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SustainablelandscapingFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Sustainablelandscapingencompassesavarietyofpracticesthathavedevelopedinresponsetoenvironmentalissues.Thesepracticesareusedineveryphaseoflandscaping,includingdesign,construction,implementationandmanagementofresidentialandcommerciallandscapes.[1][2]

Contents

1Issuesofsustainability2Progressivethoughtincludes:Effectsofnonsustainablepractices3Sustainablelandscapingsolutions4Background5Benefits6Programs7Properdesign8Composting9Irrigation10Buildingmaterials11Plantingselection12Maintenance13Campuseswithsustainablelandscapingprojectsorprograms14Seealso15References

Issuesofsustainability

Sustainabilityissuesforlandscapinginclude:

CarbonSequestrationGlobalClimateChangeAirPollutionWaterPollutionPesticideToxicityNonRenewableResourcesEnergyUsage

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Nativeplant

Nonsustainablepracticesinclude:

SoilcontaminationairandwatercontaminationpersistenceoftoxiccompoundsintheenvironmentnonsustainableconsumptionofnaturalresourcesGreenhousegasemissionsInvasivespecies

Progressivethoughtincludes:Effectsofnonsustainablepractices

Someoftheeffectsofnonsustainablepracticesare:Severedegradationofthesurroundingecosystemharmtohumanhealth,especiallyinthecaseofdegradeddrinkingwatersuppliesharmtofloraandfaunaandtheirhabitatssedimentationofsurfacewaterscausedbystormwaterrunoffchemicalpollutantsindrinkingwatercausedbypesticiderunoffhealthproblemscausedbytoxicfertilizers,toxicpesticides,improperuse,handling,storageanddisposalofpesticidesairandnoisepollutioncausedbylandscapeequipmentinvasionofwildlandsbynonnativeweedsandinsectpestsandoveruseoflimitednaturalresources.

Sustainablelandscapingsolutions

Someofthesolutionsbeingdevelopedare:

Reductionofstormwaterrunoffthroughtheuseofbioswales,raingardensandgreenroofsand

walls.[3][4][5]

Reductionofwateruseinlandscapesthroughdesignofwaterwisegardentechniques(sometimes

knownasxeriscapingTM)[6][7][8][9]

Biofilteringofwastesthroughconstructedwetlands[10]

Landscapeirrigationusingwaterfromshowersandsinks,knownasgraywater[11]

IntegratedPestManagementtechniquesforpestcontrol

Creatingandenhancingwildlifehabitatinurbanenvironments[12]

Energyefficientlandscapedesignintheformofproperplacementandselectionofshadetreesand

creationofwindbreaks[13][14]

Permeablepavingmaterialstoreducestormwaterrunoffandallowrainwatertoinfiltrateintothe

groundandreplenishgroundwaterratherthanrunintosurfacewater[15][16]

Useofsustainablyharvestedwood,compositewoodproductsfordeckingandotherlandscape

projects,aswellasuseofplasticlumber[17]

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Recyclingofproducts,suchasglass,rubberfromtiresandothermaterialstocreatelandscape

productssuchaspavingstones,mulchandothermaterials[18]

Soilmanagementtechniques,includingcompostingkitchenandyardwastes,tomaintainandenhancehealthysoilthatsupportsadiversityofsoillife

Integrationandadoptionofrenewableenergy,includingsolarpoweredlandscapelighting[19]

[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

Background

Asustainablelandscapeisdesignedtobebothattractiveandinbalancewiththelocalclimateandenvironmentanditshouldrequireminimalresourceinputs.Thus,thedesignmustbefunctional,costefficient,visuallypleasing,environmentallyfriendlyandmaintainable"[30]Aspartoftheconceptcalledsustainabledevelopmentitpayscloseattentiontothepreservationoflimitedandcostlyresources,reducingwasteandpreventingair,waterandsoilpollution.LandscapeMaintenancepracticesgreatlyinfluencethewasteproducedandthecostofthemaintenanceitselfsuchasusingelectricorgashedgetrimmerswhichdegradeplantmaterialratherthanusinghandshearswhichcreateplantlongevity,reducetheamountofwasteovertime,andpreventthemisshapingofplantmaterialandeliminatesthe"BallsandBoxesthatunskilledgardenerscreate.(JamesDeagan,ProfCalPolyPomonaLecture1980),Inaddition,compost,fertilization,grasscycling,pestcontrolmeasuresthatavoidorminimizetheuseofchemicals,integratedpestmanagement,usingtherightplantintherightplace,appropriateuseofturf,irrigationefficiencyandxeriscapingorwaterwisegardeningareallcomponentsofsustainablelandscaping.[24]

Benefits

Thegeographiclocationcandeterminewhatissustainableduetodifferencesinprecipitationandtemperature.Forexample,theCaliforniaWasteManagementBoardemphasizesthelinkbetweenminimizingenvironmentaldamageandmaximizingonesbottomlineofurbancommerciallandscapingcompanies.InCalifornia,thebenefitsoflandscapesoftendonotoutweighthecostofinputslikewaterandlabor.However,usingappropriatelyselectedandproperlysitedplantsmayhelptoensurethatmaintenancecostsarelowerthantheyotherwisewouldbeduetoreducedchemicalandwaterinputs.[31]

Programs

Thereareseveralprogramsinplacethatareopentoparticipationbyvariousgroups.Forexample,theAudubonCooperativeSanctuaryProgramforGolfCourses,[32]theAudubonGreenNeighborhoodsTM

Program,[33]theNationalWildlifeFederationsBackyardHabitatTMProgram,[34]andtheNortheastOrganicFarmingAssociationOrganicLandCareProgram(http://www.organiclandcare.net),[35]tonameafew.

TheSustainableSitesInitiative,thecooperativeeffortbetweentheAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects,theLadyBirdJohnsonWildflowerCenterandtheUnitedStatesBotanicGarden,beganin2005andwillprovideapointsbasedcertificationforlandscapes,similartotheLEEDprogramforbuildings

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operatedbytheGreenBuildingCouncil.TheSustainableSitesInitiativenowhasadocumenttitledGuidelinesandPerformanceBenchmarks.[36]Thecreditsystemisexpectedtobecompletedin2011.

Properdesign

Theprimarysteptolandscapedesignistodoa"sustainabilityaudit".Thisissimilartoalandscapesiteanalysisthatistypicallyperformedbylandscapedesignersatthebeginningofthedesignprocess.Factorssuchaslotsize,housesize,localcovenantsandbudgetsshouldbeconsidered.Thestepstodesignincludeabaseplan,siteinventoryandanalysis,constructiondocuments,implementationandmaintenance.[30]Ofgreatimportanceisconsiderationsrelatedtothegrowingconditionsofthesite.Theseincludeorientationtothesun,soiltype,windflow,slopes,shadeandclimate.Thegoalofreducingartificialirrigation(suchaspreventingirrigationoflandscapesleavingtheLosAngelesBasinaDesertagain),andreducinguseoftoxicsubstances(amisnomer...mosttoxicsubstanceshavebeeneliminatedfromusesince1980'swiththechangingmanylaws)andrequiresproperplantselectionforthespecificsite.

Composting

Compostingisawaytorecyclekitchenandgardenwastewhilecreatinginexpensiveorganicfertilizerforthegardenandlandscape.(Fordetailsabouthowtocompost,seehttp://sustainablelandscaping.us/Blog_Archive.html).Earthworms,microbesandothersoilfloraandfaunafeastonsuchorganicmatterwhenprovidedadequatenitrogenandpropertemperaturesandmoisture.Theidealsizeforacompostpileorbinisonecubicyard(3'x3'x3').Itshouldbeplacedinapartlyshadylocationtoavoidintensesunanddryingout,asthiswilldelaythedecompositionprocess.Thepileheatsupduringthedecompositionprocess,thencoolsasmaterialistransformed,thisisagoodtimetoturnthepile,sothatundecomposedmaterialsontheperipheryofthepilecanbemovedtothecentertocompletetheprocess.Withadequatemoisture,nitrogen,propertemperatureandcorrecttimingofturningthepile,compostcanbemadeinabouta30dayperiod.Leftalonethisprocesswillstilloccur,butmaytakethreetofourmonthsunderlessthanidealconditions.

Compostcanbeaddedasanamendmenttopoorlydrainingsoil,asafertilizeronflowerandvegetablebeds,tofruittreesorusedasapottingsoilforpottedplants.Trimmingsfromlawns,treesandshrubsfromalargelandscapesitecanbeusedasfeedstockforonsitecomposting.Reusingonsiteorganicmaterialswilldecreasetheneedforpurchasingothersoiladditives.

Irrigation

Mulchmaybeusedtoreducewaterlossduetoevaporation,reduceweeds,minimizeerosion,dustandmudproblems.Mulchcanalsoaddnutrientstothesoilwhenitdecomposes.However,mulchismostoftenusedforweedsuppression.Overuseofmulchcanresultinharmtotheselectedplantings.Caremustbetakeninthesourceofthemulch,forinstance,blackwalnuttreesresultinatoxicmulchproduct.Grasscyclingturfareas(usingmulchingmowersthatleavegrassclippingsonthelawn)willalsodecreasetheamountoffertilizerneeded,reducelandfillwasteandreducecostsofdisposal.[24]

Acommonrecommendationistoadding24inchesofmulchinflowerbedsandundertreesawayfromthetrunk.Mulchshouldbeappliedundertreestothedripline(extensionofthebranches)inlieuofflowers,hostas,turforotherplantsthatareoftenplantedthere.Thispracticeofplantingundertreesisdetrimentalto

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treeroots,especiallywhensuchplantsareirrigatedtoanexcessivelevelthatharmsthetree.Onemustbecarefulnottoapplymulchtothebarkofthetree.Itcanresultinsmothering,moldandtoinsectdepredation.

Thepracticeofxeriscapingorwaterwisegardeningsuggeststhatplacingplantswithsimilarwaterdemandstogetherwillsavetimeandlowwaterordroughttolerantplantswouldbeasmartinitialconsideration.

Ahomeownermayconsiderconsultinganaccreditedirrigationtechnician/auditorandobtainawaterauditofcurrentsystems.Intheeventthatthesituationisdifficulttomanage,driporsubsurfaceirrigationmaybemosteffective.Ifthesystemhasbeeninuseforoverfiveyears,upgradingtoevapotranspiration(ET)controllers,soilsensorsandrefinedcontrolpanelswillimprovethesystem.Oftenirrigationheadsareinneedofreadjustmenttoavoidsprinklingonsidewalksorstreets.Businessownersmayconsiderdevelopingwateringschedulesbasedonhistoricaloractualweatherdataandsoilprobestomonitorsoilmoisturepriortowatering.[30]

Buildingmaterials

Whendecidingwhatkindofbuildingmaterialstoputonasiteitisimportanttorecycleasoftenaspossible.Reusingoldbricksfromsidewalksaspatiopaversisonewaytoprovideanaestheticappealtoanareawhilereducingwhatgoestothelandfill.

Butitisalsoimportanttobecarefulaboutwhatmaterialsyouuse,especiallyifyouplantogrowfoodcropsofanykind.Oldtelephonepolesandrailroadtieshaveusuallybeentreatedwithasubstancecalledcreosotethatcanleachintothesoilsandmakeanyfoodgrowntheretoxicenoughtocauseharmtoanyonethateatsit.Ingeneral,youshouldavoidanykindoftreatedmaterial,especiallywood,thatcouldleachintothesoilwithrain.[37]

TheForestStewardshipCouncil(http://www.fscus.org/)wasformedin1993"tochangethedialogueaboutandthepracticeofsustainableforestryworldwide."Sustainablyharvestedlumberalsocalledcertifiedwoodisnowavailable,inwhichecological,economicandsocialfactorsareintegratedintothemanagementoftreesusedforlumber.[38]Achainofcustodydocumentisusedinthecertificationprocess.

Plantingselection

Oneimportantpartofsustainablelandscapingisplantselection.Mostofwhatmakesalandscapeunsustainableistheamountofinputsrequiredtogrowanonnativeplantonit.Whatthismeansisthatalocalplant,whichhasadaptedtolocalclimateconditionswillrequirelessworkonthepartofsomeotheragenttoflourish.Forexample,itdoesnotmakesensetogrowtomatoesinArizonabecausethereisnotenoughnaturalrainfallforthemtosurvivewithoutconstantwatering.Instead,droughttolerantplantslikesucculentsandcactiarebettersuitedtosurvive.Also,bychoosingnativeplants,onecanavoidcertainproblemswithinsectsandpestsbecausetheseplantswillalsobeadaptedtodealwithanylocalinvader.Thebottomlineisthatbychoosingtherightkindoflocalplants,agreatdealofmoneycanbesavedonamendmentcosts,pestcontrolandwatering.[37]

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Plantsusedaswindbreakscansaveupto30%onheatingcostsinwinter.Theyalsohelpwithshadingaresidenceorcommercialbuildinginsummer,createcoolairthroughevapotranspirationandcancoolhardscapedareassuchasdrivewaysandsidewalks.[39]

Ahousesurroundedbylocaltreesorbushesenjoysmultiplebenefits.Plantsreleasewatervaporintheairthroughtranspirationandwaterhastheabilitytoreducetemperatureextremesintheareasnearit(asitboastsveryhighheatcapacity).Thelargerandmoreleafytheplant,themostwatervaporitproduces.Additionally,thepresenceoftreesiscrucialinthecreationofstable,healthyandproductiveecosystems(suchasforests).Infactthisisanimportantprincipleofpermaculture.

Ifthesurroundingtreesarechosentoproduceediblefruittheycanprovideasustainablefoodsourcefortheoccupantsofthehouse.Evenifsomearefairlydemanding(especiallyinthesummer),irrigationisanexcellentenduseoptioningreywaterrecyclingandrainwaterharvestingsystems,andacompostingtoiletcancover(atleast)someofthenutrientrequirements.Researchsuggeststhatdilutedhumanurinemightbeaseffectiveaschemicalfertilizers.Notallfruittreesaresuitableforgreywaterirrigation,asreclaimedgreywateristypicallyofhighpHandacidophileplantsdon'tdowellinalkalineenvironments.

Anintelligentchoicefordirectenergyconservationwouldbetheplacementofbroadleafdeciduoustreesneartheeast,westandoptionallynorthfacingwallsofthehouse.Suchselectionprovidesshadinginthesummerwhilepermittinglargeamountsofheatcarryingsolarradiationtostrikethehouseinthewinter.Thetreesaretobeplacedascloselyaspossibletothehousewallsbutnocloserthan1meterotherwisetherootscancausesubstantialfoundationdamage.Asustainablehousewillmostlikelybeequippedwithsouthfacing(northfacingintheS.hemisphere)photovoltaicpanelsandalarge,southfacingglazingasaresultofpassivesolarheatingdesign.Astheefficiencyofbothsystemsisverysensitivetoshading,expertssuggestthecompleteabsenceoftreesnearthesouthside.

Anotherintelligentchoicewouldbethatofadensevegetativefencecomposedofevergreens(e.g.conifers)nearthatsidefromwhichcoldcontinentalwindsblow(usuallynorthintheN.hemisphere)andalsothatsidefromwhichtheprevailingwindsblow(westintemperateregionsofbothhemispheres).Sincenorthwindsaremostcoldandwesterliesblowmostoften,suchchoicecreatesaneffectivewinterwindbarrierthatpreventsverylowtemperaturesoutsidethehouseandreducesairinfiltrationtowardstheinside.Calculationsshowthatplacingthewindbrakeatadistancetwicetheheightofthetreescanreducethewindvelocityby75%.Itthenfollowsthat,withsomeplanning,botharrangements(deciduousandevergreen)canbeappliedsimultaneously.[40]

Theabovevegetativearrangementscomewithtwodisadvantages.Firstly,theyminimizeaircirculationinsummer(althoughinmanyclimatesheatingismoreimportantandcostlythancooling)and,secondly,theymayaffecttheefficiencyofphotovoltaicpanels,thuspromptingtheneedforashadinganalysis.However,ithasbeenestimatedthatifbotharrangementsareappliedproperly,theycanreducetheoverallhouseenergyusagebyupto22%.[40]

Maintenance

PestProblemsMaintainingplanthealthwilleliminatemostpestproblems.Itisbesttostartwithpestfreeplantmaterialsandsuppliesandcloseinspectionoftheplantuponpurchaseisalsorecommended.Establishingdiversitywithintheareaofplantspecieswillencouragebeneficialorganismpopulations(e.g.birds,insects),whichfeedonpotentialplantpests.Becauseplantpestsvaryfromplanttoplant,assessing

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theproblemcorrectlyishalfthebattle.Theownermustconsiderwhethertheplantcantoleratethedamagecausedbythepest.Ifnot,thendoestheplantvaluejustifysomesortoftreatment?Whilepesticideisoftenchosentosolvetheproblem,physicalbarriersandrepellentsmayhelp.Ifpesticidesarethechosenmethod,selectiveorganicornaturalpesticideisoftenbetterbecauseithaslessimpactonnontargetspecies.[30]

PruningProperpruningwillincreaseaircirculationanddecreasethelikelihoodofplantdiseases.However,improperpruningisdetrimentaltoshrubsandtrees.[30]Hedging,toppingandshearingoflandscapeplantscausesexcessiveplantgrowth.Inaddition,toppingisahazardouspracticewhichcreatesahazardoustreewhichishighlysusceptibletowinddamage.Naturalpruningtechniquesduringtheproperseason,ontheotherhand,promoteshealthier,morestableplants.[31]Intemperateareas,deciduousplantsshouldbeprunedduringdormancy.Plantsshouldneverbeprunedattheendofagrowingseasonbecausegrowthisstimulatedandsuchnewgrowthwillbetootendertosurvivewinterfreezingtemperatures.

PollutionPreventionLandscapemanagersshouldmakeuseoftheIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)toreduceuseofpesticidesandherbicidesandreducenonpointsourcesolution.

Campuseswithsustainablelandscapingprojectsorprograms

IowaStateUniversityMichiganStateUniversityMississippiStateUniversityNorthCarolinaStateUniversityTheOhioStateUniversityRochesterInstituteofTechnologySwarthmoreCollegeTuftsUniversityUniversityofDelawareUniversityofMinnesotaUniversityofNewHampshireUniversityofPennsylvaniaUniversityofRhodeIslandUniversityofWisconsinWesleyanUniversityWesternIllinoisUniversityGreenlakeUniversity

Seealso

HorticultureLandscapeecology

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ListofcompanionplantsNaturescapingPermacultureSustainablegardeningSustainableplantingClimatefriendlygardening

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University.http://hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/Viewed7/30/2007.4. ^Robinette,G.O.andK.W.Sloan.1984.Waterconservationinlandscapedesignandmanagement.Van

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