sustainable development challenges of turkey - saint marys univ. minn. mib program international...

Sustainable Development Challenges of Turkey - Saint Mary’s Univ. Minn. MIB Program International Field Study Trip - Istanbul, Turkey, 31 May, 2010 Dr. C. Zanbak

Dr. Caner ZanbakEnvironmental Advisor, Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association

Vice-chairman, Environmental Affairs Committee, Istanbul Chamber of Industry

Hotel Lady Diana, Istanbul, Turkey May 31, 2010

Sustainable Development Challenges

for TURKEY Under Global Environmental Policies

Graduate School of Business and Technology, Master of International Business Management Program

International Field Study Trip


1945

1955

1965

1975

1985

1995

2005

2015

2025

Bel

giu

m

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Ital

y

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ho

llan

d

Dan

mar

k

Irel

and

UK

Gre

ece

Po

rtu

gal

Sp

ain

Sw

eden

Fin

lan

d

Au

stri

a

Mal

ta

Cyp

rus

Hu

ng

ary

Po

lan

d

Slo

vaki

a

Lat

via

esto

nia

lith

uan

ia

Cze

ch r

ep.

Slo

ven

ia

Ro

man

ia

Bu

lgar

ia

Tu

rkey

1959

EEC membership application of Turkey is in 1959,

EEC –EU Membership Negotiation Periods

NATO Founded

USSR Colapsed EU Treaty-Maastricht

1957, EEC established

EU 15EU 25

EU 27

1987

1975

55 years

(In 2014, it will be 55 years)

Turkey in the Customs Union


1945

1955

1965

1975

1985

1995

2005

2015

2025

Bel

giu

m

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Ital

y

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Ho

llan

d

Dan

mar

k

Irel

and

UK

Gre

ece

Po

rtu

gal

Sp

ain

Sw

eden

Fin

lan

d

Au

stri

a

Mal

ta

Cyp

rus

Hu

ng

ary

Po

lan

d

Slo

vaki

a

Lat

via

esto

nia

lith

uan

ia

Cze

ch r

ep.

Slo

ven

ia

Ro

man

ia

Bu

lgar

ia

Tu

rkey

EU-27 Countries and TurkeyEEC –EU Membership Negotiation Periods

EEC –EU Membership Negotiation Periods

and

NATO membership

NATO membership

As of 2010, TURKEY is:

• A Nato member for 60 years,

Not an EU member for 51 years !• In Customs Union for 14 years,

Turkey in Customs Union


$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Yıl

GS

MH

, 20

00

$

0

25

50

75

100

125

GDP

Energy Consumption

20 mil. TOE

95 million TOE

$107 billion

Select GROWTH INDICATORS of TURKEY in the last 35 years

Rapid Industrialization Consistent Industrial Growth

Pop

ula

tion

, M

illion

Tef: TUİK, DTM, UNEP (Geodata), BP - http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview

Population

41 million

70-73 million

• Population Increased by 75%

Turkish Economy was in RAPID Growth Mode....

so was The INDUSTRY......

GD

P (

200

0$)

Year

? $150 billion ?

Manufacturing Sector Exports$0.6 billion

• GDP (2000$) Increased by 850%

$75 billion

$230 billion

? $650 billion ?


GROWTH in Manufacturing Sector EXPORTS

Share of manufacturing sector goods in Exports grew from 30% to 95%.

In the 1976-2007 period, Manufacturing Industry Exports (in current prices) increased about 100 times and

%94

$101 billion

%30

$0.6 billion

%76

$6 billion

Share of manufacturing sector goods in Exports (%)

Rapid Industrialization

1980-90 period is RAPID Industrialization,

Consistent Industrial Growth

post-1990 period is CONSISTENT INDUSTRY GROWTH.

Ref: TUİK, UFT

Manuf. Industry – EXPORTS

Manuf. Industry - IMPORTS

X $

bill

ion

While the Foreign Trade Deficit is compensated by Export of Industrial Goods (94%)

ENERGY Consumption Increased almost 4 times...


$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

$450

$500

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Fo

reig

n T

rad

e, $

Bill

ion

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Shar

e of

Man

uf.

Indus

try

Goo

ds

in F

orei

gn T

rade,

%

Manuf. Industry- EXPORTS

Manuf. Industry- IMPORTS

TOTAL- Foreign TradeTOTAL- Foreign Trade (Manuf. I nd.)SHARE of Manuf. I ndustry in Foreign Trade

• Foreign Trade of INDUSTRIAL GOODS shows an INCREASING TREND.

This trend necessitates, • Continuous GROWTH of the Turkish Manufacturing Industry.

(or, is an indication of CONTINUAL GROWTH)

• Trade of Industrial Goods, makes up 85% of the Foreign Trade volume;

TURKEY’s Need for Industrial Goods IS INCREASING


• Increasing the per capita GDP to $25,000 level, • Becoming a G-10 Economy in the world,• Reaching Export Volume to $500 billion,• ........

The outcome of the “Turkish Industry Strategy Brainstorming Conference” held in 11-13 April 2008 (a high-level meeting with the attendance of 140 businessmen,

bureaucrats, academicians and NGOs), a model for Industry Strategy Vision was set forth.

This Model has foreseen certain MACRO-LEVEL TARGETs for 2025, such as:


$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Yıl

Kiş

i Baş

ına

GS

MH

(20

00$)

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

$450

$500

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025Year

EX

PO

RT

S, $

Bil

lio

n Manuf. I ndustry- EXPORTS

EXPORTS

As per the Macro-level targets of the Turkish Industry Strategy (2008):

Per capita GDPand Export Projections

Japan USA

Germany Italy

İspanya Greece

Portugal

Pe

r c

ap

ita

GD

P (

20

00

$)

Year

Rapid IN

DUSTRY

GROWTH is

Fore

cast

ed..

2015 2020 2025

Turkey


Resource CONSERVATIO

NENVIRONMENT

3

Meeting the Needs of Humans

1

SHELTER and FOOD • Agriculture, • Animal Farming, • Fishing, • Forestry,• Mining, Petroleum, Gas,• • Water,• Air

(PROTECTION of Human Health and Environment)

a) Prevention of Wasteb) Pollution Prevention

BASIC PRINCIPLES :

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

IMPROVEMENT in Quality of

Life

2

DEVELOPMENT• Industrialization• Services .....• Education ....• Culture-Arts ....•


ResourceUTILIZATION

Food, Consumption Industrial Use

CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION

WasteGENERATION

Residential and Industrial Waste

++Air, Water, Soil

Quality(NATURAL MEDIA for Flora,

Fauna)

It is a FACT that

As long as Humans exist:

• Natural resources will be UTILIZED

• Wastes will be GENERATED

WASTEMANAGEMENT

Natural Resources(Water, Mines, Forests, fuel,...)

-

NEEDS of FUTURE GENERATIONS BETTER

Quality of LifeNatural

ResourcesAir, Water, Soil Quality+ +

NEEDS and Residuals of Quality of Life/Development

ENVIRONMENTALWEALTH

1.0

SUSTAINABILITY ofQuality of Life/Development


Pollu

tion

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (per capita Income)

EKC Concepts

Environmental Quality - KUZNET’S CURVE Approach

300

200

150

100

0

50

250

0 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,0005,000

$, GDP per capita

Kg

SO

2pe

r ca

pita

Sulphur EmissionsPanayotou (1993)

300

200

150

100

0

50

250

300

200

150

100

0

50

250

0 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,0005,0000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,0005,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,0005,000

$, GDP per capita

Kg

SO

2pe

r ca

pita

Sulphur EmissionsPanayotou (1993)

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) - a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of:• environmental degradation and • per capita income

“income inequality first rises and then falls as economic development proceeds”(Kuznets, S., 1955 )

Economic Growth without due attention to

Environmental Concerns

+

Chemicals Management,

CleanerTechnologies

Implementation ofEffective

Environmental Protection Measures

Current Model for

EKC

EKC Hypothesis: “level of pollution first rises and then falls as economic development proceeds”

Developing

Countries


COLD WAR (Political)

Asbestos

Love Canal

Three Mile Island

1980K.H.Kastman, C. Zanbak, 1993

YEARS1970 1975 1985 1990 1995 2000

Increase of ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS - Timeline

PCBHg

RIO Summit

(Environmental Concerns vs Regulations)

EPAEstablished

EARTH DAY (20. Year)

FWPCA Revision

(CWA)

Resource Conservation & Recovery Act

(RCRA)Toxic

Substances Control Act

(TSCA)

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

Federal Water Poll/ Control Act

(FWPCA)

EARTH DAY

Cuyahoga

River Fire

Turkey (or any other Developing Country)

RIO + 10

Drums in Black Sea (1988)

Asbestos(1991-2)

Bergama Gold Mine

(1995)

Sunken ShipUlla

(1988)

KYOTO Protocol

GLOBAL WARMINGICE AGE (Acid rains, Nuclear winter)

Waste-Fuel ? (1985?)

Tuzla Buried Drums(2006)

Mount Pinatubo Volcano

Radon Gas at homes

CHERNOBL

Exxon Valdez

BHOPAL

Chlordane(Pesticide)

PesticidesLead

Dioxin

Acid Rains

Clean Air Act (Revised)SARA

Superfund Rev.RCRA

Revision (HSWA)

SUPERFUND (CERCLA)

U. S. A.


Developed

Countries

Developing Countries

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Wastewater Treatm

ent, Waste

Recovery/Disposal Facilities + Infra

structure

Services + Education + Contro

l and

Monitorin

g + Incentives

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS and ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURESEn

vir

on

men

tal

Aw

are

ness

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995YEARS

2000

Cu

mu

lati

ve

En

vir

on

men

tal

Exp

en

dit

ure

s

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995YEARS

2000


Pollu

tion

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (per capita Income)

POLLUTION PREVENTION and CONTROL vs State of Economic Development

KUZNET’S CURVE Model

Economic Growth without due attention to

Environmental Concerns

Inreased

Environmental Spending$ ... €

$€

+

Chemicals Management,

CleanerTechnologies

Implementation ofEffective

Environmental Protection Measures


Integrated ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Concept

WASTE MANAGEMENT

CONSERVATIONand

PRESERVATION

APPROACH

• Education• Planning• Resource Dev.• Nature Protection

• Clean Technologies • Recovery• Reuse• Regulated Disposal

Environment(al)

Management

Legal Regulations MONITORING,ENFORCEMENTEnviro

nment Law

(Framework Act)


affordability of necessary environmental expenditures is a major concern for the developing countries in the struggle towards “sustainability of development”.

Currently, there is no agreed upon criteria for annual spending

of the countries for their domestic service needs.

Spending on areas like: • education,

• social services, • defense, • infrastructure, • ....... and

is not solely an issue for economics to decide;

• environmental protection

but, for people to decide through their political decision-making processes.

ENVIRONMENTAL SPENDING

Every country would like to have spent MORE on environmental protection; however,


Data Source: EUROSTAT datahttp://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/newcronos/queen/index.html)

Annual Country Total Environmental Expenses

1996-2000 period averages

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000

per capita GDP

$0

$50

$100

$200

$300

$400

$0

Exp

en

dit

ure

, per

cap

ita $

Portugal Greece

Austria, UK,

Germany, France,

Netherlands, Finland

Spain

Slovenia

Slovakia

EstoniaTurkey

Poland

EU-15 Average


Annnual TOTAL Environmental Spending in Europe

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000

per capita GDP

Exp

end

itu

re,

per

cap

ita

Data Source: EUROSTAT

PUBLIC

INDUSTRY

TOTAL

Portugal Greece

Germany, France, Netherlands,

Austria, Finland

(1996-2000 period averages)


Dicotomy between ECONOMICAL GROWTH and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT (Quality)

• Energy,• Natural Resource Materials Increasing Need for Use

Common sense Approach : Environment Sensitive Industrial Policy - Industry Aware Environmental Policy

$25,000

• Growth in GDP REQUIRES Industrial Growth; which in turn necessitates/results in:

ECONOMICAL WEALTH (per capita GDP)

± $10,00$5,000 $40,000

En

vir

on

men

tal

Imp

act

• Environmental Impact Will increase INITIALLY; then Decrease


• Use of CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES,

ECONOMICAL WEALTH (per capita GDP)

± $10,00$5,000 $40,000

En

vir

on

men

tal

Imp

act

Especially for the DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: pulling the curve (environmental impact) down NECESSITATES:

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES should be based on:

- reduction of environmental (quality) impacts- while developing......

• INFRASTRUCTURE (physical, legal-administrative, Education,.....)• FINANCE SUPPORT, ......

• TIME &• MONEY}


Environmental Spending

$30,000$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000

per capita GDP

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

$450

$500

Exp

en

dit

ure

, per

cap

ita $

$41

$38 $52

$84$132

$274

$368

$195

per capita, $

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

Ex

pe

nd

itu

re,

% o

f G

DP

1.23%1.10%

1.66%

0.98%0.88%0.84%

1.04%

2.56%

% of GDP

vs Share in GDPin comparison to the Developed Countries,

the monetary burden of Environmental Protection

is bigger for the Developing Countries.

Data Source: EUROSTAT - (1996-2000 period averages)


PO

LLU

TIO

N

ECONOMIC WEALTH(per capita GDP)

± $10,500

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

AL

SP

EN

DIN

G

ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNET’S CURVE – ENVIRONMENTAL EXPENDITURES

POVERTY is “enemy # 1” of the environment !!Jack M. Hollander, 2003 - (Berkeley: University of California Press)

$5,000 $40,000

$50

$400

in E

uro

pe

(199

6-20

00 A

vera

ges)


Resource CONSERVATION(ENVIRONMENTal Quality)

3Resource CONSERVATION(ENVIRONMENTal Quality)

33

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ScienceThe goal is to maintain the balance while DEVELOPING !


GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES

• Are BEING DEVELOPED under the UN Charter to fulfill the requirements of the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Principles.

• Aim to improve (or prevent further degredation) of ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY..• Rules (or criteria) are set for DOING THINGS RIGHT as per BATs...

All of those policies are based on good science and GOOD for the mankind..

HOWEVER; NOT every country is on equal grounds, in terms of implementability....

• DEVELOPING countries (undeveloped countries)

• are under pressure by the developed countries to adopt the Policies;(which is GOOD for them and for the world environment)

again, HOWEVER;

• they are not (immediately) able to afford the cost of implementation• they do not (in practice) have access to new technologies

• they may be EXPLOITED (taken advantage of) of their natural resources• they may be DISORIENTED/Manipulated (at international level)

politically...


PRINCIPAL IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

1

KNOW-HOW

REQUIREMENTS for ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY PRODUCTION

Clean Production Techniques

Environmental

Management Systems

Infrastructure Services

· Energy

· Raw Materials

· Wastewater

· Air Emissions

· Solid Waste and Recovery

· Industrial Waste Management

2 3

EDUCATION/TRAINING FINANCING


ability to HAVE or ACCESS to:

Challenges for TURKEYtowards SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

KNOW-HOW(Transfer – R&D)

FINANCE(Resources & Credit Rating)

EDUCATION& TRAINING

(Investment in Human Resources)

1

1- GOOD GOVERNANCE2- FINANCE/Money

2

3- EDUCATION

3

44- KNOW-HOW....

Actually

,

these

are the ch

allenges

“not only fo

r Turkey”, b

ut

for ALL D

eveloping Countries..

.

POLICYSetting & Implementation

PLANNING/ADMINISTRATIVE

INFRASTRUCTURE

GOOD GOVERNANCE


Dr. Caner ZANBAK

Dr. Zanbak, is a graduate of Istanbul Technical University, has completed his Ph.D. at the University of Illinois, USA. His academic experience includes Istanbul Technical University until 1981, Kent State University, Ohio, South Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, South Dakota as an associate professor and at Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois as an adjunct full professor until 1994.

Dr. Zanbak has worked as a consultant to the USEPA and numerous industry facilities on hazardous waste management, remedial investigations, feasibility studies and remedial design for Superfund projects during the 1984-1994 period.

Dr. Zanbak is the principal author of “Hazardous Waste Management” section of the National Environmental Action Plan coordinated by the Turkish State Planning Organization and the “Report on Environmental Non-Tariff Trade Barriers and an Action Plan for Turkey” prepared for the Turkish Businessman’s Association (TUSIAD). He has taken an actıve role in preparation of the “Sustainable Development – Business Community and Industry”, Johannesburg (Rio+10) Conference Country Report for Turkey, prepared by the CEVKO Foundation. Currently, he serves on the TUSIAD’s EU Environmental Acquis Harmonization Group.

Since 1994, Dr. Zanbak is the coordinator of the Responsible Care© Program of the Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association.

Currently, he is a standing member of the following organizations:· Environmental Advisor for the Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association· Vice-Chairman, Environmental Affairs Commission of the Istanbul Chamber of Industry · Environment Working Group Member of the Turkish Businessman’s Association (TUSIAD)· ABET Accreditation Advisory Panel Member of ITU Environmental Engineering Department and the

Faculty of Mines· Turkish Engineering Programs Accreditation Council (MUDEK) co-evaluator· Advisory Board member of Scientific and Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK-MAM · Vice-president of the Balkan Environmental Association (B.EN.A.) and Country Coordinator for Turkey

Address: Türkiye Kimya Sanayicileri Derneği webpage: www.tksd.org.trDeğirmen Sokak, No: 19/981090 Kozyatağı, İstanbul

Tel: (0216) 416-7644, 416-9439

Faks: (0216) 416-9218

e-mail : [email protected]

sustainable development challenges of turkey - saint marys univ. minn. mib program international...

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