sustainable architecture without architects
DESCRIPTION
How the people of a small town on the cross road to the silk road in Persia used micro-climate and their local materials to create energy-efficient buildings.- Assess how they have used sun, wind and water- Passive solar design- Landscape and thermal mass to transform a harsh natural environment into comfortable spaces- Evaluate innovative uses of local material in their buildings- Santa Fe architecture and similarities to Persian architecture- Observe the use of these techniques in modern architectureTRANSCRIPT
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Sustainable Architecture without Architects
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Simi Razavian Hemmati Architect
LEED AP, CGBP, CNE
Website: www.msahome.com
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 858 459 8250
How the people of a small town on the cross road to the silk roadin Persia used micro-climate and their local materials to create
energy-efficient homes
Sustainable Architecture without Architects in Tabas, Iran (Persia)
This presentation is protected by US andInternational Copyright laws. Reproduction,distribution, display and use of thepresentation without written permission ofthe speaker is prohibited.
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Learning Objectives
� Passive solar design
� Assess how they have used sun, wind, water, Landscape
and thermal mass to transform a harsh natural
environment into comfortable spaces
� Evaluate innovative uses of local material in their
buildings
� Santa Fe architecture and similarities to Persian architecture
� Observe the use of these techniques in modern
architecture
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What is a Green Building?
� Location, location
� Building design
� Indoor-environmental quality
� Windows and doors
� Water efficiency
� Energy efficiency
� Green building materials
� Insulation
� Renewable energy
� Landscaping
How many LEED APs? Architects, M. Engineers, Passive solar designBased on USGBC (US Green Building Council), points
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A
Energy efficiency?
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Passive Solar Design?
Heating and cooling without mechanical system
The sun, its light and heat, is one of the big players, name
Especially in San Diego, HVAC load, solar panel cost
Principles:
� Orientation
� Orientation
� Orientation
� Shading
� Glazing
� Thermal mass
� Insulation
� Ventilation
� Landscaping 6
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Micro Climate: San Diego
� Coastal, cross ventilation, passive heating
� Inland, cross ventilation, shade, passive heating
� Mountain, passive heating
� Desert, shade, evaporative cooling
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Orientation
Maximize south facing windows
Sun path during summer and winter
Mesa Verde Colorado
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http://oikos.com
Summer
Winter
www.lightningcanyon.com
Orientation
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http://www.netspeed.com.au/abeccs/newington/newington%20design.htm
� Site planning� Maximize south facing windows� At least buy one
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Shading
� Outside
� Southern wall, overhangs
� Reduces intense light and glare
� East and west windows
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Hyatt, Sedona
Glazing and day lighting
� Location
� South and north facing walls
� Pleasant atmosphere
� Elevates mood
� Reduces depression
� Reduces electricity cost
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Thermal mass
� Tile, stone, concrete floor
� Masonry or tile fire place surround
� Concrete or tile countertops
� Concrete mass walls
� Pond roof
� Light color painted wall to reflect on the floor
� Do not throw rugs on the floor. Fade?
Winter time: Absorbs and stores the heat during the day then radiates the heat at night with a delayed effect and moderately.
Summer time: Absorbs nighttime coolness and release it slowly during the hot days.
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Ventilation
Stack ventilationStair well, clear story, attic
� Controlled movement of air through a building not a leak/ tight envelope
• Cross• Stack
� Evaporative cooling in arid area increases humidity, comfort
• “By evaporating water, the air is cooled
more than by flow alone: it takes a relatively
large amount of heat to vaporize water”
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Cross ventilationVenturi effect
Creating shade, west and east facing
Landscaping
Wind break Natural air conditioner
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builditsolar.com
Landscape Architect’s role
Do we follow 2000 year old design rules?
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Desert Micro Climate!
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� Hostile environment
� Very little vegetation
� Almost no rainfall
� Sand storms
� Loss of life
� Not popular with travellers
� Vast area with few roads
� Marco Polo in 13th century
• Lack of water, heat and vicious sand
� Summer temperature up to 120°F
� Winter temperature dips below -4 °F
� Temperatures soar in the sun, but drop rapidly at dusk
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Desert Micro Climate!
Comfort Zone Chart for Tabas
Building bio-climatic chart by Milne and Givoni
July 12th TabasTemp: Max: 106’°F Min: 68°FHumidity : 9%Wind: 14 mph NNE
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Materials
� Earth� 1/3 of population, 1/2 in developing countries
Architect Gernot Minke
� Straw
� White plaster
� Wood
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Why did we chose to study Tabas?
• A small city • An oasis in the desert, architecturally significant•“Pearl of Persian cities”•“Bride of Persian cities”• Used to exist
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• Connection to silk road• South and North cities• “Karevan Sara” or Motels
• Source of water• Coal mines• Compare to Santa Fe
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IRAN
Why Tabas became important?
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• Wind direction• Prevailing, north west
• Saam, sand storm, south east
• Water, east to west• Water storage
• Main road direction
• Buildings, north, south• Farms, source of cool breeze
• Point? Masdar city
Tabas, the city planning, m.c. elements
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Tabas, how it became an oasis?
• Existence of water• Efficient use of water• Love of planting trees
• Shade• Distance, driving• Fruit, vegetables
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Tree Preservation
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These are the spaces they formed!
• Summer living area
• E`ivan (covered patio or veranda)
• Courtyards (with water feature and planters)
• Baudgeers (wind scoops or wind catchers)
• Kitchen and storage
• Hoaz-khane (living room)
• Winter living area
• Sardab (basement)
• Hashti (eight sided vestibule)
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Typical Floor Plan
• Season• Compact• Summer, winter area• Courtyard• Architectural elements• Four seasons• Cross ventilation
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• Location • Elaborate• Windows• Height• Point? Vaulted or high ceiling
Summer Living Area Tabas
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Summer Living Area Kashan
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E’ivan (covered porch or veranda)
• Main element• Location • Shade• Stand alone• Usage time • Day to day work• Clay jugs• Point?Dripper
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Courtyard
• Location• Steps
• Materials• Water
• Well of cold air• Reservoir of coolness
• Point? Privacy, shade
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Courtyard
• Water features• Citrus fruit trees• Palm trees• Covered courtyard• Walls, wind break• US Departmentof Energy, up to 25°F cooler
• Point?• Privacy
• westfacing window
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• Unique, important• 4000 B.C.• Opening on sides• One or three sided• Breath• Cool winds• 8’ – 20’• Point? Large bldgwith good breeze but no vent
Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft)
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• Location• Basement• Divisions, Venturi effect• Low income
Baudgeer
Low income
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Down draft
Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft, wind scoop)
Sensible cooling
Temperature change produce air pressures difference in air pressure generates air flow
Temperature change produce air pressures
Hot day in the afternoon no wind
Ventilation pathways
hot air rising by convection
Creates Stack effectLike a chimney
Up draf t
Air movement:• Pressure difference
• Suction• The Venturi effect• Convection
• Hot air rises
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How does it work? By Mr M. Bahadori
• Windy day and night• Stormy day• Early morning no wind• Late afternoon no wind• Wet straw
Stack effect
Chimney effect
High press.
Low press.
• Enclosure• Sand settlement• Protection• Point? Chimney
Baudgeer (wind catcher, ventilation shaft)
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Houz-khaneh (living room)
Plan
Section
Elevation
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• Favorite• Water feature• Height • Cross ventilation• Baudgeer, center• Thermal mass• Point? Water, height
Ventilation pathways
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• Econ. status• Decoration• Opening• Fountain• Point?JW Marriott•
Houz-khaneh (living room)
Evaporative cooling, stack ventilation
Low pressure
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• Palm tree• Clerestory, daylight• Latticed opening
Houz-khaneh
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Houz-khaneh, Baudgeer, Kashan, Iran
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Beauty, proportion and function
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• Flower• Reflection
Houz-khaneh
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Yazd
Sardab (basement)
• Location• Temperature, underground• 12 to 4• Ventilation, doors, shutters• Damp walls• Under ground water, qanats• Point? Hillside homes, mold
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Winter Living Area and Kitchen
• Room location• Length of the season• Kitchen location• Windows, shade• Size• Height• Braziers or korsi• Point? Efficient
use of your home
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Materials
• Sun dried adobe, salt• High heat storage capacity and
low heat conductivity: Thermal lag
• Kah-gel or plaster of clay and straw• White plaster to reflect heat• Wood/ screen
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Structural System
• Bearing wall, thermal mass• Barrel roof• Dome roof
• Heat distribution
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Alleys
• Shade• Breeze• Maze• Roof• Source of cool air• Point? Norman Foster in Abu Dhabi
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Baghe Golshan
• Main park (Persian garden)• Four gardens
• Two stream• Water feature• Water fountain• Water fall
Site plan
Section
Arial Photo46
Baghe Golshan (main park)
• Vanishing edge pool was an efficient way to go• Stream passes through park entry and moves toward the city
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Kashan
Kashan
Yakh-chal (Ice pit), Tabas
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� For storing ice� Desert � Middle of summer, next winter
� Location, less expensive� Domed shape, above ground� Underground storage space� Cover the ceiling
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� Many parts of the world
� Mastered the technique, 400 B.C. idea as old as 1700 B.C. in this area
� Above ground dome, up to 60’ for cooling
� Underground space, up to 150,000 C.F.
with deep storage space
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit)
Yakh-chal (Ice pit) Construction
� Materials: � Thick mud brick (adobe), walls up to 7
feet thick at the base
� Mortar called Sarooj: sand, clay, egg
whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in
specific proportions
� Resistant to heat transfer
� Water impenetrable, Dam
� Trench to catch melted ice
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit)
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How does it work?
� Storing ice and snow of the mountains
� Shallow pools on the north side of a tall, east west wall
� Transferring ice into the deep ice pit
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Yakh-chal (Ice pit)
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� Straw and mat� Different kind of ice
� Glass ice for drinking� Ice cream, falodeh
� Ice for everybody � Point? Reducing HVAC load
for large project in the hot desert area
Karevansara, Chahar deh,Tabas
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� Karevan-sara, caravan-house� Lodging, loading or landing of
the caravans� Storing goods and commercial
exchange, post office� Travelling time, 2 to10 am,
5 to 11pm, not extreme
Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
Karevansara, Khan, Tabas
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� Hot and dry area� Square or rectangle� Courtyard, veranda � Baudgeer, south� Copula� Roof opening� Design inspiration� Stable� Motel, 20 in Tabas
Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
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Karvansara, Meidan, Tabas
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� Stable ceiling opening
� Height at lobby
� Water, qanat, well tower� Stay free, pay for food
� Point? Motels, ventilation, shade, env.
Source: Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
Karevansara, Abbasi Hotel,Isfahan
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� 300 years ago� Courtyard and verandas� Height on the south side� Three story� Water feature
Source: http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En
Karevansara, Abbasi Hotel,Isfahan
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� Interior� Beautiful, enchanting and relaxing� Tea in the courtyard
Source: http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En
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Benefits & drawbacks, local materials
• Shear strength in adobe• 7.9 magnitude earthquake• 22,000 died
Tabas After Earth Quake, 1978 58
Santa Fe
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Designsand similarities to
Persian architecture
Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Santa Fe, New Mexico
Iran? Santa Fe?
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Abyane, Iran
Santa Fe? Iran?
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Taos Santa Fe
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Iran? Santa Fe?
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Naiband Tabas, IranSanta Fe
Masooleh Iran
Masooleh, Iran
AB
CD
Similarities, coincidence or an inspiration
� Age� Similarities
• Mountain shape or irregularpyramid
• Adobe: puddle, brick • Flat roof, dome roof, wood
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� Early architecture in New Mexico
by Bainbridge Bunting
� Francisco Uvino
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Abyaneh, Iran
Similarities, coincidence or an inspiration
• Courtyard, early houses in trail• Privacy, ladder• South facing• Window size • Bread oven, blue color• Narrow streets• Plaza
• Differences• No arches• Protection from wind
� Coincidence?
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Abyaneh, Iran
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Santa Fe NM
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In harmony� Nature� Climate� People� Energy efficient?
� Cheap energy
� Spoiled by HVAC
� Changing our behaviors, thanks to H.E.C of last year
� Experiment and start from scratch
� Historical examples, new techniques
� Santa Fe
� Healthier
We are building a new civilization
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San Diego weather pattern in the chart
Innovative uses of the same strategy in new buildings
July 12th July 12 San DiegoTemp: Max: 75°F Min: 52°F Humidity : 75%Wind:14 mph W
July 12th TabasTemp: Max: 106’°F Min: 68°FHumidity : 9%Wind: 14 mph NNE
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Passive Solar Design in S.D.
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� Natural resources; wind, sun, water,
Thermal mass and landscape
� Orientation, orientation, orientation
� South facing windows
� Ventilation
• Cross
• Stack
� Shade
� Thermal mass
� Natural day-light
� Landscape
� Tight envelope, insulation
Value of architects
Architect role
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Value of architects
Revision clouds
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Which one is more Green?
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A
B
Without a knowledgeable architect!!!!
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Without a knowledgeable architect!!!!
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Children Museum, San Diego
Rob Quigley Architect
� Baudgeer concept (as cooling chimney) � Exhaust ventilation
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Carnegie Center, Global Ecology in Stanford
EHDD Architecture Rumsey Engineers
� Baudgeer� Shade� Cross ventilation
Spray ring
Dense, Cool AirFills Lobby59` F. 85% R.H.
Prevailing Winds85` F. 36% R.H.
A California Building Revives Traditional Middle Eastern Design77
Mission Style Spanish Architecture
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J.W. Marriott, Palm Desert
� Courtyard� Water feature� Water falls
CII-Godrej GBC
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Orchid PlazaBahrain
Twirling TowerBy David Fisher in Dubai
� Wind powered � Electricity generating wind tower
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Burj al-Taqa, Dubai
� High-tech baudgeer� Wind driven ventilation� Central atrium� Dbl layered façade for
shade w/solar panel
Gerber architect Germany
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Santa Fe NM
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In harmony� Nature� Climate� People� Energy efficient?
Salk Institute, La Jolla
Louis Kahn architect
� Persian gardens and water feature
CII-Godrej GBC India
� Wind tower
� HVAC load83
Masdar Headquarters, Abu Dhabi
AS +GG Architect of Chicago
� Baudgeer concept, exhaust ventilation
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'The Pearl' dome house
Passive solar design with a touch of high-tech
David Fanchon
Masdar Development Abu Dhabi 2007
Foster & Partners
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� Narrow streets� Shading
� Windows� Exterior walls� Walkways
� Wind towers� Thick-walled buildings� Courtyards
http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx
Masdar Development Abu Dhabi 2007
Foster & Partners
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� Vegetation, Green parks� Generally walkable city� Northeast-southwest
orientation � Underground public
transportation � Indirect daylight, cupola� 70 degree cooler, envir.
http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx
Lowest possible carbon footprint
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French school, Damascus, Syria
French architects Ateliers Lion
� Baudgeer concept, exhaust ventilation� Black-painted polycarbonate sheet� Natural ventilation, court yard, removable shade� Earth ducts, thermal mass
A Damascus School Revives Traditional Iranian Cooling Techniques
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National Commercial Bank - Jeddah, S. A.
Architect: S.O.M.
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� Courtyard, vertical� solid to the outside� opens up to the cooler
courtyard in the middle � Shading
� Windows
http://www.carboun.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1.jpg
Coyne Residence, La Jolla 1990
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� Existing building� West facing windows� Strategic location
of windows� Cross ventilation
New
Existing
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Coyne Residence, La Jolla 1990
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� Strategic locationof windows
� Overhang� Shade� Daylight� Cross ventilation
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Vajda Residence, Rancho Santa Fe Covenant
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows� West facing windows� Cross ventilation� HVAC usage?
Before
After
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Vajda Residence, Rancho Santa Fe Covenant
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows� Shade
After
After
Before
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David Residence, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows� Shade � Court yard� Cupola
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Vista Mar Residence, Pacific Beach 2000
MSA & MSA & MSA & MSA & AssocAssocAssocAssoc. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.
� West facing lot� Great view� No buyer for 2 years� Small flat area� Low cost solution� Waste reduction
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Vista Mar Residence, Pacific Beach 2000
MSA & MSA & MSA & MSA & AssocAssocAssocAssoc. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.. Inc.
� South facing windows� West facing windows?� Overhangs� Cross ventilation� HVAC?
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Soledad Home, Pacific Beach
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows � Cross ventilation� Stack ventilation� Fan
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Chalcedony, Pacific Beach
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows � Shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation
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La Jolla Residence, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows� Cross ventilation� Daylight� Courtyard� Umbrella
After
Before
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La Jolla Residence, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facingwindows
� Use of shade� Water� Courtyard� Daylight� Umbrellas
Before
After
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La Jolla Residence, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� Courtyard� North facing windows
Before
Before
After
After
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CSS, San Bernardino, Ca. 1990
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� Steel manufacturing • Warehouse• Office bldg• 30,000 S.F.
� Stack ventilation� Summer heat
� Daylight
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Ten in rows, Linda Vista
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows � Use of shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight
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Ten in rows, Linda Vista
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South facing windows � Use of shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight� Possible, solar panel
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Jamshidi, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� On the board� West view/ main view � Use of shade� Cross ventilation� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight
105
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Jamshidi, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� South and north facing windows � Skylight� Daylight� Ceiling plan� Solar water heater� Solar panel for floor heating
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Jamshidi, La Jolla
MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.MSA & Assoc. Inc.
� Cross ventilation in basement� Exhaust ventilation� Daylight� water efficient landscaping� Tight envelope
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Green Building Design- Passive solar
� Natural resources; wind, sun, water thermal mass and landscape
� Orientation, orientation, orientation
� South facing windows
� Ventilation
• Cross
• Stack
� Shade
� Thermal mass
� Natural day-light
� Landscape
� Insulation
� Tight envelope
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Low cost energy saving solutions
1. Behavioural change
2. Check orientation
• Locate your windows
3. Summer:
• Daylight
• Ventilation
• Shade for south
• West and east
4. Winter:
• Open south facing windows
• Daylight
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Low cost energy saving solutions
5. Thermal mass
• Area rug
6. Landscape
• Deciduous trees
• West and east facing windows
7. Insulation
• Tight envelope
8. Changing windows
• Dbl glaze, south facing
9. Water in dry climates
10. Remodel based on your budget
and Passive solar110
� Master Theses research by Simi Razavian, Lila Khalvati and Fereshteh Asefi.
� Gardens of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
� Monuments of Tabas by Yaghoob Danesh-doost
� Early architecture in New Mexico by Bainbridge Bunting
� Urban structure and architecture in the hot arid zone of Iran by Mahmoud Tavassoli
� http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=1040
� http://www.gulfweeklyworldwide.com/article.asp?Sn=5536&Article=19304
� www.lightningcanyon.com/pages/passive-solar/introduction_passive_solar.html
� www.inhabitat.com/2007/05/16/david-fishers-twirling-wind-power-tower/
� Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regeions of the middle east By Mehdi N. Bahadori Professor of Mechanical Engineering Sharif University of
Technology Tehran, Iran
�Three dimensional numerical investigation of air flow over domed roofs by: Ahmadreza
K.Faghih and,MehdiN .B ahadori School of Mechanical Engineering,SharifU niversity of Technology,Tehran,Iran
Resources
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Resources
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� historicaliran.blogspot.com/2010/02/abyaneh-village.html
� www.carboun.com/sustainable-development/sustainable-design/a-damascus-
school-revives-traditional-cooling-techniques/#more-1495
�http:/www.carboun.com/?s=Carnegie+Center,++Global+Ecology+in+Stanford+
� http://www.eartharchitecture.org/index.php?/archives/1045-Yakhchal-Ancient-
Refrigerators.html
� http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhchal
� http://www.mytholia.org/wiki/index.php/Yakhchal
� http://heritage-key.com/site/ice-house-abarku-abarqu
� http://www.abbasihotel.ir/Content/Default.aspx?Landir=ltr&Lan=En
�http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9
%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7
� Islamic architecture: form, function and meaning, Robert Hillenbrand (Author)
Resources
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�http://travelingrainvilles.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8357fa03b69e2010535b84a2a97
0b-popup
� http://wchpgrte.blogspot.com/2010/05/western-center-for-historic.html
� http://brothaluvacafe.blogspot.com/2009/05/santa-fe-new-mexico-apr-may-2009.html
� http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/arts/design/26masdar.html
� http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/1515/Default.aspx
Simi Razavian Architect, LEED AP, CGBP, CNE
Master of Science in Architecture and Urban Design with Emphasis on Passive Solar
Design and Vernacular Architecture of Tabas, Iran
Co- founder of MSA & Assoc. Inc. in 1987
Licensed Architect in the State of California
Certified Green Building Professional
Speaker at :
Mesa College Dec 5th, 2011, La Jolla Library Sep 20th 2011 HP (Hewlett-Packard), Jan 20th 2011,SIAP Nov.11th, La Jolla Library Nov 3rd 2010, New Mexico Solar Energy Association Sep 11 2010, UCSD Osher program July 15th, 2010, iWIA San Diego July 12th, 2010, Notre Dame
University, School of Architecture, April 23rd, 2009, La Jolla Library July 13th, 2009, AIA Convention May 2nd, 2009, CCSE, WIA San Diego, April 2009
Speaker
Contact InformationSimi Razavian Hemmati
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.msahome.com
Tel: 858 459 8250
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