sustainable development is very critical in today’s world, and it is particularly important for...

Sustainable Development is very critical in today’s world,

and it is particularly important for you to have a world.

CP551 Sustainable Development(3 credits)

11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini

Module 1:

Components of sustainable development:

environment, economy & society

Games and group discussions to introduce the need for sustainable

development in today’s world


“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Our Common Future (1987)

Sustainable development as defined by Brundtland Commission:



Dr. Gro Harlem BrundtlandFormer Prime Minister, NorwayFormer Chair/ World Commission on

Environment and Development

Earth Summit — the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, and Agenda 21.

Responsible for the broad political concept of sustainable development, published in the report “Our Common Future” in April 1987.

Some landmarks for background reading

Dimensions of sustainability:


economic growth

environmental protection

social equity

Three pillar/circles model

The Egg of sustainability:


ecosystem

people

International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 1994

Flows (stresses &

benefits) from

ecosystem to people

Flows (stresses & benefits) from people to ecosystem

What do all these mean?


Let’s take a topic for group discussion to appreciate the need

for sustainable development in today’s world

Sustainable Energy

Could we reach it without re-organizing the entire energy system of the

present?

Topic for group discussion:


They are unsustainable and inefficient.

Oil, Coal and Natural gas

Popular Energy Sources:

WHY?11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini

How is electric power produced using oil, coal or natural gas?


How is electric power produced using oil, coal or natural gas?

Diesel engine

Gas Turbine (GT) Steam Turbine

(ST)

Combined Power Plant

(GT & ST)


Comp-ressor

atmosphericair

Combustion Chamber

fuel

GasTurbine

gasesto the stack

Gen

compressed air

hot gases

Gas Turbine Power Plant


atmospheric air

gasesto the stack

(WGT)out

fuel

Gen

compressed air

hot gasesCombustion

Chamber

Comp-ressor

GasTurbine



atmospheric air

gasesto the stack

(WGT)out

(WC)in

(QCC)in

Gen

compressed air

hot gases

Heat Loss

Combustion Chamber

Comp-ressor

GasTurbine



= (WGT)

out (WC)

in

(QCC)in

-= 22 – 28%

Energy Loss

(QCC)in

- [(WGT)out

- (WC)in]

=

=

72 – 78% of heat released by the fuel

for 50 to 100 MW plant



SteamTurbine

Gen

Steam Turbine Power Plant


C

saturated water

hot gases

SteamTurbine

Gen

compressed water

superheated steam

Condenser

Pump

cooling waterwet steam

Steam Generator



C

saturated water

hot gases

Gen

compressed water

superheated steam


(WST)out

Pump

SteamTurbine

Condenser

Steam Generator



C

saturated water

Gen

compressed water

superheated steam


(WST)out

WPin

(QSG)in

Pump

Steam Generator

SteamTurbine

Condenser


Heat Loss


C

saturated water

Gen

compressed water

superheated steam

wet steam

(WST)out

WPin

(QSG)in

Pump

Steam Generator

SteamTurbine

Condenser


Heat Loss

11 Jan 2008 R. ShanthiniHeat Loss

= (WST)

out (WP)

in

(QSG)in

-= 30 – 40%

Energy Loss

(QSG)in

- [(WST)out

- (WP)in]

=

=

60 – 70% of heat released by the fuelfor 200 to 800 MW plant



atmosphericair

fuel

GT

gasesto the stack

C

hot gases

ST

cooling water



atmosphericair

fuel

GT

gasesto the stack ST

C

hot gases

ST

cooling water


Heat Loss

Heat Loss11 Jan 2008 R. Shanthini

= Heat released by fuel

Net Work out at GT & ST

= 36 – 50%

Energy Loss

= 50 – 64% of heat released by the fuel




Nuclear Power Plant


Nuclear Power Plant

Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power2.htm

= Heat released by nuclear fuel

Net Work out at ST

= 31 – 34%

Energy Loss

= 66 – 69% of heat released by the fuel


Nuclear Power Plant


According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

when heat is converted into work, part of the heat energy must be wasted

Power generation

type

Unit size (MW)

Energy wasted (MW)

Diesel engine 10 - 30 7 – 22

Gas Turbine 50 - 100 36 – 78

Steam Turbine 200 - 800 120 – 560

Combined (ST & GT) 300 - 600 150 – 380

Nuclear (BWR & PWR) 500 - 1100 330 – 760


Where does all the lost heat go?


In cogeneration application, waste heat from power plant is used for domestic or industrial heating purposes (efficiency goes up to 80%).

But cogeneration applications do not exist always by the power plant facility, as in Sri Lankan thermal power plant sites.

Oil, Coal, Natural gas and Nuclear fuel are unsustainable and

inefficient, √


owing to the heat to work conversion.

in power plants, automobiles……………….

Oil, Coal, Natural gas and Nuclear fuel are unsustainable and

inefficient,?


√

owing to the heat to work conversion.

in power plants, automobiles……………….

waste heat

Picture source: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/75/164341428_3243f50012.jpg

Coal Power Plant south-west of Düsseldorf and Neuss, Germany – closer angle

Heat is lost to the atmosphere


waste heat

Coal Power Plant south-west of Düsseldorf and Neuss, Germany – closer angle

CO2


H2O

what more is lost?

Picture source: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/75/164341428_3243f50012.jpg

SO2NOx

PM

the global pollutant and a common slayer

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