Sustainable Energy Sustainable Energy SystemsSystems

Peter GevorkianPeter Gevorkian

Brevard community College

ETP1401

Bruce Hesher

U.S. 80M Wind MapU.S. 80M Wind Map

See: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_maps.asp

U.S. 80M Seasonal Wind MapsU.S. 80M Seasonal Wind Maps

Winter Spring

Summer Fall

FloridaFlorida

Energy production Energy production is strongly is strongly dependant on dependant on wind speed.wind speed.

U.S. Offshore WindU.S. Offshore Wind

How Much Energy is in Wind?How Much Energy is in Wind?

See See http://http://www.awea.org/faq/windpower.htmlwww.awea.org/faq/windpower.html

Power in the area swept by the wind turbine rotor:Power in the area swept by the wind turbine rotor:

PP = 0.5 x = 0.5 x rhorho x x AA x x VV33

where:where:

PP = power in Watts ( = power in Watts (746W = 1 hp746W = 1 hp) (1,000W = 1 kilowatt)) (1,000W = 1 kilowatt)rhorho = air density (about 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level) = air density (about 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level)AA = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2) = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2)VV = wind in meters/sec (20 mph = 9 m/s) ( = wind in meters/sec (20 mph = 9 m/s) (mph/2.24 = m/smph/2.24 = m/s) )

Wind Turbine PowerWind Turbine Power

PP = 0.5 = 0.5 x x rhorho x x AA x x CpCp x x VV33 x x NgNg x x NbNb

where:where:

CpCp = Coefficient of performance (.59 {Betz limit} is the = Coefficient of performance (.59 {Betz limit} is the maximum theoretically possible, maximum theoretically possible, .35.35 for a good design) for a good design)

NgNg = generator efficiency (50% for car alternator, = generator efficiency (50% for car alternator, 80%80% or or more possibly for a permanent magnet generator or grid-more possibly for a permanent magnet generator or grid-connected induction generator)connected induction generator)

NbNb = gearbox/bearings efficiency (depends, could be as high = gearbox/bearings efficiency (depends, could be as high as as 95%95% if good) if good)

2 Significant Wind Categories2 Significant Wind Categories

““BIGBIG” ”

Commercial Wind FarmsCommercial Wind Farms

Land based & OffshoreLand based & Offshore

““SmallSmall” Wind (single ” Wind (single user). Ex: residential, user). Ex: residential, ranch wells, etc.ranch wells, etc.

Wind Turbine TypesWind Turbine TypesHAWT: HAWT: HHorizontal orizontal AAxis xis WWind ind TTurbineurbine

VAWT: VAWT: VVertical ertical AAxis xis WWind ind TTurbineurbine

VAWT’s do not need to be pointed into the wind so, VAWT’s do not need to be pointed into the wind so, they work better in turbulent winds.they work better in turbulent winds.

Commercial Big Wind TurbinesCommercial Big Wind Turbines

Blades: State of Blades: State of the art the art Composite Composite material material

Hub: “Brain”, Hub: “Brain”, blade pitch, etc. blade pitch, etc. controlcontrol

Generator: 12 tons, low speed shaft, Generator: 12 tons, low speed shaft, gearbox, high speed shaft, gearbox, high speed shaft, generatorgenerator

Inside the HubInside the Hub

Wind Power can be Exciting !Wind Power can be Exciting !

Engineering RequiredEngineering Required Offshore wind farm near Denmark. Front row of turbines changes air Offshore wind farm near Denmark. Front row of turbines changes air pressure and caused clouds. Proper spacing needed to keep back row of pressure and caused clouds. Proper spacing needed to keep back row of turbines from loosing power.turbines from loosing power.

Blade Construction Blade Construction (composite construction)(composite construction)

Plywood and fiberglass frame, carbon fiber skin.Plywood and fiberglass frame, carbon fiber skin.

Blade Testing and CertificationBlade Testing and Certification

Strength

Flex

Harmonics

Towers are 80M Tall (250’)Towers are 80M Tall (250’)

• Central ladder for Central ladder for climbing.climbing.

• Hub can hold 3 people!Hub can hold 3 people!

• Sensors for wind Sensors for wind direction, blade pitch, direction, blade pitch, etc.etc.

• Blade size depends on Blade size depends on local wind resource.local wind resource.

GE 1.5 MW GE 1.5 MW

Construction and Maintenance TrainingConstruction and Maintenance Training

Safety HarnessSafety HarnessProcessing Processing and motor and motor

controlcontrol

Cable harnessing, motor and gear maintenance

Small WindSmall Wind

   ”    ”Small wind turbines are electric generators that Small wind turbines are electric generators that utilize wind energy to produce clean, emissions-utilize wind energy to produce clean, emissions-free power for individual homes, farms, and small free power for individual homes, farms, and small businesses. With this simple and increasingly businesses. With this simple and increasingly popular technology, individuals can generate their popular technology, individuals can generate their own power and cut their energy bills while helping own power and cut their energy bills while helping to protect the environment. The U.S. leads the to protect the environment. The U.S. leads the world in the production of small wind turbines, world in the production of small wind turbines, which are defined as having rated capacities of which are defined as having rated capacities of 100 kilowatts and less, and the market is expected 100 kilowatts and less, and the market is expected to continue strong growth through the next to continue strong growth through the next decade.decade.”” AWEAAWEA

http://www.awea.org/smallwind/

Small WindSmall Wind

Small wind turbines Small wind turbines come in many sizes come in many sizes and designs. All tend and designs. All tend to produce the most to produce the most power at a wind of 10-power at a wind of 10-15 m/s (22-33mph).15 m/s (22-33mph).

Remote Locations Remote Locations

Wind and PV tend to be Wind and PV tend to be complementarycomplementary

Small Wind TowersSmall Wind Towers

Rooftop wind turbines simply are not viable. Rooftop wind turbines simply are not viable. Turbulence and changing wind direction near Turbulence and changing wind direction near ground can be avoided by putting turbine on a ground can be avoided by putting turbine on a tower. tower.

HomerHomer®® supports supports many models of many models of wind turbineswind turbines