SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT, RETROFIT, ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HOUSING

The initiatives for the local development with a bottom – up approach

massimo.bianchi@unibo.it IP2013sLIDESlECTUREmb10

Regione Emilia-Romagna

Stato: ItaliaZona:Italia nord-orientale

Capoluogo: BolognaSuperficie: 22.451,29 km²

Abitanti: 4.354.455 (30/04/2009)

Densità: 193,95 ab./km²

Province:

BolognaFerrara

Forlì-CesenaModena

ParmaPiacenzaRavenna

Reggio EmiliaRimini

Comuni: Elenco dei 348 comuni

Зона: Северная ИталияСтолица: БолоньяПлощадь: 22 123 км²Население: 4 101 324 чел.Плотность: 181 чел./км²

Провинции:

Болонья, Феррара, Форли-Чезена, Модена, Парма, Пьяченца, Равенна, Реджо-Эмилия, Римини

Коммуны: 341Глава:

Васко Эррани с 4.4.05

Официальный сайт

Macro Sectors GDP % on Regional GDP

% on National GDP

Agriculture, fishing and wood € 2.642,6 2,05% 1,84%

Industrial sector € 30.834,0 23,94% 18,30%

Building € 6.867,6 5,33% 5,41%Commercial sector, hotels,restaurants, reparing, transport and communiucations

€ 24.444,8 18,98% 20,54%

Fiunancial brokerage, property and real estate companies

€ 30.830,4 23,94% 24,17%

Other services € 18.915,3 14,69% 18,97%

TVA and Taxes € 14.260,6 11,07%% 10,76%

GDP € 128.795,3

Ferrari Mod. CALIFORNIA

Parma Bacon

Two symbols of .ER Productions

The Return on Equity ( ROE )

Turnover Class FC ER ITA> 50 MillionEuro 9,8 9,3 8,3

10-50 ME 5,0 6,3 6,62-10 ME 6,1 3,0 7,0< 2 ME 1,8 1,9 3,8

The Return on Equity ( ROE )

Macro Sector FC ER ITA Agriculture 0,1% -1,2% -0,2% Manufacturing 7,5% 7,7% 6,3%

Building 7,6% 9,5% 12,0% Services 7,2% 4,3% 6,0%

Bottom up and Top Down Entrepreneurial Districts

To understand the development model of ER and Italy based on Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs) we have to consider th two main process of entrepreneurial districts creation : •The historical one that create ( as it happens mainly in the nothers regions of Italy ) entrepreneurial aggregation based on bottom up initiative in an integrated developemnt involving many dimension of local systems•The intervention to establish industrial territorial concentrations funded on a top down process trigged by government support and facilities in a planned perspective ( mainly in south regions )

Models,strategies and organization attitude

• ConcentrationComplex

• DiffusionUndefined

• Aggregation in a pattern

Strength

• Pole theory

• Rain system

• Structured interventions

Development models

Development strategies

Organization attitude

What model to support local system growth in a top down perspective ?• Pole theory

• Rain system

• Structured interventions

•Based on a concentration of intervention that would produce in surrounding areas an induced entrepreneurial initiative

•Deriving from micro or small credits distributed to many initiatives diffused in the territory

•Connected to Local Territorial Agreements among stakeholders and Territorial Areas on main initiatives to be undertaken within each own role

Results and lessons from Top Down Interventions

• Pole theory

• Rain system

• Structured interventions

•Industrial poles becomed as cathedrals in the desert without any induced development

•There was no control on the employment of resources distributed among a large amount of entrepreneurial activities

•There is a serious difficulty in individuating local stackeholders

EMILIA ROMAGNA

The district economy of Emilia Romagna

E.R. Balance among sectorsTurnover , employment and activity ratios.

• Agriculture 18 %

• Industry 32 %

• Commerce and services 35 %

• New economy business 15 %

+ 80%of the employment is

assured

- 30 employees

by enterprises with

In Italy : + 75% of employment in enterprises with - 70 employees

IN EMILIA ROMAGNA REGION

Bottom Up Development Modl in Mean features of Emilia Romagna economy

•High diversified social structure

•High diversified economic structure

•High networking activity

What’s the matter with italian S.M.E. and probably with the mediteranean way to the development ?

• Micro enterprise • less than 10 employees• Annual total turnover• Eur 200.000• Assets value Eur 100.000

• Small enterprise• From 11 to 49 employees• Annual turnover not

exceeding 1.000.000 Eur• Assets value ( Tangible )• 100.000 Eur

• Medium enterprise – 50-250 employees– Annual total turnover Eur– 10.000.000 Assets value

Eur 5.000.000

Regardless of the measure, one result is striking and needs to be emphasized - not only are most enterprises in Europe small, but they also account for a significant amount of European work experience and economic activity.For example, in 2003 there were more than 19 million enterprises in Europe-19 (Table 3.1), providing a job for almost 140 million people. By contrast, there are only about 40 000 large enterprises in existence, which account for only 0.2 % of all enterprises. So, the vast majority of enterprises in Europe-19 (99.8 %) are SMEs.Within the group of SMEs, the vast majority (over 90 %) are micro enterprises, employing fewer than 10 persons.

All firms 24,416,241 25,903,859 113,398,043 4,040,888,841

Nonemployer firms 18,649,114 18,649,114 n/a n/a

Employer firms 5,767,127 7,254,745 113,398,043 4,040,888,841

Firms with no employees as of March 12, but with payroll at some time during the year

770,299 772,325 0 38,404,329

Firms with 1 to 4 employees 2,734,133 2,738,027 5,768,407 158,836,735

Firms with 5 to 9 employees 1,025,497 1,037,709 6,732,132 187,418,785

Firms with 10 to 19 employees 620,387 655,427 8,329,813 246,561,569

Firms with 20 to 99 employees 515,056 687,107 20,186,989 635,269,094

Firms with 100 to 499 employees 84,829 331,496 16,430,229 552,003,350

Firms with 500 employees or more 16,926 1,032,654 55,950,473 2,222,394,979

Firms with 500 to 749 employees 5,678 66,672 3,432,914 121,816,473

Firms with 750 to 999 employees 2,730 42,137 2,354,268 84,346,542

Firms with 1,000 to 1,499 employees

2,721 57,395 3,312,888 123,432,170

Firms with 1,500 to 2,499 employees

2,246 73,668 4,314,523 167,423,764

Firms with 2,500 employees or more

3,551 792,782 42,535,880 1,725,376,030

Firms with 2,500 to 4,999 employees

1,758 107,722 6,057,167 249,655,966

Firms with 5,000 to 9,999 employees

910 115,433 6,389,355 269,455,186

Firms with 10,000 employees or more

883 569,627 30,089,358 1,206,264,878

U.S. Statistics 2003

N° firms establishments employees Annual payroll ( x 1000$ )

U.E. Policy support a strategy developed in cooperation with business associations and NGOs whose concrete application relies mostly on the local level, with local and regional authorities fully on board. The mission is to stimulate the interest of young people in entrepreneurship, to develop their entrepreneurial capacity, to increase the number of start-ups. Among the areas of action are primary and secondary education, university education and improving competence in businesses. Identified priorities include offering entrepreneurship education to all age groups, training for teachers, developing cooperation between schools , universities and enterprises.

The U.E. Approach

The Added Value per Occupied Person

The organizational dimension is strictly connected to the problem of labour constraints .

Management versus S.M.E.

Traditional theoriesS.M.E. are …• Undercapitalized• Hardly to change their

work methods• Oriented to local

market

New TheoriesS.M.E. are …• Supported by family

estate• Strongly innovative and

flexible• Easy moving in

globalization flows

Let’s have a look to the directory of a Small and Medium Enterprises Associations of Forlì (Italy )

*) MAF RODA ITALIA S.P.A. Via Consolare, 2952 - 47032 BERTINOROProduzione macchine per la lavorazione della frutta (18)

*) MAGAZZINI DRUDI Via Guarnieri, 81 - 47023 CESENACommercio articoli casalinghi e idee regalo (8)

*) MAR MOBILI ARR.TI RUBICONE SNCSede Legale: Via Verga, 2 - 47030 GATTEO Produzione mobili (22)

*) MGM MONDO DEL VINO S.R.L. Sede Legale: Via Vassura, 19 - 47100 FORLI' Import/Export vino (5)

*) MARTINI COSTRUZIONI NAUTICHE SRL Sede Legale: Via Tarcento, 130 - 47020 SAN GIORGIO DI CESENA Produzione di natanti da diporto in vetroresina (24)

*) NALDONI VITTORIO Via Zignola, 2 - 47100 FORLI' Costruzione apparecchi riscaldamento a gas (17)

*) RAMILLI GIOVANNI & C. S.N.C. Sede Legale: Via Emilia Ovest, 70 - 47039 SAVIGNANO SUL R. Costruzione, riparazione, installazione e noleggio impianti irrigazione (8)

( ) N° of employees at 31.12.2003

Basic territorial structures

•High diffusion of small business many of them individual

•Sturdy link of economic activities with the local culture supported by numerous cultural enterprises ( fairs, festivals, cultural heritage and events )

•Support of local municipalities in the development of territory and entrepreneurship

•University seats spreaded in the territory

•High interconnections with information and technological networks

•Settlements and industrial areas diffused in the territory with an especial attention to ecology

The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters AUTOMATED MACHINES

• Packaging, • General use machinery

HEATH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH

•Biomedical and orthopedic equipment

•Medical research

LOGISTICS •Infrastructures •Value-added Services

MOTOR INDUSTRY

•Motorcycles and motobikes

•Automotive industry

FASHION •Leather and textile fashion production

FOOD INDUSTRY

• Food processing

EX

ISTIN

GC

LU

STER

SEM

ER

GIN

G

CLU

STER

S

•Publishing industry•Culture and entertainement

MULTIMEDIA

ELECTRONICS •Electric and electronic equipment

PiacenzaMachine

tools

ParmaFood industry (eg Barilla)

ModenaReggio Emilia

Agriculturalmachinery

CarpiTextile

MirandolaBiomedical

equipment and disposables

FusignanoS.MauroPascoli

Footwear

Sassuolo CastellaranoCeramic tyles

(world leaders) ForlìFurniture

RiminiWoodworking

machinery

BolognaPackaging

Motorcycles

The Results : Emilia Romagna Industrial Clusters

Education and Research Network

PIACENZA

PARMA

REGGIO EMILIA

MODENA

FORLI’

BOLOGNA

FERRARA

RAVENNA

RIMINIBologna University

ModenaUniversity

Parma University

La Cattolica University Ferrara University

CNR National ResearchCouncil (800 Researchersand Technicians)

5 UNIVERSITIES with 130,000 students, 1,369 full professors, 1,717 associated professors, 1,830 researchers(Bologna University: the oldest of Europe)

ENEA National Body for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (400 Researchers)

6,500 6,500 RESEARCHERSRESEARCHERS

AND PROFESSORSAND PROFESSORS

•ARTIFICIO (R&D for Art and Culture)•CENTRO CERAMICO (Ceramic tyles)•CERMET (Quality )•ECIPAR Emilia Romagna•GEMINI •ICIE (Cooperatiive Institute for Innovation)•QUASCO (Building )•QUASAP (Quality & Service for Public Tenders)•SCS (Services for Innovation)•SPINNER Technology Transfer and NTBF

PIACENZA

PARMA

REGGIO EMILIA

MODENA

FORLI’

BOLOGNA

FERRARA

RAVENNA

RIMINI

•API SERVIZI •CITER (Textile) •CONSOBIOMED (Biomedical)•DEMOCENTER (Industrial automation)•TECNOERA (Textiles and Garments)•R&S Engineering (Wood processing)•CRITTdi Spilamberto

•CONSORZIO FERRARA INNOVAZIONE•FERRARA RICERCHE

•SOPRIP•SSICA (Food processing)•TETA (Food)•PARMA TECNINOVA•AS ( Integrated services for)

enterprises•CENTRO SERVIZI PMI•Reggio Emilia Innovazione•COIMEX•CRPA (Dairy and meat

products)•LAB. D’IMPRESA (Injection

moulding)•LEGNO-LEGNO (Wood)•CRR Consorzio Reggio Ricerche

POLO CERAMICO Agency

•CENTURIA (Agro-industry and environment )•CERCAL (Footwear )•CRPV (Vegetables and fruit products)•CISE for Innovation & Economic Devolpment

•Consorzio Mobile 2000•CSR Research&Studies

Technological Transfer Centres NetworkTechnological Transfer Centres Network

An historical Reference to Local Bottom - Up Development 12th – 18th Cent.

                                                                     

The original Hanseatic League was a mercantile alliance of about 80 trading cities and their merchant guilds. The League founded and governed a trade cartel amongst cities along the coast of Northern Europe and inland trade routes from the 12th through the mid-17th century. Their reach extended along the Baltic Sea

A jump to XXI Cent. The case of European Big Waterways

Elements Rhein Po VolgaLength (km)

1.320 650 3.660

Drainage Area (km2)

185.000 74.000 1.380.000

Discharge (m3/s)

2.200 1.470 8.500

Population 50.000.000 17.000.000 61.000.000Sea at Mouth

North Mediterranean Caspian

Ramsar Sites

18 9 2

Governance and operative ManagementThe strategic and managerial control (Basic organizational chart)

STRATEGIC CONTROL

Purposes/Resources

(Adequacy )

MANAGERIAL CONTROL

Results / Purposes

(Efficacy)

Results/ Resources

( Efficiency )

Board of Directors

Board of Advisors

Stackeholderscommettee

General Manager

Executive StaffEvaluation Nucleous

ExecutiveManager

Sector Sector Sector

Service Unit ServceUnits Service Units Service Units Service Units Service Units

STRATEGIC CONTROL

Purposes/Resources

(Adequacy )

MANAGERIAL CONTROL

Results / Purposes

(Efficacy)

Results/ Resources

( Efficiency )

Board of Directors

Board of Advisors

Stackeholderscommettee

General Manager

Executive StaffEvaluation Nucleous

ExecutiveManager

Sector Sector Sector

Service Unit ServceUnits Service Units Service Units Service Units Service Units

Board of Directors

Board of Advisors

Stackeholderscommettee

General Manager

Executive StaffEvaluation Nucleous

ExecutiveManager

Sector Sector Sector

Service Unit ServceUnits Service Units Service Units Service Units Service Units

Territory based

River based

Levels of GovernanceThe levels of governance with the evaluation criteria

OIU Management DU Management Governance Unit. Level Standardization Program Reciprocal Adjustment Form of

Integration Operative Middle Strategic Quality of

Targets Short Medium Long Timing

dimension The operational units The departments The basin Field of

competency Realization Orientation and

impulse Coordination, negotiation Main activity

Efficiency Efficacy Adequacy Main evaluation criterion

Big River Basin Governance Authority

Departmental Unit (Generally on the basis of

Municipality administrative borders )

Operational Independent Units

A general survey on Governance Networking in European Big Waterways.

Different levels of performing structures

What About the Links with the territory ?

• Regions•Provinces•Municipalities•Prefectures•Chambers of Commerce•Associations among local governments•Public and private enterprises•Associations of Employiers•Citizen and customerAssociations•Local Networks•………….

Networking What is this ?

UIB

KSU

COU

UNIBO

Ministry of Education

and Science of the

Republic of Kazakhstan

ANKPU

Tempus Project

SVIMAP

SINFORM

Taraz

State

University

Bishkek

University

Samarcanda

Universit

y

UIB

Distance

Learning

Sub

Network

Taskent

Center for

Economic

Research (CER)

Italian

Ministry

for Foreign

Affairs

Ust-Kame

no

gorogorsk

Astana

Aklobe

Shymkenl

Italian

Ministry

for Foreign

Affairs

Tempus

Project

Brighton

Perting

Simulimpres

a

Microbusines

s

Lab

SmileGuard

Simulimpres

a

Microbusines

s

Lab

Haapajärvi

Simulimpres

a

Microbusines

s

Lab

The Differentiation of Network Links

Links Location around WaterwaysFrom linear approach to focal point action.

How to built a Network ?Top Down or Bottom Up ?

Clustering Versus Networking Approach

CLUSTERING : From the top to the bottom ( Top Down Processes )

NETWORKING : From Bottom to the Top ( Bottom up Processes)

An Example of bottom up economy :the Focal Points on Volga River

Moving people and focal points

Micro business and bottom up economy

Poor but effective premises

New perspectives

•Bottom Up economy

• SMES Creation and improvement

•Involvement of Local Stakeholders