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Sustainable water management

How to tackle global water problems

Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015

Sustainable water management –


Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IWaTec Winter School

El Gouna, 22nd of Feb 2015




Water – a very special resource

important good

central element of the environment

force of nature and energy carrier

" Water is not a commercial product like any

other but, rather, a heritage which must be

protected, defended and treated as such”(EU-Waterframework Directive)

Legal Framework




Content

Introduction and Institutional needs for

Sustainable Water management

Water Scarcity and Droughts

established technology, desalinization and research trends

Challenges for the Water Management in Urban Areas

Artificial Groundwater recharge and green building approaches

Technology won’t save us

– Water Needs Management , Management needs time




Water scarcity

http://mapmorph.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/the-coming-water-scarcity-in-africa.jpg

http://mapmorph.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/the-coming-water-scarcity-in-africa.jpg




Worldwide water scarcity - Challenge for development




Evolution of Global Water Use




The challenge: tackle water (management) problems

•Higher costs for water treatment

•Higher costs for industrial production and agricultural products

•Less tourism

• …

•salinization of lakes

•Poor water quality of lakes and rivers

•Loss of habitat

•Water related diseases

•Desiccation

• …

•Increased water demand

•High water losses

•Insufficient wastewater management

•Incomplete wastemanagement

•Polluted rivers, …

•Water-energy-nexus

•Water-food-nexus

•Improved irrigationtechnologies

•sustainable water resources management

• …Water

scarcityPopulation

growth

Economic impact

Ecologic impact




Need for integrated water management There are different concepts available,All concepts adress regional assessmentson different scales

Results are relevant for the Govermentfor strategic planing processesand decision making in sectors

- Economy- Energy- Environment- Policies and environmental economics,…




Regional water problems…




Water pricing

Water has a value

Water pricing has a direct impact on allwater related issues.

- Water consumption, Water losses, Landuse management, agriculture …

- Virtual water markets depending on catchment conditions or regions couldbe a base for solutions

- But: The society must be ready for this(recently Australia failed in implementation)




Rhine in Düsseldorf (Germany)

International Commission for

the Protection of the Rhine

• Sustainable development of the

ecosystem Rhine

• Securing of Rhine-water

for drinking water purposes

• Improvement of sediment quality

• Holistic Flood protection under

consideration of ecological demands

• Nutrient load reduction of the North Sea

• Emergency management



Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Niemann 3rd IwaTec Winter School El Gouna, 22nd of February 2015 Danube in Dürnstein (Austria)

International Commission for the Protection of the Danube




The Nile Catchment

Longest river on earth (6671 km)

Catchment area: 3.2 Mio km²

White Nile: flows through Uganda,

Burundi, Kenya, into Sudan and to Egypt

Blue Nile: flows through Ethiopia into

Sudan and to Egypt

Nile water is used in all these countries

Egypt is totally dependent on the Nile

Has declared several times that it is

willing to declare war if the supply of Nile

water is threatened by one of the other

states




Need for integrated water management




10 Most Important Export Markets for Water treatment

technology from Germany into the World in Mio. Euro/a

Total 2013: 915 Mio. Euro (7.1 Bill RMB) Total 2012: 813 Mio. Euro (6.3 Bill. RMB) Source: VDMA, Fed. Stat. Office




Membrane filtration Oxidation processesActivated carbon

adsorption

Microfiltration Ozonation Powdered activated carbon

Ultrafiltration Advanced oxidation

processes

(UV/H2O2, Fenton, TiO2…)

Granular activated carbon

Reverse osmosis

Advanced Water / Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Source: EGLV




Established Water Treatment Technologies

Adsorption - Granular Activated Carbon Filters




Ultra- and Microfiltration

(Capillary membranes and –modules of different Manufacturer)

Example: UF Membrane Plant in

Roetgen, Germany (7.000 m³/d)





UF Membrane Plant in Roetgen:

Start of operation in November 2005

• Xiga Concept

• 70,000 m²

• 12 blocs, 36 pressure tubes each

• 7,000 m³/d maximum capacity

• Largest membrane plant in Germany





Market trends for Desalination facilities




Desalination capacity by countries




Desalination of seawater

All pictures: H. Glade (2013), University of Bremen

Mai

n s

eaw

ater

de

salin

atio

n p

roce

sse

s

Ther

mal

pro

cess

es

Multi-stage flash evaporation (MSF)

Multiple-effect distillation (MED)

Multiple-effect distillation with thermal

vapor compression (MED-TVC)

Evaporation with mechanical vapor

compression (MVC)

Mem

bra

ne

p

roce

sse

s Reverse osmosis (RO)




Multi-stage flash (MSF) and Mechanical Vapor

Compression (MVC) Distiller

MSF MVC

Distillate production 5,000-80,000

m3/day

10-3000 m3/day

Number of effects 16-22 1-3; mostly 1

Top brine temperature 90-120 °C; mostly

100-112 °C

≤ 70 °C

Concentration factor CF = 1.3-1.5 CF = 1.3-1.7

Spec. heat consumption 70-110 kWhth/t;

large distillers

65-70 kWhth/t

Spec. electric energy

consumption

3.5-5 kWhel/t 8-16 kWhel/t

Salinity of distillate < 10 ppm < 10 ppm





Water desalination costs for the two mainly used

methods Multi-stage Flash (MSF) and Reverse Osmosis

• Multi stage flash (MSF) is more cost intensive but have usually larger

production capacities. It is rarely used for brackish water

• Reverse Osmosis (RO) is cheaper and more flexible technology. It is applied

for both brackish and seawater




Capacity by Region and Combination with renewable energy

Source: Glade 2013




Water Quality Management

WWTP

Duisburg-Kasslerfeld (Ruhrverband):

430,000 PE

Detention Basin Brilon (Ruhrverband):

3,000 m³




State-of-the-Art in Wastewater Treatment in Germany

ClarifierPrimary Sandfilter

(optional)

SecondaryScreen

P-precipitation

Source: BMU 2011; DWA 2009

10 billion m³ wastewater per year

95% wastewater collection

Approx. 10,000 UWWTPs in Germany; 98% with tertiary

treatment

1/3 of the total investment in urban water management

(4,5 billion EUR in 2010) for wastewater disposal




4th meeting of the CoR/EC Technical Platform for Cooperation on the Environment, 8th of October 2014, Brussels, Belgium

Wastewater Treatment in the EU

Compliance with the EU UWWT Directive (period 2009/2010)

Source: Compliance chart from 7th Implementation Report on the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, 2013

1. Wastewater

collection2. Secondary treatment

(organic C)

3. Tertiary treatment

(nutrients N, P)




Environmental Protections needs control and monitoring -

Concentrations of selected micropollutants in rivers of NRW

Sewage Treatment Plants

Source: NIKLAS KOM

Waters

Diclofenac [g/L]:without renovation

Source: LANUV




Integrated Water

Management of lakes

An example of Lake Constanza,

(Germany, Austria,Switzerland)




Lake Constanza:

535 km² surface area

273 km embankments

254 m depth

Catchment:

11.000 km² catchment

1,6 Mio. inhabitants

15.000 km tributaries (rivers and creeks)

Integrated Water Management

approach




History of water pollution of lake constanza

late 1950s: increasing growth of algae

increasing worries of the population and politics

Experts identify Phosphorous as a key parameter

and driving factor for changes in lake quality

1959: Foundation of the International Comitee for the

protection of the lake constanza (IGKB)

P




P1960 – 1980:

dramatical increase of

Phosphorous

massive algae growth

oxygen depletion in the

deeper lake

intensive program for

reinforcing all WWTP

Society and politics were not

satisfied with the speed of

improvement (IGKB, 2010)




P continuous decrease ofPhosphorous in the lake

Oxygen situation in thedeeper lake gets betterover time

algae growth was reducedmore and more




Advanced nutrient removal in all

waterwater treatment plants (WWTP)

223 WWTP

connected sewerage: 95,4 %

input of treated sewage:

300 mio. m³/year

(IGKB, 2010)

Integrated Water

Management approach




rapid groundwater infiltration

rainwater collection and utilization on roof

Example Expo Centre Shanghai, China




permeable road and squarePorous asphalt

layer

Filter layer

Storage layer

Original soil layer

VS




rainwater collection and utilization on roof




Suitable Technologies:

Greywater Recycling

Rotating Biological Contactor or lamella clarifier

Source: LOKUS

GmbH, Berlin




• Problem of salt water intrusion into groundwater

• High water demand due to greenhouse agriculture

Approach:

• Make sustainable use of natural sources and

conditions (subsurface)

• Harvesting rainwater

• sustainable use of (sub)surface

• develop simple and smart technology

New approaches - „The Freshkeeper concept - NL“




„Freshkeeper“ Demo Test Site in Westland (NL)

Combination of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) solutions and

desalinization with an innovative well design

• Developing: Multiple

Partial Penetrating Well

(MPPW)

• Freshkeeper to enhance

recovery, while creating

additional source




Past – present - future

Knowledge forClimate

Year 1

(2014): Freshkeeper

Year 3/4

(2016-2017):

• Prevent RO membrane-clogging

• Study of effects on groundwater system

Ongoing research

Year 2(2015)Freshkeeper +Reverse Osmosis




Athens has suffered rapid urbanisation resulting in few urban green spaces. Research on innovative management options and technologies for reuse needed to irrigate (primarily) green urban areas (incl. devastated periurban forests).

Current status

• Main WWTP in an island (Psytalleia)

• Increased energy costs for transportation

• Periurban forests devastated by fires

• Water scarcity

New approaches - “Sewer Mining” in Athens




Fully automated packaged treatment plants

• membrane based

• allows direct mining of sewage from the

network

• close to the point-of-use with minimum

infrastructure required

• low transportation costs for the treated

effluent

Two emerging technologies:

Distributed low energy sensor networks

• coupled with distributed ICT intelligence

(e.g. Advanced Metering and Monitoring

Infrastructure, AMIs)

• innovative in terms of

– data fusion (b)

– data communication (c)

– interoperability and (d)

• operating the distributed infrastructure




Sustainable Water Management

MissionDefining pathways for an integrated waterresources management via strengtheningregional responsibilities and a joint vision

Increase of water efficiency, Finding acceptance in society

VisionIncreased water efficiency achieved because of water pricing and control , stepped policy

Taking the chance for synergies of the joint Change of energy and water efficiency




Ensuring Flood safety and Flood management1st: structural measuresdykes, dams, retention basins

2nd: non-structural measuresforecasting systems, decision support

systems, early warning systems

Detection

Operation

Communication




Framework provided by HyProM project:

Short-term Hydropower Production

and Marketing Optimization

• Partners:

– Bonneville Power Administration (BPA, Columbia US)

– Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais S.A. (CEMIG)

– Deltares

– Fraunhofer IOSB-AST

– Brazilian research institute Lactec

– WaWi research institute, University of Duisburg-Essen

• Started in 2012 and continues until April 2015




• Background of the project

• In case of floods, forecasts are used for reservoirs safety and

downstream/upstream flood control (in situ operators);

• Rainfall runoff models are actually replacing stochastic

models in this purposes.

• New generation use deterministic precipitation forecasts.

• Hydropower is the main electricity

source of Brazil (80% to 90%);

• Short-term power production is

adjusted using streamflow forecasts of

lead times up to 14 days (ONS).

Main hydropower plants basins.




• Objectives of the project

• Develop/integrate ensemble

forecasting systems for selected

Brazilian hydropower reservoirs;

• Develop deterministic and

stochastic optimization

procedures for reservoirs

operation;

• Evaluate results of ensemble forecasts in terms of added

value for flood control and for reservoir operation by

optimization techniques;




Forecasting systems

- Estimate meteorological conditions and

anticipate flood events

- Implement hydrological/hydraulic models to

simulate future discharges

- Implement data assimilation techniques to

improve forecast system

- Use of deterministic and/or probabilistic

forecasts

- Combines with decision support system to a

fast response on flood events

- Optimization of hydraulic structures (both

during normal conditions and flood events)

A forecasting system is only useful when

future knowledge is integrated into a decision

support system (manually or automatic)




Example:

Delft – FEWS implementations For further applications see: http://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft-fews/fews-maps




Optimization-based Approach for the “Big-10”Subset of the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS)




simulation by

operating

rules

simulation by

user-defined

operation

interactive

decision on

operation

on-the-fly

simulation by

controller-defined

operation

optimization

algorithm

feedback

by user

optimization

loop

controller

objectives

forecasts (det. / prob.)

of lake inflow and

unregulated catchment

1

2 3

f.e. minimizing the

damage in the basin

decision on

lake regulation by

operating staff

simulation by

operating

rules

simulation by

user-defined

operation

interactive

decision on

operation

on-the-fly

simulation by

controller-defined

operation

optimization

algorithm

feedback

by user

optimization

loop

controller

objectives

forecasts (det. / prob.)

of lake inflow and

unregulated catchment

1

2 3

f.e. minimizing the

damage in the basin

decision on

lake regulation by

operating staff

Decision support system

„A forecasting system is only useful

when future knowledge is integrated

into a decision support system

(manually or automatic)“

1. Preset operating rules

2. Interactive decision

3. Optimization

Operating staff take final decisions

Optimization using Model Predictive Control (MPC)




Assessement of forecast uncertainty

- Uncertainty of meteorological factors can be

quantified using ensemble forecasts

Example Hydropower production:

- Future energy load and production are highly

uncertain

- Load partly depends on meteorology

- Hydropower production strongly depends on

precipitation and temperature

- Impacts of uncertainty, particularly over production,

become evident using ensemble forecasts

strong trend for implementation of optimization

techniques, especially for a set of multi-purpose

reservoirs (global)

Source: Petroliagis T., cited by ECMWF, 2002




Example Três Marias reservoir, Brazil

• Catchment area: 55 000 km2

• Reservoir capacity: 19.5 x 109 m3

• Pirapora city located 120 km

downstream

• Multipurpose reservoir used for

hydropower, flood control,

navigation, water supply and

irrigation

Main optimization requirements:

• Maximize hydropower while

minimizing floodings downstream

(at city of Piraropa)

• Two flow thresholds are given at

Pirapora: 2000 and 3800 m3/s.




Ex. Três Marias reservoir, Brazil

• Probabilistic forecasts are available for longer lead times

(15d), which allows an earlier detection of critical events

• Chance constraints can also be configured within stochastic

optimization which allows a given number of forecasts to

overpass the threshold and manage the associated risk.

Deterministic and probabilistic forecasts

Optimized decisions




Thank you for your attention




Available Technologies–ongoing Research and DevelopmentAerosols & Fine Dust

• • Measuring Techniques

• • Dispersion Modeling & CFD

• • Separation & Reduction

Nanotechnology

• • Synthesis & Production

• • Measuring Techniques

• • Safety & Environmental Issues

Functional Surfaces

• • Adsorption

• • Filtration

• • (Photo-)Catalysis

Future Energy Supply

• • Gas treatment (CO2, H2, Biogas, ...)

• • Energy Conversion & Storage

• • Energy Efficient Processes

Highly Toxic Compounds

• • Measuring & Monitoring

• • Separation & Destruction

• • Recycling & Disposal Source: IUTA




Multi-stage flash (MSF) and Mechanical Vapor

Compression (MVC) Distiller


MVC

MSF




Multiple-effect destillation (MED) and Multiple-effect

destillation with thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC)


MED

MED-TVC




Multiple-effect destillation (MED) and Multiple-effect

destillation with thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC)

MED MED-TVC

Distillate production 100-15,000 m3/day ≤ 40,000 m3/day

Number of effects 4-12 3-6

Top brine temperature 55-70 °C 55-70 °C

Concentration factor CF = 1.3-1.5 CF = 1.3-1.5

Spec. heat consumption 60-220 kWhth/t 60-160 kWhth/t

Spec. electric energy

consumption

1.5-2.5 kWhel/t 1.5-2.5 kWhel/t

Salinity of distillate < 10 ppm < 10 ppm





Combining Desalination with Renewable Energies and

Membrane Processes


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