generate the 8-SPAM signal and a PD was used as a Rx. We showed that the transmission data rate is three times that of a single LED and a single PD based OOK system. The experimental results indicated a maximum data rate of 8 Mbps at a BER of 1×10-3 can be archived using the SVM scheme over a communication range of 1.6 m. This is an increase of ~35% compared with the DD scheme. Note that higher order SPAM signals with higher data rates can be realized by using more LEDs.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by NSFC Project No.61471052,

Doctoral Scientific Fund of MOE of China (No. 20120005110010) and the Royal Society Newton International Exchanges between U.K. and China under Grant NI140188.

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